This study examined the relationship between hospital practices and mothers' ability to exclusively breastfeed according to their intentions. The researchers analyzed data from a national survey of over 1500 mothers who gave birth in 2005. They found that primiparas (first time mothers) reported a substantial gap between their intention to exclusively breastfeed (70%) and actually doing so at 1 week postpartum (50%). Primiparas reported hospital practices like supplementation (49%) and pacifier use (45%) that conflict with the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative's Ten Steps. Primiparas who delivered at hospitals implementing 6-7 of the Ten Steps were 6 times more likely to achieve their exclusive breastfeeding intention compared to those at hospitals implementing 0-
Randomized, Controlled Trial Of A Prenatal And Postnatal Lactation ConsultantBiblioteca Virtual
This randomized controlled trial evaluated the effectiveness of a prenatal and postnatal lactation consultant intervention on the duration and intensity of breastfeeding up to 12 months. Over 300 low-income women receiving prenatal care at two community health centers were randomly assigned to an intervention or control group. The intervention group received individualized support from lactation consultants including prenatal meetings, a postpartum hospital visit, and home visits/phone calls. The trial found the intervention group was more likely to breastfeed through 20 weeks and had higher breastfeeding intensity scores at 13 and 52 weeks compared to the control group. US-born women in the control group had the lowest breastfeeding intensity. The study concluded the "best-practices" lactation
The Timing And Predictors Of The Early Termination Of BreastfeedingBiblioteca Virtual
This study examined the early termination of breastfeeding among low-income mothers enrolled in the Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program. The researchers found that over 70% of mothers stopped breastfeeding within the first 2 months. Through interviews, the researchers identified a lack of confidence in continuing to breastfeed at 2 months and a belief that the baby prefers formula as predictors of stopping breastfeeding within the first 2 weeks. The results suggest interventions should focus on boosting mothers' confidence in breastfeeding rather than only providing information.
The Effects Of Early Pacifier Use On Breastfeeding DurationBiblioteca Virtual
This study examined the effects of pacifier use on breastfeeding duration in a cohort of 265 breastfeeding mother-infant dyads in the United States. The researchers found that:
1) Pacifier introduction by 6 weeks was associated with a 53% increased risk of shortened duration of full breastfeeding and a 61% increased risk of shortened overall breastfeeding duration.
2) Mothers who introduced pacifiers tended to breastfeed less frequently, with statistically significant differences at 2 and 12 weeks.
3) At 12 weeks, mothers using pacifiers were more likely to report breastfeeding being inconvenient and having insufficient milk supply.
4) Pacifier use begun before 2 weeks or 6 weeks was not significantly associated
Exclusive Breastfeeding Reduces Acute Respiratory Infection And DiarrheaBiblioteca Virtual
This study examined the relationship between breastfeeding practices and infant mortality in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The researchers followed over 1600 infants from birth to 12 months. They found that exclusive breastfeeding declined from 53% at 1 month to 5% at 6 months. Partial or no breastfeeding was associated with a 2-3 times higher risk of infant death from all causes, acute respiratory infection (ARI), and diarrhea compared to exclusive breastfeeding. The study suggests that exclusive breastfeeding in early infancy reduces infant mortality, particularly from ARI and diarrhea.
Opinions And Practices Of Clinicians Associated With Continuation Of Exclusiv...Biblioteca Virtual
This study examined how clinician opinions and practices are associated with continuation of exclusive breastfeeding. The study prospectively followed 288 low-risk mother-newborn pairs who were breastfeeding at 4 weeks. Mothers completed interviews at 4 and 12 weeks, and their obstetric and pediatric clinicians completed surveys. The primary outcome was exclusive breastfeeding at 12 weeks. The study found that clinicians who recommended formula supplementation if an infant was not gaining weight or who felt their breastfeeding advice was not important were associated with early discontinuation of exclusive breastfeeding. Continued exclusive breastfeeding support from clinicians may help improve breastfeeding rates at 6 months.
Why Do Women Stop Breastfeeding Findings From The Pregnancy RiskBiblioteca Virtual
This study examined breastfeeding behaviors using data from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment and Monitoring System (PRAMS) from 2000-2001. The authors found that 32% of women did not initiate breastfeeding, 4% stopped within the first week, 13% stopped within the first month, and 51% continued for over 4 weeks. Younger women and those with limited socioeconomic resources were more likely to stop breastfeeding early. Common reasons for stopping included sore nipples, perceived inadequate milk supply, and difficulties with breastfeeding. Women's predelivery intentions impacted their likelihood of initiating and continuing breastfeeding.
Early total enteral feeding in stable preterm infants a systematic review and...dineshdharel13
In conclusion, it seems feasible and safe to start total enteral feeding in stable VLBW infants born with birth weight greater than 1000–1200g. This approach can reduce the need of intravenous fluid or PN and its adverse consequences as well as decrease the length of hospital stay for these infants. A larger randomized trial is needed to ensure ETEF is not associated with increased risk of NEC in stable preterm infants with birth weight greater than 1000g and gestational age greater than 28 weeks. Furthermore, there is a need to explore whether ETEF regimen is feasible in extremely low birth weight infants.
This study analyzed survey responses from 1,323 mothers who stopped breastfeeding their infants before 12 months to identify the primary reasons for stopping breastfeeding at different infant ages. The researchers conducted factor analysis to group mothers' reasons into seven constructs: lactation issues, psychosocial factors, nutritional concerns, lifestyle interference, medical issues, pumping difficulties, and self-weaning. Across all ages, mothers most frequently cited their infant not being satisfied by breast milk alone as a key reason for stopping. Younger, unmarried, and lower-income mothers tended to stop earlier. Reasons for stopping varied by infant age, from lactation issues in early months to self-weaning in later months.
Randomized, Controlled Trial Of A Prenatal And Postnatal Lactation ConsultantBiblioteca Virtual
This randomized controlled trial evaluated the effectiveness of a prenatal and postnatal lactation consultant intervention on the duration and intensity of breastfeeding up to 12 months. Over 300 low-income women receiving prenatal care at two community health centers were randomly assigned to an intervention or control group. The intervention group received individualized support from lactation consultants including prenatal meetings, a postpartum hospital visit, and home visits/phone calls. The trial found the intervention group was more likely to breastfeed through 20 weeks and had higher breastfeeding intensity scores at 13 and 52 weeks compared to the control group. US-born women in the control group had the lowest breastfeeding intensity. The study concluded the "best-practices" lactation
The Timing And Predictors Of The Early Termination Of BreastfeedingBiblioteca Virtual
This study examined the early termination of breastfeeding among low-income mothers enrolled in the Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program. The researchers found that over 70% of mothers stopped breastfeeding within the first 2 months. Through interviews, the researchers identified a lack of confidence in continuing to breastfeed at 2 months and a belief that the baby prefers formula as predictors of stopping breastfeeding within the first 2 weeks. The results suggest interventions should focus on boosting mothers' confidence in breastfeeding rather than only providing information.
The Effects Of Early Pacifier Use On Breastfeeding DurationBiblioteca Virtual
This study examined the effects of pacifier use on breastfeeding duration in a cohort of 265 breastfeeding mother-infant dyads in the United States. The researchers found that:
1) Pacifier introduction by 6 weeks was associated with a 53% increased risk of shortened duration of full breastfeeding and a 61% increased risk of shortened overall breastfeeding duration.
2) Mothers who introduced pacifiers tended to breastfeed less frequently, with statistically significant differences at 2 and 12 weeks.
3) At 12 weeks, mothers using pacifiers were more likely to report breastfeeding being inconvenient and having insufficient milk supply.
4) Pacifier use begun before 2 weeks or 6 weeks was not significantly associated
Exclusive Breastfeeding Reduces Acute Respiratory Infection And DiarrheaBiblioteca Virtual
This study examined the relationship between breastfeeding practices and infant mortality in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The researchers followed over 1600 infants from birth to 12 months. They found that exclusive breastfeeding declined from 53% at 1 month to 5% at 6 months. Partial or no breastfeeding was associated with a 2-3 times higher risk of infant death from all causes, acute respiratory infection (ARI), and diarrhea compared to exclusive breastfeeding. The study suggests that exclusive breastfeeding in early infancy reduces infant mortality, particularly from ARI and diarrhea.
Opinions And Practices Of Clinicians Associated With Continuation Of Exclusiv...Biblioteca Virtual
This study examined how clinician opinions and practices are associated with continuation of exclusive breastfeeding. The study prospectively followed 288 low-risk mother-newborn pairs who were breastfeeding at 4 weeks. Mothers completed interviews at 4 and 12 weeks, and their obstetric and pediatric clinicians completed surveys. The primary outcome was exclusive breastfeeding at 12 weeks. The study found that clinicians who recommended formula supplementation if an infant was not gaining weight or who felt their breastfeeding advice was not important were associated with early discontinuation of exclusive breastfeeding. Continued exclusive breastfeeding support from clinicians may help improve breastfeeding rates at 6 months.
Why Do Women Stop Breastfeeding Findings From The Pregnancy RiskBiblioteca Virtual
This study examined breastfeeding behaviors using data from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment and Monitoring System (PRAMS) from 2000-2001. The authors found that 32% of women did not initiate breastfeeding, 4% stopped within the first week, 13% stopped within the first month, and 51% continued for over 4 weeks. Younger women and those with limited socioeconomic resources were more likely to stop breastfeeding early. Common reasons for stopping included sore nipples, perceived inadequate milk supply, and difficulties with breastfeeding. Women's predelivery intentions impacted their likelihood of initiating and continuing breastfeeding.
Early total enteral feeding in stable preterm infants a systematic review and...dineshdharel13
In conclusion, it seems feasible and safe to start total enteral feeding in stable VLBW infants born with birth weight greater than 1000–1200g. This approach can reduce the need of intravenous fluid or PN and its adverse consequences as well as decrease the length of hospital stay for these infants. A larger randomized trial is needed to ensure ETEF is not associated with increased risk of NEC in stable preterm infants with birth weight greater than 1000g and gestational age greater than 28 weeks. Furthermore, there is a need to explore whether ETEF regimen is feasible in extremely low birth weight infants.
This study analyzed survey responses from 1,323 mothers who stopped breastfeeding their infants before 12 months to identify the primary reasons for stopping breastfeeding at different infant ages. The researchers conducted factor analysis to group mothers' reasons into seven constructs: lactation issues, psychosocial factors, nutritional concerns, lifestyle interference, medical issues, pumping difficulties, and self-weaning. Across all ages, mothers most frequently cited their infant not being satisfied by breast milk alone as a key reason for stopping. Younger, unmarried, and lower-income mothers tended to stop earlier. Reasons for stopping varied by infant age, from lactation issues in early months to self-weaning in later months.
This randomized controlled trial found that advising mothers to avoid pacifier use did not reduce the risk of breastfeeding cessation before 3 months or affect infant crying behavior. Mothers who were advised against pacifier use were less likely to report using one but showed no differences in breastfeeding duration or infant fussing compared to the control group. While pacifier use has been linked to early weaning in observational studies, this trial did not find evidence that pacifiers directly increase weaning risk or that advising against their use provides benefits.
Infant Feeding And Feeding Transitions During The First Year Of LifeBiblioteca Virtual
This document summarizes infant feeding patterns during the first year of life based on data from the Infant Feeding Practices Study II. Key findings include:
1) While 83% of infants were breastfed in the hospital, 42% of these infants also received formula supplementation. By 3 months, 61% of infants received formula.
2) Solid foods were introduced earlier than recommended, with 40% of infants consuming cereal and 17% consuming fruits/vegetables by 4 months of age.
3) Early introduction of solids was associated with discontinuing breastfeeding earlier and consuming more fatty/sugary foods by 12 months.
This study examined predictors of breastfeeding duration in Australia by following 587 women from hospital discharge through 52 weeks postpartum. The researchers found that less than half of infants were receiving any breast milk at 6 months, and only 12% were exclusively breastfed. By 12 months, only 19.2% received any breast milk. Factors positively associated with longer breastfeeding duration included higher maternal infant feeding attitudes and negatively associated factors included breastfeeding difficulties in the first 4 weeks, maternal smoking, early pacifier introduction, and early return to work. Relatively few women achieved international breastfeeding recommendations.
This study developed and validated a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to assess intake of polyphenol-rich foods in pregnant women in Brazil. 120 pregnant women participated in nutritional interviews on two occasions and provided urine samples. The FFQ included 52 foods and was compared to 24-hour recalls, 3-day food diaries, and urinary polyphenol levels. Analysis showed high reproducibility between the two FFQ administrations. Moderate to high correlations were found between the dietary assessment methods. A low but significant correlation was observed between the FFQ and urinary polyphenol levels. The study concluded that the FFQ is a valid tool for quantifying intake of total polyphenols in pregnant women.
Efficacy Of Breastfeeding Support Provided By Trained Clinicians DuringBiblioteca Virtual
This study evaluated the efficacy of breastfeeding support provided by trained clinicians during an early routine preventive visit. The study involved 226 mother-infant pairs who were randomized to an intervention group that received an additional preventive visit within 2 weeks postpartum or a control group that received usual care. The intervention group had higher rates of exclusive breastfeeding at 4 weeks and longer breastfeeding duration. The intervention group also reported fewer breastfeeding difficulties. The study provides preliminary evidence that breastfeeding support during an early routine preventive visit can improve breastfeeding outcomes.
This study examined the relationship between infant temperament and formula intake and weight gain in 3-month-old infants in the Philippines. The researchers administered the Carey Early Infant Temperament Questionnaire to mothers of 222 healthy formula-fed infants enrolled in a randomized controlled trial of infant formulas. Multivariate regression models controlling for confounders found inverse relationships between several temperament traits (adaptability, mood, distractibility, manageability) and both the frequency and total daily intake of formula. This suggests that infants with more difficult temperaments received more formula feeds and intake, which could lead to excessive weight gain. The study was the first to demonstrate an association between infant temperament and feeding practices.
This document summarizes a research study that evaluated the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a policy to provide breastfeeding groups for pregnant and breastfeeding mothers in primary care settings in Scotland. The study was a cluster randomized controlled trial that compared breastfeeding outcomes in localities that established new breastfeeding groups to those that did not change existing group activities. The primary outcome was the percentage of infants receiving any breastfeeding at 6-8 weeks. Secondary outcomes included breastfeeding rates at birth, 5-7 days, and 8-9 months as well as maternal satisfaction. The results found no significant differences in breastfeeding rates between the intervention and control localities at 6-8 weeks.
Factors Associated With Initiation Of Breast Feeding In The Dominican RepublicBiblioteca Virtual
This study analyzed survey data from the Dominican Republic to identify factors associated with mothers initiating breastfeeding of their last live-born child under 5 years of age. The study found that approximately 7% of mothers did not initiate breastfeeding. Mothers who had an illness during pregnancy, gave birth to a low birthweight baby, were primiparous (gave birth for the first time), or had a medium or high income level had a significantly higher risk of not initiating breastfeeding. These groups should be priority targets for breastfeeding promotion programs in the Dominican Republic.
Annals of Nutritional Disorders & Therapy is a peer-reviewed, open access journal published by Austin Publishers. It provides easy access to high quality Manuscripts in all related aspects of nutritional disorders resulting from either excessive or inadequate intake of food and nutrients leading to various Nutritional diseases including obesity, eating disorders, malnutrition, developmental abnormalities that could be prevented by diet, hereditary metabolic disorders that retort to dietary treatment, food allergies and intolerances, and potential hazards in the food supply. It also focuses upon the chronic diseases caused due to improper nutrition such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, cancer, and diabetes mellitus.
Austin Publishing Group is a successful host of more than hundred peer reviewed, open access journals in various fields of science and technology with intent to bridge the gap between academia and research access.
Annals of Nutritional Disorders & Therapy journal accepts original research articles, review articles, case reports, mini reviews, rapid communication, opinions and editorials on all related aspects of nutritional disorders resulting from either excessive or inadequate intake of food and nutrients.
Peer support interventions can increase breastfeeding rates. A systematic review found that peer support significantly decreased the risk of discontinuing exclusive breastfeeding in low and middle-income countries. Another study found that a telephone-based peer support program effectively maintained breastfeeding rates to 3 months postpartum among primiparous women and improved satisfaction with infant feeding. However, one randomized controlled trial found that peer support did not statistically significantly increase breastfeeding rates in the studied population.
This document reviews factors that influence mothers in the WIC program to choose formula feeding over breastfeeding for their infants. Several studies examined found that parents who formula feed generally have less knowledge of the health benefits of breastfeeding and a less positive attitude towards it. A cohort study found that breastfed infants enrolled in WIC programs saved over $400 in expenses in their first 6 months compared to formula fed infants. A review also showed that education and support services are effective at increasing the duration of breastfeeding. The document suggests WIC programs develop policies to better promote and educate mothers on breastfeeding.
Making it Easier for Women to Work & Breastfeed: The Working Parent Support C...Leith Greenslade
Several leading US companies, universities, medical and media associations are joining forces to offer more support to working women so they can exercise a real choice to breastfeed.
Aleitamento materno e adiposidade adultaLaped Ufrn
Aleitamento materno e adiposidade adulta (JPed 2014) - Artigo apresentado em Reunião Científica da Liga Acadêmica de Pediatria da UFRN - LAPED UFRN - Natal - RN - Brasil.
Factors influencing initiation of breast feeding among postAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined factors influencing initiation of breastfeeding among postpartum mothers in Nigeria. 317 mothers were surveyed about socio-demographic factors like age, education, employment status, and psychological state. Results showed that only maternal age significantly influenced breastfeeding initiation. The majority of mothers displayed good knowledge about breastfeeding initiation but lacked understanding of key predictive factors. It was concluded that providing mothers with more information on influencing factors could help increase initiation rates.
This document provides a literature review of 14 studies related to infant feeding behaviors and early childhood obesity prevention. The studies examined factors like maternal physical activity, pre-pregnancy BMI, breastfeeding duration, introduction of solids, screen time, childcare characteristics, parental influences, and built environmental factors in relation to infant weight gain and risk of obesity. Methodologies included prospective cohort studies, randomized controlled trials, questionnaires, food records, accelerometers, and statistical analysis. Overall, the research sought to understand influences on infant diet and activity patterns in order to inform obesity prevention strategies.
A Systematic Review Of Maternal Obesity And Breastfeeding Intention, Initiati...Biblioteca Virtual
This document summarizes a systematic review examining the relationship between maternal overweight/obesity and breastfeeding intention, initiation and duration. The review identified 27 studies on this topic. The studies generally found that obese women had shorter intended and actual breastfeeding duration compared to normal weight women. Specifically, obese women were less likely to intend to or initiate breastfeeding, and breastfed for shorter durations even after adjusting for confounding factors. The relationship between maternal obesity and delayed onset of lactation was also observed. However, the reasons for these relationships are not fully understood and require further qualitative research.
Comparison of prolonged low volume milk and routine volume milk onamir mohammad Armanian
This study compared outcomes for very low birth weight neonates who were fed using either a prolonged low volume milk strategy (20 mL/kg/day for 7 days before increasing) or a routine advancing volume strategy (increasing volumes by 20 mL/kg/day). The study found that the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis was significantly lower in infants fed with the prolonged low volume strategy compared to those fed with advancing volumes. However, infants fed with advancing volumes reached full enteral feeding volumes sooner. Overall hospital stay times and weight gain at 30 days were similar between the two groups. The study suggests prolonged low volume feeding may help reduce NEC risk in very low birth weight neonates.
Effect Of An Educational Intervention About Breastfeeding On The Knowledge,Biblioteca Virtual
This study evaluated the impact of an educational intervention on pediatric residents' knowledge, confidence, and clinical behaviors regarding breastfeeding. The residents completed pre- and post-intervention questionnaires to assess knowledge and confidence. Telephone interviews with breastfeeding mothers after clinic visits evaluated residents' clinical behaviors. The results showed that residents' knowledge scores increased significantly after the intervention. Their clinical behaviors when interacting with breastfeeding mothers also improved substantially. The educational intervention was effective in enhancing residents' support of breastfeeding patients.
This study aimed to describe the risk of HIV transmission in pediatric patients breastfed by HIV-infected mothers in Haiti following the implementation of the 2010 WHO breastfeeding guidelines. The study analyzed data from over 1400 pediatric patients across four sites from 2008-2012. Only two cases of HIV transmission were observed, indicating a minimal risk of transmission for mothers compliant with antiretroviral therapy and exclusive breastfeeding. However, further research is still needed to conclusively determine the impact of the national breastfeeding recommendations on infant morbidity and mortality in Haiti.
The document provides information on several paintings by Henry Bismuth that are being exhibited by the Chisholm Gallery, including the titles of the paintings, their materials, dimensions, year created, and price. Contact information is also provided for the Chisholm Gallery.
This randomized controlled trial found that advising mothers to avoid pacifier use did not reduce the risk of breastfeeding cessation before 3 months or affect infant crying behavior. Mothers who were advised against pacifier use were less likely to report using one but showed no differences in breastfeeding duration or infant fussing compared to the control group. While pacifier use has been linked to early weaning in observational studies, this trial did not find evidence that pacifiers directly increase weaning risk or that advising against their use provides benefits.
Infant Feeding And Feeding Transitions During The First Year Of LifeBiblioteca Virtual
This document summarizes infant feeding patterns during the first year of life based on data from the Infant Feeding Practices Study II. Key findings include:
1) While 83% of infants were breastfed in the hospital, 42% of these infants also received formula supplementation. By 3 months, 61% of infants received formula.
2) Solid foods were introduced earlier than recommended, with 40% of infants consuming cereal and 17% consuming fruits/vegetables by 4 months of age.
3) Early introduction of solids was associated with discontinuing breastfeeding earlier and consuming more fatty/sugary foods by 12 months.
This study examined predictors of breastfeeding duration in Australia by following 587 women from hospital discharge through 52 weeks postpartum. The researchers found that less than half of infants were receiving any breast milk at 6 months, and only 12% were exclusively breastfed. By 12 months, only 19.2% received any breast milk. Factors positively associated with longer breastfeeding duration included higher maternal infant feeding attitudes and negatively associated factors included breastfeeding difficulties in the first 4 weeks, maternal smoking, early pacifier introduction, and early return to work. Relatively few women achieved international breastfeeding recommendations.
This study developed and validated a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to assess intake of polyphenol-rich foods in pregnant women in Brazil. 120 pregnant women participated in nutritional interviews on two occasions and provided urine samples. The FFQ included 52 foods and was compared to 24-hour recalls, 3-day food diaries, and urinary polyphenol levels. Analysis showed high reproducibility between the two FFQ administrations. Moderate to high correlations were found between the dietary assessment methods. A low but significant correlation was observed between the FFQ and urinary polyphenol levels. The study concluded that the FFQ is a valid tool for quantifying intake of total polyphenols in pregnant women.
Efficacy Of Breastfeeding Support Provided By Trained Clinicians DuringBiblioteca Virtual
This study evaluated the efficacy of breastfeeding support provided by trained clinicians during an early routine preventive visit. The study involved 226 mother-infant pairs who were randomized to an intervention group that received an additional preventive visit within 2 weeks postpartum or a control group that received usual care. The intervention group had higher rates of exclusive breastfeeding at 4 weeks and longer breastfeeding duration. The intervention group also reported fewer breastfeeding difficulties. The study provides preliminary evidence that breastfeeding support during an early routine preventive visit can improve breastfeeding outcomes.
This study examined the relationship between infant temperament and formula intake and weight gain in 3-month-old infants in the Philippines. The researchers administered the Carey Early Infant Temperament Questionnaire to mothers of 222 healthy formula-fed infants enrolled in a randomized controlled trial of infant formulas. Multivariate regression models controlling for confounders found inverse relationships between several temperament traits (adaptability, mood, distractibility, manageability) and both the frequency and total daily intake of formula. This suggests that infants with more difficult temperaments received more formula feeds and intake, which could lead to excessive weight gain. The study was the first to demonstrate an association between infant temperament and feeding practices.
This document summarizes a research study that evaluated the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a policy to provide breastfeeding groups for pregnant and breastfeeding mothers in primary care settings in Scotland. The study was a cluster randomized controlled trial that compared breastfeeding outcomes in localities that established new breastfeeding groups to those that did not change existing group activities. The primary outcome was the percentage of infants receiving any breastfeeding at 6-8 weeks. Secondary outcomes included breastfeeding rates at birth, 5-7 days, and 8-9 months as well as maternal satisfaction. The results found no significant differences in breastfeeding rates between the intervention and control localities at 6-8 weeks.
Factors Associated With Initiation Of Breast Feeding In The Dominican RepublicBiblioteca Virtual
This study analyzed survey data from the Dominican Republic to identify factors associated with mothers initiating breastfeeding of their last live-born child under 5 years of age. The study found that approximately 7% of mothers did not initiate breastfeeding. Mothers who had an illness during pregnancy, gave birth to a low birthweight baby, were primiparous (gave birth for the first time), or had a medium or high income level had a significantly higher risk of not initiating breastfeeding. These groups should be priority targets for breastfeeding promotion programs in the Dominican Republic.
Annals of Nutritional Disorders & Therapy is a peer-reviewed, open access journal published by Austin Publishers. It provides easy access to high quality Manuscripts in all related aspects of nutritional disorders resulting from either excessive or inadequate intake of food and nutrients leading to various Nutritional diseases including obesity, eating disorders, malnutrition, developmental abnormalities that could be prevented by diet, hereditary metabolic disorders that retort to dietary treatment, food allergies and intolerances, and potential hazards in the food supply. It also focuses upon the chronic diseases caused due to improper nutrition such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, cancer, and diabetes mellitus.
Austin Publishing Group is a successful host of more than hundred peer reviewed, open access journals in various fields of science and technology with intent to bridge the gap between academia and research access.
Annals of Nutritional Disorders & Therapy journal accepts original research articles, review articles, case reports, mini reviews, rapid communication, opinions and editorials on all related aspects of nutritional disorders resulting from either excessive or inadequate intake of food and nutrients.
Peer support interventions can increase breastfeeding rates. A systematic review found that peer support significantly decreased the risk of discontinuing exclusive breastfeeding in low and middle-income countries. Another study found that a telephone-based peer support program effectively maintained breastfeeding rates to 3 months postpartum among primiparous women and improved satisfaction with infant feeding. However, one randomized controlled trial found that peer support did not statistically significantly increase breastfeeding rates in the studied population.
This document reviews factors that influence mothers in the WIC program to choose formula feeding over breastfeeding for their infants. Several studies examined found that parents who formula feed generally have less knowledge of the health benefits of breastfeeding and a less positive attitude towards it. A cohort study found that breastfed infants enrolled in WIC programs saved over $400 in expenses in their first 6 months compared to formula fed infants. A review also showed that education and support services are effective at increasing the duration of breastfeeding. The document suggests WIC programs develop policies to better promote and educate mothers on breastfeeding.
Making it Easier for Women to Work & Breastfeed: The Working Parent Support C...Leith Greenslade
Several leading US companies, universities, medical and media associations are joining forces to offer more support to working women so they can exercise a real choice to breastfeed.
Aleitamento materno e adiposidade adultaLaped Ufrn
Aleitamento materno e adiposidade adulta (JPed 2014) - Artigo apresentado em Reunião Científica da Liga Acadêmica de Pediatria da UFRN - LAPED UFRN - Natal - RN - Brasil.
Factors influencing initiation of breast feeding among postAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined factors influencing initiation of breastfeeding among postpartum mothers in Nigeria. 317 mothers were surveyed about socio-demographic factors like age, education, employment status, and psychological state. Results showed that only maternal age significantly influenced breastfeeding initiation. The majority of mothers displayed good knowledge about breastfeeding initiation but lacked understanding of key predictive factors. It was concluded that providing mothers with more information on influencing factors could help increase initiation rates.
This document provides a literature review of 14 studies related to infant feeding behaviors and early childhood obesity prevention. The studies examined factors like maternal physical activity, pre-pregnancy BMI, breastfeeding duration, introduction of solids, screen time, childcare characteristics, parental influences, and built environmental factors in relation to infant weight gain and risk of obesity. Methodologies included prospective cohort studies, randomized controlled trials, questionnaires, food records, accelerometers, and statistical analysis. Overall, the research sought to understand influences on infant diet and activity patterns in order to inform obesity prevention strategies.
A Systematic Review Of Maternal Obesity And Breastfeeding Intention, Initiati...Biblioteca Virtual
This document summarizes a systematic review examining the relationship between maternal overweight/obesity and breastfeeding intention, initiation and duration. The review identified 27 studies on this topic. The studies generally found that obese women had shorter intended and actual breastfeeding duration compared to normal weight women. Specifically, obese women were less likely to intend to or initiate breastfeeding, and breastfed for shorter durations even after adjusting for confounding factors. The relationship between maternal obesity and delayed onset of lactation was also observed. However, the reasons for these relationships are not fully understood and require further qualitative research.
Comparison of prolonged low volume milk and routine volume milk onamir mohammad Armanian
This study compared outcomes for very low birth weight neonates who were fed using either a prolonged low volume milk strategy (20 mL/kg/day for 7 days before increasing) or a routine advancing volume strategy (increasing volumes by 20 mL/kg/day). The study found that the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis was significantly lower in infants fed with the prolonged low volume strategy compared to those fed with advancing volumes. However, infants fed with advancing volumes reached full enteral feeding volumes sooner. Overall hospital stay times and weight gain at 30 days were similar between the two groups. The study suggests prolonged low volume feeding may help reduce NEC risk in very low birth weight neonates.
Effect Of An Educational Intervention About Breastfeeding On The Knowledge,Biblioteca Virtual
This study evaluated the impact of an educational intervention on pediatric residents' knowledge, confidence, and clinical behaviors regarding breastfeeding. The residents completed pre- and post-intervention questionnaires to assess knowledge and confidence. Telephone interviews with breastfeeding mothers after clinic visits evaluated residents' clinical behaviors. The results showed that residents' knowledge scores increased significantly after the intervention. Their clinical behaviors when interacting with breastfeeding mothers also improved substantially. The educational intervention was effective in enhancing residents' support of breastfeeding patients.
This study aimed to describe the risk of HIV transmission in pediatric patients breastfed by HIV-infected mothers in Haiti following the implementation of the 2010 WHO breastfeeding guidelines. The study analyzed data from over 1400 pediatric patients across four sites from 2008-2012. Only two cases of HIV transmission were observed, indicating a minimal risk of transmission for mothers compliant with antiretroviral therapy and exclusive breastfeeding. However, further research is still needed to conclusively determine the impact of the national breastfeeding recommendations on infant morbidity and mortality in Haiti.
The document provides information on several paintings by Henry Bismuth that are being exhibited by the Chisholm Gallery, including the titles of the paintings, their materials, dimensions, year created, and price. Contact information is also provided for the Chisholm Gallery.
The document congratulates an observational drawings team on their results from February 2010. It notes this was their first drawing results for the year 2010. It praises the team for producing great shading in their drawings.
The document outlines The Ochendo Agenda 2011, which aims to transform Abia State, Nigeria through socio-economic development and securing Governor Ochendo's reelection. It analyzes opportunities and challenges facing Abia State and sets goals of creating a shared vision, reconnecting people with leadership, and fulfilling promises of a secure, prosperous state. The agenda focuses on infrastructure, security, agriculture, manufacturing and branding to make Abia a model economy and leave a legacy for Ochendo.
The document describes two paintings by American artist Mary Bridgman titled "Irtysh" and "Altai". The paintings depict horses from Scythian mythology and were inspired by Bridgman's travels to the Altai Mountains region. A brief biography of Bridgman is also provided, noting that she is a graduate of Connecticut College and Parsons School of Design who has traveled extensively and teaches at Parsons and Fashion Institute of Technology.
This document from the American Academy of Pediatrics outlines their policy statement on breastfeeding and the use of human milk. The key points are:
1) Extensive research has demonstrated significant health benefits for infants and mothers from breastfeeding, including reduced risk of infectious diseases, sudden infant death syndrome, diabetes, obesity, and improved cognitive development.
2) The policy statement provides recommendations for pediatricians and healthcare professionals to promote, protect, and support breastfeeding through individual practice, hospitals, medical schools, and communities.
3) Certain infectious diseases like HIV may preclude breastfeeding in some situations, but exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months does not increase HIV transmission risk according to some studies in developing countries.
Corporate culture is defined as the values, beliefs, and norms relating to a company or organization that are shared by all its staff. Developing a strong corporate culture has several advantages, including improved customer satisfaction and loyalty because consumers associate the organization with its brand and logos. It also increases staff motivation by allowing them to associate with the organization and move between departments more easily by being aware of common practices and policies. Finally, a strong corporate culture leads staff to form an identity with the organization, reducing absences and turnover while increasing productivity.
Lamotrigine In Breast Milk And Nursing Infants Determination Of ExposureBiblioteca Virtual
This study characterized lamotrigine concentrations in breast milk and nursing infant plasma in 30 women taking lamotrigine who were breastfeeding their infants. The mean ratio of lamotrigine in breast milk compared to maternal plasma was 41.3%. There was a non-significant trend for higher concentrations in breast milk 4 hours after the maternal dose. Infant plasma concentrations were 18.3% of maternal plasma concentrations. The theoretical infant dose was 0.51 mg/kg per day and the relative infant dose was 9.2%. Mild thrombocytosis was seen in 7 of 8 infants tested but no adverse effects were reported in breastfed infants. The study provides valuable data on lamotrigine exposure during breastfeeding.
Aztec markets were organized places where goods were bought and sold through barter or trade. The largest market was located in Tenochtitlan, which had separate streets for different goods and banned selling outside the marketplace. Vast quantities and varieties of goods were exchanged in the well-organized markets, especially the huge market at Tlatelolco in Tenochtitlan.
Mosaic provides outsourced advertising operations solutions including media trafficking, campaign management, reporting, and more. They manage clients' entire ad operations using a transparent process. Clients praise Mosaic for their expertise, reliable and efficient services, and for allowing clients to focus on core competencies.
The document provides information about travel activities, attractions, hotels, and restaurants in Argentina. It lists lakes to visit, including Nahuel Huapi, Correntoso, and Espejo, as well as activities like skydiving, snowboarding, catamaran rides, and visiting Bayo hill. Hotels mentioned include Cabins and Quetrihue. Restaurants listed are The Skier, Pioneros, and Akerman. A related video is also included.
Transitioning The Breastfeeding Breastmilk Fed Premature Infant From The Neon...Biblioteca Virtual
This document provides guidelines for transitioning premature infants from the neonatal intensive care unit to home. It outlines recommendations for assessing feeding and nutritional status before discharge and developing a post-discharge feeding plan. Infants are classified as having optimal or sub-optimal nutritional status based on intake, growth, and biomarkers. For infants with optimal status, the guidelines recommend continuing or transitioning to unfortified breastmilk. For those with sub-optimal status, adding some formula feeds is suggested. Follow-up after discharge assesses status and addresses any breastfeeding problems to optimize nutrition.
Friends of the Earth Europe and health groups have launched a report revealing that traces of 300 man-made chemicals have been found in breast milk. While this indicates widespread exposure to chemicals, breastfeeding remains the optimal food for babies and has protective health effects. The groups called for stronger EU chemical regulations to reduce chemical residues in breast milk and address the threat of a "toxic inheritance". Speakers at a Brussels meeting emphasized the benefits of breastfeeding and urged protecting it from impacts of chemical pollution.
This document summarizes a research synthesis on improving expository text comprehension in students with learning disabilities. The synthesis reviewed 29 studies and found that both cognitive strategy instruction and content enhancement interventions had large positive effects on comprehension, with effect sizes of 2.07 and 1.06 respectively. Cognitive strategy instruction, such as teaching main idea identification or text structure training, was most effective. Content enhancements like graphic organizers were also beneficial but may increase student dependence on teachers. Both approaches led to maintenance of skills over time and some evidence of transfer to new contexts. The synthesis provides guidance for educators on selecting and implementing these evidence-based comprehension interventions.
The document describes the Novation Wireless Access Control System, which uses wireless door controllers and other components. The system has a range of up to 300 feet, uses batteries with a lifespan of over 1 year, and allows for installation in under 30 minutes per door without wiring. It includes an intuitive software interface and can accommodate up to 64 doors.
The speaker feels they have not heard from the person they love in a long time. They worry they have done something wrong. The speaker wishes to be the angel or prince from the fairytale stories that the person loves. They want to protect the person with wings and have a happy ending like in the stories. The speaker hopes the person will believe they can have a relationship like in the fairytales.
Swine influenza, also known as swine flu, is a virus that infects pigs and can be transmitted to humans. It is caused by the H1N1 strain of the influenza virus and was first identified in pigs in the 1930s. Major outbreaks of swine flu occurred in humans in 1918, 1999-2002, and 2009. Symptoms of swine flu in humans are similar to regular flu and include congestion, headache, and possible respiratory failure. Treatment involves vaccinations, antibiotics to prevent bacterial infections, and antiviral drugs like Tamiflu and Relenza.
Brilliant orange; The Neurotic Genius of Dutch SoccerSuhas Baxi
Book Review of David Winner's famous work on Total Football. The book is a brilliant essay on the beautiful game, one of the best teams and a naturally gifted player who created a lasting footballing legacy across the nations.
The presentation was made by me as part of book reading session at BDB Book Club in Pune India
This document summarizes research on the optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding. It discusses how the WHO recommendation had been 4-6 months but was changed to around 6 months in 2001 based on evidence from over 3,000 studies. The resolution passed by the World Health Assembly urges exclusive breastfeeding for six months as a global recommendation, taking into account the expert committee's findings that exclusive breastfeeding for six months does not harm growth and protects against infection.
This document summarizes a national survey of breastfeeding rates in US hospitals designated as "Baby-Friendly" in 2001. The survey found that Baby-Friendly hospitals had higher rates of breastfeeding initiation (83.8% vs national rate of 69.5%) and exclusive breastfeeding during hospital stay (78.4% vs national rate of 46.3%) compared to national averages. The 3 Steps to Successful Breastfeeding that were most difficult for hospitals to meet were paying for infant formula (Step 6), training staff (Step 2), and limiting formula marketing (Step 7). Overall, the results suggest that Baby-Friendly designation is associated with higher breastfeeding rates, regardless of hospital demographic factors.
Mothers And Clinicians Perspectives On Breastfeeding Counseling During Routin...Biblioteca Virtual
This document summarizes a study examining breastfeeding counseling provided during routine preventive visits from the perspectives of both mothers and their clinicians. The study involved surveying 429 mother-newborn pairs and their 121 obstetric and pediatric clinicians. The results identified several areas of disagreement between what mothers reported discussing with clinicians regarding breastfeeding duration, continuation after returning to work, and specific advice provided, highlighting potential unintentional gaps in communication around breastfeeding counseling during routine visits.
Breastfeeding Rates In The United States By Characteristics Of The Child,Biblioteca Virtual
This study analyzed breastfeeding rates in the United States using data from the 2002 National Immunization Survey. It found that over two-thirds of infants were ever breastfed, but rates of exclusive and continued breastfeeding dropped significantly by 6 and 12 months. Certain groups had lower rates, including non-Hispanic black children, those in daycare, enrolled in WIC, from lower socioeconomic status families, or younger or less educated mothers. The results suggest more efforts are needed to improve and support breastfeeding, especially among disadvantaged populations.
This study examined early exclusive breastfeeding rates and maternal attitudes towards infant feeding in new mothers in San Francisco. The researchers found that 79.8% of mothers were exclusively breastfeeding between 1-4 days postpartum, with no significant differences by WIC participation status. Independent risk factors for mixed or formula feeding included Asian/Pacific Islander ethnicity and lower education levels. Thinking that breastfeeding was physically painful or uncomfortable was also associated with not breastfeeding. The study suggests future research should address negative attitudes towards breastfeeding in Asian populations and promote breastfeeding as a comfortable practice.
Breastfeeding Continues To Increase Into The New MillenniumBiblioteca Virtual
This document summarizes a study that analyzed breastfeeding rates in the United States in 1996 and 2001 using data from the Ross Laboratories Mothers Survey. The study found that between 1996 and 2001, rates of breastfeeding initiation and continuation to 6 months increased significantly across all demographic groups, with the largest increases seen among black mothers, younger mothers, and those participating in the WIC program. By 2001, breastfeeding initiation in the US reached its highest recorded rate of 69.5%, while exclusive breastfeeding at 6 months reached 17.2%. The increases put the US closer to meeting the Healthy People 2010 goals, but more support may still be needed for certain groups to meet the 6-month exclusive breastfeeding goal.
Do Baby Friendly Hospitals Influence Breastfeeding Duration On ABiblioteca Virtual
This study examined the influence of Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) compliance on breastfeeding rates and duration in Switzerland. The authors conducted a national survey in 2003 of over 2800 mothers who had given birth in the previous 9 months. They collected data on breastfeeding practices and the hospital of delivery. They found that infants born in hospitals with high BFHI compliance had significantly longer durations of exclusive, full, and any breastfeeding compared to other hospitals, even after controlling for other factors. This supports the hypothesis that increased BFHI implementation in Switzerland has contributed to improved national breastfeeding outcomes since 1994. However, the authors note mothers choosing BFHI hospitals may also breastfeed longer regardless of the hospital practices.
This document summarizes the benefits of breastfeeding for public health. It discusses how breastfeeding improves infant and maternal health outcomes, provides economic benefits, and is environmentally friendly. It also reviews barriers to breastfeeding and policies to support breastfeeding, such as at worksites, in healthcare settings, and through legislation. The document presents breastfeeding rates in the US and goals to increase rates.
The 25 Th Anniversary Of The Surgeon General’S Workshop On Breastfeeding And ...Biblioteca Virtual
The document summarizes the key findings and recommendations from the 25th anniversary of the Surgeon General's Workshop on Breastfeeding and Human Lactation. It discusses the benefits of breastfeeding for both infant and maternal health. While breastfeeding rates have increased since 1984, gaps remain between current practices and recommendations such as exclusively breastfeeding for 6 months. Efforts are needed to support breastfeeding at hospitals, workplaces, and in the community to improve rates and reduce disparities.
Breastfeeding Training For Health Professionals And Resultant Changes In Brea...Biblioteca Virtual
This study aimed to quantify changes in breastfeeding duration among mothers served by hospitals exposed to the Wellstart-SLC breastfeeding promotion course, compared to control hospitals not exposed. The study randomly assigned 8 Brazilian hospitals to an exposed group (staff attended the course) or control group. For each hospital, cohorts of 50 children born before and after the course were followed up at 1 and 6 months. Results showed increases in exclusive (29%) and full (20%) breastfeeding rates in exposed hospitals, but no changes in control hospitals. The study supports training health professionals to promote longer breastfeeding duration.
A Home Visit Program For Breastfeeding Education And SupportRachel Doty
A home visit program was developed to provide breastfeeding education and support to mothers at risk of breastfeeding failure. The program aimed to increase breastfeeding rates and support mothers discharged within 24 hours after delivery. Nurses conducted home visits and assessments to help mothers breastfeed successfully. Evaluation found lower readmission rates for infants receiving home visits compared to those who did not. Patient satisfaction with the program was positive.
Characteristics Of Breastfeeding Practices Among Us MothersBiblioteca Virtual
1) More than half of breastfeeding mothers exclusively breastfed (breast milk only) until 4 months of age, after which exclusive breastfeeding declined sharply. Formula supplementation peaked at 42% at 1 month and declined to 15% at 1 year.
2) Around 6% of mothers reported exclusively pumping breast milk rather than directly breastfeeding.
3) Maternal reports showed considerable variation in behaviors related to common breastfeeding advice on frequency, duration, and intervals of feedings over the infant's first year.
Patterns and determinants of breast feeding among mother infant pairs in dera...Zubia Qureshi
Background: Proper breastfeeding practices are effective ways for reducing childhood morbidity and mortality. The objective of the present study was to determine the patterns and explore the determinants associated with breast feeding practices among the nursing women in Dera Ghazi Khan. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted on randomly selected lactating mother infant pairs in Dera Ghazi Khan. Structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Analysis was done by using SPSS, chi square test was applied to see the association between breast feeding practices and its determinants such as knowledge of breast feeding practices. Results: Majority 372 (93%) of mothers mentioned that they had ever breastfed the youngest child. About 292 (73%) mothers gave colostrum to the child, and 48 (12%) exclusively breastfed. Weaning babies before four month of age was practiced by 84 (21%) of the mothers, 120 (55%) mothers started weaning at 4-6 months of child age, while 72 (18%) started to give additional food after baby turned six months old. Out of total 276 (69%) mothers reported that they had knowledge regarding breast feeding. Significant association was found between knowledge of breastfeeding and initiation and Exclusive Breast Feeding (EBF) practices (p-values <0.05). Income, family type, mode of delivery and assistance for child were significantly associated with initiation of breastfeeding within one hour after birth (p-value <0.001). Conclusion: Breast feeding practices in the studied area were not up to the mark. There is a strong need to improve the breastfeeding practices by Behavior Change Communication. Keywords: Breast feeding; Early initiation; Exclusive Breast Feeding (EBF); Colostrum; Supplementary feeding; Infants
Series452 www.thelancet.com Vol 382 August 3, 2013.docxbagotjesusa
The document summarizes evidence for interventions to improve maternal and child nutrition. It finds that scaling up access to 10 core nutrition interventions in 34 high-burden countries could reduce deaths in children under 5 by 15% (1 million lives saved) and stunting by 20.3%. Key interventions include management of acute malnutrition, breastfeeding promotion, and micronutrient supplementation. Achieving 90% coverage of the interventions would cost an additional $9.6 billion annually but could significantly reduce undernutrition and mortality. Continued investments in direct nutrition interventions and delivery strategies that engage vulnerable communities are needed.
Breastfeeding Practices of Postnatal Mothers: Exclusivity, Frequency and Dura...IJEAB
This study examined breastfeeding practices of 299 postnatal mothers in southeast Nigeria in terms of exclusivity, frequency, and duration. The results showed that most mothers exclusively breastfed for a short period, with 22.3% exclusively breastfeeding for 1 month and 31.5% for 4-6 months. The majority (80.7%) breastfed infants on demand day and night, while 40.5% reported infants suckling for over 20 minutes. Breastfeeding patterns were found to differ across primary, secondary, and tertiary health institutions, though not significantly. The study concluded that efforts are needed to motivate mothers to exclusively breastfeed for the recommended 6 months.
Breastfeeding Patterns In Relation To Thumb Sucking And Pacifier UseBiblioteca Virtual
This document describes a study examining the relationship between breastfeeding patterns, thumb sucking, and pacifier use in 506 mother-infant pairs in Sweden. The study found that pacifier use was associated with fewer breastfeeds per 24 hours, shorter suckling duration, shorter exclusive breastfeeding duration, and shorter total breastfeeding duration compared to no pacifier use. These associations were not found for thumb sucking. The negative effects of pacifiers on breastfeeding seemed related to frequency of pacifier use.
Breastfeeding And Early Weaning Practices In Northeast BrazilBiblioteca Virtual
This study examined breastfeeding practices in 4 towns in northeast Brazil by interviewing 364 mothers. The researchers found:
1) While mothers were positive about breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding was rare and the median duration of exclusive breastfeeding was 0 days.
2) The median age for introducing other milk was 24 days, and the median duration of breastfeeding was 65 days for mothers who introduced other milk within the first month compared to 165 days for other mothers.
3) Pacifier use in the first week, intention to introduce other milk in the first month, giving water/tea in the first week, and leaving the maternity ward before breastfeeding was established were associated with introducing other milk within the first month
LITERATURE SELECTION2LITERATURE SELECTION6Lite.docxSHIVA101531
LITERATURE SELECTION 2
LITERATURE SELECTION 6
Literature Selection
Augustina Ferguson
Grand Canyon University: NRS-441V
August 30, 2015
Running head: LITERATURE SELECTION 1
Literature Selection
#1
Nwaru, B. I., & Hemminki, E (2011). Infant Care practice in rural China and their relation to prenatal care utilization.Global Public Health, 6(1), 1- 14.doi:10.1080/17441691003667307.
How does each article describe the nature of the problem, issue, or deficit you have identified?
Studies describing postpartum childcare practices and the influence of prenatal care on infant care outcomes in rural China are scarce. Inadequate care was positively associated with never breastfeeding, early introduction of milk formula and cereal/porridge, and early start of work after delivery.
Does each article provide statistical information to demonstrate the gravity of the issue, problem, or deficit?
Yes! Data were available from a Knowledge, Attitude and Perception cross-sectional survey collected from 2001 to 2003, after a prenatal care intervention in Anhui County, China, with a response rate of 97%.
What are example(s) of morbidity, mortality, and rate of incidence or rate of occurrence in the general population?
None Identified
Does each article support your proposed change?
Yes, it does
#2
Udgiri, R., K. J., S., & Sorganvi, V. (2015). Breast Feeding Practices among Postnatal Mothers-a Hospital based Study. Journal of Advanced Scientific Research, 6(1), 10-13. Grand Canyon University Library. (2015). Research & Resource LopeSearch. Retrieved from http://library.gcu.edu/
How does each article describe the nature of the problem, issue, or deficit you have identified?
It assesses the knowledge and practices of mothers about breastfeeding Practices Cross- sectional study was carried out for a period of one month.
Does each article provide statistical information to demonstrate the gravity of the issue, problem, or deficit?
A total of 162 postnatal mothers admitted in postnatal ward constitute the sample size. The data was collected using semi-structured questionnaires. Data was analyzed by using SPSS 16th version. The study shows that 21(12.9%) of the babies were feed with prelacteal feeds like honey and sugar water.
What are example(s) of morbidity, mortality, and rate of incidence or rate of occurrence in the general population?
None was identified.
Does each article support your proposed change?
Yes.
# 3
Geçkil, E., Şahin, T., & Tunçdemir, A. (2012). The Effect of * The Following and Supporting Breast-feeding Programme*, That Is Applied by Family Health Staff, on The Mother's Effective Breastfeeding Behaviors in The First Six Months of The Post-Birth Period. (English)
How does each article describe the nature of the problem, issue, or deficit you have identified?
This study investigates the effect of the education and observation of supporting breast-feeding programme that is applied by family health staff on the mothers of the post birt ...
Health System Factors Contributing To Breastfeeding SuccessBiblioteca Virtual
This study examined factors contributing to breastfeeding success in 522 women at five hospitals. The researchers found that 76% of mothers breastfed successfully for as long as planned. Higher education, positive ratings of hospital support, and home nurse support were associated with breastfeeding success. Mothers most often contacted family/friends for breastfeeding concerns rather than medical providers after discharge. The study suggests health system support during and after hospitalization impacts breastfeeding outcomes.
The document summarizes research on decreasing elective inductions of labor. It discusses how elective inductions increase risks for both mother and baby compared to spontaneous labor. Akinsipe et al. (2012) found that implementing policies restricting elective inductions under 39 weeks led to lower cesarean rates, decreased maternal and neonatal morbidity, and increased spontaneous labor rates. The document concludes policies are needed to better educate patients on risks of elective inductions and restrict scheduling them without medical need to improve birth outcomes.
Similar to Hospital Practices And Womens Likelihood Of Fulfilling Their Intention To Exclusively Breastfeed (20)
Este documento fornece informações sobre a anatomia e fisiologia da glândula mamária. Resume que a mama é composta de tecido glandular, gordura e tecido conjuntivo, e descreve o desenvolvimento da mama desde a embriogênese até a puberdade. Também aborda a anatomia da mama adulta e a fisiologia da produção de leite, incluindo os hormônios envolvidos.
The 2008 IBLCE examination saw the largest candidate population in its history with 3,323 candidates taking the exam across 37 countries and territories. The exam was administered in 13 languages and saw continued growth in candidates from outside the United States, Canada, and Australia. Analysis of exam results found a pass rate of 93.56% with a mean score of 77.87% and standard deviation of 8.21%.
This document provides an overview of the Third Edition (Revised) of the Wellstart International Lactation Management Self-Study Modules, Level I. It was developed by Wellstart International, a nonprofit organization focused on educating healthcare providers about optimal infant and young child feeding. The Third Edition was reviewed by 30 volunteer experts from around the world and updated to ensure the information is current and internationally relevant. It is intended to be available at low or no cost globally to support breastfeeding education.
AvaliaçãO Do Impacto De Um Programa De Puericultura Na PromoçãO Da Amamentaçã...Biblioteca Virtual
1) O estudo avaliou o impacto de um programa de puericultura na promoção da amamentação exclusiva em uma coorte de 112 crianças no Sul do Brasil.
2) A prevalência de amamentação exclusiva no primeiro mês foi de 95%, caindo progressivamente para 81%, 64%, 53%, 39% e 35% nos meses seguintes.
3) A mediana da duração da amamentação exclusiva foi de 4 meses, maior do que as taxas nacionais brasileiras, indicando a eficácia do programa.
AnáLise Da Efetividade De Um Programa De Incentivo Ao Aleitamento Materno Exc...Biblioteca Virtual
O documento analisa a efetividade de um programa de incentivo ao aleitamento materno exclusivo em uma comunidade carente de São Paulo. Os principais resultados são: 100% das mulheres eram desempregadas, 51,8% aderiram ao programa mas 48,2% abandonaram por motivos desconhecidos, e no momento da alta apenas 17,3% relataram aleitamento exclusivo até os seis meses.
The 2008 IBLCE examination saw the largest candidate population in its history with 3,323 candidates taking the exam across 37 countries and territories. The exam was administered in 13 languages and saw continued growth in candidates from outside the United States, Canada, and Australia. Analysis of exam results found a pass rate of 93.56% with a mean score of 77.87% and standard deviation of 8.21%.
The document summarizes monitoring results from the Baby Feeding Law Group (BFLG) project on marketing practices of baby formula companies in the UK. It finds that Danone, maker of Aptamil and Cow & Gate formulas, continues advertising claims promoting follow-on formulas and undermining breastfeeding, despite rulings against such claims from the Advertising Standards Authority. The report provides examples of non-compliant magazine and television ads, and calls on Trading Standards offices to take action against illegal marketing practices.
The document summarizes statistics from the 2008 IBLCE lactation consultant examination. It reported that:
- 3,323 candidates took the exam across 37 countries, representing the largest candidate population in the exam's history.
- Less than half of candidates were from the US, with over 30% from other countries, indicating the credential has become a global standard.
- The exam was administered in 13 languages across 5 continents, and was taken online or on paper.
- 771 candidates took the exam for recertification purposes after 5 years of practice.
PromoçãO, ProtecçãO E Apoio. Apoio RepresentaçõEs Sociais Em Aleitamento MaternoBiblioteca Virtual
Este documento resume uma dissertação de mestrado sobre representações sociais em aleitamento materno. O trabalho analisou as percepções de profissionais de saúde e puérperas de dois hospitais sobre o aleitamento materno, comparando um hospital credenciado pela Iniciativa Hospital Amigo da Criança e outro não credenciado. Entre os principais achados, destacam-se a culpabilização da mulher no desmame, os efeitos das rotinas médicas no aleitamento e diferenças nas percepções entre os profissionais dos dois hosp
O Ensino De Aleitamento Materno Na GraduaçãO Em Medicina Um Estudo De CasoBiblioteca Virtual
Este documento descreve uma dissertação de mestrado sobre o ensino de aleitamento materno na graduação em medicina da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora. O estudo avaliou o nível de formação teórica e prática dos alunos, sua confiança em lidar com o tema e em transmitir informações às futuras mães. Os resultados sugerem que é necessária uma reavaliação do ensino teórico com foco prático para preparar melhor os médicos.
No Seio Da FamíLia AmamentaçãO E PromoçãO Da SaúDe No Programa De SaúDe Da ...Biblioteca Virtual
Este documento apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa sobre a implementação da promoção da saúde no Programa de Saúde da Família em cinco municípios brasileiros. A pesquisa avaliou os conhecimentos e atividades de profissionais de saúde em relação à promoção do aleitamento materno, e entrevistou mães sobre sua experiência com o programa. Os resultados mostraram que os programas capacitaram bem suas equipes, que demonstraram conhecimentos acima da média sobre aleitamento materno. No entanto, as at
This document is the third edition of Wellstart International's self-study modules on lactation management at level 1. It contains pre-tests and post-tests, 3 modules that cover the basics of breastfeeding and common problems, and annexes with additional resources. The modules are designed to teach health care providers about promoting and supporting breastfeeding.
AnáLise Da Efetividade De Um Programa De Incentivo Ao Aleitamento Materno Exc...Biblioteca Virtual
O documento analisa a efetividade de um programa de incentivo ao aleitamento materno exclusivo em uma comunidade carente de São Paulo. Os principais resultados foram: 100% das mulheres eram desempregadas, 51,8% aderiram ao programa mas 48,2% abandonaram por motivos desconhecidos, e no momento da alta apenas 17,3% relataram aleitamento exclusivo até os seis meses.
AvaliaçãO Do Impacto De Um Programa De Puericultura Na PromoçãO Da Amamentaçã...Biblioteca Virtual
1) O estudo avaliou o impacto de um programa de puericultura na promoção da amamentação exclusiva em uma coorte de 112 crianças acompanhadas desde o nascimento.
2) A prevalência de amamentação exclusiva no primeiro mês foi de 95%, caindo progressivamente para 81%, 64%, 53%, 39% e 35% nos meses seguintes.
3) A mediana da duração da amamentação exclusiva foi de 4 meses, maior do que as taxas nacionais brasileiras, indicando a eficácia do programa.
Iblce Regional Office In Europe Candidate Information GuideBiblioteca Virtual
This document provides information for candidates applying to take the International Board Certified Lactation Consultant (IBCLC) certification exam. It outlines the eligibility requirements including the necessary educational background, clinical experience providing breastfeeding counseling, and professional lactation education. Candidates must meet the eligibility criteria for one of several pathways that differ in their required hours of clinical experience depending on a candidate's educational background and profession. The document reviews the application process and provides sample exam questions to help candidates prepare for the rigorous international certification exam.
A ImportâNcia Da AmamentaçãO Para A SaúDe Da Mulher Que AmamentaBiblioteca Virtual
O documento discute os benefícios da amamentação para a saúde da mulher, incluindo proteção contra câncer de mama e ovário, recuperação pós-parto mais rápida, e prevenção de osteoporose. A amamentação também ajuda no controle de natalidade através da produção de hormônios que inibem a ovulação.
AmamentaçãO E Uso De AntiinflamatóRios NãO EsteróIdes Pela Nutriz InformaçõEs...Biblioteca Virtual
1) O documento analisa as informações contidas nas bulas de medicamentos antiinflamatórios não esteróides em comparação com as evidências científicas sobre seu uso durante a amamentação.
2) Foi encontrada referência à segurança de uso durante a amamentação em apenas 14 de 27 medicamentos, e 9 de 10 medicamentos considerados seguros aconselhavam evitar o uso ou suspender a amamentação.
3) As bulas são discordantes das evidências científicas sobre a compatibilidade desses medicamentos com a amamentação, sendo necess
Este documento descreve a anatomia e fisiologia da amamentação. Resume a estrutura da mama, incluindo lobos, alvéolos e ductos, e explica os processos de mamogénese, mastogénese e lactogénese, que envolvem o desenvolvimento da mama durante a puberdade, gravidez e após o parto.
Contribution Of Environmental Factors To The Risk Of Male InfertilityBiblioteca Virtual
This study investigated the relationship between environmental exposures and male infertility in 225 men seeking infertility treatment in Argentina. The men were grouped based on reported exposures to pesticides, solvents, heat, or a mixture. Semen analysis and hormone levels were compared between exposure groups. Results showed that exposure to pesticides was associated with lower sperm counts and higher estrogen levels, while solvent exposure was linked to lower LH levels, with effects being more pronounced in men with primary infertility. The study suggests environmental factors contribute to male infertility severity and may worsen genetic or medical risk factors.
This document provides information on contraindications and conditions where breastfeeding may or may not be advised. It lists situations where breastfeeding is not recommended, such as if the baby has galactosemia or the mother has active untreated tuberculosis. It also outlines conditions where the benefits of breastfeeding outweigh the risks, such as if the mother is a hepatitis B carrier or smokes, as long as she takes certain precautions. The document is intended as a factsheet for GPs and pharmacists on breastfeeding recommendations.
Discover the benefits of homeopathic medicine for irregular periods with our guide on 5 common remedies. Learn how these natural treatments can help regulate menstrual cycles and improve overall menstrual health.
Visit Us: https://drdeepikashomeopathy.com/service/irregular-periods-treatment/
Storyboard on Skin- Innovative Learning (M-pharm) 2nd sem. (Cosmetics)MuskanShingari
Skin is the largest organ of the human body, serving crucial functions that include protection, sensation, regulation, and synthesis. Structurally, it consists of three main layers: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis (subcutaneous layer).
1. **Epidermis**: The outermost layer primarily composed of epithelial cells called keratinocytes. It provides a protective barrier against environmental factors, pathogens, and UV radiation.
2. **Dermis**: Located beneath the epidermis, the dermis contains connective tissue, blood vessels, hair follicles, and sweat glands. It plays a vital role in supporting and nourishing the epidermis, regulating body temperature, and housing sensory receptors for touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.
3. **Hypodermis**: Also known as the subcutaneous layer, it consists of fat and connective tissue that anchors the skin to underlying structures like muscles and bones. It provides insulation, cushioning, and energy storage.
Skin performs essential functions such as regulating body temperature through sweat production and blood flow control, synthesizing vitamin D when exposed to sunlight, and serving as a sensory interface with the external environment.
Maintaining skin health is crucial for overall well-being, involving proper hygiene, hydration, protection from sun exposure, and avoiding harmful substances. Skin conditions and diseases range from minor irritations to chronic disorders, emphasizing the importance of regular care and medical attention when needed.
BBB and BCF
control the entry of compounds into the brain and
regulate brain homeostasis.
restricts access to brain cells of blood–borne compounds and
facilitates nutrients essential for normal metabolism to reach brain cells
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7shruti jagirdar
Unit 4: MRA 103T Regulatory affairs
This guideline is directed principally toward new Molecular Entities that are
likely to have significant use in the elderly, either because the disease intended
to be treated is characteristically a disease of aging ( e.g., Alzheimer's disease) or
because the population to be treated is known to include substantial numbers of
geriatric patients (e.g., hypertension).
Nutritional deficiency Disorder are problems in india.
It is very important to learn about Indian child's nutritional parameters as well the Disease related to alteration in their Nutrition.
PGx Analysis in VarSeq: A User’s PerspectiveGolden Helix
Since our release of the PGx capabilities in VarSeq, we’ve had a few months to gather some insights from various use cases. Some users approach PGx workflows by means of array genotyping or what seems to be a growing trend of adding the star allele calling to the existing NGS pipeline for whole genome data. Luckily, both approaches are supported with the VarSeq software platform. The genotyping method being used will also dictate what the scope of the tertiary analysis will be. For example, are your PGx reports a standalone pipeline or would your lab’s goal be to handle a dual-purpose workflow and report on PGx + Diagnostic findings.
The purpose of this webcast is to:
Discuss and demonstrate the approaches with array and NGS genotyping methods for star allele calling to prep for downstream analysis.
Following genotyping, explore alternative tertiary workflow concepts in VarSeq to handle PGx reporting.
Moreover, we will include insights users will need to consider when validating their PGx workflow for all possible star alleles and options you have for automating your PGx analysis for large number of samples. Please join us for a session dedicated to the application of star allele genotyping and subsequent PGx workflows in our VarSeq software.
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory projectSIVAVINAYAKPK
chemistry investigatory project
The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdfOsvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort.
Dr. Tan's Balance Method.pdf (From Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin)GeorgeKieling1
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Organization
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
About AOMA: The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin offers a masters-level graduate program in acupuncture and Oriental medicine, preparing its students for careers as skilled, professional practitioners. AOMA is known for its internationally recognized faculty, award-winning student clinical internship program, and herbal medicine program. Since its founding in 1993, AOMA has grown rapidly in size and reputation, drawing students from around the nation and faculty from around the world. AOMA also conducts more than 20,000 patient visits annually in its student and professional clinics. AOMA collaborates with Western healthcare institutions including the Seton Family of Hospitals, and gives back to the community through partnerships with nonprofit organizations and by providing free and reduced price treatments to people who cannot afford them. The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin is located at 2700 West Anderson Lane. AOMA also serves patients and retail customers at its south Austin location, 4701 West Gate Blvd. For more information see www.aoma.edu or call 512-492-303434.
Computer in pharmaceutical research and development-Mpharm(Pharmaceutics)MuskanShingari
Statistics- Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing and interpreting numerical data to assist in making more effective decisions.
A statistics is a measure which is used to estimate the population parameter
Parameters-It is used to describe the properties of an entire population.
Examples-Measures of central tendency Dispersion, Variance, Standard Deviation (SD), Absolute Error, Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Eigen Value
Gene therapy can be broadly defined as the transfer of genetic material to cure a disease or at least to improve the clinical status of a patient.
One of the basic concepts of gene therapy is to transform viruses into genetic shuttles, which will deliver the gene of interest into the target cells.
Safe methods have been devised to do this, using several viral and non-viral vectors.
In the future, this technique may allow doctors to treat a disorder by inserting a gene into a patient's cells instead of using drugs or surgery.
The biggest hurdle faced by medical research in gene therapy is the availability of effective gene-carrying vectors that meet all of the following criteria:
Protection of transgene or genetic cargo from degradative action of systemic and endonucleases,
Delivery of genetic material to the target site, i.e., either cell cytoplasm or nucleus,
Low potential of triggering unwanted immune responses or genotoxicity,
Economical and feasible availability for patients .
Viruses are naturally evolved vehicles that efficiently transfer their genes into host cells.
Choice of viral vector is dependent on gene transfer efficiency, capacity to carry foreign genes, toxicity, stability, immune responses towards viral antigens and potential viral recombination.
There are a wide variety of vectors used to deliver DNA or oligo nucleotides into mammalian cells, either in vitro or in vivo.
The most common vector system based on retroviruses, adenoviruses, herpes simplex viruses, adeno associated viruses.
Allopurinol, a uric acid synthesis inhibitor acts by inhibiting Xanthine oxidase competitively as well as non- competitively, Whereas Oxypurinol is a non-competitive inhibitor of xanthine oxidase.
Hospital Practices And Womens Likelihood Of Fulfilling Their Intention To Exclusively Breastfeed
1. RESEARCH AND PRACTICE
Hospital Practices and Women's Likelihood of Fulfilling Their
Intention to Exclusively Breastfeed
Eugene Declercq, PhD, Miriam H. Labbok, MD, MPH, Carol Sakata, PhD, MPH, and MaryAnn O'Hara. MD, MPH
Exclusive breastfeeding through at least the
Objectives. We sought to assess whether breastfeeding-related bospital prac-
first 6 months is the physiologically appropriate
tices reported by mothers were associated with achievement of tbeir intentions
approach to infant feeding,' Mixed or formula
to exclusively breastfeed.
feeding canics with it increased lisks of inleclion,
Methods. We used data from Listening to Mothers II, a nationally represen-
developmental probkims, mortality, and long-
tative survey of 1573 mothers wbo bad given birtb in a hospital to a singleton in
ailments such as diabetes and cancers For 2005, Mothers were asked retrospectively about their breastfeeding intention,
child." "'^ In support of the infant feeding at 1 week, and 7 bospital practices.
evidence, the American Academy of Pediatrics,'^ Results. Primíparas reported a substantial difference between tbeir intention
American College of Obstetrics and Gynecol- to exclusively breastfeed (70%) and tbis practice at 1 week (50%). They also
i.)gy,^ the American Public Health Association" reported bospitat practices that conflicted witb the Baby-Friendly Ten Steps,
the World Heidth Organization," iuid many including supplementation (49%) and pacifier use (45%|. Primíparas wbo deliv-
other medical and heallli pfofes,sioiial organiza- ered in hospitals that practiced 6 or 7 of tbe steps were 6 times more likely for
tions'"""'" recommend that infants consume only acbieve their intention to exclusively breastfeed than were tbose in hospitals that
mother's milk (exdusive breastfeeding) for at practiced none or 1 of the steps. Mothers wbo reported supplemental feedings for
tbeir infant were less likely to acbieve tbeir intention to exclusively breastfeed.
least the first 6 months of life, followed by
primíparas (adjusted odds ratio [A0R]=4.4; 95% confidence interval |CI1 = 2.1,
continued breastfeeding with age-^propriate
9.3); multiparas (AOR = 8.8; 95% CU4.4, 17.6).
nutrient ridi complementaiy foods. The
Conclusions. Hospitals should implement policies that support breastfeedrtig
irvised US Healthy P{!ople 2010 national objec-
witb particular attention to eliminating supplementation of heallby newborns.
tives call for 17"/(i of new mothers to be {Atn J Public Health. 2009;99:929-936. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2008.135236)
exclusively breastfeeding at 6 montlis.''
Nonetlieless. national statistics indicate that less
tlian 12'yu of mottier-baby pairs achieve this instRiction (/'< .001 ). Acceptance of fi-ee fomiula METHODS
goal."* was significantly assodatfîd (7^.03) with overall
The "Ten Steps for the FYotection, Promo- Ten Steps implementation. Althougti several in- We present rt"suft.s from a 2 0 0 6 national
tion and Support of Breastfeeding"'" are the ternational studies iiave eoneluded that even sui-vey of 1573 women aged 18 to 4 5 yeai-s
centr-al part of the Baby-Friendly Hospital some progress toward "Baby-Friendly Hospil^" who had given birth in 2 0 0 5 in a hospital to a
initiative, along with adherence to the hitema- status is assodated with ino-eases in breastfeed- singleton, sdll-living infant. The survey, entitled
tional Code of Marltelitig of Breast-Milk Substitule.'i ing, availaliie US data"" on the achievement of Listening to Mothers II,"" was devclo|.xd
and subsequent World I leatth Orgaiiiy^Eion exdusive breastfeeding in relation to the nuniber thiougli a collalioration between Childbirtli
resolutions."' 'Ihi'se pracücts have been of steps in place are limited. Connection iuid tlie Boston Univci'sity School of
reported to support breastfeeding behaviors The goal of our study was to provide dinica! I'ublic Heaitii and was conducted by Hanis
iuid influence outc»mes,''''" t h o u ^ in some and hospital administi'ative dedsion-makers Interactive. The standard tclcpbone sam|)ling
cases ihcy have been subjecis of political dis- with the infonnation they need to institute approadi of random-digit dialing, though ad-
[jutca,'' However, with the exception of a policies and practices that enhance a woman's vaiitageous for reaching a divei-se population, is
I ecent Centere for Disease Control and ability to achieve her intended duration of not feasible for a national sui'vey of new motliers
ñ-evendon stiidy*^" and sum«! data fi-orn exclusive breastfeeding. We examined tbe re- becaii.se tlic number of US birtlis (4 million
hos|jitals that have achieved "Baby-Friendly" sults of a national survey tliat asked mothers annually) Ls small in proptJiüon to the number of
status, little is known about the prevalenœ of about their feeding intentions "as [they] came boiiseholcfs (IU million); tlierefore, respondents
these practices in haspitals acrass the United to tbe end t)f ftheirl pregnancy" «md their actual were drawn fi^om 2 oth(?i' sourcts.
States. feeding patterns 1 week after tbe birth. We also Tbe Internet portion of tlie sample was
Grizzard et al.^' assessed Massachusetts hos- asked motliers to report on their experiences drawn from Hanis Interactive's ongoing Inter-
pitals and noted tliat hos¡iil;ils witli high or with hospital practices kiiown to influence net panel of more tlian 5 million individuals
moderately liigb levels of implementation signif- breastfeeding success. Based on past research, who agree to periodically pajtidpate in tlieir
icantly differed fi'om hospitals with paitial we expected that hospital pracUcc-s would be surveys. To ensure a more representative
implementation vnth respect to pacifier usage related to tlie fulfillment of a plan to exclusively overall sample, a telephone sample was also
(F=.i)()2) and postpattiim breastfeeding breastfeed. drawn. Respondents in tliis sample were
May 2009, Vol 99, No. 5 , American Joumal of Public Health Declercq et al. Peer Reviewed Research and Practice 929
2. RESEARCH AND PRACTICE
limited to non-White mothei-s and were iden- all 50 states and the Distiid of Columbia In community breastfeeding rtisoui'ces, supple-
Liiied through tlie useofapropnetaiy list"^ tliat tenus of age. nZ'^'ii of the study ¡xipulation and menting breastfeeding with fonnula or water,
contained telephone numbers and zip eodes of 52% of the comparable birthing population were giving tbe baby a pacifier, providing free for-
motliers who had given hirth in 2005. House- aged between 25 and 34 years. Non-Hispanic mula samples to mothers), and a global ques-
holds in ziji codfis willi lai^ge non-White popu- Black mothers made up 12'I'd and I iisparuc tion about tiw. hrt^astfeeding support they re-
lations were called and respondents were mothers 21% of the study sample, compaied with ceived from hospital staff. Where possible,
screened to eiisuR' nol only thai they met llie 14'Vi) and 23"''i). respectively, in the birthing these items were taken directly from the Raby-
original inclusion aiteria hut also that they were population. Finally, tlie breastfeeding ratis we Friendly Hospital Initiative Ten Steps,''^ with
non-Hispanic Black or Hispanie. The combined report are generally comparable to 2 0 0 5 rates spedfic Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative steps
survey resulLs wen' weighttid by 1 lanis with tlieir repoited by the Centers ft)i" Disease Contnil conesponding to survey questions nottxl in 1 a-
validated "propensity sa)re" metliodology {G. and IVeverition hasi-d on the National Immuni- hte 2. Mothers were given 3 [ios.sible ways to
Terhanian et al., unpublished data, 2000; avail- zation Survey. Althou^ the spedfic questions dfscribe the pattern of feeding intended during
ahle from authors on request) to adjust for were not the same, the overall rate of any late pn'gnancy and practiced at 1 week: (1)
|X)tentiiiJ biases associated witli online res|N)n- bi^eastfeetling at ;ill at 1 week iu oui" sample exclusive breasUetniing, (2) exclusive formula
dents. We applied population wei^ts to statisti- {73"/()) matches tlie 73.1<^/(i reported as any feeding, or (3) mixed feeding. In a separate pml
cal analyses by using ciurently available options breastfeeding at 7 days in the 2 0 0 5 National of the questionnairi', we also asked the mother's if
m S I ^ version 15.0 (Sf'SS Inc, Chicago, IL). biununization Sur'ey."^^ tliey experienced "rooming in" and induded thai
vaiiable in the muitivariate analysis.
Survey Measurements We tabulated these results with a particufar
Details on the survey metliodology are We retrospectively asked motlitirs about foais on wheUier women who intended to
available elsewhere.^"^ The survey sample se- their infant feeding intention at the end of their exdusively breastfeed at the end of pregnancy
lection and consent process complied with the pregnancy, their feeding practices at 1 week had in fact established exdusive breastfeeding
codes and standards ol' the Council ol' American (summarized in Table I), their experience with 1 week postpartum. We recognize tbat many
Survey Reso^eh Oi^anizations and the code of hospital stafî related to 7 specific practices women make mfaiit feeding dedsions at an
the National Council of Public Polls, Data were associated with exclusive breastfeeding (help- earlier point in time and that many women who
(Xitiectpd and housed secur<!ly hy Harris Intnr- ing mother get stalled breastfeeding, showing establish breastfeeding continue beyond
active and the authors had acass only to a mothers how to position baby, encouraging 1 week. We selected these time points to
deidentified file provided by Harris Interactive. feeding on demand, infomiing mothers about examine the assodation between hospital
Questions related to hi'eastfeeding were a
brief part oí the 3(>minute survey that also
ineluded questions on prenatal, intrapartiim,
and postpartum experiences: maternal atti- TABLE 1-lnfant Feeding Intentions Compared With Actual Practice at 1 Week Postpartum
tudes related to bittli; and demogi'aphic ehar- Among US Mothers Who Gave Birth in 2005, hy Parity: Listening to Mothers II Survey
aeteristies.^' AU phone and Internet interviews
Feeding Intention
were conducted between January 20 and Feb-
Exclusive Mixed (Breastfeeding Exclusive
niaiy 21, 2006; no niotlier was askefl to recdl
Feeding Practice'' at 1 Week Postpartum Breastfeeding, % and Formula), % Formula, % Total,' %
experiences from morí* than 13 months earlier,
and for most mothers the recall time period was Primiparas
much sootiei'. The average i-eK[>oiident had given Exclusive breastfeeding 44 4 1 50
birtb 7.3 months before completing the survey Mixed (breastfeeding and formula) 20 8 0 28
(online, 7.4 months; telephone, fi.4 montlis). Past Exclusive formula 6 4 13 22
researdi has found tliat mothei-s are able to Total 70 16 14 100
validly recall estimates of breastfeeding initiation Multiparâs
and duration up to 3 years.""* Exclusive breastfeeding 17 5 1 53
The resulting sample of mothers who had Mixed (breastfeeding aid formula) 7 U 1 18
given birth in 2 0 0 5 was generally representa- Exclusive fomiiiia 3 5 21 29
tive (within 1 to 3 percentajie points) of the Total 57 21 22 100
comparable national population of hiilhing Note. For primiparas, n'519. For multíparas, n-1052.
mothers—aged 18 to 4 5 years; singleton, hos- *Women were asked, "As you came to tfie end of your pregnancy, bow liad you fioped to feed your baby? Options:
pital births—based on the most recent US breastfeeding alone, formula only, a combination of breastfeeding and formula."
'^omen were asked, "One week after you gave birth, how were you feeding your baby? Options: breastfeeding alone, formula
tinta" ' available for comparison. A table sum- only, a combination of breastfeeding and formula,"
marizing the compajTson was published in a "^Totals are rounded.
related article.^'' Survey respondents {»me from
9 3 0 I Research and Practice | Peer Reviewed | Declercq et al. American Joumal of Public Health 1 fulay 2 0 0 9 , Vol 9 9 , No, 5
3. RESEARCH AND PRACTICE
discrepancy between intent and exclusive
TABLE 2-Hospital Practices Reported by US Mothers Who Gave Birth in 2005 and Who breastfeeding to be those mothers with a
intended to Exclusiveiy Breastfeed, by Parity: Listening to Mothers II Survey reported income of $25000 to $49999 (78%
Hospital Practice (6FHI Step' Primiparas, % Multipafas, % All, %
intention vs 49"/o actual exclusive breastfeed-
ing at 1 week), Hispanic mothers (59% vs 32"Vo,
On ttie whole would you say Ihe staff, (BFHI 3) respectively), non-Hispanic Black mothers
Encouraged breastfeeding 81 73 76 (59% vs 33'y(i, respectively), or mothers
Encouraged formula feeding 5 1 2 employed part-time (78'Vo vs 51'ya, respec-
Expressed no preference 15 26 22 tively). Among multiparas the same general
Other hospital practices patterns emerged, though the difîei-ence be-
Helped you get started breastfeeding when you and your 89 70 77 tween intent and actual exclusive breastfeeding
baby were ready (BFH! 4)' was mudi smaller.
Gave you free formula samples or offers" 74 61 65 We also examined the bivariatc relationship
Showed you how to position your baby to limit nipple soreness (BRil 78 59 66 between intrapartuni experiences and fulfill-
Encouraged you to feed "on demand" (BFHI 8)' 80 75 77 ment of intention to exclusively breastfeed
Told you about community breastfeeding support resoun:es for 69 64 65 (data not showi). Among primiparas, factors
ongoing help (BFHI 10)' that were related in bivaiiatc analysis to
Provided formula or water to supplement your breastmilk (BFHI 6)" 49 29 37 achievement of intent to exclusively breastfeed
Gave your baby a pacifier (BFHI 9 f 45 40 42 included having an obstetrician (rather than a
Note. BFHI-Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative. Data excludes mothers with babies ir the neonatal intensive care unit. For
family doctor or midwife) as the ¡jrenaLal care
primíparas, n-338. For multíparas, n''577. For the total sample, N = 915. provider and not having a cesarean delivery.
^Most closely related BFHI step noted in parentheses. The 10 steps are available at: http://www.ünicef,org/nutntion/ Among multipaius. there were more factors
index_24806,html.
related to achievement of intention to exclu-
'Violates Ititernational Cotie of Marketing Breast-Milk Substitutes.^
sively breastfeed, including not having an epi-
dural or a cesarean delivery, having the baby in
contact witli the mother immediately after
practices and initial fulfillment of intention to differed by parity, with 65% of primiparas and birth, rooming in with the baby, and a post-
exclusively breastfeed. Past research has found 79''/ii of multiparas feeding the baby at 1 week partum length of stay of 2 days or less. TTiese
wide variations in exclusive breastfeeding by in the way they had intended at the end of variables were included in the multivariate
parity.^^'^^ so we stratified all analyses to dis- pregnancy. The largest group were those analysis.
tinguish primiparas from multíparas. Because our mothers who intended to, and at 1 week were. Table 2 presents responses concerning hos-
intention was to examine the typical pos^artum exclusively breastfeeding their babies. Most pital practices related to breastfeeding from
hospital experienœ for mothers, we limited who did not achieve their intention to exclu- mothers who intended to exclusiveiy bi'east-
analyses to those cases where the infant was not sively breastfeed (2O"/o of piimipaious women; feed and whose babies were not in tlic neonatal
in the intensive care unit, resulting in the toss of 7% of multiparous women) practiced mixed intensive care unit. Responses are sti atified by
6% (100) ofthe respondents (Table 2, Table 3, feeding. There were some respondents (4'^/i) of parity. More than four fifths of priniipai-as
and Figure 1). primiparas and 5"/o of multiparas) who had (81"/ü) who intended to exclusively breastfeed
intended to use mixed feeding but were ex- indicated that the staff encouraged breastfeed-
Analyses clusively breastfeeding at 1 week. ing. In terms of specific hospital practices,
We conducted data analyses with SPSS ver- Overall, 61"/(! of respondents indicated that primiparas reported that in some cases staff
sion 15.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL). We per- they had intended to exclusively breastfeed, were highly supportive in providing help get-
formed multiple logistic regression methods to and about half of the mothei-s (51%) were ting started (89%), encouraging breastfeeding
examine the association between ñüfillment of exclusively breastfeeding at 1 week. When on demand (8O'fo). and showing how to posi-
intention to exclusively breastfeed, various these findings were stratified by parity and tion the baby (78'Wi). However, almost half
hospital practices, and related demographic demographic characteiistics of mothers, we {49%) of those first-time mothers who intended
variables for each parity stratum. found substantial variance across groups to exclusively breastfeed reported that their
(data not shown). TTiose most likely to intend baby was given water or formula for supple-
RESULTS to and aclually exclusively breastfeed at I week mentation, 45% reported that their baby had
were mothers who were non-Hispanic White, been given a pacifier, and 74% of those
Table 1 compares intended and 1-week rates better educated, had higher incomes, had pri- intending to exclusively breastfeed reportt^d
of feeding types, by parity. Mothers' repoi-ts of vate insurance, or were employed pmt-time. being given free formula samples or ofTei-s. On
fulfilling their feeding intention (exclusive When we stratified the results by parity, we the whole, the pattern for multiparas involved
breastfeeding, exclusive formula, or mixed) found that first-time mothei-s with the largest less vaiiation tban primiparas across the
May 2009. Vol 99. No. 5 American Journal of Public Health Declercq et al. Peer Reviewed Research and Practice i 931
4. RESEARCH AND PRACTICE
hospitals engaged in and the achievement of
TABLE 3-Percentage of US Mothers Who Gave Birth in 2005 Who Intended to Exclusively
exclusive breastfeeding, f-igure 1 displays a
Breastfeed and Were Exclusively Breastfeeding at 1 Week, by Parity and Reported Hospital strong cumulative effect of these polides for
Practices: Listening to Mothers il Survey both parity groups. Primiparas who reported
experiencing at least 6 of the 7 practices were 6
Primíparas Multíparas
times more likely (86% vs 14%) to fulfill their
Mother Mother Did Mother Mother Did
intention to exclusively breastfeed than
Experienced Not Experience Experienced Not Experience
Practice, Practice, Practice. Practice.
mothers experiencing 1 or none of these prac-
% (No.) % (No.) % (No.) % (No.) tices, Multiparous mothers in the same com-
parison were more than twice as likely (93'Vi) vs
Hospital practice
45"/o),
Helped yoL gel started hreastfeeding when 69 (301) 33 (36) <.O01" 83 (403) 82 (173) ,691
you and your baby were ready
Finally we examined what factors were
Gave you free formula samples or offers
most strongly related to achievemeni of ex-
61 (249) 74 (90) .002 7 (349)
7 92 (228) <.OO1
clusive breastfeeding intention in a multi-
Showed yoj how to position your hshy to 69 (263) 49 (75) .002 82 (339) 83 (238) .883
variate analysis. Because of the substantial
limit nipple soreness
differences consistently noted for parity, we
Encouraged you to feed "on demand" 69 (271) 50 (66) .004 87 (432) 70 (144) <,001
ran separate models for primiparEis and
Told you about community breastfeeding 73 (231) 48 (106) <.0Ol 84 (367) 81 (210) .334
multiparas. Consistent with our focus on the
support resources for ongoing help
relationship between hospital practices and
Provided fomuia or water to supplement 49(166) 81(172) <,001 56(169) 94(407) <.O01
achievement of intention to exclusively
your breastmilk
breastfeed, we included the 7 hospital prac-
Gave your baby a pacifier 57 (152) 71 (186) .009 82 (228) 83 (349) .640 tices as well as key intrapartum variables
Hospital staff attitude ,071 .115 (prenatal care provider, epidural use, method
Hospital staff encouraged breastfeeding 67 85 of delivery, rooming in, where the haby
Hospital staff encouraged formula 40 was in the first hours after birth, and post-
Hospital staff expressed no preference 60 78 partum length of stay), and demographic
Note. Data eKcluöes motfiers witfi babies in the neonatai intensive care unit. variables (age, education, income, race/eth-
''P values reflect x^ test on comparisons of within parity group breastfeeding rate at 1 week across hospital practices. nicity, employment status, and third-party
payer source) associated with feeding
choices.
When we controlled for all the other noted
clifîerent hospital practices. An analysis of tJicsc breastfeed. .-Vmong primiparas there was a demographic and intrapartum variables,
practices by racc/cthnicity (data not shown) significant difference in the rate of achieving among pnmiparas. only 4 hospital practices
loiind that non-Hi.spaiiic White primiparas their intention by whether a hospital engaged were statistically significantly assocjated witli
intending lo exclusively breastfeed were much in each ofthe practices, partiailariy supple- the likelihood of achieving hreastfeeding in-
less likely to report supplementation wilh water mentation, with slightly less than half (49"''o) tention; (1) helping mothers get started (ad-
or formula (40"'o) than were non-Hispanic achieving their intention to exclusively breast- justed odd.s ratio [AORl—6.3; 95"/() confidence
Black (71%) or Hispanic (74"/ii) mothers with feed compared with 81"/n in cases where there interval [a] = 1.8, 21,6). (2) hospital staff not
this intention. was no supplementation. supplementing with formula or water
Table 3 presents data on Ehe percentages of The differences for multiparas were gener- (AOR = 4.4; 95% Cl = 2.1, 9.3). (3) telling
mothers who Ililhlled llieir intention to exclu- ally less pronounced, with the exception of mothers about community resources for
sively breastfeed. In this table, the columns supplementation: 94% of the mothers who did breastfeeding support (AOR=2,3; 95%
represent different levels of painty and whether not report supplementation occuning achieved CI = 1.1, 4.9), and (4) staff not giving the baby a
the mother reported that the hospital engaged their intention to exclusively breastfeed, com- padñer(AOR = 2.3; 95"/.iCI = 1.2, 4.4). Among
in a paiiiailar practice. For example, (i9'Vi) of pared with 56%) where supplementation was multiparas, 2 hospital practices significantly
the mothers who intended to exclusively reported. The provision of formula samples or impacted fulfillment of intention; hospital staff
bi'eastfeed and repoited iliat hospital staff coupons'"' was associated with a significant not supplementing (A0R=a.8; 95% CI=4,4,
helped them get stalled hreastCeeding were rcHiuction in achievement of intention to exclu- 17.6) and hospital staff encouraging feeding on
exclusively breastfeeding at 1 week. This find- sively breastfeed for both primiparas and mul- demand (AOR=3.4; 95% CI=1.7, 6.8). None
ing can be compai^ed with 33"/o of piiniiparas tiparas. of the demographic or intrapartum events
fulfilling their intention to exclusively breast- remained significantly related to iiilfillment of
We examined whether there was a dose-
feed at 1 week in hospitals where they reported intended exclusive breastfeeding duration in
response relationship between the number of
that they did not get help in starting to these models.
supportive practices mothers reported that
932 [ Research ancf Practice | Peer Reviewed Declercq et al. American Joumal of Public Health I May 2009, Vol 99, No. 5
5. RESEARCH AND PRACTICE
Steps to Successful Breastfeeding, confirms that
there is substandal evidence beiiind Step 6,
"Give newborn infants no food or drink other
than breastmiik, unless medically indicated,"
repoiting that the feiding of supplements dis-
rupted breastfeeding,'" a condusion supported
by studies from Honduras and italy.'"' '^
Comparison With Other Studies
Few studies have examined hospital prac-
tices as predictors of success at (exclusive
breastfeeding."" '"^ A recent shidy of Colorado
mothers' descripdons of hijspitai pracdces and
their inlant feeding exix'riences found a signifi-
2-3 fl-5 6-7
cant relation between hospital pracdces unsup-
pordve of breastfeeding and discontinuation of
Number of the 7 Policies Mothers Reponed Hoîpiials Practicing
breastfeeding at 8 weei«. The study also found,
iVoíes. Hospital practices: (1) staff fielped mother get stafted breastfeeding, (3) staff showed mother how to position baby, as we did, a aimuladve effect of hospital prac-
{3) staff encouraged feeding on demand, (4) staff directed motbers to community breastfeeding resources, (5) staff did not dces, but did not .sti-atify mothers by ¡jaiity- or
encourage supplementing breastfeeding with formula or water, (6) staff did not encourage pacifier use. (7) staff did not give
perform a muttivariate analysis on their resuits."'
out free formula or offers. Differences in fulfillment are statistically significant across numbers of policies (P<,01),
These studies, which invoived different method-
FIGURE 1-Hospital support and breastfeeding success among US mothers who gave birth in ologies and were done in different settings,
2005: Listening to iVIothers ii Survey. reinforce Hie need for hospital practices sup-
porting inidadon ajid later suca^ssful continua-
tion of exdusive breastfeeding.
DISCUSSION support breastfeeding in the United States. Limitations
Applying these differences to national data Our study was based on a US nadonal
We itkîiitihed several hospital practices, as results in a totai of more than 400000 infants sample drawn from a combinadon of internet
reported by mothers, that were strongiy related annually (10% of all US births) whose mothers and teiephone respondents. Internet-based
to rates of exclusive breastfeeding. We used a intended lo exclusiveiy breastfeed as they samples ai-e increasingly being used in public
iarge. representative national sample to focus completed their pregnancies but were not do- opinion research,'' and our data weœ .supple-
on a cridcai time in estabiishing exciusive ing so 1 week after birth. mented with a telephone survey of non-White,
breastfeeding and examined how hospital Experiencing hospital practices that inhibit English-speaking mothers. The aimbined sample
practices were positiveiy and negativeiy asso- exclusive breastfeeding (i.e., staff supplement- was weighted to adjust for the nadonal úv.ma-
ciated with the likeiihood that a mother who ing breastfeeding with formula or water, being graphic dLstribudon of tlie childbeamig ¡jopiila-
intended to exclusively breastfeed her infant given free fomiula samjjies, babies given pac- don and the propensity to be online. The result is
was actuaiiy doing so 1 week after birth. We ifiers) was significantly assodated with mothers' a sample that is generally representadve of the
also doaimented hospitai practices from a failure to fuifill their intendon to exdusively US birthing populadon and US breastfeiKling
unique pei'speilive—that of niothei-s—rather breastfeed, in cases where mothers reported a rates. Althou^ the resiiits mirror the demo-
than stated policies or rcpoils nom hospital comprehensive pacicage of supportive prac- graphic chai acterisdcs of tlie US birthing popu-
stíüT. In this way, our study can serve as a tices, primiparas were 6 times more iikely and ladon, we cannot be ceiiain that our respondents
complement to a recent Centers for Disease multiparas twice as iikely to achieve their were representadve of ali hospital and breast-
Conti'oi and Prevention survey of hospitai intention to exclusively breastfeed. feeding experiences of birtliing women in the
practices and policies reiated to breastfeeding The practice of hospital staff providing for- United States. However, there were no indica-
as reported by hospital staff at the fadiity mula or water to supplement breastfeeding was tions suggesdJig a likelihood of bias in the results.
levei.^" sigiiificantiy related to failure to achieve ex- Our study relied on mothers' recall and was
We found a substantiai difference between dusive breastfeeding. Mothers whose babies not validated by recoids review. Past researdi
primipai-as' intention to exclusively breastfeed did not experience supplementation were 4.4 has shown that mothers are generally accurate
(7O"/o) and their actual rate of exclusive dmes {primíparas) or 8.8 dmes (muldparas) in their reports of their own birth experi-
breastfeeding 1 weei< after birth (50"/ii). These more iikely to achieve their intention to exclu- ences.''^ Nonetheie.ss, it is possible that some
shifts between intention and practice represent sively breastfeed. ITie Worid Health Organi- respondents could have based their rétrospective
a huge lost opportunity to encourage ajid zadon 1998 compendium. Evidence for (he Ten response regarding intention on their actuai
May 2009, Vol 99, No. 5 , American Journal of Public Health Declercq ei al. Peer Reviewed I Research and Practice | 933
6. RESEARCH AND PRACTICE
bit'astfcetiing experience. To pR)tec1 against Hospital Initiative will contribute to increasing 7. ACQG Committee for Healthcare of underserved
Women and Committee on Ohsletriral huctices. Spedal
Ulis possibility, tlie survey was stnictui-ed to be the proportion of mothers who are given tlie
report from ACOG. Breastfeedingniatenial and infant
neutral and nonjudgmental about feetling choice. support tliey need to fulfill their intention to aspects. Clin Rev. 2OO7;I2(1 suppi):lS-16S.
It is also fx)ssib!e that motliei-s who stopped exclusively breastfeed. • 8. .-M'HA Potic>- Statement 200114. APHA Supports
breastfeeding chose to "blanu!" hospital practices the Health ancl Human Services BliiepnnI for Action on
for theii- decision. To minimize this possible Breastfeeding, Washington, IX; American l*ublic liedtti
/XssocJation; 2 0 0 ! . Available at: http://www.apha.org/
efFect, we asked the question on breastfeeding at About the Authors ad vocacy / pol i cj' /pol icy seareh /default.htin?id=253.
1 wec'k after the questions on haspital practice. .-^t the time oftkestudi/. Eugene Declercq tvas With School of Accessed Tebruary 20, 2009.
Also the comparable national data most often Public Health, Boston Uniivi'siti/. fA. Miriam H. Lohhcik
9. WHO-VNICEF Global Strategy for Infant and Young
was with the School of Public Hetillh, Universitif of North
usetl in reporting breastfeeding trends, the Na- Carolina. Chapel Hill. Carol Sakala was with Childbirth
Child Feeding. Geneva, Switzerland: Worid Heaitii
Organization; 2003.
tional Immunization Survey, as well as data from Cannectinns, .Veit' York. iVV. Mary.Ann O'Hara wtii with the
Ross Laboratories Mothers Surveys'''"' relied on Universittf of Washington. Seattle. 10. Moreland J, Coombs J. Promoting and .supporting
Requests for reprints can be sent to Eugene Declercq. breast feeiling. .Am Fam Ptn/sidan. 20i)0;(il :2093-
matemal recall."*" and a study of maternal recall 2100.2103-2104.
Department of Matermd ami Child Health. Boston Uni-
of bi'eastfeeding experiences Ibiuid motheiï' i"e- verstty School of Puhlic Heohh. 71 ñ .Mhany St, Talhot 11. Mission statement. New Rochelle, ^fY; Academy of
sponses both valid and reliable.'"'' W5-40. ihston. .MA 021 IS (e-mail: declercq@bu.edu). Breastfeeding Medieinc; 2006. Available at; http;//
Tliis article was accepted October 7. 2008. ww:bfmed.oi-g, Accessed November 7. 2006,
12 Hasition statement; breastfeeding. Silver Spring. MD
Conclusions Contributors .American College of Nurse Midwives; 2004. Available
Breastfeeding protection, promotion, and E. Dedercq designed the sttidy, wrote the first draft of at: http://www.anim.org/siU;I''iles/p<)sition/
suppoil may rely on identifying and using (he "Methotis" mid "Rcsulls" sections, and did the data Brf-astfeeding_05,|Kff. Accessed Decembei- 29. 2008.
analysis. M. H. I.abbok, M. O'Hara. and C. Sakala did Üic
"teachable moments"' to increase motheiV in- Î 3, Centers for I)isea.se Control aiid tYevention,
literature review and wrote the first draft of the Intro-
tention to achieve exclusive breastfeeding, and DATA2010 riTie Heal% People 2010 databa.se May
duction and "Discussion" sections. C. Sakala and E.
2008 etlition foais area: 16-mateiTial infant and chiki
these findings present opportunities and raise Declercq were iTivolved in the design of the tinestion-
health]. Available at: http;//wonder,cdcgov/data20IO/
nairc thai wai Ihc basis tor the siin'cy. All autliors were
questions in 2 ai eas. First, should we be objhtm. Accessed June 17. 2008.
involved in writing subsequent drafts.
pleased or disappointed that 7O"/o of first-time 14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
and 57''^ of experienced mothers had the Breastfeeding among US children horn 1999-200S,
Acknowledgments CDC National InimunizatiiJii Survey. Available at; http;//
intention late in their pregnancy to exdusively This research was .suppoited by the Roheit Wood www. ccic.gov/l)rea<itieeding/data/NlS_ciata/index.litm.
breastfeed? We need to consider why almost Johnson I'oiiiidation and Childhirth Connection. Acct^sed October 2, 2008.
half of thf nuiltiparoiis mothofs in 2005 KobJn Young assisted witJi tlie data analysis.
1 5. World Heaith Organization. Linited Nations
ix'poited no intention to exdusively breast- Children's Fund. Protecting. Promoting and Supporung
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This study was ruled exempt by the institutional review Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organisation;
needed to promote a gi"eater interest in exclu- 1990.
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approaches. l>ublic Opin Q. 2000;64:4fi4~494. ORDER TODAY! American Public Health Association
3y. Yawn BP. Suman VJ, Jarabsen S). Maternal recall of ISBN 0-87553-043-5 PUBLICATION SALES
di.'itaiit pregnancy events. / Clin Epidemiol 1 998; 590 pages, softcover, 2004 WEB: www.3pha,org E-MAIL: APHA@pbd,com
51:399-405.
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39, Ryan .'S. IVatl WT, WysongJL, I.ewaiidowski G,
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McNallyJW. Krieger FW. . companson of breasl-feeding
ilata from tJie National Surveys of Family Growtb and tbe
May 2009, Vol 99, No. 5 | American Jojmal of Public Healtb Declercq et al. i Peer Reviewed | Research and Practice | 935