Report writing by s.lakshmanan, psychologistLAKSHMANAN S
• IT IS THE STUDY OF FACTS AND INFORMATION
• IT IS FORMED IN A STRUCTURED FORMAT
• BASED ON OBSERVATION AND ANALYSIS
• IT HELPS THE MANAGEMENT IN AN ORGANISATION FOR MAKING PLANS AND SOLVING ISSUES IN THE ORGANISATION
Guidelines for Writing a Policy Brief 1 Guidelines for JeanmarieColbert3
Guidelines for Writing a Policy Brief | 1
Guidelines for Writing a Policy Brief
What is a Policy Brief? The Policy Brief is a “short, neutral summary of what is known about a particular issue or problem. Policy briefs are a form of report designed to facilitate policy-making” (Eisele, 2006). The main purpose is to “succinctly evaluate policy options regarding a specific issue, for a specific policy-maker audience” (Eisele, n.d.). Policy-makers need to make practical decisions under time-constraints, so the brief should provide evidence and actionable recommendations (Eisele, n.d.). The issue brief distils or synthesizes a large amount of complex detail, so the reader can easily understand the heart of the issue, its background, the players (“stakeholders”) and any recommendations, or even educated guesses about the future of the issue. It may have tables and graphs; usually, it has a short list of references, so the reader knows something about the sources on which it is based, and where to go for more information. Most of the time, the brief has its own “brief”--a one page “executive summary,” allowing the reader to quickly grasp the essence of the report (Eisele, n.d.). In short, “the purpose of the policy brief is to convince the target audience of the
urgency of the current problem and the need to adopt the preferred alternative or
course of action outlined and therefore, serve as an impetus for action” (Young & Quinn,
n.d.).
What are the components of a Policy Brief? (Lifted from Tsai, 2006)
Executive summary The executive summary aims to convince the reader further that the brief is worth in-depth investigation. It is especially important for an audience that is short of time to clearly see the relevance and importance of the brief in reading the summary. As such, a 1 to 2 paragraph executive summary commonly includes: 1. A description of the problem addressed; 2. A statement on why the current approach/policy option needs to be changed; 3. Your recommendations for action.
Context and importance of the problem The purpose of this element of the brief is to convince the target audience that a current and urgent problem exists which requires them to take action. The context and importance of the problem is both the introductory and first building block of the brief. As such, it usually includes the following: 1. A clear statement of the problem or issue in focus. 2. A short overview of the root causes of the problem 3. A clear statement of the policy implications of the problem that clearly establishes the current importance and policy relevance of the issue. It is worth noting that the length of the problem description may vary considerably from brief to brief depending on the stage on the policy process in focus, e.g. there may be a need to have a much more extensive problem description for policy at the evaluation stage than for one at the option choosing stage.
Policy Brief versus
Research Paper
(T ...
Guidelines for Writing a Policy Brief 1 Guidelines for .docxshericehewat
Guidelines for Writing a Policy Brief | 1
Guidelines for Writing a Policy Brief
What is a Policy Brief? The Policy Brief is a “short, neutral summary of what is known about a particular issue or problem. Policy briefs are a form of report designed to facilitate policy-making” (Eisele, 2006). The main purpose is to “succinctly evaluate policy options regarding a specific issue, for a specific policy-maker audience” (Eisele, n.d.). Policy-makers need to make practical decisions under time-constraints, so the brief should provide evidence and actionable recommendations (Eisele, n.d.). The issue brief distils or synthesizes a large amount of complex detail, so the reader can easily understand the heart of the issue, its background, the players (“stakeholders”) and any recommendations, or even educated guesses about the future of the issue. It may have tables and graphs; usually, it has a short list of references, so the reader knows something about the sources on which it is based, and where to go for more information. Most of the time, the brief has its own “brief”--a one page “executive summary,” allowing the reader to quickly grasp the essence of the report (Eisele, n.d.). In short, “the purpose of the policy brief is to convince the target audience of the
urgency of the current problem and the need to adopt the preferred alternative or
course of action outlined and therefore, serve as an impetus for action” (Young & Quinn,
n.d.).
What are the components of a Policy Brief? (Lifted from Tsai, 2006)
Executive summary The executive summary aims to convince the reader further that the brief is worth in-depth investigation. It is especially important for an audience that is short of time to clearly see the relevance and importance of the brief in reading the summary. As such, a 1 to 2 paragraph executive summary commonly includes: 1. A description of the problem addressed; 2. A statement on why the current approach/policy option needs to be changed; 3. Your recommendations for action.
Context and importance of the problem The purpose of this element of the brief is to convince the target audience that a current and urgent problem exists which requires them to take action. The context and importance of the problem is both the introductory and first building block of the brief. As such, it usually includes the following: 1. A clear statement of the problem or issue in focus. 2. A short overview of the root causes of the problem 3. A clear statement of the policy implications of the problem that clearly establishes the current importance and policy relevance of the issue. It is worth noting that the length of the problem description may vary considerably from brief to brief depending on the stage on the policy process in focus, e.g. there may be a need to have a much more extensive problem description for policy at the evaluation stage than for one at the option choosing stage.
Policy Brief versus
Research Paper
(T ...
Popular Press Assignment
Claims about the mind everywhere
Tension
Imagine you are a research scientist
You’ve spent years on a project
You carefully selected every word
Your claims are qualified and nuanced
Then some journalist writes an article that focuses on one small part of your work and gives it a misleading, sensationalized title.
Tension
Imagine you are a journalist
You’ve only got 1,000 words
You need to make the article catchy
You’ve got competition
Example:
Prize fight
Video
Thoughts
Was it engaging?
Did you learn something new?
What did you like about it?
What could have been improved?
Was it engaging?
Did you learn something new?
What did you like about it?
What could have been improved?
6
Inoue & Matsuzawa, 2007
Assignment
Part I – 10% of grade – Due on March 2nd at 11 AM
Read the Time magazine article entitled, “Watching TV Steers Children Toward Eating Junk”
Answer corresponding questions on Worksheet 1
Read the research study entitled, “Associations of Television Viewing With Eating Behaviors in the 2009 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children Study”
Answer remaining questions of Worksheet 1
Part II – 10% of grade – Due on April 11th at 11 AM
Read “Priming Effects of Television Food Advertising on Eating Behavior”
Write 750-1000 word popular press article about the study
Make it engaging, not a dry summary
Have fun and be creative
Pt 2 Expectations
Absolutely no plagiarism.
Two-quotation maximum.
Keep it clear and concise.
Important content. You will, of course, want to describe the (a) motivation for the research study, (b) aspects of the method used, and the (c) results. But it may also be important to discuss (d) the broader implications of the research and (e) possible limitations or criticisms of the research.
Be engaging.
Don’t forget a title!
More details
Things to keep in mind:
What are the 2 or 3 main points that you want your readers to take away from your article?
Make sure those points are very clear
What is the research question? What is the motivation for this question?
How did the researchers answer the question?
What did the researchers find? Broadly speaking, what were the results?
What are the implications? Why should people care? What questions remain?
If you thought the research wasn’t solid, why? What alternative explanation do you think should be considered?
General Rubric
50 Points
Writing: 20 points
clear and easy to read, logical organization
follows guidelines (e.g., only two quotes)
no spelling or grammatical errors
Engaging (but not overly sensationalized)
Don’t give a dry description of what the research was – help your reader understand the motivation and logic behind the work
Academic citations not needed (e.g., APA style), but quotes should have citations (e.g., Smith and colleagues state, “……….”)
General Rubric
50 Points
Content: 30 points
Required content (e.g., title, description of research)
The author clear.
Report writing by s.lakshmanan, psychologistLAKSHMANAN S
• IT IS THE STUDY OF FACTS AND INFORMATION
• IT IS FORMED IN A STRUCTURED FORMAT
• BASED ON OBSERVATION AND ANALYSIS
• IT HELPS THE MANAGEMENT IN AN ORGANISATION FOR MAKING PLANS AND SOLVING ISSUES IN THE ORGANISATION
Guidelines for Writing a Policy Brief 1 Guidelines for JeanmarieColbert3
Guidelines for Writing a Policy Brief | 1
Guidelines for Writing a Policy Brief
What is a Policy Brief? The Policy Brief is a “short, neutral summary of what is known about a particular issue or problem. Policy briefs are a form of report designed to facilitate policy-making” (Eisele, 2006). The main purpose is to “succinctly evaluate policy options regarding a specific issue, for a specific policy-maker audience” (Eisele, n.d.). Policy-makers need to make practical decisions under time-constraints, so the brief should provide evidence and actionable recommendations (Eisele, n.d.). The issue brief distils or synthesizes a large amount of complex detail, so the reader can easily understand the heart of the issue, its background, the players (“stakeholders”) and any recommendations, or even educated guesses about the future of the issue. It may have tables and graphs; usually, it has a short list of references, so the reader knows something about the sources on which it is based, and where to go for more information. Most of the time, the brief has its own “brief”--a one page “executive summary,” allowing the reader to quickly grasp the essence of the report (Eisele, n.d.). In short, “the purpose of the policy brief is to convince the target audience of the
urgency of the current problem and the need to adopt the preferred alternative or
course of action outlined and therefore, serve as an impetus for action” (Young & Quinn,
n.d.).
What are the components of a Policy Brief? (Lifted from Tsai, 2006)
Executive summary The executive summary aims to convince the reader further that the brief is worth in-depth investigation. It is especially important for an audience that is short of time to clearly see the relevance and importance of the brief in reading the summary. As such, a 1 to 2 paragraph executive summary commonly includes: 1. A description of the problem addressed; 2. A statement on why the current approach/policy option needs to be changed; 3. Your recommendations for action.
Context and importance of the problem The purpose of this element of the brief is to convince the target audience that a current and urgent problem exists which requires them to take action. The context and importance of the problem is both the introductory and first building block of the brief. As such, it usually includes the following: 1. A clear statement of the problem or issue in focus. 2. A short overview of the root causes of the problem 3. A clear statement of the policy implications of the problem that clearly establishes the current importance and policy relevance of the issue. It is worth noting that the length of the problem description may vary considerably from brief to brief depending on the stage on the policy process in focus, e.g. there may be a need to have a much more extensive problem description for policy at the evaluation stage than for one at the option choosing stage.
Policy Brief versus
Research Paper
(T ...
Guidelines for Writing a Policy Brief 1 Guidelines for .docxshericehewat
Guidelines for Writing a Policy Brief | 1
Guidelines for Writing a Policy Brief
What is a Policy Brief? The Policy Brief is a “short, neutral summary of what is known about a particular issue or problem. Policy briefs are a form of report designed to facilitate policy-making” (Eisele, 2006). The main purpose is to “succinctly evaluate policy options regarding a specific issue, for a specific policy-maker audience” (Eisele, n.d.). Policy-makers need to make practical decisions under time-constraints, so the brief should provide evidence and actionable recommendations (Eisele, n.d.). The issue brief distils or synthesizes a large amount of complex detail, so the reader can easily understand the heart of the issue, its background, the players (“stakeholders”) and any recommendations, or even educated guesses about the future of the issue. It may have tables and graphs; usually, it has a short list of references, so the reader knows something about the sources on which it is based, and where to go for more information. Most of the time, the brief has its own “brief”--a one page “executive summary,” allowing the reader to quickly grasp the essence of the report (Eisele, n.d.). In short, “the purpose of the policy brief is to convince the target audience of the
urgency of the current problem and the need to adopt the preferred alternative or
course of action outlined and therefore, serve as an impetus for action” (Young & Quinn,
n.d.).
What are the components of a Policy Brief? (Lifted from Tsai, 2006)
Executive summary The executive summary aims to convince the reader further that the brief is worth in-depth investigation. It is especially important for an audience that is short of time to clearly see the relevance and importance of the brief in reading the summary. As such, a 1 to 2 paragraph executive summary commonly includes: 1. A description of the problem addressed; 2. A statement on why the current approach/policy option needs to be changed; 3. Your recommendations for action.
Context and importance of the problem The purpose of this element of the brief is to convince the target audience that a current and urgent problem exists which requires them to take action. The context and importance of the problem is both the introductory and first building block of the brief. As such, it usually includes the following: 1. A clear statement of the problem or issue in focus. 2. A short overview of the root causes of the problem 3. A clear statement of the policy implications of the problem that clearly establishes the current importance and policy relevance of the issue. It is worth noting that the length of the problem description may vary considerably from brief to brief depending on the stage on the policy process in focus, e.g. there may be a need to have a much more extensive problem description for policy at the evaluation stage than for one at the option choosing stage.
Policy Brief versus
Research Paper
(T ...
Popular Press Assignment
Claims about the mind everywhere
Tension
Imagine you are a research scientist
You’ve spent years on a project
You carefully selected every word
Your claims are qualified and nuanced
Then some journalist writes an article that focuses on one small part of your work and gives it a misleading, sensationalized title.
Tension
Imagine you are a journalist
You’ve only got 1,000 words
You need to make the article catchy
You’ve got competition
Example:
Prize fight
Video
Thoughts
Was it engaging?
Did you learn something new?
What did you like about it?
What could have been improved?
Was it engaging?
Did you learn something new?
What did you like about it?
What could have been improved?
6
Inoue & Matsuzawa, 2007
Assignment
Part I – 10% of grade – Due on March 2nd at 11 AM
Read the Time magazine article entitled, “Watching TV Steers Children Toward Eating Junk”
Answer corresponding questions on Worksheet 1
Read the research study entitled, “Associations of Television Viewing With Eating Behaviors in the 2009 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children Study”
Answer remaining questions of Worksheet 1
Part II – 10% of grade – Due on April 11th at 11 AM
Read “Priming Effects of Television Food Advertising on Eating Behavior”
Write 750-1000 word popular press article about the study
Make it engaging, not a dry summary
Have fun and be creative
Pt 2 Expectations
Absolutely no plagiarism.
Two-quotation maximum.
Keep it clear and concise.
Important content. You will, of course, want to describe the (a) motivation for the research study, (b) aspects of the method used, and the (c) results. But it may also be important to discuss (d) the broader implications of the research and (e) possible limitations or criticisms of the research.
Be engaging.
Don’t forget a title!
More details
Things to keep in mind:
What are the 2 or 3 main points that you want your readers to take away from your article?
Make sure those points are very clear
What is the research question? What is the motivation for this question?
How did the researchers answer the question?
What did the researchers find? Broadly speaking, what were the results?
What are the implications? Why should people care? What questions remain?
If you thought the research wasn’t solid, why? What alternative explanation do you think should be considered?
General Rubric
50 Points
Writing: 20 points
clear and easy to read, logical organization
follows guidelines (e.g., only two quotes)
no spelling or grammatical errors
Engaging (but not overly sensationalized)
Don’t give a dry description of what the research was – help your reader understand the motivation and logic behind the work
Academic citations not needed (e.g., APA style), but quotes should have citations (e.g., Smith and colleagues state, “……….”)
General Rubric
50 Points
Content: 30 points
Required content (e.g., title, description of research)
The author clear.
El como hacer un documento de política a quien va dirigido, que hacer como incluirlo para que, sobre que temas o como se debe construir y que estructura deben tener, como se integran los graficos, recomendaciones generales, que se debe de priorizar, ser concreto, que incluir y que no para quien es necesario que nos propone.
Business Writing Mastery - 13th September 2017 KPI Consultancy
In this full day session, we will learn :
MOM & Memos :
- Communicate in ways that help improve the accuracy and effectiveness of your minutes.
- Know how to select the right content for different types of minutes.
- Be able to report discussions and actions using correct grammar and tone.
Reports That Work :
- Project a more professional image through your report writing.
- Write reports which are clear, logical and convincing.
- Produce accurate sections of a report.
INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITION TO PROJECT MANAGEMENT.pptAbraham Ncunge
– Definitions
II - History
III – Project Management’s Purpose
IV – Project Types
A project is an individual or collaborative enterprise that is carefully planned to achieve a particular aim
A project is a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result.
A project is a temporary organization that is created for a purpose of delivering one or more business products according to an agreed business case.
A project is a time and cost constrained operation to realize a set of defined deliverables (the scope to fulfill project’s objectives) up to quality standards and requirements
Clear goals (e.g. new product or solution to a problem)
Fixed schedule, settled START and END date
Own resources, fixed budget
Works according to the settled project plan
Own project organization
Divided in sequences which are dependent on each other
Might be wide and complex, consisting of several sub-projects
Unique
Learning process
Includes risks and uncertainty
Project is
Once-off activity, organized process making input and output to achieve the certain goal(s).
”Project has series of complex and interdependency sequences, which have a common goal or aim. Project should be implemented in a certain time period, by a certain budget and should follow the project specifications. “
”Project is a temporary organization, which will be collapsed when the goal has been achieved”.
Academic research history of project management is young. In real life, a human being has implemented project thousands of years. The starting point in human history has been construction field and still today we have many of them
•pyramids
•monuments
•Roman aqueducts and canalization systems
•castles
It is not surprising that project has quite often symbolic, political or even religious importProject management enables to organize resources so that the project can be implemented according to the project plan.
Quality
Schedule
Budget
Resources; money, staff, materials, machinery and
equipment, premises, energy
ance
‘Stress is a condition or a feeling experienced when a person believes s/he doesn’t have the capacity to cope with the demands being placed upon them in a certain situation.
Stress is a normal part of life that can either help us learn and grow or can cause us significant problems.
If we don't take action, the stress response can create or worsen health problems.
Prolonged, uninterrupted, unexpected, and unmanageable stresses are the most damaging types of stress.
Is stress inevitable?stress is not always an inevitable consequence of an event, as it depends a lot on a person’s perceptions of a situation and their ability to cope with it
Although stress is usually viewed as a negative experience, it can actually create both positive and negative feelings
From a biological point of view, stress can be a neutral, negative, or positive experience.
stress is related to both external and internal factors.
TYPES OF STRESS
Stress management can be complicated and confusing because there are different types of stress i.e. acute stress, episodic acute stress, and chronic stress ; each with its own characteristics, symptoms, duration, and treatment approaches.
Acute Stress:
Acute stress is the most common form of stress. It comes from demands and pressures of the recent past and anticipated demands and pressures of the near future. Acute stress is thrilling and exciting in small doses, but too much is exhausting.
Common symptoms of acute stress:
Emotional distress of some combination of anger or irritability, anxiety, and depression, the three stress emotions;
muscular problems including tension headache, back pain, jaw pain, and the muscular tensions that lead to pulled muscles and tendon and ligament problems
stomach, gut and bowel problems such as heartburn, acid stomach, flatulence, diarrhea, constipation, and irritable bowel syndrome;
transient over arousal leads to elevation in blood pressure, rapid heartbeat, sweaty palms, heart palpitations, dizziness, migraine headaches, cold hands or feet, shortness of breath, and chest pain.
Note: Acute stress can crop up in anyone's life, and it is highly treatable and manageable.
Episodic Acute Stress:
The symptoms of episodic acute stress are the symptoms of extended over arousal: persistent tension headaches, migraines, hypertension, chest pain, and heart disease. Treating episodic acute stress requires intervention on a number of levels, generally requiring professional help, which may take many months.
Chronic Stress:
While acute stress can be thrilling and exciting, chronic stress is not. This is the grinding stress that wears people away day after day, year after year. Chronic stress destroys bodies, minds and lives. It wreaks havoc through long-term attrition.
EXTERNAL FACTORS
Physical environment including:
your job,
your relationships with others,
your home, and
All the situations including:
challenges,
difficulties, and
expectations you're confronted with on a daily basis.
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El como hacer un documento de política a quien va dirigido, que hacer como incluirlo para que, sobre que temas o como se debe construir y que estructura deben tener, como se integran los graficos, recomendaciones generales, que se debe de priorizar, ser concreto, que incluir y que no para quien es necesario que nos propone.
Business Writing Mastery - 13th September 2017 KPI Consultancy
In this full day session, we will learn :
MOM & Memos :
- Communicate in ways that help improve the accuracy and effectiveness of your minutes.
- Know how to select the right content for different types of minutes.
- Be able to report discussions and actions using correct grammar and tone.
Reports That Work :
- Project a more professional image through your report writing.
- Write reports which are clear, logical and convincing.
- Produce accurate sections of a report.
INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITION TO PROJECT MANAGEMENT.pptAbraham Ncunge
– Definitions
II - History
III – Project Management’s Purpose
IV – Project Types
A project is an individual or collaborative enterprise that is carefully planned to achieve a particular aim
A project is a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result.
A project is a temporary organization that is created for a purpose of delivering one or more business products according to an agreed business case.
A project is a time and cost constrained operation to realize a set of defined deliverables (the scope to fulfill project’s objectives) up to quality standards and requirements
Clear goals (e.g. new product or solution to a problem)
Fixed schedule, settled START and END date
Own resources, fixed budget
Works according to the settled project plan
Own project organization
Divided in sequences which are dependent on each other
Might be wide and complex, consisting of several sub-projects
Unique
Learning process
Includes risks and uncertainty
Project is
Once-off activity, organized process making input and output to achieve the certain goal(s).
”Project has series of complex and interdependency sequences, which have a common goal or aim. Project should be implemented in a certain time period, by a certain budget and should follow the project specifications. “
”Project is a temporary organization, which will be collapsed when the goal has been achieved”.
Academic research history of project management is young. In real life, a human being has implemented project thousands of years. The starting point in human history has been construction field and still today we have many of them
•pyramids
•monuments
•Roman aqueducts and canalization systems
•castles
It is not surprising that project has quite often symbolic, political or even religious importProject management enables to organize resources so that the project can be implemented according to the project plan.
Quality
Schedule
Budget
Resources; money, staff, materials, machinery and
equipment, premises, energy
ance
‘Stress is a condition or a feeling experienced when a person believes s/he doesn’t have the capacity to cope with the demands being placed upon them in a certain situation.
Stress is a normal part of life that can either help us learn and grow or can cause us significant problems.
If we don't take action, the stress response can create or worsen health problems.
Prolonged, uninterrupted, unexpected, and unmanageable stresses are the most damaging types of stress.
Is stress inevitable?stress is not always an inevitable consequence of an event, as it depends a lot on a person’s perceptions of a situation and their ability to cope with it
Although stress is usually viewed as a negative experience, it can actually create both positive and negative feelings
From a biological point of view, stress can be a neutral, negative, or positive experience.
stress is related to both external and internal factors.
TYPES OF STRESS
Stress management can be complicated and confusing because there are different types of stress i.e. acute stress, episodic acute stress, and chronic stress ; each with its own characteristics, symptoms, duration, and treatment approaches.
Acute Stress:
Acute stress is the most common form of stress. It comes from demands and pressures of the recent past and anticipated demands and pressures of the near future. Acute stress is thrilling and exciting in small doses, but too much is exhausting.
Common symptoms of acute stress:
Emotional distress of some combination of anger or irritability, anxiety, and depression, the three stress emotions;
muscular problems including tension headache, back pain, jaw pain, and the muscular tensions that lead to pulled muscles and tendon and ligament problems
stomach, gut and bowel problems such as heartburn, acid stomach, flatulence, diarrhea, constipation, and irritable bowel syndrome;
transient over arousal leads to elevation in blood pressure, rapid heartbeat, sweaty palms, heart palpitations, dizziness, migraine headaches, cold hands or feet, shortness of breath, and chest pain.
Note: Acute stress can crop up in anyone's life, and it is highly treatable and manageable.
Episodic Acute Stress:
The symptoms of episodic acute stress are the symptoms of extended over arousal: persistent tension headaches, migraines, hypertension, chest pain, and heart disease. Treating episodic acute stress requires intervention on a number of levels, generally requiring professional help, which may take many months.
Chronic Stress:
While acute stress can be thrilling and exciting, chronic stress is not. This is the grinding stress that wears people away day after day, year after year. Chronic stress destroys bodies, minds and lives. It wreaks havoc through long-term attrition.
EXTERNAL FACTORS
Physical environment including:
your job,
your relationships with others,
your home, and
All the situations including:
challenges,
difficulties, and
expectations you're confronted with on a daily basis.
THE ETHICS AND INTEGRITY ARE THE MORAL FIBRE OF SOCIETY AND SHOULD BE EMBRAC...Abraham Ncunge
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Rules that govern conduct
What is socially approved
Ethics places moral duty and obligation
THE ROLE OF SERVICE CHARTER IN AN ORGANISATION AT THE WORKPLACE.pptAbraham Ncunge
Service charters give highlights of what an organization does and places the information on the entrance for clients to read and know the services available, time it takes for the service to be offered and how much it cost for service
HOW USEFUL ARE THE OFFICIAL CORRESPONDENCES IN THE PUBLIC SERVICE pptAbraham Ncunge
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HOW THE FLIGHT OF GEESE INSPIRES EMPLOYEES TEAMWORK AT THE WORKPLACE .pptAbraham Ncunge
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Project appraisal is an as"
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The other steps a technical,economical ,social ,political, environmental,financial commercial ,administrative
CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISATIONAL PUBLICS IS BY SEGMENTATION AT WORKPLACE.pptxAbraham Ncunge
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Financial Publics
Media publics
Citizen
General public
Govrnment
THE USES OF AWARENESS OF PROFESSIONAL ETIQUETTE AT THE WORKPLACE.pptAbraham Ncunge
Professional etiquette maks life easier in social networks.Etiquette is conventional way of behaviour that is acceptable.
There are office etiquette,Dining etiquette and dressing and grooming.
Thes manners are used to find candidates for jobs. Social etiquette include table manners Telephone and handshake .It also stipulates how you keep your plates and spoon before and after eating
HOW CHANGES OF ATTITUDE AND MINDSET AFFECTS EMPLOYEES PERFORMANCE AT WORKPLA...Abraham Ncunge
what will you do in future you have ttwo choices you can choose to just survive and you can choose to succed.
If you choose to succeed you must commited to you goals . Anything is possible because you were born to succed.
Enlarge your vision anf increase your confidence and step forward daily and seize profitable opportunities
Prepare for your success
Attitude is state of mind and your attitude is your mindset.
Attitide is evaluative statemements ,How to change your attitude
HOW PENSION PAYMENT IS CALCULATED AND REPORTED AT THE WORKPLACE.pptxAbraham Ncunge
Retiremement planning is important for one to live long.How long do you expect to live after retirement .Its important to know what will be the needs after retirement and will the pensin be enough to cater for all your needs.
what if I save now and what if I wait abit?
Financial security in retirement doesnt just happen it takes planning and and committment.
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Delegatin relieves the mnager to do other works. At the same time the manager has enough time to do research for the organization.
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writing is never complete untill editing is done.revising written material for publication.
We eddit to remove readability problem,create clarityand create cohesion or unity
Areas to edit cover page,background page ,pleriminaries,correctiness,completenessand paragraphing
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HOW BRIEF NOTES BN ARE USED BY THE EXECUTIVES AT WORKPLACE PPT.ppt
1. 1
, whether in the form of briefing notes, note
verbal, aide memoir, cabinet memoranda, are
used to keep decision makers informed about
the issues they are responsible for. In
government, briefings are the principal means
of communication between government
managers and their ministers (or other senior
officials).
WHAT IS A BRIEFING
OW TO WRITE A BRIEFING NOTE(BN)
2. 2
The demands of government these days are such
that senior officials must constantly learn and retain
information about an enormous range of topics and
issues, which change rapidly. The only way they can
do this is to rely on concise, clear, reliable briefings.
3. 3
Written briefings are usually done in the form of
briefing notes. A briefing note is a short paper that
quickly and effectively informs a decision-maker
about an issue. A useful briefing note distills often
complex information into a short, well-structured
document.
What is a briefing note and when is it used?
4. 4
Briefing notes usually deal with "issues"—subjects of
debate. But briefing notes are also prepared for any
topic someone needs to be informed about. It might
be a policy matter, a situation, a report, action by
another government—in fact, anything that
government deals with.
5. 5
Briefing notes are typically written for those senior-
level decision-makers who:
•have to keep track of many, often unrelated, issues
•may not be familiar with the issues and may not
have any related background
•for whatever reason, cannot spend time doing their
own research
•need a capsule version of the key points and
considerations about an issue
6. 6
A well-prepared briefing note quickly and efficiently
fills a person in on an issue. The most valuable BN is
clear, concise and easy to read. To succeed, a
briefing note should be:
What are the characteristics of a good BN?
7. 7
•short: one to two pages, and always as short as
possible
•concise: a short document isn't necessarily
concise; concise means every word is used as
efficiently as possible
•clear: keep it simple and to the point; always keep
your reader firmly in mind and include only
what matters to that reader
8. 8
•reliable: the information in a briefing note must
be accurate, sound and dependable; any
missing information or questions about the
information should be pointed out
•readable: use plain language and design your
BN for maximum readability (use white
space, subheadings, lists, font, and other
means of making reading easier)
9. 9
Briefing notes often follow a standard format, but
THERE ARE MANY VARIATIONS on that format.
The most important point to remember about the
structure of briefing notes is that they have three
main parts:
How is a BN structured?
10. 10
•the purpose (usually stated as the issue, topic or
purpose)
•a summary of the facts (what this section
contains and the headings used will be
determined by the purpose of the briefing
note)
•the conclusion (this may be a conclusion, a
recommendation or other advice, or both)
11. 11
These three main parts are presented under
some or all of the following section headings.
Remember, any briefing note you write will only
have the sections that are relevant to your
purpose and audience.
12. 12
Issue (also Topic, Purpose): A concise statement of
the issue, proposal or problem. This section should
explain in one or two lines why the BN matters to the
reader. It sets out in the form of a question or a
statement what the rest of the note is about.
13. 13
Background: The details the reader needs in order
to understand what follows (how a situation arose,
previous decisions/problems, actions leading up to
the current situation). Typically this section gives a
brief summary of the history of the topic and other
background information. What led up to this problem
or issue? How has it evolved? Do not repeat
information that you're including in the Current Status
section
.
14. 14
Current Status: Describes only the current
situation, who is involved, what is happening now,
the current state of the matter, issue, situation, etc.
15. 15
Key Considerations: A summary of important facts,
considerations, developments—everything that needs
to be considered now. While you will have to decide
what to include and what to leave out, this section
should be as unbiased as possible. Your aim is to
present all the details required for the reader to be
informed or to make an informed decision.
16. 16
Keep the reader's needs uppermost in your mind
when selecting and presenting the facts.
Remember to substantiate any statements with
evidence and to double check your facts.
Additional details may be attached as
appendices.
17. 17
Options (also Next Steps, Comments): Basically,
observations about the key considerations and what
they mean; a concise description either of the
options and sometimes their pros and cons or of
what will happen next.
18. 18
Conclusion and/or Recommendations:
Conclusions summarize what you want your reader to
infer from the BN. Many readers jump immediately to
this section, so be sure it covers the points you most
want your reader to be clear about. Do not introduce
anything new in the Conclusion.
19. 19
If you are including a recommendations section, it
should offer the best and most sound advice you
can offer. Make sure the recommendation is clear,
direct and substantiated by the facts you have put
forward.
20. 20
•why you're writing the BN (your purpose)
•who you're writing the BN for (your reader)
•what that person most needs to know
•the points you will cover
•how you will structure your information
Before you start writing, be sure your are
clear about.
21. 21
After you have drafted your BN,
use the following questions as an
editing guide:
22. 22
•Is the purpose of the briefing note clear?
•Is the language simple, economical and clear?
•
•Is everything there that needs to be there?
•Is anything there that isn't essential to the purpose?
•Is the BN easy to read, understand and remember?
23. 23
•Do the sections lead logically from one to another?
•Is the BN designed so that it is inviting to the reader?
•Is there a good balance between white spaces
and text?
•Has the briefing note been carefully edited and
proofread?