The arts of Indus Valley civilization, one of the earliest civilizations of the world, emerged during the second half of the third millennium (Bronze Age).
1. Painted Grey Ware (PGW) culture was characterized by a distinctive ceramic industry featuring wheel-thrown grey pottery with black paintings.
2. PGW people lived in villages and had an agricultural and pastoral economy with no signs of urbanization.
3. PGW sites have been found stratigraphically above Late Harappan and Ochre Coloured Pottery cultures, indicating it succeeded these cultures chronologically across Northern India.
This Presentation is prepared for the Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is for students only.
The Indus Valley Civilization flourished along the Indus River from around 3300 BC to 1300 BC. At its peak, the major cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro supported tens of thousands of residents and featured advanced architecture including planned streets, private houses, drainage systems, and a granary. The civilization traded extensively with neighbors and had a sophisticated urban society, though the Indus script remains undeciphered. The reasons for the civilization's eventual decline are unknown but may include floods, earthquakes, or invasion.
The Indus Valley Civilization flourished along the Indus River from around 3300 BC to 1300 BC. At its peak, the major cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro supported tens of thousands of residents and featured advanced architecture including planned streets and drainage systems. The civilization traded extensively with neighbors and had a sophisticated urban culture, though the Indus script remains undeciphered. The reasons for the civilization's eventual decline are unknown but may include floods, earthquakes, or conflicts with invading groups.
The Indus Valley Civilization flourished along the Indus River from around 3300 BC to 1300 BC. Two major cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, had populations of up to 30,000 people and featured planned streets and drainage systems. The civilization engaged in extensive trade and had a mature urban planning. While the decline of this civilization remains unclear, it may have been due to floods, earthquakes, or disease.
The Indus Valley Civilization developed rich art and craft traditions, as seen in their architecture like well-planned cities, public baths and granaries, as well as sculptures crafted from stone, bronze and terracotta depicting humans and animals. Pottery, seals with pictographic scripts, and ornaments made from materials like steatite, copper and gold also demonstrate the advanced artistic skills of Indus Valley peoples. Art provided insights into the culture and beliefs of one of the earliest urban civilizations.
The Indus Valley Civilization developed along the Indus River in modern-day Pakistan and Northwestern India from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE. Its two major cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, featured planned streets laid out in grids, sophisticated sanitation systems, and standardized weights and measures. Residents lived in well-built homes and engaged in extensive trade. Though the civilization declined between 1900-1300 BCE for unknown reasons, it was an early urban society that developed significant achievements in urban planning, crafts, and infrastructure.
The arts of Indus Valley civilization, one of the earliest civilizations of the world, emerged during the second half of the third millennium (Bronze Age).
1. Painted Grey Ware (PGW) culture was characterized by a distinctive ceramic industry featuring wheel-thrown grey pottery with black paintings.
2. PGW people lived in villages and had an agricultural and pastoral economy with no signs of urbanization.
3. PGW sites have been found stratigraphically above Late Harappan and Ochre Coloured Pottery cultures, indicating it succeeded these cultures chronologically across Northern India.
This Presentation is prepared for the Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is for students only.
The Indus Valley Civilization flourished along the Indus River from around 3300 BC to 1300 BC. At its peak, the major cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro supported tens of thousands of residents and featured advanced architecture including planned streets, private houses, drainage systems, and a granary. The civilization traded extensively with neighbors and had a sophisticated urban society, though the Indus script remains undeciphered. The reasons for the civilization's eventual decline are unknown but may include floods, earthquakes, or invasion.
The Indus Valley Civilization flourished along the Indus River from around 3300 BC to 1300 BC. At its peak, the major cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro supported tens of thousands of residents and featured advanced architecture including planned streets and drainage systems. The civilization traded extensively with neighbors and had a sophisticated urban culture, though the Indus script remains undeciphered. The reasons for the civilization's eventual decline are unknown but may include floods, earthquakes, or conflicts with invading groups.
The Indus Valley Civilization flourished along the Indus River from around 3300 BC to 1300 BC. Two major cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, had populations of up to 30,000 people and featured planned streets and drainage systems. The civilization engaged in extensive trade and had a mature urban planning. While the decline of this civilization remains unclear, it may have been due to floods, earthquakes, or disease.
The Indus Valley Civilization developed rich art and craft traditions, as seen in their architecture like well-planned cities, public baths and granaries, as well as sculptures crafted from stone, bronze and terracotta depicting humans and animals. Pottery, seals with pictographic scripts, and ornaments made from materials like steatite, copper and gold also demonstrate the advanced artistic skills of Indus Valley peoples. Art provided insights into the culture and beliefs of one of the earliest urban civilizations.
The Indus Valley Civilization developed along the Indus River in modern-day Pakistan and Northwestern India from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE. Its two major cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, featured planned streets laid out in grids, sophisticated sanitation systems, and standardized weights and measures. Residents lived in well-built homes and engaged in extensive trade. Though the civilization declined between 1900-1300 BCE for unknown reasons, it was an early urban society that developed significant achievements in urban planning, crafts, and infrastructure.
This presentation provide information about Harappa Civilization. Its discovery, town planning, subsistence strategies of the people, major findings and theories of decline.
The document provides information about two ancient civilizations: Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley civilization. Mesopotamia developed between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers and was known for its cities like Uruk, Akkad, and Babylon. It had advanced art, writing, religion, and trade networks. The Indus Valley civilization developed along the Indus River in modern-day Pakistan and India, with major cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. It also had artistic and craft traditions as well as trade networks, and its decline may have been caused by climate change disrupting river systems. Both civilizations left lasting cultural legacies in the regions.
The Harappan civilization existed along the Indus River in present-day Pakistan from around 4000-1000 BC. It was centered around two major cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which had sophisticated urban planning with streets laid out on a grid pattern and advanced sanitation systems. The Harappans practiced agriculture along the Indus River and its tributaries and engaged in extensive trade of materials and goods. The civilization developed a system of writing but the script remains undeciphered. Around 1900 BC, the cities and settlements of the Indus Valley civilization began to decline for reasons that may include climate change or flooding.
Helpful for those preparing for:
UPSC IAS
SSC/CGL
Other Government organisations Exams
Curious Minds who want to know about the Indus Valley or Harrapan civilisation
This Presentation is prepared for the Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
The Indus Valley Civilization lasted from 3300-1300 BCE in South Asia along the Indus River valley. Some of the major cities included Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, and Dholavira. The cities had advanced architecture like bathhouses, granaries, and drainage systems. The society was primarily urban and agricultural, with most people being farmers or craftspeople. The civilization engaged in extensive trade of goods like shells, stones, and metals. While the language remains undeciphered, archaeology shows a highly developed urban culture with skilled artisans. The civilization eventually declined due to factors like flooding and migration.
Painted Grey Ware.pptx, PGW Culture of IndiaVirag Sontakke
Presentation Lines
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
–Harappan Civilization –The Earliest Urbanisation in South AsiaDr. Ashwani Asthana
The document provides an overview of the Harappan civilization, beginning with its earliest identification in the 19th century through excavations in the 1920s that led to its naming and characterization. It describes the major Harappan sites such as Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, and Dholavira and features of urban planning like standardized bricks, streets, and drainage systems. Key aspects of Harappan culture discussed include copper metallurgy, standardized weights, crafts like bead making, and the still undeciphered Harappan script. Trade networks connecting the Indus region to places like Mesopotamia and Oman are also summarized.
Chalcolithic cultures of India/ full description of the things related to it. Pottery artifacts tools all are included in it.Major informations are added in it. Chalcolithic period basic and important points.Easy for everyone to know about the culture and its importance so read it and gain knowledge.
Harappan civilization and its decline& art& cultureGauravKumar2991
The Indus Valley Civilization was a Bronze Age civilization in the northwestern regions of South Asia, lasting from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE, and in its mature form from 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE.
The Handicrafts Of Sri Lanka By Yapa WijeratneYapa
An essay on the handicrafts of Sri Lanka today which include the adaptations of the traditional and contemporary, ranging from gold, silver, bronze to wood, rush, weed and bamboo.
Indus valley civilisation | Detail Analysis | Early civilisation MDZAFARHASIB
The document provides details about the Indus Valley Civilization:
(1) It developed over 5,000 years ago along the Indus River valley and extended throughout parts of modern day Pakistan and North India. (2) Important sites include Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa, and Dholavira, which had well-planned cities with drainage systems and baked brick homes. (3) The civilization began declining around 1900 BCE possibly due to environmental factors like drought or flooding.
The document provides an overview of the Indus Valley or Harappan civilization, including its sources, origin and extent, urban planning, trade, and arts and crafts. Some key points:
- The civilization developed on the Indus River valley and two major sites are Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. Archaeological remains provide information about the civilization.
- It had an extensive territory covering parts of modern India and Pakistan and advanced urban planning with standardized brick architecture and drainage systems.
- The civilization engaged in extensive trade networks reaching Mesopotamia and other regions. Metallurgy and crafts like pottery were highly developed.
- The decline of the civilization around 1900 BCE
The document summarizes key aspects of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization. It describes the discovery of major sites like Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa and their advanced features like standardized town planning with broad streets and drainage systems. It outlines residential and public buildings, including the Great Bath. The civilization engaged in agriculture, trade, crafts like metalworking, and had social hierarchies reflected in ornaments. The document provides insights into the developed nature of this early civilization while its eventual decline remains unknown.
Kashmir shawls originated in the 15th century when weavers from Central Asia were brought to Kashmir by Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin to improve local weaving skills. Made from fine pashmina and cashmere, Kashmir shawls evolved greatly over the centuries, influenced by Mughal, Afghan, and Sikh rulers. Early designs featured simple floral motifs while later shawls had intricate embroidered patterns filling the entire shawl. By the 19th century, embroidered shawls became popular as they could be made more quickly at lower cost than woven shawls. Kashmir shawls gained renown in Europe and were collected by royalty and nobility.
The document provides an overview of art and architecture in India from ancient times to the colonial period. It discusses the major phases and styles of architecture including Indus Valley civilization sites featuring advanced town planning; Buddhist stupa architecture under Ashoka; the development of Hindu temple architecture under the Guptas; and the introduction of Islamic architectural forms like mosques and tombs. It also describes important architectural features like the structures of stupas and the general characteristics of rock-cut cave architecture featuring chaityas and viharas. Major sites highlighted include Sanchi, Sarnath, Amaravati, Ellora, and Mamallapuram.
This presentation provide information about Harappa Civilization. Its discovery, town planning, subsistence strategies of the people, major findings and theories of decline.
The document provides information about two ancient civilizations: Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley civilization. Mesopotamia developed between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers and was known for its cities like Uruk, Akkad, and Babylon. It had advanced art, writing, religion, and trade networks. The Indus Valley civilization developed along the Indus River in modern-day Pakistan and India, with major cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. It also had artistic and craft traditions as well as trade networks, and its decline may have been caused by climate change disrupting river systems. Both civilizations left lasting cultural legacies in the regions.
The Harappan civilization existed along the Indus River in present-day Pakistan from around 4000-1000 BC. It was centered around two major cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which had sophisticated urban planning with streets laid out on a grid pattern and advanced sanitation systems. The Harappans practiced agriculture along the Indus River and its tributaries and engaged in extensive trade of materials and goods. The civilization developed a system of writing but the script remains undeciphered. Around 1900 BC, the cities and settlements of the Indus Valley civilization began to decline for reasons that may include climate change or flooding.
Helpful for those preparing for:
UPSC IAS
SSC/CGL
Other Government organisations Exams
Curious Minds who want to know about the Indus Valley or Harrapan civilisation
This Presentation is prepared for the Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
The Indus Valley Civilization lasted from 3300-1300 BCE in South Asia along the Indus River valley. Some of the major cities included Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, and Dholavira. The cities had advanced architecture like bathhouses, granaries, and drainage systems. The society was primarily urban and agricultural, with most people being farmers or craftspeople. The civilization engaged in extensive trade of goods like shells, stones, and metals. While the language remains undeciphered, archaeology shows a highly developed urban culture with skilled artisans. The civilization eventually declined due to factors like flooding and migration.
Painted Grey Ware.pptx, PGW Culture of IndiaVirag Sontakke
Presentation Lines
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
–Harappan Civilization –The Earliest Urbanisation in South AsiaDr. Ashwani Asthana
The document provides an overview of the Harappan civilization, beginning with its earliest identification in the 19th century through excavations in the 1920s that led to its naming and characterization. It describes the major Harappan sites such as Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, and Dholavira and features of urban planning like standardized bricks, streets, and drainage systems. Key aspects of Harappan culture discussed include copper metallurgy, standardized weights, crafts like bead making, and the still undeciphered Harappan script. Trade networks connecting the Indus region to places like Mesopotamia and Oman are also summarized.
Chalcolithic cultures of India/ full description of the things related to it. Pottery artifacts tools all are included in it.Major informations are added in it. Chalcolithic period basic and important points.Easy for everyone to know about the culture and its importance so read it and gain knowledge.
Harappan civilization and its decline& art& cultureGauravKumar2991
The Indus Valley Civilization was a Bronze Age civilization in the northwestern regions of South Asia, lasting from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE, and in its mature form from 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE.
The Handicrafts Of Sri Lanka By Yapa WijeratneYapa
An essay on the handicrafts of Sri Lanka today which include the adaptations of the traditional and contemporary, ranging from gold, silver, bronze to wood, rush, weed and bamboo.
Indus valley civilisation | Detail Analysis | Early civilisation MDZAFARHASIB
The document provides details about the Indus Valley Civilization:
(1) It developed over 5,000 years ago along the Indus River valley and extended throughout parts of modern day Pakistan and North India. (2) Important sites include Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa, and Dholavira, which had well-planned cities with drainage systems and baked brick homes. (3) The civilization began declining around 1900 BCE possibly due to environmental factors like drought or flooding.
The document provides an overview of the Indus Valley or Harappan civilization, including its sources, origin and extent, urban planning, trade, and arts and crafts. Some key points:
- The civilization developed on the Indus River valley and two major sites are Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. Archaeological remains provide information about the civilization.
- It had an extensive territory covering parts of modern India and Pakistan and advanced urban planning with standardized brick architecture and drainage systems.
- The civilization engaged in extensive trade networks reaching Mesopotamia and other regions. Metallurgy and crafts like pottery were highly developed.
- The decline of the civilization around 1900 BCE
The document summarizes key aspects of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization. It describes the discovery of major sites like Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa and their advanced features like standardized town planning with broad streets and drainage systems. It outlines residential and public buildings, including the Great Bath. The civilization engaged in agriculture, trade, crafts like metalworking, and had social hierarchies reflected in ornaments. The document provides insights into the developed nature of this early civilization while its eventual decline remains unknown.
Kashmir shawls originated in the 15th century when weavers from Central Asia were brought to Kashmir by Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin to improve local weaving skills. Made from fine pashmina and cashmere, Kashmir shawls evolved greatly over the centuries, influenced by Mughal, Afghan, and Sikh rulers. Early designs featured simple floral motifs while later shawls had intricate embroidered patterns filling the entire shawl. By the 19th century, embroidered shawls became popular as they could be made more quickly at lower cost than woven shawls. Kashmir shawls gained renown in Europe and were collected by royalty and nobility.
The document provides an overview of art and architecture in India from ancient times to the colonial period. It discusses the major phases and styles of architecture including Indus Valley civilization sites featuring advanced town planning; Buddhist stupa architecture under Ashoka; the development of Hindu temple architecture under the Guptas; and the introduction of Islamic architectural forms like mosques and tombs. It also describes important architectural features like the structures of stupas and the general characteristics of rock-cut cave architecture featuring chaityas and viharas. Major sites highlighted include Sanchi, Sarnath, Amaravati, Ellora, and Mamallapuram.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
2. Introduction
Indus Valley art emerged during the second half of the third
millennium BCE (i.e. from 2500 BC onwards).
Forms of art: seals, pottery, sculpture, gold jewellery,
terracotta figures, etc.
The two major sites of this civilisation, Harappa and
Mohenjodaro showcase excellent town planning as well, like
houses, planned streets, public baths, drainage systems,
storage facilities, etc.
Harappa and Mohenjodaro are in Pakistan.
Major sites in India are: Rakhigarhi (Haryana), Ropar (Punjab),
Kalibangan and Balathal (Rajasthan), Lothal and Dholavira
(Gujarat).
3. Stone Statues
• Two male statues in stone – the Bearded Man (priest king)
and a torso in red sandstone.
• Bearded man (Priest)
• Appears to be of a priest
• A shawl is draped over the left shoulder
• Slightly elongated eyes as if in half-meditation
• Well-formed nose, with a moustache, short beard and
whiskers
• Wearing an armlet and probable other jewellery.
4. Bronze casting
• The bronze statues found in Harappa were made by the technique called Lost Wax technique.
• This technique is used in some parts of the country even today showing continuity of
traditions.
• This technique was popular in almost all the sites.
• First, wax figures were made and then covered with clay. The clay as allowed to dry and then
the figure was heated to melt the wax. This wax was drained out through a hole in the clay.
After that, the hollow clay was filled with the metal of choice. After cooling the metal, the clay
was removed revealing the desired metal figurine.
• Both animal and human figures were made this way.
• Examples of bronze figures: Dancing Girl, Buffalo with uplifted head.
• Dancing Girl
• 4 inch copper figure
• Long hair tied in a bun
• Left arm covered with bangles
• Cowrie shell necklace around the neck
• Right hand on the hip and the left hand in a traditional Indian dancing gesture
• Large eyes and a flat nose
• Found from Mohenjodaro.
5. Terracotta
• Terracotta images were also created but they
were less refined as compared to the stone
statues.
• Most important terracotta images are those of
the mother goddess.
• Male figures are also found with similar
features and positioning in all the figures
indicating perhaps the image of a god.
• Terracotta toys have also been found (wheels,
whistles, rattles, gamesmen, discs, birds and
animals).
6. Seals
• Thousands of seals have been discovered.
• They were mostly made of steatite (a kind of soft stone).
• Some seals were also made using chert, agate, copper, terracotta, faience, gold
and ivory.
• Standard Harappan seals were square plaques with 2X2 dimension.
• Purpose of the seals: chiefly commercial.
• Some seals were carried in the form of amulets, perhaps as identity cards.
• Every seal has a picture of an animal and some writings in a pictographic script
(which is not yet deciphered).
• Animals represented include tigers, bulls, elephants, goats, bisons, etc.
• Pashupati Seal: A seal with a figure seated cross-legged in the centre with animals
around; an elephant and a tiger to the right of the figure and a rhino and a buffalo
to its left.
• Copper tablets, square or rectangular in shape have been found which were used
as amulets.
9. Pottery
• A large no. of pottery has been excavated.
• Plain and painted pottery are found – plain is more
common.
• Plain pottery: generally made of red clay, with or
without a fine red or grey slip.
• Black painted pottery: has a fine coating of red slip
with painted geometric and animal designs.
• Perforated pottery was also found, perhaps to use as
a sieve.
• Pottery of various sizes has been excavated
10. Beads and Ornaments
• A variety of ornaments have been found which were used by both men and women.
• Made from precious metals, gemstones, bone and baked clay.
• Ornaments worn by men and women: fillets, necklaces, finger-rings, armlets.
• Ornaments worn by women: earrings, girdles, anklets.
• Well-crafted ornaments have been found including necklaces of gold and semi-
precious stones, copper bracelets and beads, head ornaments and earrings made of
gold, steatite and gemstone beads, faience pendants and buttons.
• Cemetery found in Farmana (Haryana) – where dead bodies were buried with
ornaments.
• Bead factories at Lothal and Chanhudaro.
• Beads made from cornelian, amethyst, lapis lazuli, quartz, crystal, jasper, turquoise,
steatite, etc. Metals were also used like gold, bronze and copper. Beads were also
made from shells and terracotta.
• Beads were of various shapes disc-shaped, cylindrical, spherical, barrel-shaped, and
segmented.
