1) The study examined a sample of 915 pregnant teenage girls in Brazil, including 170 who were mothers of multiple children.
2) The multiparous teenage mothers on average were 17.8 years old, had their first pregnancy at 16, began sexual activity at 14.2, dropped out of school at 13.6, and only 10% were still attending school.
3) The multiparous teenage mothers had lower educational and socioeconomic status compared to primiparous teenage mothers, indicating greater challenges in providing for their children.
Adolescent pregnancy continues to be a grave problem in India not only from the obstetrical point of view but from the social and economical perspectives also. Complications of pregnancy and childbirth are the leading cause of mortality among women between the ages of 15 and 19 in the developing world.
Adolescent Pregnancy one of the concerns in Pediatric Nursing that is underrated. Included is also the accompanying nutritional issues in this condition.
Teenagers are at risk of a range of adverse pregnancy outcomes, particularly preterm birth.
The reasons for this are complex and reflect a combination of adverse socioeconomic pressures and gynaecological and biological immaturity.
The obstetrician providing care for women in this age group should be aware of the potential challenges.
Studies have shown that delaying adolescent births could significantly lower population growth rates, potentially generating broad economic and social benefits, in addition to improving the health of adolescents.
A national target should be set to decrease the incidence of teenage pregnancy in our country .
Obstetricians should have a major role in such health education.
,
Adolescent pregnancy continues to be a grave problem in India not only from the obstetrical point of view but from the social and economical perspectives also. Complications of pregnancy and childbirth are the leading cause of mortality among women between the ages of 15 and 19 in the developing world.
Adolescent Pregnancy one of the concerns in Pediatric Nursing that is underrated. Included is also the accompanying nutritional issues in this condition.
Teenagers are at risk of a range of adverse pregnancy outcomes, particularly preterm birth.
The reasons for this are complex and reflect a combination of adverse socioeconomic pressures and gynaecological and biological immaturity.
The obstetrician providing care for women in this age group should be aware of the potential challenges.
Studies have shown that delaying adolescent births could significantly lower population growth rates, potentially generating broad economic and social benefits, in addition to improving the health of adolescents.
A national target should be set to decrease the incidence of teenage pregnancy in our country .
Obstetricians should have a major role in such health education.
,
New Possibilities In Childbirth Education 09 03 08SandyFJones
Describes innovativestrategies to help hospitals, birth centers, childbirth educators and doulas to achieve higher enrollments in childbirth preparation classes.
cepat hamil adalah hal yang paling harapkan untuk pasangan yang lansung ingin menimang buah hati, berikut adalah ebook panduan cara cepat hamil, dapatkan informasi lebih lengkap dengan megunjungi http://www.wishingbaby.com/
Between 14 million and 15 million girls and young women give birth each year, accounting for more than 10% of births worldwide. Because of concern at high levels of unwanted pregnancy amongst adolescents, and of sexually transmitted infections and HIV and AIDS, many countries have introduced programmes to delay early sexual debut and reduce high levels of adolescent pregnancy. However, adolescent pregnancies are still common, and WHO identified the care of pregnant adolescents and the safe delivery and care of their babies as an area of need which was not being adequately addressed. Adolescents account for 15% of the global burden of disability for maternal conditions, and 13% of all maternal deaths. On 5-6 August 2003 the World Health Organization, with the support of the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) convened a Technical Working Group of experts in Geneva to seek ways of contributing to the Millennium Development target to reduce maternal mortality, through specific interventions for pregnant adolescents, and babies born to adolescents. This document is designed to draw the attention of policy makers and programme managers to the need to improve care for pregnant adolescents, both inside and outside the health care system.
A Study on Assessment of Knowledge of Reproductive Health Education among the...AnuragSingh1049
Adolescence is a life’s essential transition phase starting around 10, 11 or 12 years and concludes between the age of 18-21 years. Deficiency of reproductive health information and sexual experimentations in this stage of storm and stress expose adolescents to grave health pressure. Adolescents must have access to logical Reproductive Health information to increase healthy attitude towards Reproductive Health issues. The aim of writing this paper was to assess the the knowledge of adolescent students studying in Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir state towards Reproductive Health Education and to be familiar with reproductive health issues among adolescents. The present study was carried out on 400 Adolescent Higher Secondary School students of Jammu region using a well designed pre-tested questionnaire. The results of our study showed that students had constructive attitude towards Reproductive Health Education as majority (boys = 86.0%, girls=84.5%) of respondents recommended Reproductive Health Education in school curriculum. Further, 40.0% boys and 35.5% girl respondents were of the opinion that lecture by expert is a preferred method of imparting Reproductive Health Education, 32.0% boys and 28.5% girl students under study favored to communicate with Doctors/Health Workers followed by parents brothers/sisters (23.0%) in case of girls and friends (23.5%) in case of boys concerning Reproductive Health issues. Further, the study revealed that girl students (51.5%) favored to get married under 24 years as they were of the belief that it is the prime of life, and can give birth without much troubles whereas majority of boys understudy (65.5%) told that they prefer to get married above 24 years as they desire to complete education first and find a appropriate job in order to feed family unit. Majority of the respondents (58.5%) believed that youth living in urban areas possesses more knowledge about reproductive health than youth living in rural areas. Further, majority of the students possesses good knowledge about HIV/AIDS and STDs. It is concluded from our study that there is a requirement of providing proper scientific information to teenagers concerning reproductive health by incorporating Reproductive Health Education in school syllabus and lectures by experts in order to advance their awareness and consequently reproductive health condition.
eenage pregnancy, also known as adolescent pregnancy, is pregnancy in a female under the age of 20. Pregnancy can occur with sexual intercourse after the start of ovulation, which can be before the first menstrual period (menarche) but usually occurs after the onset of periods.
Maternal perception about neonatal jaundice in eastern nepal a qualitative studydineshdharel13
The perception of mothers regarding recognition, seriousness, causes and treatment of jaundice in their newborn babies mostly reflected their own misconceptions about this common neonatal problem. The experience of mothers caring for children with jaundice in their neonatal period along with the influence of their family and society evidently shaped their perceptions about neonatal jaundice.
New Possibilities In Childbirth Education 09 03 08SandyFJones
Describes innovativestrategies to help hospitals, birth centers, childbirth educators and doulas to achieve higher enrollments in childbirth preparation classes.
cepat hamil adalah hal yang paling harapkan untuk pasangan yang lansung ingin menimang buah hati, berikut adalah ebook panduan cara cepat hamil, dapatkan informasi lebih lengkap dengan megunjungi http://www.wishingbaby.com/
Between 14 million and 15 million girls and young women give birth each year, accounting for more than 10% of births worldwide. Because of concern at high levels of unwanted pregnancy amongst adolescents, and of sexually transmitted infections and HIV and AIDS, many countries have introduced programmes to delay early sexual debut and reduce high levels of adolescent pregnancy. However, adolescent pregnancies are still common, and WHO identified the care of pregnant adolescents and the safe delivery and care of their babies as an area of need which was not being adequately addressed. Adolescents account for 15% of the global burden of disability for maternal conditions, and 13% of all maternal deaths. On 5-6 August 2003 the World Health Organization, with the support of the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) convened a Technical Working Group of experts in Geneva to seek ways of contributing to the Millennium Development target to reduce maternal mortality, through specific interventions for pregnant adolescents, and babies born to adolescents. This document is designed to draw the attention of policy makers and programme managers to the need to improve care for pregnant adolescents, both inside and outside the health care system.
A Study on Assessment of Knowledge of Reproductive Health Education among the...AnuragSingh1049
Adolescence is a life’s essential transition phase starting around 10, 11 or 12 years and concludes between the age of 18-21 years. Deficiency of reproductive health information and sexual experimentations in this stage of storm and stress expose adolescents to grave health pressure. Adolescents must have access to logical Reproductive Health information to increase healthy attitude towards Reproductive Health issues. The aim of writing this paper was to assess the the knowledge of adolescent students studying in Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir state towards Reproductive Health Education and to be familiar with reproductive health issues among adolescents. The present study was carried out on 400 Adolescent Higher Secondary School students of Jammu region using a well designed pre-tested questionnaire. The results of our study showed that students had constructive attitude towards Reproductive Health Education as majority (boys = 86.0%, girls=84.5%) of respondents recommended Reproductive Health Education in school curriculum. Further, 40.0% boys and 35.5% girl respondents were of the opinion that lecture by expert is a preferred method of imparting Reproductive Health Education, 32.0% boys and 28.5% girl students under study favored to communicate with Doctors/Health Workers followed by parents brothers/sisters (23.0%) in case of girls and friends (23.5%) in case of boys concerning Reproductive Health issues. Further, the study revealed that girl students (51.5%) favored to get married under 24 years as they were of the belief that it is the prime of life, and can give birth without much troubles whereas majority of boys understudy (65.5%) told that they prefer to get married above 24 years as they desire to complete education first and find a appropriate job in order to feed family unit. Majority of the respondents (58.5%) believed that youth living in urban areas possesses more knowledge about reproductive health than youth living in rural areas. Further, majority of the students possesses good knowledge about HIV/AIDS and STDs. It is concluded from our study that there is a requirement of providing proper scientific information to teenagers concerning reproductive health by incorporating Reproductive Health Education in school syllabus and lectures by experts in order to advance their awareness and consequently reproductive health condition.
eenage pregnancy, also known as adolescent pregnancy, is pregnancy in a female under the age of 20. Pregnancy can occur with sexual intercourse after the start of ovulation, which can be before the first menstrual period (menarche) but usually occurs after the onset of periods.
Maternal perception about neonatal jaundice in eastern nepal a qualitative studydineshdharel13
The perception of mothers regarding recognition, seriousness, causes and treatment of jaundice in their newborn babies mostly reflected their own misconceptions about this common neonatal problem. The experience of mothers caring for children with jaundice in their neonatal period along with the influence of their family and society evidently shaped their perceptions about neonatal jaundice.
Children tend to think of the last decades of life—when they think of such things at all—as a time of physical limitations rather than a time of active, vibrant and full participation in life. Yet as average longevity increases worldwide and medical progress enables longer healthy lives, a shift in that view is in order.
With this as background, The Economist Intelligence Unit, sponsored by Merck, undertook a study of five nations—representing both wealthy and middle-income countries—to determine the degree to which good health practices are being taught in schools and fostered in the home and in the community.
Where relevant, the research also considers whether health education is being provided in the context of the long-term benefits—that is, with the aim of achieving longer healthy life years. The five countries surveyed are Germany, South Africa, India, Brazil and Saudi Arabia.
Teen pregnancy in the United StatesTeen pregnancy in the Unite.docxmattinsonjanel
Teen pregnancy in the United States
Teen pregnancy in the United States
The National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy was founded in 1996 and has its headquarters in Washington D.C. and has nearly 200 organizations and media outlets which serve as partners. The National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy’s main agenda seeks to improve the lives and future prospects of children and families by ensuring that children are born into stable, two-parent families who have a commitment to and are ready for the demanding task of raising the next generation. Their strategy is aimed at the prevention of teen pregnancy and unplanned pregnancy among single, young adults by supporting a combination of responsible values and behavior by both men and women and responsible policies in both the public and private sectors. Their actions are aimed at improving child and family well-being therefore reducing the prevalence rate of poverty by providing more opportunities for the teenagers to complete their education or achieve other life goals while advocating for fewer abortions towards the creation of a stronger nation.
Teenage pregnancies have resulted to a total of 273,105 babies who were born to women aged 15–19 years, for a live birth rate of 26.5% per 1,000 women in this age group. There has been a decline in teen pregnancies with a drop of 10% in 2013. The birth rates declined at 13% for women aged 15–17 years, and 8% for women aged 18–19 years (Child Trends, 2014). Still, the U.S. teen pregnancy rate is substantially higher than in other western industrialized nations (Clay, et al, 2012). The national teen pregnancy rate has been declining steadily over the last two decades which has been attributed to the combination of an increased percentage of adolescents who are waiting to have sexual intercourse and the increased use of contraceptives by teens. The teen pregnancy rate includes the pregnancies that end in a live birth, as well as those that end in abortion or miscarriage resulting from fetal loss. In the United States 4 in 10 teens get pregnant at least once before they reach the age of 20 which leads to the teenagers dropping out of school with more than 50% of teen mothers never completing school. The trends show that less than 10% of the fathers marry the mother of their child and that almost a half of the teen mothers get their second child within the first 24 months since 80% of teens who do not use protective methods have higher chances of becoming pregnant.
Teen birth rates have been declining significantly in the recent years, however, despite these declines, there still exists a lot of disparities that need to be properly addressed (Dessen, 2005). There are substantial disparities that persist in teen birth rates, and teen pregnancy and childbearing which continue to carry significant social and economic costs. In 2013, the Hispanic teen birth rates were still more than two times higher than the rate for ...
The adolescent stage is a period of turmoil marked with enormous vibrancy, discovery, innovation and hope and also the time when many of them initiate sexual relationships and involvement. This can be a challenging time for young people who are becoming aware of their sexual and reproductive rights and needs, and who rely on their families, peers, schools, media and health service providers for affirmation, advice, information and the skills to navigate is sometimes a difficult transition to adulthood. The subject on sex has been surrounded by mystery and beclouded by dark silence as neither parents nor teachers are ready to discuss it with teenagers despite unplanned pregnancies, dropping out of school by students, Sexually Transmitted Infections among teenagers. The study investigated influence of teen contraceptive use) on academic achievement among public secondary school students in Bungoma South Sub-County, Kenya. The study adopted Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory postulated in 1986. A descriptive research design was used with target population of 3774 Form 3 students. A sample of 400 students was selected using, Miller, L.R. & Brewer, J.D. (2003) mathematical formula and stratified randomly from 52 schools and conveniently selected equally between boys and girls. Data was collected using structured interview schedule and questionnaire and analyzed descriptively. Results highlights most students were aware about contraceptive use with females slightly more than males and media was the major source of information on contraceptive use while parents/guardians had no significant contribution since teenagers rarely receive their first information on sexual matters from their parents. More than half of the sexually active students used contraceptives though it still interfered with their academic performance. This paper points at sex education curriculum in schools, setting up reproductive health institutions for the youth and distribution of contraceptives among teenagers which has a bearing on students’ performance.
This is awareness campaign report during health teaching in a rural community within the Philippines to increase awareness of increasing trend of teenage pregnancy especially among low poverty income and less educated residents in a certain community in the Philippines
Nutritional Status of School Age Children in Private Elementary Schools: Basi...IJAEMSJORNAL
Department of Education (DepEd) organizes nutritional programs to improve the health status of children in public schools. Likewise, the researcher believes that health awareness must be raised in private schools as well. This study aimed to affect the community to be aware and more knowledgeable about nutrition. Specifically, this study focused on the nutritional status of school age children in private elementary schools in Santa Rosa, Nueva Ecija. It sought to determine the profile of the learners, anthropometrics, clinical data and the knowledge of the learners as to dietary and the significant relationship between the profile of the learners and the nutritional status of the school aged children. With all the data gathered a meal management program was proposed. The study employed the quantitative description design. The study manifests that majority of the respondents were not yet aware of what they eat. In addition, age, greatly affects the respondent’s anthropometrics as to height. More so, age, number of siblings and family income, greatly affect the respondents’ anthropometrics as to weight. The researcher adopted the Nutritional Guidelines for Filipino program that was developed by the DOST- FNRI.
A case study about Teenage pregnancy which is a widespread problem all over the world. Teen pregnancy and childbearing bring substantial social and economic costs through immediate and long-term impacts on teen parents and their children.
LITERATURE SELECTION2LITERATURE SELECTION6Lite.docxSHIVA101531
LITERATURE SELECTION 2
LITERATURE SELECTION 6
Literature Selection
Augustina Ferguson
Grand Canyon University: NRS-441V
August 30, 2015
Running head: LITERATURE SELECTION 1
Literature Selection
#1
Nwaru, B. I., & Hemminki, E (2011). Infant Care practice in rural China and their relation to prenatal care utilization.Global Public Health, 6(1), 1- 14.doi:10.1080/17441691003667307.
How does each article describe the nature of the problem, issue, or deficit you have identified?
Studies describing postpartum childcare practices and the influence of prenatal care on infant care outcomes in rural China are scarce. Inadequate care was positively associated with never breastfeeding, early introduction of milk formula and cereal/porridge, and early start of work after delivery.
Does each article provide statistical information to demonstrate the gravity of the issue, problem, or deficit?
Yes! Data were available from a Knowledge, Attitude and Perception cross-sectional survey collected from 2001 to 2003, after a prenatal care intervention in Anhui County, China, with a response rate of 97%.
What are example(s) of morbidity, mortality, and rate of incidence or rate of occurrence in the general population?
None Identified
Does each article support your proposed change?
Yes, it does
#2
Udgiri, R., K. J., S., & Sorganvi, V. (2015). Breast Feeding Practices among Postnatal Mothers-a Hospital based Study. Journal of Advanced Scientific Research, 6(1), 10-13. Grand Canyon University Library. (2015). Research & Resource LopeSearch. Retrieved from http://library.gcu.edu/
How does each article describe the nature of the problem, issue, or deficit you have identified?
It assesses the knowledge and practices of mothers about breastfeeding Practices Cross- sectional study was carried out for a period of one month.
Does each article provide statistical information to demonstrate the gravity of the issue, problem, or deficit?
A total of 162 postnatal mothers admitted in postnatal ward constitute the sample size. The data was collected using semi-structured questionnaires. Data was analyzed by using SPSS 16th version. The study shows that 21(12.9%) of the babies were feed with prelacteal feeds like honey and sugar water.
What are example(s) of morbidity, mortality, and rate of incidence or rate of occurrence in the general population?
None was identified.
Does each article support your proposed change?
Yes.
# 3
Geçkil, E., Şahin, T., & Tunçdemir, A. (2012). The Effect of * The Following and Supporting Breast-feeding Programme*, That Is Applied by Family Health Staff, on The Mother's Effective Breastfeeding Behaviors in The First Six Months of The Post-Birth Period. (English)
How does each article describe the nature of the problem, issue, or deficit you have identified?
This study investigates the effect of the education and observation of supporting breast-feeding programme that is applied by family health staff on the mothers of the post birt ...
Students awareness on Reproductive Health Education in Sri LankaAyomi Irugalbandara
Reproductive Health (RH) is among the most fundamental aspects of life. Yet they often receive little attention in public policy discussions because of cultural and political sensitivities. In Sri Lanka, traditional religious and family values, designed to protect adolescents, can restrict RH education for youth. Some Sri Lankan parents assume that adolescents do not need to know about RH issues until they are married. This idea is rooted in traditional values and long-standing taboos surrounding sexuality that need to be examined in light of protecting health.This study examines the knowledge and perception regarding reproductive health and opinion toward reproductive health education among adolescents in Sri Lanka. The Main outcome measures were adolescent’s knowledge of reproductive health concepts, pregnancy and abortion.
Designing Community Health Services Based on the Community's Concept of Healt...JSI
This study aimed to provide guidance on programmatic efforts to strengthen counseling for infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices, prevention of malnutrition, and referral and treatment of malnourished children in the context of integrated Community Case Management (iCMM) in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).
It was found that understanding the health needs from the point of view of the community, both in terms of conceptualizing health problems and designing community-level services, is critical to addressing families' needs and ensuring utilization of services when integrating preventative and curative components of nutrition and child health services. These findings contributed to developing understandings of the interface between communities and health systems, and how the latter can learn from the former.
This poster was presented by Michel Paque at the Fifth Global Symposium on Health Systems Research in Liverpool in October.
Improving profitability for small businessBen Wann
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Kseniya Leshchenko: Shared development support service model as the way to ma...Lviv Startup Club
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Kyiv PMDay 2024 Summer
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Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
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A personal brand exploration presentation summarizes an individual's unique qualities and goals, covering strengths, values, passions, and target audience. It helps individuals understand what makes them stand out, their desired image, and how they aim to achieve it.
Implicitly or explicitly all competing businesses employ a strategy to select a mix
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Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit and TemplatesAurelien Domont, MBA
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Editable Toolkit to help you reuse our content: 700 Powerpoint slides | 35 Excel sheets | 84 minutes of Video training
This PowerPoint presentation is only a small preview of our Toolkits. For more details, visit www.domontconsulting.com
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VAT Registration Outlined In UAE: Benefits and Requirementsuae taxgpt
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[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
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Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
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1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
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1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
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1. Journal of Adolescence 32 (2009) 715e721
www.elsevier.com/locate/jado
Brief report: A socio-demographic profile of multiparous
teenage mothers
Maria de Fatima Rato Padin a,*, Rebeca de Souza e Silva b, Elisa Chalem a,
´
Sandro Sendin Mitsuhiro a, Marina Moraes Barros c, Ruth Guinsburg c,
Ronaldo Laranjeira a
a
Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of S~o Paulo, S~o Paulo, Brazil
a a
b
Department of Preventive Medicine, Federal University of S~o Paulo, S~o Paulo, Brazil
a a
c
Department of Pediatrics, Federal University of S~o Paulo, S~o Paulo, Brazil
a a
Abstract
Objective: Delineate a socio-demographic profile of multiparous teenage mothers at a public hospital in
Brazil.
Method: This is a cross-sectional study consisting of 915 interviews with teenage girls, including 170
multiparous subjects whose babies were born alive.
Results: The multiparous teenage mothers had the following average characteristics: 17.8 years old; first
pregnancy at 16 years; beginning of sexual life at 14.2 years; dropped out of school at 13.6 years; attended
school for 6 years with only 10% still attending school when they were interviewed; 87.4% had prenatal
exams; monthly income was reported to be 0.3% less than the national minimum salary.
Conclusion: Teenage mothers are in need of better social, educational, and health care in order to have a greater
chance of a positive motherhood experience, thereby creating a better, healthier environment for their children.
Ó 2009 The Association for Professionals in Services for Adolescents. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights
reserved.
Keywords: Adolescence; Adolescent pregnancy; Repeat pregnancy; Multiparity; Multiparous; Teenager
* Corresponding author at: Av. Ibirapuera, 2907, cj 614, S~o Paulo, SP, Brasil. Tel.: þ55 (11) 5542 6389; fax: þ55 (11)
a
5579 5643.
´
E-mail address: fatimaratopadin@yahoo.com.br (M. de Fatima Rato Padin).
0140-1971/$30.00 Ó 2009 The Association for Professionals in Services for Adolescents. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.01.008
2. 716 M. de Fa´tima Rato Padin et al. / Journal of Adolescence 32 (2009) 715e721
Introduction
Motherhood during the teenage years (age 10e19 years) is a complex issue because of the
added challenges of adolescence, according to the criterion used by the WHO (Barrell, 2003).
There are studies showing negative outcomes of motherhood during adolescence, such as risk
of pre-term birth, low birth weight, and high mortality related to pregnancy and birth (Fraser,
Brockert, & Ward, 1995; Klein, 2005). There are also studies showing positive outcomes: high
educational achievement, personal satisfaction, and continuity in the pursuit of autonomy among
adolescent mothers (Amini et al., 1996; Seamark & Lings, 2004; Stevens-Simon, Kelly, & Singer,
1996; Zeck et al., 2007).
The variety inherent in these outcomes may be related to socio-economic factors. The difference
in background among teenage mothers is a strong determinant of positive or negative outcomes.
The literature suggests that a low socio-economic level generally leads to negative outcomes in
early pregnancy (Brand~o & Heilborn, 2006; Cunnington, 2001; Elfenbein & Felice, 2003;
a
McLeod, 2001).
Although multiparity is an increasingly common phenomenon (Elster, 1984), there are no
studies describing these adolescents. The objective of this study is to fill this gap by delineating the
socio-demographic profile of these multiparous teenage mothers.
Methods
This study used a sequential sample of 915 pregnant teenage girls who were admitted to the
´
Childbirth School of the Obstetric Center of the Dr Mario de Moraes Altenfelder Silva Maternity
Hospital between July 2001 and November 2002.
This hospital, which is located in the northern region of S~o Paulo in the neighborhood of
a
Cachoeirinha, approximately 8 km from the city, is considered to be a level III care center
providing for high risk pregnancies. The neighborhood has one of the highest rates of juvenile
vulnerability, meaning this population presents with low family income, high rates of population
growth, a high proportion of adolescents in relation to the general population, and high rates of
school dropouts, of violence and of teenage pregnancy. This region has a population of 147 649
inhabitants, among whom 10.21% (15 075) are adolescents, with a demographic density of 352.9/
km2 and a monthly family income of R$874.21.
Among the 915 adolescents studied, 170 are multiparous, ranging in age between 11 and 19;
63% were not attending school, 72% lived near the hospital and 93% belonged to the C (middle)
and D (lower) economic classes (Chalem et al., 2007) according to the Brazil Economic Classi-
fication Criterion 1997, defined by the Research Companies National Association in partnership
with the Brazilian Advertising Association and in agreement with the Market Research Institutes
Brazilian Association.
The Cachoeirinha Maternity and the Federal University of S~o Paulo (UNIFESP) Ethics
a
Committees approved the study. A random quality check was carried out in 10% of the interviews
in order to increase the data reliability.
The interviewers, who were not related to the hospital or to the present study, were specifically
trained for this task. Whenever the interviewers found it appropriate, social assistance and mental
3. M. de Fa´tima Rato Padin et al. / Journal of Adolescence 32 (2009) 715e721 717
health resources were provided by the maternity center or by external resources, especially in
situations of violence and mental disorders.
The participants were included in the study according to the principles described above and
upon their free and documented consent in the Obstetric Center after anesthetic recovery, within
a period that ranged between 4 and 48 h after delivery. Without any previous contact, the women
were approached in a collective ward since public wards in Brazil are collective Table 1.
The participants were interviewed using a questionnaire based on the Perinatal Needs
Assessment (PNA), an instrument used in a study carried out in California that included 1147
pregnant women, and was aimed at analyzing to what extent their social network affects the lives
of such women. The questionnaire was translated and adapted to the Brazilian culture and to the
peculiarities of our population (Zahnd, Klein, & Needell, 1997). The following variables were
taken into account: identification data (age and address), socio-economic data (educational level,
occupational situation, family income, and home conditions), pregnancy data (planning,
contraceptive methods and prenatal exams), data on other children and on sexual activity
(beginning of sexual activity, use of condoms and use of contraceptive methods).
Student’s t-test was used to detect any differences in mean ages, beginning of sexual activity,
and other independent variables concerning multiparous and primiparous girls. Pearson’s chi-
square test was utilized to detect possible differential behavior between both groups of pregnant
mothers regarding categorical variables, such as marital status, etc. A level of at least 5% was
considered significant in all tests performed.
Results
On average, multiparous teenage mothers were one year older than the primiparous ones.
However, the former had their first pregnancy, on average, at the age of 16 years whereas the
latter at the age of 16.7 years.
Regarding sexual life, the multiparous teenage mothers had their first experience 6 months
earlier (14.2 years old) than the primiparous ones (14.7 years old), with both groups becoming
pregnant 2 years later approximately. With respect to pre-natal exams, 97.4% of the primiparous
girls and 87.4% of the multiparous girls had done so. On the other hand, only 36.5% of the
multiparous girls and 20.4% of the primiparous girls used contraceptive methods.
The relationship between reproductive life and educational level was found to be different
regarding multiparous and primiparous teenage mothers. On average, the former had quit school
earlier (13.6 years old) and initiated their sexual life at 14 years old approximately. In other words,
school drop-out occurs almost concomitantly with the beginning of sexual life. They became
pregnant at 16 years old, on average, thus suggesting that the great majority of them were already
out of school; during the interviews only 10% said they were still going to school.
Regarding the primiparous teenage mothers, however, they had quitschool at the age of
15.9 years old, which coincides with the beginning of pregnancy (around 16.7 years old). The
primiparous girls had higher educational level than the multiparous ones (8 versus 6 years of
elementary education, respectively), and 36.4% reported that they still go to school.
Additionally, important differences exist regarding their life conditions, since the multiparous
teenage mothers have a monthly income significantly inferior to the national minimum salary.
4. 718 M. de Fa´tima Rato Padin et al. / Journal of Adolescence 32 (2009) 715e721
Table 1
Distribution of mean values and standard deviation regarding some risk factors for multiparity among teenagers,
according to degree of parity and statistical significances (P) for the respective hypothesis tests.
Variables Primiparous (n ¼ 745) Multiparous (n ¼ 170) P-value
Age 16795 (1514) 17765 (1178) 0.000
Age of first pregnancy 16733 (1744) 15988 (1546) 0.000
Beginning of sexual life (n ¼ 660) (n ¼ 160) 0.000
Time elapsed until first pregnancy 14,761 (1,507) (n ¼ 660) 14,225 (1,355) (n ¼ 660) 0.118
Use of contraceptive methods 2,012 (n ¼ 20.4%) 1,825 36.5% 0.000
Pre-natal exams (%) 97.4 87.4 0.000
School drop-out age 15953 (1921) 13618 (2634) 0.000
Attending school nowadays (%) 36.4 10 0.000
Period of time out of school 0.780 (1175) 2371 (2005) 0.000
Years of Education 7826 (2198) 6465 (2481) 0.000
Monthly income 3021 (1121) 2710 (0940) 0.001
´
Adolescent mothers were from the Dr Mario de Moraes Altenfelder Silva Hospital, 2003.
Discussion
The data gathered in this research confirmed that early motherhood among low-income young
women is an indicator of a more probable multiparity (Blankson et al., 1993; Matsuhashi, Felice,
Shragg, & Hollingsworth, 1989).
The few studies geared to motherhood and pregnancy of adolescents with a middle/high socio-
economic profile have led us to believe that the impact of this event does not bring as much
inconvenience to this population as it does to the low socio-economic level adolescents who
already live in adverse conditions.
The precarious socio-economic and educational levels of much of the population in developing
countries make it much more difficult to obtain positive outcomes in teenage pregnancy and
motherhood (BENFAM, 1996). Even in developed countries, such as the United States, there is
a negative outcome for teenage motherhood in cases where there are low educational and income
levels.
The primiparous girls in our study dropped out of school in the beginning of their pregnancies,
a finding which is in accord with studies that demonstrated a relationship between pregnancy and
school dropout (Barnet et al., 2004; Sweeney, 1989).
However, most multiparous girls in our study had quit school long before becoming pregnant,
which indicates that school dropout is not a result of the pregnancy and that the low educational
level was attained prior to their pregnancies.
The family background of these young women was not assessed. Therefore, it was not possible
to conduct a more complex analysis about the repetition of parental models or the influence of
family background factors in the negative outcomes of teenage pregnancy and motherhood.
Repeated pregnancy in adolescence makes us consider the possibility that these girls desired to
become pregnant and carry the pregnancy to full term (Atkin and Alatorre-Rico, 1992). More-
over, in lower social classes, the status of motherhood is often related to a more prominent social
standing. In other words, there is a change in the social status of the young women: they move
from being viewed as adolescents to attaining the social identification as mothers.
5. M. de Fa´tima Rato Padin et al. / Journal of Adolescence 32 (2009) 715e721 719
Nowadays, particularly in Brazil, public health measures disregard these young women’s
psychosocial needs and invest only in preventive programs for pregnancy, STDs and AIDS
(Creatsas and Elsheikh, 2002; Klerman, Baker, & Howard, 2003).
Although the present study is not conclusive, it is clear that social programs should go far
beyond the preventive approach and address the true needs of these adolescents. Governments
should focus on measures aimed at minimizing the impact that pregnancy, motherhood and
multiparity can bring to the lives of low income girls who already experience a great deal of
difficulty. There are few studies in the literature about the impact of adolescent multiparity in
developing countries.
Some public health measures that could lead to positive outcomes in teenage pregnancy and
motherhood include:
Stimulate and monitor prenatal medical appointments through financial support.
Provide training for essential baby care that could facilitate the mother/baby relationship.
Promote family planning beyond the contraception, STD’s and AIDS prevention focus, giving
support to developing the girls’ knowledge about their own sexuality and reproductive health.
Include the adolescent’s parents as a support system for the girls’ sexual guidance and individual
growth process. The parents’ approval of the decision to use contraceptives would be important.
The parents could also be a key factor in helping to stabilize the adolescent mother’s life.
Offer special programs with financial incentives for the adolescents to continue studying
(currently there is only a financial incentive for children to continue studying in Brazil).
Offer special school programs adapting class schedules and demands so that the young mother
can integrate motherhood and her studies.
Build nurseries in secondary schools that would admit both the employees’ and the students’ children.
If applied, the measures described above would confirm previous studies of adolescents
showing that support from the family, the health system, and the educational system diminishes
the school dropout rates and obstetric complications, and contributes to the improvement of
maternal care (Akinbami et al., 2000).
Study limitations
The interviews were carried out after the anesthetic recovery period to make sure that the
women would not be discharged before we got a chance to talk to them since the mothers who had
had a natural labor would leave the hospital 24 hours after delivery.
The interviews were carried out in collective wards due to the accommodation in public
hospitals in Brazil.
Lessons learned
The implementation of special programs for both primiparous and multiparous teenage pregnant
girls should be carried out by a multidisciplinary team (psychologists, doctors, social assistants,
6. 720 M. de Fa´tima Rato Padin et al. / Journal of Adolescence 32 (2009) 715e721
neonatal nurses, and educators) so that these mothers’ specific needs can be addressed. Moreover,
these programs should enable teenage mothers to pursue their autonomy and personal growth.
Acknowledgements
Financial support was kindly provided by Fundac~o de Amparo a Pesquisa de S~o Paulo-
¸a ` a
FAPESP Grant number: 00/ 10293-5
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