Jerome Bruner is an influential American psychologist known for his work on cognitive development and learning theory. Bruner's ideas were greatly influenced by Piaget's theory of developmental stages, and he emphasized the importance of language for cognitive growth. Some of Bruner's key concepts included scaffolding, whereby adults provide support to help children learn; formats and routines, which create predictable contexts for language learning; and a spiral curriculum where concepts are revisited at increasing levels of complexity. These ideas have been highly influential in education and language teaching.
Cognitive approaches to second
language learning
Yaseen Taha
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u Schools of thought
u cognitive approaches
u Behaviourism
u Learning strategies
u Processing approaches
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What are the Schools of thought?
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Schools of thought
Structural
linguistics and
behavioral
psychology
1900s, 1940s,
1950s
Generative
linguistics and
cognitive
psychology
1970s, 1980s
Constructivism
1980s, 1990s,
2000s
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What does cognitive theory mean?
u A theory of learning processes that focuses on how people
think, understand, and know. It does not specifies
precisely what is learned, what content will be easiest (or
most difficult) to learn, or what learners will select to
learn at different stages of development or levels of
mastery of a complex skill. It came about as a reaction to
behaviorism.
u A cognitive theory of learning sees second language
acquisition as a conscious and reasoned thinking process,
involving the deliberate use of learning strategies.
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Important cognitive theorists
u Allan Paivio, Robert Gagne, Howard Gardener, Benjamin Bloom.
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Behaviourism
u a highly influential academic school of psychology. It assumes
that a learner is essentially passive, responding to environment
stimuli. Believes that a learner starts out with a clean slate, and
behavior is shaped by positive and negative reinforcement.
Reinforcement, positive or negative increases the possibility of an
event happening again. Punishment, both positive and negative,
decreases the possibility of an event happening again.
u It implies that the learner responds to environmental stimuli
without his/her mental state being factor in the learners' behavior.
Individual learns to behave through conditioning.
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Comparison between BEHAVIORIST theory and COGNITIVIST
theory
u Behaviorism is a learning theory
u As a formation of habit,
conditioning
u Practice is necessary, constant
repetition
u Learner is passive
u Behaviorists: teach, plan, present
language item, make Students
repeat
u Errors are forbidden
u Ignored thought and emotions
u Cognitivism is a learning theory, based
on how people think not a theory that
specifies precisely what is learned what
content will be easiest to learn, or what
learners will select to
learn at different stages of development
u Learning results from internal activity
(mental processes)
u Practice is necessary, but rote learning
and meaningless repetition is out.
u Learners process, store, and retrieve
information
u Cognitivists: creates opportunities for
learni
How People Learn
Today, the primary theory is socio-constructivist—in which knowledge is understood to be importantly shaped by the context in which it is situated, and is actively constructed through social negotiation with others. On this understanding, learning environments should be where:
• Constructive, self-regulated learning is fostered
• The learning is sensitive to the context
• It will often be collaborative
Theoretical concepts do not yield concrete prescriptions for classroom application, but the good theory can be used flexibly and creatively by teachers in their planning and educational practice. At the same time, not all learning takes place in the classroom as much of it occurs at home, on the sports field, in museums and so forth (non-formal education), and sometimes implicitly and effortlessly (informal learning).
12 Learning Theories:
• Constructivism
• Behaviorism
• Piaget's Developmental Theory
• Neuroscience
• Brain-Based Learning
• Learning Styles
• Multiple Intelligences
• Right Brain/Left Brain
• Thinking
• Communities of Practice
• Control Theory
• Observational Learning
• Vygotsky and Social Cognition
Cognitive approaches to second
language learning
Yaseen Taha
PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com
u Schools of thought
u cognitive approaches
u Behaviourism
u Learning strategies
u Processing approaches
PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com
What are the Schools of thought?
PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com
Schools of thought
Structural
linguistics and
behavioral
psychology
1900s, 1940s,
1950s
Generative
linguistics and
cognitive
psychology
1970s, 1980s
Constructivism
1980s, 1990s,
2000s
PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com
What does cognitive theory mean?
u A theory of learning processes that focuses on how people
think, understand, and know. It does not specifies
precisely what is learned, what content will be easiest (or
most difficult) to learn, or what learners will select to
learn at different stages of development or levels of
mastery of a complex skill. It came about as a reaction to
behaviorism.
u A cognitive theory of learning sees second language
acquisition as a conscious and reasoned thinking process,
involving the deliberate use of learning strategies.
PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com
Important cognitive theorists
u Allan Paivio, Robert Gagne, Howard Gardener, Benjamin Bloom.
PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com
Behaviourism
u a highly influential academic school of psychology. It assumes
that a learner is essentially passive, responding to environment
stimuli. Believes that a learner starts out with a clean slate, and
behavior is shaped by positive and negative reinforcement.
Reinforcement, positive or negative increases the possibility of an
event happening again. Punishment, both positive and negative,
decreases the possibility of an event happening again.
u It implies that the learner responds to environmental stimuli
without his/her mental state being factor in the learners' behavior.
Individual learns to behave through conditioning.
PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com
Comparison between BEHAVIORIST theory and COGNITIVIST
theory
u Behaviorism is a learning theory
u As a formation of habit,
conditioning
u Practice is necessary, constant
repetition
u Learner is passive
u Behaviorists: teach, plan, present
language item, make Students
repeat
u Errors are forbidden
u Ignored thought and emotions
u Cognitivism is a learning theory, based
on how people think not a theory that
specifies precisely what is learned what
content will be easiest to learn, or what
learners will select to
learn at different stages of development
u Learning results from internal activity
(mental processes)
u Practice is necessary, but rote learning
and meaningless repetition is out.
u Learners process, store, and retrieve
information
u Cognitivists: creates opportunities for
learni
How People Learn
Today, the primary theory is socio-constructivist—in which knowledge is understood to be importantly shaped by the context in which it is situated, and is actively constructed through social negotiation with others. On this understanding, learning environments should be where:
• Constructive, self-regulated learning is fostered
• The learning is sensitive to the context
• It will often be collaborative
Theoretical concepts do not yield concrete prescriptions for classroom application, but the good theory can be used flexibly and creatively by teachers in their planning and educational practice. At the same time, not all learning takes place in the classroom as much of it occurs at home, on the sports field, in museums and so forth (non-formal education), and sometimes implicitly and effortlessly (informal learning).
12 Learning Theories:
• Constructivism
• Behaviorism
• Piaget's Developmental Theory
• Neuroscience
• Brain-Based Learning
• Learning Styles
• Multiple Intelligences
• Right Brain/Left Brain
• Thinking
• Communities of Practice
• Control Theory
• Observational Learning
• Vygotsky and Social Cognition
This presentation contains the discussion of the different school of thoughts which speaks about how human beings acquired the language we speak of today. Leaving this here as aid to those who need it. Enjoy! :)
language learning :
It is the result of direct instruction in the rules of language
And it certainly is not an age-appropriate activity for young learners.
In language learning, students have conscious knowledge of the new language and can talk about that knowledge.
They can fill in the blanks on a grammar page.
language acquisition :
Children acquire language through a subconscious process during which they are unaware of grammatical rules.
They readily acquire the language to communicate with friends.
In order to acquire language, the learner needs a source of natural communication. The emphasis is on the text of the communication and not on the form.
Young students who are in the process of acquiring English get plenty of “on the job” practice.
Psycholinguistics : Discourse Comprehension and Memorytranslatoran
Psycholinguistics
Discourse Comprehension and Memory
Chapter 7 Psychology of Language by David W.Carroll- How we comprehend and remember units of language larger than the sentence—that is, connected discourse. Analyzing the Burden on Memory
situational model
Language Comprehension
Language Production
This presentation contains the discussion of the different school of thoughts which speaks about how human beings acquired the language we speak of today. Leaving this here as aid to those who need it. Enjoy! :)
language learning :
It is the result of direct instruction in the rules of language
And it certainly is not an age-appropriate activity for young learners.
In language learning, students have conscious knowledge of the new language and can talk about that knowledge.
They can fill in the blanks on a grammar page.
language acquisition :
Children acquire language through a subconscious process during which they are unaware of grammatical rules.
They readily acquire the language to communicate with friends.
In order to acquire language, the learner needs a source of natural communication. The emphasis is on the text of the communication and not on the form.
Young students who are in the process of acquiring English get plenty of “on the job” practice.
Psycholinguistics : Discourse Comprehension and Memorytranslatoran
Psycholinguistics
Discourse Comprehension and Memory
Chapter 7 Psychology of Language by David W.Carroll- How we comprehend and remember units of language larger than the sentence—that is, connected discourse. Analyzing the Burden on Memory
situational model
Language Comprehension
Language Production
This powerpoint covers the introduction and chapter 1 of Making It Happen. In Part II there are slides covering basic grammar that will be on the quiz.
“Listening and Speaking: Way of Improving the English Speaking Ability of Stu...MJ Green Gomez Malacapay
In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements of the Advance Academic Writing
Master of Arts in Education-English Language Teaching
By
Mary Jane G. Malacapay
December, 2017
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
1. DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES
JEROME BRUNER
Practice II: Didactics of English as EFL
Byrne, Laureana
Scaricaciottoli, Sofia
2012
2. JEROME BRUNER
Jerome Seymour Bruner (born
October 1, 1915) is an American
psychologist who has made
significant contributions to human
cognitive psychology and cognitive
learning theory in educational
psychology, as well as to history
and to the general philosophy of
education. Bruner is currently a
senior research fellow at the New
York University School of Law. He
received his B.A. in 1937 from Duke
University and his Ph. D. from
Harvard University in 1941.
3. BRUNER’S IDEAS ARE GREATLY INFLUENCED BY
PIAGET’S THEORY ABOUT DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES.
LANGUAGE IS THE MOST IMPORTANT TOOL FOR
COGNITIVE GROWTH
Bruner’s ideas:
Scaffolding
Formats and routines
The spiral curriculum
Important influences in education and language
teaching.
4. SCAFFOLDING
A cognitive support that an adult or a more able
peer can give to a child so that he/she should
develop and grow. E.g.: being a model or simplifying
tasks.
Good scaffolding is tuned to the needs of the child
and adjusted as the child becomes more
competent.
Scaffolding has been transferred to the classroom
and teacher-pupil talk.
5. SCAFFOLDING
Wood (1998) suggests that teachers can scaffold
children’s learning in various ways:
Teachers can help children to By
Attend to what is relevant Suggesting
Praising the significant
Provinding focusing activities
Adopt useful strategies Encouraging rehearsal
Being explicit about organization
Remember the whole task and Remainding
goals Modelling
Providing part-whole activities
6. FORMATS AND ROUTINES
These are features of events that aloud scaffolding
to take place.
Useful idea for language teaching: children learn
through routines.
As routines are repeated, children are able to
gradually assume more control and responsability.
A useful example of a routine is of parents reading
stories to their children from babyhood onwards.
7. FORMATS AND ROUTINES
The importance of routines is linked to the role of
stories or narratives in language classrooms.
Language use is preditable within the routines.
There is a space within which the child can take
over and do the language him/herself.
This space for growth matches the child’s Zone of
Proximal Development.
According to Bruner, these routines and their
adjustments provide an important site for language
and cognitive development and language skills.
8. ROUTINES IN THE LANGUAGE
CLASSROOM
Routines which happen every day may provide
opprtunities for language development.
The context created by routines provides an
opportunity for pupils to predict meaning and
intention.
Routines offer a way to add variation and
novelty that can involve more complex language.
As this occurs, the situation helps children to
continue understanding.
9. SPIRAL CURRICULUM
Also called recycling.
Bruner believes that children learn when they
are exposed to a subject many times in different
ways.
In this way, teachers move from basic concepts
to more complex ones over time.
This theory is the basis for the way most school
curricula and text books are organized.
