This document discusses Brucella species, which are bacteria that can cause brucellosis (undulant fever) in humans and various animal species. It describes the clinical presentation of brucellosis in humans, which includes intermittent fever and flu-like symptoms that can become chronic. It outlines methods of transmission, including consumption of raw dairy products. The document discusses diagnosis of brucellosis and recommendations for treatment and prevention, including pasteurization of milk from infected areas.
Brucellosis is a zoonotic bacterial infection transmitted from animals to humans through contact with infected fluids or consumption of unpasteurized dairy. It causes a broad range of symptoms from fever to arthritis and is a public health problem in many developing countries. Diagnosis involves culture, serology or PCR of blood, bone marrow or tissues. Treatment requires combination antibiotic therapy for at least six weeks, and up to twelve weeks for complications like spondylitis or endocarditis. Doxycycline plus rifampin or streptomycin are common regimens.
Brucellosis is a highly contagious zoonotic disease caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella. It is transmitted to humans through ingestion of unpasteurized dairy products from infected animals or close contact with their secretions. Symptoms are non-specific and include fever, joint pain, and weakness. While mortality is low, it can cause chronic debilitating illness if not treated promptly with multidrug antimicrobial regimens. Prevention involves protective measures for those exposed through occupation or travel to endemic areas.
Brucellosis is caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella and is a major zoonotic disease transmitted from animals to humans. It causes flu-like symptoms such as fever, sweats, and joint pain in humans. The disease is widespread globally in areas where infection is common in livestock like sheep, goats and cattle. Diagnosis involves serological tests to detect antibodies and culturing Brucella from blood or tissues. Treatment requires prolonged antibiotic therapy. Vaccination of livestock and pasteurization of dairy products are important for control and prevention.
This document discusses brucellosis and leptospirosis. Brucellosis is a major bacterial zoonosis transmitted through contact with infected animals. It causes intermittent fever and is endemic where livestock are raised. Leptospirosis is transmitted via contact with environments contaminated by infected animal urine and causes a range of illnesses. Both diseases are widespread in tropical areas and occupational exposure puts farmers, veterinarians and abattoir workers at higher risk. Controlling the diseases involves vaccinating animals, treating infected humans and livestock with antibiotics, and reducing environmental contamination.
Brucellosis, a bacterial disease caused by members of the genus Brucella, is an important zoonosis and a significant cause of reproductive losses in animals.
- Brucella is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria that causes brucellosis, a zoonotic disease. It is transmitted primarily through contact with infected animals or ingestion of contaminated animal products.
- Symptoms in humans include nonspecific flu-like signs such as fever, headache, sweats, and aches. It can also cause complications affecting multiple organ systems like the heart, bones, nervous system, and more.
- Treatment involves prolonged antibiotic therapy to prevent relapse, as the bacteria can become chronic.
Brucellosis is a systemic bacterial disease caused by Brucella bacteria, with symptoms including irregular fever, sweating, joint pain, and fatigue. It is most commonly transmitted from infected animals like cattle, goats, and pigs to humans through direct contact or consumption of unpasteurized dairy. While rarely fatal, it can cause long-term joint or reproductive organ complications if untreated. Control relies on vaccination and testing of livestock with elimination of infected herds to prevent transmission.
This document discusses Brucellosis, a zoonotic disease caused by bacteria from the Brucella genus. It notes that Brucellosis is endemic in many parts of the world, with six main species that can infect different animal hosts. The most common cause of human infection is B. melitensis from goats and sheep. Transmission occurs through contact with infected animals or consumption of unpasteurized dairy. Clinical presentation in humans is non-specific with fever being the most common symptom. Diagnosis involves blood cultures, serology or PCR. Treatment consists of a combination of doxycycline and rifampin or streptomycin for 6 weeks. Control relies on vaccination of livestock and pasteurization
Brucellosis is a zoonotic bacterial infection transmitted from animals to humans through contact with infected fluids or consumption of unpasteurized dairy. It causes a broad range of symptoms from fever to arthritis and is a public health problem in many developing countries. Diagnosis involves culture, serology or PCR of blood, bone marrow or tissues. Treatment requires combination antibiotic therapy for at least six weeks, and up to twelve weeks for complications like spondylitis or endocarditis. Doxycycline plus rifampin or streptomycin are common regimens.
Brucellosis is a highly contagious zoonotic disease caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella. It is transmitted to humans through ingestion of unpasteurized dairy products from infected animals or close contact with their secretions. Symptoms are non-specific and include fever, joint pain, and weakness. While mortality is low, it can cause chronic debilitating illness if not treated promptly with multidrug antimicrobial regimens. Prevention involves protective measures for those exposed through occupation or travel to endemic areas.
Brucellosis is caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella and is a major zoonotic disease transmitted from animals to humans. It causes flu-like symptoms such as fever, sweats, and joint pain in humans. The disease is widespread globally in areas where infection is common in livestock like sheep, goats and cattle. Diagnosis involves serological tests to detect antibodies and culturing Brucella from blood or tissues. Treatment requires prolonged antibiotic therapy. Vaccination of livestock and pasteurization of dairy products are important for control and prevention.
This document discusses brucellosis and leptospirosis. Brucellosis is a major bacterial zoonosis transmitted through contact with infected animals. It causes intermittent fever and is endemic where livestock are raised. Leptospirosis is transmitted via contact with environments contaminated by infected animal urine and causes a range of illnesses. Both diseases are widespread in tropical areas and occupational exposure puts farmers, veterinarians and abattoir workers at higher risk. Controlling the diseases involves vaccinating animals, treating infected humans and livestock with antibiotics, and reducing environmental contamination.
Brucellosis, a bacterial disease caused by members of the genus Brucella, is an important zoonosis and a significant cause of reproductive losses in animals.
- Brucella is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria that causes brucellosis, a zoonotic disease. It is transmitted primarily through contact with infected animals or ingestion of contaminated animal products.
- Symptoms in humans include nonspecific flu-like signs such as fever, headache, sweats, and aches. It can also cause complications affecting multiple organ systems like the heart, bones, nervous system, and more.
- Treatment involves prolonged antibiotic therapy to prevent relapse, as the bacteria can become chronic.
Brucellosis is a systemic bacterial disease caused by Brucella bacteria, with symptoms including irregular fever, sweating, joint pain, and fatigue. It is most commonly transmitted from infected animals like cattle, goats, and pigs to humans through direct contact or consumption of unpasteurized dairy. While rarely fatal, it can cause long-term joint or reproductive organ complications if untreated. Control relies on vaccination and testing of livestock with elimination of infected herds to prevent transmission.
This document discusses Brucellosis, a zoonotic disease caused by bacteria from the Brucella genus. It notes that Brucellosis is endemic in many parts of the world, with six main species that can infect different animal hosts. The most common cause of human infection is B. melitensis from goats and sheep. Transmission occurs through contact with infected animals or consumption of unpasteurized dairy. Clinical presentation in humans is non-specific with fever being the most common symptom. Diagnosis involves blood cultures, serology or PCR. Treatment consists of a combination of doxycycline and rifampin or streptomycin for 6 weeks. Control relies on vaccination of livestock and pasteurization
Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by bacteria that primarily infects domestic animals and can be transmitted to humans. It is a global disease with high prevalence in parts of the Mediterranean, Middle East, Africa, and South America. Humans typically get infected by consuming raw dairy products or through contact with infected animal tissues and fluids. Symptoms are non-specific but include undulating fever, sweats, joint pain and swelling. Diagnosis involves serological tests or culture of blood and tissues. Treatment requires a combination of doxycycline and streptomycin or rifampin for several weeks. Prevention focuses on animal vaccination, safe food handling, and protective equipment for high risk workers.
Brucellosis is a highly contagious zoonotic disease caused by Brucella bacteria, characterized by fever, sweating, arthritis, and enlarged spleen. It is transmitted from infected animals to humans through contact with tissues/fluids, ingesting raw milk/dairy, or inhalation. Symptoms include intermittent fever over 40°C, joint pain, headaches, and enlarged liver/spleen. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing abnormal white blood cell count and elevated antibodies, with cultures also possible. Treatment consists of antibiotics like doxycycline and rifampin taken for 6 weeks to prevent complications like osteomyelitis, arthritis, or organ abscesses.
This document discusses Brucella and Pasteurella bacteria. Brucella causes brucellosis/Malta fever, a zoonotic disease transmitted from animals to humans through ingestion of infected milk or direct contact. It can infect any organ and cause non-specific symptoms like fever and fatigue. Pasteurella multocida is commonly found in the mouths of pets and can cause localized infections or sepsis in immunocompromised individuals following a bite or scratch. Treatment involves antibiotics like rifampin/tetracyclines for Brucella and penicillin for Pasteurella.
Brucella is a gram-negative, intracellular bacteria that causes brucellosis (undulant fever) in humans and various animal diseases. The disease is transmitted through contact with infected animals or consumption of unpasteurized dairy. Symptoms in humans are non-specific and include fever, weakness, and joint/back pain. Diagnosis involves blood tests and isolation of the bacteria. Treatment consists of a combination of doxycycline and streptomycin or rifampin for several weeks.
Brucellosis is a zoonotic bacterial disease caused by Brucella organisms that primarily infect livestock such as goats, sheep and cows. Humans can contract brucellosis through direct contact with infected animals or consumption of infected, unpasteurized dairy products. A 1997 survey in Saudi Arabia found a 15% seroprevalence of brucellosis, with higher rates among rural populations, older individuals, and people in high-risk occupations. Brucellosis causes non-specific symptoms like fever and malaise but can also lead to complications affecting the osteoarticular, reproductive or central nervous systems if untreated. Relapse within the first year is possible if initial treatment is inadequate
This document provides an overview of brucellosis, a zoonotic bacterial disease caused by ingestion of infected animal products. It discusses the Brucella bacteria species and their hosts, epidemiology, transmission between humans and animals, clinical signs in various species, pathology, diagnosis and prevention/control methods. Prevention focuses on education, personal protective measures, vaccination of livestock in endemic areas, and eradication programs that identify and cull infected animals.
This document provides information on Brucella, the causative agent of brucellosis. It discusses that Brucella is a facultative intracellular, Gram-negative coccobacillus that is a zoonotic pathogen. Six main species that can infect humans are described: B. melitensis, B. abortus, B. suis, B. ovis, B. canis, and B. neotomae. Transmission to humans typically occurs through consumption of unpasteurized dairy products. Brucellosis presents as an acute or subacute febrile illness that can become chronic and involve any organ system. The global epidemiology and scenarios in India and a local medical college
Brucellosis is caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella and is a worldwide zoonosis. It is transmitted primarily through contact with infected animals or animal products. The most common species that infect humans are B. melitensis, B. abortus, B. suis, and recently B. pinnipediae and B. cetaceae. Brucellosis is characterized by nonspecific flu-like symptoms such as fever, fatigue, and joint pain. It can become a chronic debilitating disease if left untreated. Diagnosis involves blood cultures, serology, or PCR. Treatment consists of a combination of doxycycline and rifampin or streptomycin for 6 weeks.
presentation about one of the common disease which called brucellosis ,i tried to tell all important points about this infection , so it will be useful for students and teachers to make information about this common infection
This document discusses brucellosis, a zoonotic disease caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella. It primarily affects livestock such as cattle, goats, and pigs. The disease can be transmitted to humans through consumption of unpasteurized dairy products or contact with infected animals/tissues. Clinical features in humans include undulant fever and nonspecific symptoms affecting multiple organ systems. Diagnosis involves serological tests or culture of blood/tissues. Treatment consists of a combination of doxycycline and streptomycin or rifampin over several weeks. Prevention focuses on vaccination of livestock and avoiding raw dairy products.
The document discusses Brucella, the bacteria that causes brucellosis. It is transmitted through contact with infected animals like goats, sheep, and cattle. Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease that causes undulant fever in humans and can infect multiple organs if untreated, requiring a prolonged course of antibiotic therapy.
The document provides an overview of Brucellosis, caused by Brucella bacteria. It discusses the organism, epidemiology, transmission to humans and animals, clinical presentation in humans and animals, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control of Brucellosis. The most common species that cause human infection are B. melitensis, B. abortus, and B. suis. Transmission occurs via contact with infected animals or consumption of unpasteurized dairy. Symptoms in humans include fever, joint pain, and weakness. Diagnosis involves culture, serology and PCR. Treatment consists of a combination of doxycycline, rifampin and streptomycin over a period of weeks to months. Prevention focuses
Brucella are gram-negative bacteria that were first isolated in 1887. Major species include B. melitensis, B. abortus, and B. suis. Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease transmitted to humans from infected animals that causes undulant fever and abortion in livestock. Diagnosis relies on serological tests that detect antibodies to Brucella antigens, including the Rose Bengal test, Standard Agglutination Test, and Indirect Coombs test. Lipopolysaccharide is a major virulence factor and different Brucella species contain different amounts of A and M antigens, affecting their pathogenicity.
This document provides an overview of brucellosis, a zoonotic bacterial infection. It discusses the history, distribution, transmission, symptoms and treatment of the disease. Brucellosis is caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella that are typically transmitted from animals to humans. It occurs worldwide but is especially common in areas where people have close contact with infected animal reservoirs like cattle, goats and pigs. Common symptoms include undulant fever and flu-like symptoms. Treatment involves a combination of doxycycline and streptomycin or rifampin antibiotics over several weeks.
This document summarizes information about Brucellosis. It discusses the etiology as various Brucella species which are small, aerobic, non-motile bacteria. Epidemiology includes transmission through unpasteurized milk or occupational exposure. Clinical manifestations include fever, arthralgia/arthritis, and hepatosplenomegaly. Diagnosis involves culture, serological tests, and differential includes other infections. Treatment depends on age and includes combinations of doxycycline, rifampin, gentamicin or streptomycin.
Brucellosis is caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella that can infect both animals and humans. It is a zoonotic disease transmitted through contact with infected animals or consumption of unpasteurized dairy products. In humans, it causes non-specific symptoms like fever, joint pain, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves blood cultures and serology. Treatment consists of a combination of doxycycline and rifampin or streptomycin for 6 weeks to prevent relapse. Vaccination of animals and pasteurization of dairy products are important for prevention.
Brucella species are small, gram-negative bacteria that can cause brucellosis in humans and animals. They infect a variety of animal hosts and are transmitted to humans through contact with infected animals or consumption of unpasteurized dairy. In humans, Brucella bacteria localize in tissues like lymph nodes, liver, and bone, causing non-specific symptoms like fever, sweats, and joint pain. Diagnosis involves culture of the bacteria from blood or tissues or detection of antibodies in serum. Treatment requires a combination of antibiotics for an extended duration.
Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease transmitted from animals to humans through contact with infected fluids or consumption of unpasteurized dairy. It is prevalent worldwide including Bangladesh. The most common species affecting humans is B. melitensis from goats and sheep. Symptoms in humans include fever, night sweats, joint pain and fatigue. Confirmatory diagnosis is made through laboratory tests. Treatment involves antibiotics such as doxycycline and rifampin.
Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by bacteria that primarily infects domestic animals and can be transmitted to humans. It is a global disease with high prevalence in parts of the Mediterranean, Middle East, Africa, and South America. Humans typically get infected by consuming raw dairy products or through contact with infected animal tissues and fluids. Symptoms are non-specific but include undulating fever, sweats, joint pain and swelling. Diagnosis involves serological tests or culture of blood and tissues. Treatment requires a combination of doxycycline and streptomycin or rifampin for several weeks. Prevention focuses on animal vaccination, safe food handling, and protective equipment for high risk workers.
Brucellosis is a highly contagious zoonotic disease caused by Brucella bacteria, characterized by fever, sweating, arthritis, and enlarged spleen. It is transmitted from infected animals to humans through contact with tissues/fluids, ingesting raw milk/dairy, or inhalation. Symptoms include intermittent fever over 40°C, joint pain, headaches, and enlarged liver/spleen. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing abnormal white blood cell count and elevated antibodies, with cultures also possible. Treatment consists of antibiotics like doxycycline and rifampin taken for 6 weeks to prevent complications like osteomyelitis, arthritis, or organ abscesses.
This document discusses Brucella and Pasteurella bacteria. Brucella causes brucellosis/Malta fever, a zoonotic disease transmitted from animals to humans through ingestion of infected milk or direct contact. It can infect any organ and cause non-specific symptoms like fever and fatigue. Pasteurella multocida is commonly found in the mouths of pets and can cause localized infections or sepsis in immunocompromised individuals following a bite or scratch. Treatment involves antibiotics like rifampin/tetracyclines for Brucella and penicillin for Pasteurella.
Brucella is a gram-negative, intracellular bacteria that causes brucellosis (undulant fever) in humans and various animal diseases. The disease is transmitted through contact with infected animals or consumption of unpasteurized dairy. Symptoms in humans are non-specific and include fever, weakness, and joint/back pain. Diagnosis involves blood tests and isolation of the bacteria. Treatment consists of a combination of doxycycline and streptomycin or rifampin for several weeks.
Brucellosis is a zoonotic bacterial disease caused by Brucella organisms that primarily infect livestock such as goats, sheep and cows. Humans can contract brucellosis through direct contact with infected animals or consumption of infected, unpasteurized dairy products. A 1997 survey in Saudi Arabia found a 15% seroprevalence of brucellosis, with higher rates among rural populations, older individuals, and people in high-risk occupations. Brucellosis causes non-specific symptoms like fever and malaise but can also lead to complications affecting the osteoarticular, reproductive or central nervous systems if untreated. Relapse within the first year is possible if initial treatment is inadequate
This document provides an overview of brucellosis, a zoonotic bacterial disease caused by ingestion of infected animal products. It discusses the Brucella bacteria species and their hosts, epidemiology, transmission between humans and animals, clinical signs in various species, pathology, diagnosis and prevention/control methods. Prevention focuses on education, personal protective measures, vaccination of livestock in endemic areas, and eradication programs that identify and cull infected animals.
This document provides information on Brucella, the causative agent of brucellosis. It discusses that Brucella is a facultative intracellular, Gram-negative coccobacillus that is a zoonotic pathogen. Six main species that can infect humans are described: B. melitensis, B. abortus, B. suis, B. ovis, B. canis, and B. neotomae. Transmission to humans typically occurs through consumption of unpasteurized dairy products. Brucellosis presents as an acute or subacute febrile illness that can become chronic and involve any organ system. The global epidemiology and scenarios in India and a local medical college
Brucellosis is caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella and is a worldwide zoonosis. It is transmitted primarily through contact with infected animals or animal products. The most common species that infect humans are B. melitensis, B. abortus, B. suis, and recently B. pinnipediae and B. cetaceae. Brucellosis is characterized by nonspecific flu-like symptoms such as fever, fatigue, and joint pain. It can become a chronic debilitating disease if left untreated. Diagnosis involves blood cultures, serology, or PCR. Treatment consists of a combination of doxycycline and rifampin or streptomycin for 6 weeks.
presentation about one of the common disease which called brucellosis ,i tried to tell all important points about this infection , so it will be useful for students and teachers to make information about this common infection
This document discusses brucellosis, a zoonotic disease caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella. It primarily affects livestock such as cattle, goats, and pigs. The disease can be transmitted to humans through consumption of unpasteurized dairy products or contact with infected animals/tissues. Clinical features in humans include undulant fever and nonspecific symptoms affecting multiple organ systems. Diagnosis involves serological tests or culture of blood/tissues. Treatment consists of a combination of doxycycline and streptomycin or rifampin over several weeks. Prevention focuses on vaccination of livestock and avoiding raw dairy products.
The document discusses Brucella, the bacteria that causes brucellosis. It is transmitted through contact with infected animals like goats, sheep, and cattle. Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease that causes undulant fever in humans and can infect multiple organs if untreated, requiring a prolonged course of antibiotic therapy.
The document provides an overview of Brucellosis, caused by Brucella bacteria. It discusses the organism, epidemiology, transmission to humans and animals, clinical presentation in humans and animals, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control of Brucellosis. The most common species that cause human infection are B. melitensis, B. abortus, and B. suis. Transmission occurs via contact with infected animals or consumption of unpasteurized dairy. Symptoms in humans include fever, joint pain, and weakness. Diagnosis involves culture, serology and PCR. Treatment consists of a combination of doxycycline, rifampin and streptomycin over a period of weeks to months. Prevention focuses
Brucella are gram-negative bacteria that were first isolated in 1887. Major species include B. melitensis, B. abortus, and B. suis. Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease transmitted to humans from infected animals that causes undulant fever and abortion in livestock. Diagnosis relies on serological tests that detect antibodies to Brucella antigens, including the Rose Bengal test, Standard Agglutination Test, and Indirect Coombs test. Lipopolysaccharide is a major virulence factor and different Brucella species contain different amounts of A and M antigens, affecting their pathogenicity.
This document provides an overview of brucellosis, a zoonotic bacterial infection. It discusses the history, distribution, transmission, symptoms and treatment of the disease. Brucellosis is caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella that are typically transmitted from animals to humans. It occurs worldwide but is especially common in areas where people have close contact with infected animal reservoirs like cattle, goats and pigs. Common symptoms include undulant fever and flu-like symptoms. Treatment involves a combination of doxycycline and streptomycin or rifampin antibiotics over several weeks.
This document summarizes information about Brucellosis. It discusses the etiology as various Brucella species which are small, aerobic, non-motile bacteria. Epidemiology includes transmission through unpasteurized milk or occupational exposure. Clinical manifestations include fever, arthralgia/arthritis, and hepatosplenomegaly. Diagnosis involves culture, serological tests, and differential includes other infections. Treatment depends on age and includes combinations of doxycycline, rifampin, gentamicin or streptomycin.
Brucellosis is caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella that can infect both animals and humans. It is a zoonotic disease transmitted through contact with infected animals or consumption of unpasteurized dairy products. In humans, it causes non-specific symptoms like fever, joint pain, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves blood cultures and serology. Treatment consists of a combination of doxycycline and rifampin or streptomycin for 6 weeks to prevent relapse. Vaccination of animals and pasteurization of dairy products are important for prevention.
Brucella species are small, gram-negative bacteria that can cause brucellosis in humans and animals. They infect a variety of animal hosts and are transmitted to humans through contact with infected animals or consumption of unpasteurized dairy. In humans, Brucella bacteria localize in tissues like lymph nodes, liver, and bone, causing non-specific symptoms like fever, sweats, and joint pain. Diagnosis involves culture of the bacteria from blood or tissues or detection of antibodies in serum. Treatment requires a combination of antibiotics for an extended duration.
Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease transmitted from animals to humans through contact with infected fluids or consumption of unpasteurized dairy. It is prevalent worldwide including Bangladesh. The most common species affecting humans is B. melitensis from goats and sheep. Symptoms in humans include fever, night sweats, joint pain and fatigue. Confirmatory diagnosis is made through laboratory tests. Treatment involves antibiotics such as doxycycline and rifampin.
Salmonella typhi, the bacteria that causes typhoid fever, infects over 17 million people worldwide each year. It is transmitted through contaminated food or water. After ingestion, S. typhi invades the intestinal tract and spreads throughout the body. This causes symptoms like sustained high fever, abdominal pain, and headaches. Without treatment, typhoid fever can lead to intestinal perforation or hemorrhage. Historical figures like "Typhoid Mary" helped public health officials understand asymptomatic carriers who spread the disease. Vaccines and antibiotics now effectively treat and prevent typhoid fever.
Typhoid fever is caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi. It infects the gastrointestinal tract and can spread to the liver and spleen. Symptoms include prolonged fever, abdominal discomfort, and rose-colored spots on the skin. Complications can involve the intestines, brain, or other organs. Diagnosis involves culturing the bacteria from blood or bone marrow. Treatment consists of antibiotics like fluoroquinolones or azithromycin. Vaccines can help prevent typhoid in areas where it is common. Ongoing issues include increasing antibiotic resistance and the need for improved diagnostic tests.
This document discusses tuberculosis (TB) in children, the relationship between TB and HIV, and TB during pregnancy. It notes that 10-20% of TB cases are in children under 5 years old. Children are usually sputum-negative and not infectious. The main sources of infection are adults with sputum-positive TB. Treatment involves several anti-TB drugs given in specific doses over several months. Chemoprophylaxis is recommended for children exposed to sputum-positive individuals. Co-infection with HIV greatly increases the risk of active TB. Diagnosis is more difficult and extra-pulmonary TB is more common. Standard TB treatment is still used but drug interactions with HIV medications must be considered. TB in pregnancy does not typically
Hi Guys,
This presentation talks about Tuberculosis diagnosed in mother in the antenatal period, its treatment, implications on mother and fetus, the various protocols available currently regarding the neonatal management . Special focus being in major issues like breastmilk feeding, BCG, AKT prophylaxis, mother-child isolation.
Hope you find it useful.
P.S. - Please checkout my youtube channel - 'NEONATOHUB' & Facebook page 'Neonatohub' for lectures on neonatology.
Brucellosis, also known as Malta fever or undulant fever, is a bacterial disease caused by various Brucella species. It is a common zoonotic disease transmitted primarily through contact with infected animals or consumption of unpasteurized dairy products. Symptoms can include fever, sweats, headaches, and joint pain. Diagnosis involves blood tests and culture. Treatment requires a combination of antibiotics for a duration of 3-6 months depending on the severity and complications of the case. Proper treatment leads to full recovery in most cases, though relapse can occur if antibiotics are not taken correctly.
This document discusses various perinatal and congenital infections including TORCH infections. It provides details on the causative organisms, modes of transmission, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of toxoplasmosis, rubella, CMV, herpes, HIV, hepatitis B, tuberculosis, varicella zoster virus, syphilis, malaria, and parvovirus infections. Timely diagnosis and treatment of perinatally acquired infections is important. Prevention strategies include maternal screening, vaccination, treatment of infected mothers, and avoiding risk factors during pregnancy and delivery.
Brucellosis is an enzootic infection (i.e. endemic in animal) caused by Gram-negative bacilli.
Infected animals may excrete Brucella spp, in their milk for prolonged periods and human infection is acquired by ingesting contaminated dairy products (especially unpasteurised milk), uncooked meat or offal.
Animal urine, faeces, vaginal discharge and uterine products may transmit infection through abraded skin or via splashes and aerosols to the respiratory tract and conjunctiva.
Brucellosis is an enzootic infection (i.e. endemic in animal) caused by Gram-negative bacilli.
Infected animals may excrete Brucella spp, in their milk for prolonged periods and human infection is acquired by ingesting contaminated dairy products (especially unpasteurised milk), uncooked meat or offal.
Animal urine, faeces, vaginal discharge and uterine products may transmit infection through abraded skin or via splashes and aerosols to the respiratory tract and conjunctiva.
Brucellosis is an enzootic infection (i.e. endemic in animal) caused by Gram-negative bacilli.
Infected animals may excrete Brucella spp, in their milk for prolonged periods and human infection is acquired by ingesting contaminated dairy products (especially unpasteurised milk), uncooked meat or offal.
Animal urine, faeces, vaginal discharge and uterine products may transmit infection through abraded skin or via splashes and aerosols to the respiratory tract and conjunctiva.
Brucellosis is an enzootic infection (i.e. endemic in animal) caused by Gram-negative bacilli.
Infected animals may excrete Brucella spp, in their milk for prolonged periods and human infection is acquired by ingesting contaminated dairy products (especially unpasteurised milk), uncooked meat or offal.
Animal urine, faeces, vaginal discharge and uterine products may transmit infection through abraded skin or via splashes and aerosols to the respiratory tract and conjunctiva.
Brucellosis is an enzootic infection (i.e. endemic in animal) caused by Gram-negative bacilli.
Infected animals may excrete Brucella spp, in their milk for prolonged periods and human infection is acquired by ingesting contaminated dairy products (especially unpasteurised milk), uncooked meat or offal.
Animal urine, faeces, vaginal discharge and uterine products may transmit infection through abraded skin or via splashes and aerosols to the respiratory tract and conjunctiva.
This document discusses pulmonary tuberculosis in pregnant women. It notes that 30% of global TB cases are in India, and 5% of pregnant women have active TB disease. It outlines symptoms of TB in pregnancy like fatigue, fever, and cough. It discusses evaluating and treating TB in pregnancy, including using directly observed therapy. Side effects on the fetus are considered minimal. Vaginal delivery is generally safe while avoiding certain drugs. Breastfeeding is also generally recommended while taking precautions if the mother has active TB.
Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It typically affects the lungs but can spread to other organs. Symptoms include cough, fever, night sweats and weight loss. Diagnosis involves tuberculin skin testing, chest x-rays, and sputum smear microscopy. Treatment requires a combination of antibiotics taken for at least 6 months. Isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol are first-line drugs, while multidrug-resistant TB requires alternative drug regimens. Public health measures like DOTS aim to improve treatment adherence and reduce transmission.
This document discusses TORCH infections that can affect pregnancy. It covers Toxoplasmosis, Rubella, CMV, and Herpes infections. For each infection, it describes transmission, clinical manifestations, effects on pregnancy like risk of transmission and fetal anomalies, diagnosis, and treatment approaches. For toxoplasmosis, it highlights risks increase with gestational age and treatments include pyrimethamine and spiramycin. For rubella, congenital rubella syndrome can cause fetal defects if acquired early in pregnancy. CMV and herpes infections also pose risks of fetal transmission and growth restriction. Diagnosis involves serology and PCR testing of amniotic fluid. Treatment may include antivirals and monitoring for complications.
This document summarizes information about Brucella serology and treatment guidelines. It discusses that Brucella virulence factors help it avoid stomach acid and the immune system. Serology is the most common diagnostic tool and involves detecting IgM and IgG antibodies. Treatment for uncomplicated cases involves doxycycline plus streptomycin or rifampin for 6 weeks. Pregnant patients are treated differently depending on gestational age. Relapses can occur from short or mono therapy treatments.
This document discusses pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). It provides background information on TB epidemiology globally and in Uganda. It describes the pathophysiology and phases of TB infection and disease. It defines TB cases and classifications. It discusses investigations for diagnosing TB including imaging, microscopy, culture and tuberculin skin testing. It also outlines TB treatment regimens and definitions of treatment outcomes.
- Brucella is a genus of Gram-negative, intracellular coccobacilli that are the cause of brucellosis, a zoonotic disease affecting various animals and transmissible to humans.
- It is characterized by non-specific flu-like symptoms like fever, sweats, fatigue and joint pain. If left untreated it can lead to complications affecting the osteoarticular, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular and central nervous systems.
- Transmission occurs through contact with infected animals or ingestion of contaminated animal products like unpasteurized milk. Laboratory workers are also at risk of acquiring brucellosis. Diagnosis involves culture, serology and PCR testing of blood or tissues. Treatment consists of
Whooping cough | pertussis ( medical information ) - a detailed studymartinshaji
Whooping cough (pertussis) is a highly contagious respiratory tract infection. In many people, it's marked by a severe hacking cough followed by a high-pitched intake of breath that sounds like "whoop." Before the vaccine was developed, whooping cough was considered a childhood disease.
this chart comprises all the major aspects of whooping cough / pertussis
please comment
thank u
Brucella is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria that causes brucellosis. It is transmitted through contact with infected animals or ingestion of contaminated animal products. Different Brucella species infect various animals like cattle, goats, pigs, and marine mammals. Symptoms include fever, sweating, joint and muscle pain. Diagnosis involves blood culture, antibody tests, or biopsy showing granulomas. Treatment requires combination antibiotic therapy for several weeks due to the intracellular nature of the bacteria. Prevention involves pasteurizing milk and vaccinating animals.
This slide is only for educational purpose. It is based on the diseases prevention program for commercial broiler production. I believed that by using this ppt students would be benefited who are particularly in this discipline.
ANTHELMINTIC DRUGS for medical students .pptxFranciKaySichu
This document discusses anthelmintic drugs, which are used to treat parasitic worm infections. It covers the major classes of helminths that infect humans, including nematodes, trematodes, and cestodes. The key anthelmintic drug classes are described, such as benzimidazoles, quinolines, and piperazine derivatives. Specific drugs like mebendazole, albendazole, praziquantel, and diethylcarbamazine are discussed in detail regarding their mechanisms of action, uses, and adverse effects in treating different worm infections. The major parasitic worm infections of humans that are addressed include ascariasis, hookworm, strongyloidiasis, filari
ENTERIC FEVER IN CHILDREN IN INDIA AND MIDDLE EASTanitn2020
This document discusses enteric fever, also known as typhoid fever. It is caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Paratyphi and transmitted through the fecal-oral route. The bacteria infect the small intestine, lymphoid tissues, and reticuloendothelial system. Clinical features include sustained fever over 1-2 weeks, headache, abdominal discomfort, and possible complications like intestinal bleeding or perforation. Diagnosis involves blood or bone marrow cultures. Treatment depends on illness severity and local antibiotic resistance patterns, and may involve oral or intravenous antibiotics like cefixime, azithromycin, or ceftriaxone. Antibiotic resistance is a growing problem.
This document provides information about typhoid fever, also known as enteric fever. It is caused by the bacteria Salmonella Typhi or Paratyphi and is transmitted through contaminated food or water. Symptoms develop 1-3 weeks after exposure and include sustained high fever, headache, malaise and abdominal discomfort. Complications can include intestinal bleeding or perforation. Treatment involves antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin. Prevention focuses on proper hygiene, food handling and water treatment. Vaccines are also available but not completely protective.
Toxoplasmosis during pregnancy can infect the fetus if a woman acquires primary infection during pregnancy. Screening for toxoplasmosis antibodies is recommended during early pregnancy and with each trimester. If a recent infection is suspected during the first 18 weeks, spiramycin is recommended to prevent vertical transmission. After 18 weeks or if fetal infection is confirmed, combination treatment with pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine and folinic acid is recommended to treat the fetus. Meat should be cooked well done to kill toxoplasmosis cysts and prevent infection.
This document provides information about malaria, including:
1. Malaria threatens over 2 billion people worldwide and kills over 1 million people annually, mostly young children in Africa. Ninety percent of malaria cases occur in Africa south of the Sahara.
2. Effective prevention and treatment strategies include insecticide-treated mosquito nets, changes in drug treatment regimens due to resistance, and increasing caregiver skills. Artemisinin combination therapies are now the most effective treatments.
3. Malaria symptoms vary from mild to severe and can include fever, chills, vomiting and more. Complications like coma, bleeding and organ failure can occur without prompt treatment of severe cases. Immunity develops in areas
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
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Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
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4. B. abortus is normally associated with cattle,
B. melitensis with sheep and goats,
B. suis with swine (although biovars 4 and 5 are specifically associated with
reindeer and rodents respectively).
B. ovis causes an infection specific for sheep and has not been conclusively
implicated in human disease,
B. suis biovar 5 has only been isolated on a few occasions from rodents and
B. canis is usually associated with disease in dogs but occasionally causes
human brucellosis.
>In general, B. melitensis and B. suis are more virulent for humans
5.
6.
7. >acquired directly or indirectly from animal sources, of which cattle, sheep,
goats and pigs are by far the most important.
>In these natural hosts, the infection usually establishes itself in the
reproductive tract, often resulting in abortion. Excretion in genital discharges
and milk is common and is a major source of human infection.
direct inoculation through cuts and abrasions in the skin, inoculation via
the conjunctival sac of the eyes, inhalation of infectious aerosols, and
ingestion of infectious unpasteurized(raw) milk or other dairy products.
Butter, , cheese, cream or ice-cream prepared from such milk also presents
a high risk.
The cheese-making process may actually concentrate the Brucella
organisms, which can survive for up to several months in this type of
product. Such cheeses should be stored in cool conditions for at least six
months before consumption.
yoghurt and sour milk are less hazardous. Brucella dies off fairly rapidly
when the acidity drops below pH 4
incubation period of two to three weeks.
8. an intermittent or remittent fever accompanied by malaise, anorexia and
prostration, and which, in the absence of specific treatment, may persist
for weeks or months.
fever, sweats, fatigue, malaise, anorexia, weight loss, headache, arthralgia
and back pain. Commonly, patients feel better in the morning, with
symptoms worsening as the day progresses. The desire to rest can be
profound, and depression is pervasive. If untreated, the pattern of the
fever waxes and wanes over several days (“undulant fever”).
Typically, few objective signs are apparent but enlargement of the liver,
spleen and/or lymph nodes may occur,
The acute phase may progress to a chronic one with relapse, development
of persistent localized infection or a non-specific syndrome resembling the
“chronic fatigue syndrome”
9.
10.
11.
12. Brucella organisms ultimately become sequestered within monocytes
and macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system (RES), such as
lymph nodes, liver, spleen and bone marrow. Brucellosis is a systemic
infection that can involve any organ or tissue of the body.
although liver function tests can be normal or only mildly elevated.
13. Osteoarticular complications
>Bone and joint involvement are the most frequent complications of
brucellosis, occurring in up to 40% of cases.
>including sacroiliitis, spondylitis, peripheral arthritis, osteomyelitis,
bursitis, and tenosynovitis. Brucella sacroiliitis is especially common.
>Patients present with fever and back pain, often radiating down the
legs (sciatica).
Children may refuse to walk and bear weight on an extremity.
Early in the disease, radiographs and bone scintigrams can appear
normal, but, in time, computed tomography (CT) or nuclear magnetic
resonance (NMR) scans may show narrowing of the intervertebral
disc space.
The lumbar vertebrae are involved more
14. Pregnancy and breastfeeding
Brucellosis during the course of pregnancy carries the risk of
spontaneous abortion or intrauterine transmission to the infant.
Abortion is a frequent complication of brucellosis in animals,
Brucella bacteremia can result in abortion, especially during the early
trimesters.
Very rare human-to-human transmission from lactating mothers to
their breastfed infants has been reported.
Brucellosis in pregnancy is associated with risk of spontaneous
abortion, premature delivery, miscarriage, and intrauterine infection
with fetal death
15. > Relapse is defined as the recurrence of characteristic signs and symptoms
(with or without a positive culture) occurring at some time after the completion
of a course of treatment. Patients with relapse characteristically have objective
signs of infection, such as fever, and persistently elevated titres of IgG antibodies
in their serum.
>Most relapses occur within six months after therapy is discontinued, and relapse is
not usually due to the emergence of antibiotic resistant strains, although this has
been seen after monotherapy with rifampicin or streptomycin.
>Chronic localized infection is defined as the recurrence of characteristic signs
and symptoms (with or without a positive blood culture) caused by the failure to
eliminate a deep focus of infection, such as osteomyelitis, or deep tissue abscesses.
16. A history of recent exposure to a known or probable source of Brucella
spp. This includes common host species, especially cattle, sheep, goats,
pigs, camels, yaks, buffaloes or dogs; consumption of raw or inadequately
cooked milk or milk products, and, to a lesser extent, meat and offal
derived from these animals.
The Rose Bengal plate test can be used as a sensitive rapid screening test
but the results should be confirmed by bacteriological and other
serological tests.
Although Brucella can be isolated from bone marrow, cerebrospinal fluid,
wounds, pus, etc., blood is the material most frequently used for
bacteriological culture.
Theoretically, in acute brucellosis, the first and principal immunoglobulin
isotype is IgM
17. > A correct serological diagnosis of human brucellosis can be made with a
test that uses S phase, whole cells. Recommended tests are RBT, SAT alone
or with 2-ME or DTT reduction, Coombs antiglobulin, CFT and ELISA. The
results of a combination of tests such as SAT and Coombs antiglobulin can
be used to assess the stage of evolution of the disease at the time of
diagnosis. The ELISA, with a conjugate of the appropriate IgM or IgG
specificity and S-LPS
18. Treatment of uncomplicated brucellosis in adults
and children eight years of age and older
> Tetracycline (500 mg every six hours orally) administered for at least
six weeks has long been the standard treatment of human brucellosis.
Doxycycline (a long acting tetracycline analogue) is now the preferred
drug because it can be given once or twice daily, and is associated with
fewer gastrointestinal side effects than tetracycline. Doxycycline is
given in a dose of 100 mg every 12 hours orally and is administered for
a period of six weeks.
19. >Aminoglycosides Because the rate of relapse when tetracycline or
doxycycline are given alone remains between 10–20%, most authorities
recommend an amino-glycoside to be given in addition to the
tetracyclines for the first two to three weeks of therapy.
> Streptomycin (1 g/day intramuscularly) administered for two to three
weeks has long been the aminoglycoside of choice when used in
combination with tetracycline or doxycycline.
20. > Gentamicin is more active in vitro against Brucella species than
streptomycin and, when administered as a single daily dose, is
associated with few adverse side-effects. Although gentamicin, in a
dose of 5mg/kg/day intravenously or intramuscularly, administered for
7 to 10 days in combination with doxycycline administered for six
weeks, yielded good results in one study, experience with this regimen
is too limited to justify its use over doxycycline plus streptomycin.
21. Principal alternative therapy
Rifampicin
doxycycline (200 mg/day orally) plus rifampicin (600–900 mg/day
orally), with both drugs administered for six weeks, was
recommended by the WHO Expert Committee in 1986. This regimen
has generally been found to be of similar efficacy to doxycycline plus
streptomycin for patients with uncomplicated brucellosis.
An analysis of various treatment regimens concluded that overall the
regimen of doxycycline plus streptomycin was likely to be the most
effective.
22. Secondary alternative therapy
Fluoroquinolones
> When quinolones were used as monotherapy in experimental
animals and humans infected with Brucella, the rates of relapse were
unacceptably high. Therefore, quinolones should always be used in
combination with other drugs, such as doxycycline or rifampicin.
23. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
(TMP/SMZ, co-trimoxazole)
> Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMZ, co-trimoxazole). TMP/SMZ in a
fixed ratio of 1:5 (80 mg TMP/400 mg SMZ) is more active in vitro against
Brucella species than either drug alone. Although initial studies with TMP/
SMZ reported good results, prospective, controlled, comparative trials
demonstrated that the drug was associated with an unacceptably high rate
of relapse. Consequently, TMP/SMZ should always be used in combination
with another agent, such as doxycycline, rifampicin or streptomycin.
24. Treatment of brucellosis during pregnancy
If promptly diagnosed, antimicrobial therapy of pregnant women with brucellosis
can be life-saving for the fetus. All drugs cross the placenta in varying degrees,
thus exposing the fetus to potential adverse drug effects.
Tetracyclines are contraindicated.
Fetal toxicity has been reported in pregnant women treated with streptomycin;
however, there are no reports of toxicity with gentamicin.
Co-trimoxazole has been used in individual cases with reported success. Another
alternative is rifampicin therapy for at least 45 days depending on the clinical
outcome.
A cephtriaxone/rifampicin combination was found to be the most effective
treatment in pregnant women infected with brucellosis. Brucellosis in pregnancy
has no effect on the incidence of congenital malformations or stillbirths. Preterm
delivery and low birth weight can be seen as pregnancy outcomes in brucellosis.
Appropriate antimicrobial therapy of brucellosis in pregnancy will reduce
morbidity and prevent complications.
25. Prevention of foodborne brucellosis
> The preparation of such products from untreated milk should be strongly
discouraged. If local customs make this difficult to achieve, the cheese
should be stored for six months before being released for consumption.
Butter, sour milk, sour cream and yoghurt also undergo acidification
processes which will drastically reduce the Brucella content. However, the
acidity has to fall below pH 3.5 for reliable killing of the bacteria.
> Boiling or high temperature pasteurization will kill Brucella in milk. Ideally
all milk produced in areas in which brucellosis is present should be
pasteurized. If pasteurization facilities are not available, the milk should be
heated to a minimum temperature of 80–85 °C and the temperature held at
that level for at least several minutes, or boiled.