Brian fontaine ning 1
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The decline of the Iberian world (Spain and Portugal) was a slow process caused by financial overextension, misguided economic policies, and failure to adapt to new geopolitical challenges. Spain focused on acquiring gold and silver from its colonies in the Americas but lacked economic development at home. It faced revolts in Europe and its navy grew weaker as other powers like France, England, and the Dutch rose. By the late 19th century Spain had lost most of its overseas possessions like Cuba, Philippines, and Puerto Rico.
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Brian fontaine ning 1
The document outlines the chronology of decline for the Iberian powers of Spain and Portugal from 1555 to 1898. It then discusses two main causes for their decline: financial overextension from ambitious global conquests and a focus on short-term bullion gains over long-term economic development, as well as internal strife from revolts across Europe which weakened their military strength and opened opportunities for competitors like France, England, and the United States.
Positives and Negatives of Philip II's Inheritance
The document summarizes both the positives and negatives of Philip II's inheritance when he became King of Spain in 1556. On the positive side, the government was functioning well and Philip appointed loyal family members. However, Philip disliked delegating and family appointees were not always best qualified. Separate assemblies in different Spanish states complicated governance. Financially, Spain benefited from New World bullion but had large debts. The Spanish Empire was vast but maintaining and defending it strained resources. Potential religious and economic issues also threatened Spain's stability.
Sec2 Chap5 Events[1]
1) External events like the Industrial Revolution, opening of the Suez Canal, developments in Asia, World War I, and the Great Depression significantly impacted Singapore's economy and society.
2) The Industrial Revolution increased trade and improved communications with Britain, bringing Singapore closer to the rest of the world. The opening of the Suez Canal reduced shipping costs and increased the speed and volume of trade.
3) Events like World War I, the opening of China to trade, and the spread of the tin and rubber industries in Malaya boosted Singapore's strategic importance and economy. However, the Great Depression had severe negative effects as trade declined and unemployment rose significantly.
Dutch
The Dutch Empire consisted of overseas territories controlled by the Netherlands from the 17th to 20th centuries. During this time, the Dutch established colonial holdings by exploring new territories alongside Spain and Portugal. At its peak in the 17th century, known as the Dutch Golden Age, the Netherlands dominated global commerce using its powerful navy and colonial possessions. However, the country lost its empire and colonies to Britain during the Revolutionary Wars, with its last holdings in the Dutch East Indies and Suriname gaining independence after World War II.
Philip Ii Overview
Philip II of Spain inherited a vast empire from his father Charles V in 1556 that included Spain, the Netherlands, and territories in Italy and the Americas. This empire was difficult to govern as it consisted of separate territories with their own laws and privileges. Philip faced ongoing conflicts with France and the Ottoman Empire that strained the imperial treasury. Charles V left Philip extensive instructions on ruling his dispersed realms, but effective communication and control remained challenging due to the empire's size and slow travel.
Summary To What Extent Was Philip Ii An Absolute Monarch
Philip II of Spain is viewed as both an absolutist monarch and one constrained by limitations on his power. He centralized the Spanish government in Madrid and the Escorial, established the conciliar system to advise him, and asserted control over the Spanish Inquisition. However, he faced challenges imposing his will due to the vast size of the Spanish empire, slow administration, and reliance on local nobility. While possessing theoretical absolute power, in practice Philip II acted cautiously due to financial constraints, the need to avoid revolts in regions like Aragon and the Netherlands, and physical checks on his authority imposed by great distance within his domains.
1311 Counter Reformation and the Age of Exploration
The document provides an overview of the Reformation period in Europe and discusses factors that contributed to European expansion. It covers:
1) Key events and figures of the Protestant Reformation such as Martin Luther and John Calvin challenging the Catholic Church in the early 1500s.
2) The Catholic Counter-Reformation to respond to Protestant movements.
3) Reasons why European powers like Spain and Portugal turned outward including seeking wealth, resources, power, and spreading Christianity.
4) Trade networks before the age of exploration were dominated by Italian city-states like Venice importing goods from Asia.
1311 Counter Reformation and the Age of Exploration
The document provides an overview of the Reformation period in Europe and discusses factors that contributed to European expansion. It covers:
1) Key events and figures of the Protestant Reformation such as Martin Luther and John Calvin challenging the Catholic Church in the early 1500s.
2) Motivations for European powers like Spain and Portugal to seek new trade routes, including seeking wealth and resources as Ottoman power grew.
3) Indigenous groups' vulnerabilities to European expansion in Central/South America, including the Inca empire's complicated succession and the Aztec confederation's depleted population from sacrifices.
4) Initial contacts between Europeans and indigenous groups, where the Spanish and Portuguese often used advanced weapons and alliances
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Brian fontaine ning 1
The document outlines the chronology of decline for the Iberian powers of Spain and Portugal from 1555 to 1898. It then discusses two main causes for their decline: financial overextension from ambitious global conquests and a focus on short-term bullion gains over long-term economic development, as well as internal strife from revolts across Europe which weakened their military strength and opened opportunities for competitors like France, England, and the United States.
Positives and Negatives of Philip II's Inheritance
The document summarizes both the positives and negatives of Philip II's inheritance when he became King of Spain in 1556. On the positive side, the government was functioning well and Philip appointed loyal family members. However, Philip disliked delegating and family appointees were not always best qualified. Separate assemblies in different Spanish states complicated governance. Financially, Spain benefited from New World bullion but had large debts. The Spanish Empire was vast but maintaining and defending it strained resources. Potential religious and economic issues also threatened Spain's stability.
Sec2 Chap5 Events[1]
1) External events like the Industrial Revolution, opening of the Suez Canal, developments in Asia, World War I, and the Great Depression significantly impacted Singapore's economy and society.
2) The Industrial Revolution increased trade and improved communications with Britain, bringing Singapore closer to the rest of the world. The opening of the Suez Canal reduced shipping costs and increased the speed and volume of trade.
3) Events like World War I, the opening of China to trade, and the spread of the tin and rubber industries in Malaya boosted Singapore's strategic importance and economy. However, the Great Depression had severe negative effects as trade declined and unemployment rose significantly.
Dutch
The Dutch Empire consisted of overseas territories controlled by the Netherlands from the 17th to 20th centuries. During this time, the Dutch established colonial holdings by exploring new territories alongside Spain and Portugal. At its peak in the 17th century, known as the Dutch Golden Age, the Netherlands dominated global commerce using its powerful navy and colonial possessions. However, the country lost its empire and colonies to Britain during the Revolutionary Wars, with its last holdings in the Dutch East Indies and Suriname gaining independence after World War II.
Philip Ii Overview
Philip II of Spain inherited a vast empire from his father Charles V in 1556 that included Spain, the Netherlands, and territories in Italy and the Americas. This empire was difficult to govern as it consisted of separate territories with their own laws and privileges. Philip faced ongoing conflicts with France and the Ottoman Empire that strained the imperial treasury. Charles V left Philip extensive instructions on ruling his dispersed realms, but effective communication and control remained challenging due to the empire's size and slow travel.
Summary To What Extent Was Philip Ii An Absolute Monarch
Philip II of Spain is viewed as both an absolutist monarch and one constrained by limitations on his power. He centralized the Spanish government in Madrid and the Escorial, established the conciliar system to advise him, and asserted control over the Spanish Inquisition. However, he faced challenges imposing his will due to the vast size of the Spanish empire, slow administration, and reliance on local nobility. While possessing theoretical absolute power, in practice Philip II acted cautiously due to financial constraints, the need to avoid revolts in regions like Aragon and the Netherlands, and physical checks on his authority imposed by great distance within his domains.
1311 Counter Reformation and the Age of Exploration
The document provides an overview of the Reformation period in Europe and discusses factors that contributed to European expansion. It covers:
1) Key events and figures of the Protestant Reformation such as Martin Luther and John Calvin challenging the Catholic Church in the early 1500s.
2) The Catholic Counter-Reformation to respond to Protestant movements.
3) Reasons why European powers like Spain and Portugal turned outward including seeking wealth, resources, power, and spreading Christianity.
4) Trade networks before the age of exploration were dominated by Italian city-states like Venice importing goods from Asia.
1311 Counter Reformation and the Age of Exploration
The document provides an overview of the Reformation period in Europe and discusses factors that contributed to European expansion. It covers:
1) Key events and figures of the Protestant Reformation such as Martin Luther and John Calvin challenging the Catholic Church in the early 1500s.
2) Motivations for European powers like Spain and Portugal to seek new trade routes, including seeking wealth and resources as Ottoman power grew.
3) Indigenous groups' vulnerabilities to European expansion in Central/South America, including the Inca empire's complicated succession and the Aztec confederation's depleted population from sacrifices.
4) Initial contacts between Europeans and indigenous groups, where the Spanish and Portuguese often used advanced weapons and alliances
Philip II
Philip II ruled a vast empire from 1556 to 1598 that included Spain, Portugal, the Low Countries, and territories in Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas. He aimed to preserve his territories and defend Catholicism by refusing religious freedom and suppressing Protestantism. However, he faced many problems such as wars with France and England, a revolt in the Low Countries, and battles against Islamic expansion.
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Philip V was the King of Spain from 1700 to 1724 and again from 1724 until his death in 1746. During his long reign, he centralized and modernized Spain's administration and tax system. He encouraged state intervention in the economy to promote agriculture and manufacturing. Philip V ordered the construction of several royal palaces, including expanding and renovating the Palace of Aranjuez.
Philip ii of_spain[1]
Philip II ruled over a vast Spanish empire from 1556 until his death in 1598. He was king of Spain, Portugal, Naples, Sicily, Sardinia, and England and Ireland through his marriage to Mary I of England. Philip faced many restrictions on his power from local rulers in Spain and had ongoing conflicts with the Moriscos people of Granada and financial problems due to high taxes. In foreign policy, he fought the Ottoman Turks in the Mediterranean and had numerous wars with France over territory in Italy. The defeat of the Spanish Armada weakened Spain relative to other European powers like France and England.
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Ferdinand VI continued the reform programs of his predecessors as King of Spain from 1746-1759. He appointed effective ministers who promoted naval construction, tax reform, and currency unification. Ferdinand pursued a policy of neutrality in foreign affairs and signed a concordat that increased royal control over the Spanish Church. He did not have any children with his wife, so his stepbrother Charles III became the next King of Spain.
Philip Ii Government Summary
Philip II's personal style of micromanaging the Spanish government led to problems. He demanded detailed information from across his vast empire, which overloaded him with paperwork. This made him indecisive and slowed decision-making. It also alienated provinces that felt neglected. Factions within his government competed for influence, sometimes damagingly, as seen in the Perez Affair scandal. Philip's distrust and reliance on paperwork undermined efficient governance.
spain 3
Spain was facing major economic problems in 1576, including debt from its 80,000-man army in the Netherlands and reduced income from piracy-impacted American colonies. To maintain control over Portugal required extensive occupation forces as well, further straining Spain's resources as it struggled with bankruptcy in 1576. The death of Dutch resistance leader William the Silent in 1584, who was hoping to end the war, prolonged the conflict.
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The document summarizes the Dutch Golden Age from the 17th century, when the Netherlands emerged as one of the richest and most powerful nations in Europe. It describes how Dutch trade networks and the Dutch East India Company's global operations contributed to Dutch prosperity. The era saw the rise of a powerful Dutch middle class and the development of distinctive Dutch artistic styles like landscape painting and genre scenes depicting middle-class life. However, some now criticize the term "Golden Age" for ignoring negative aspects like the Dutch role in slavery and human trafficking.
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Philip II
Philip II ruled a vast empire from 1556 to 1598 that included Spain, Portugal, the Low Countries, and territories in Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas. He aimed to preserve his territories and defend Catholicism by refusing religious freedom and suppressing Protestantism. However, he faced many problems such as wars with France and England, a revolt in the Low Countries, and battles against Islamic expansion.
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Philip V was the King of Spain from 1700 to 1724 and again from 1724 until his death in 1746. During his long reign, he centralized and modernized Spain's administration and tax system. He encouraged state intervention in the economy to promote agriculture and manufacturing. Philip V ordered the construction of several royal palaces, including expanding and renovating the Palace of Aranjuez.
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Philip II ruled over a vast Spanish empire from 1556 until his death in 1598. He was king of Spain, Portugal, Naples, Sicily, Sardinia, and England and Ireland through his marriage to Mary I of England. Philip faced many restrictions on his power from local rulers in Spain and had ongoing conflicts with the Moriscos people of Granada and financial problems due to high taxes. In foreign policy, he fought the Ottoman Turks in the Mediterranean and had numerous wars with France over territory in Italy. The defeat of the Spanish Armada weakened Spain relative to other European powers like France and England.
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Philip II's personal style of micromanaging the Spanish government led to problems. He demanded detailed information from across his vast empire, which overloaded him with paperwork. This made him indecisive and slowed decision-making. It also alienated provinces that felt neglected. Factions within his government competed for influence, sometimes damagingly, as seen in the Perez Affair scandal. Philip's distrust and reliance on paperwork undermined efficient governance.
spain 3
Spain was facing major economic problems in 1576, including debt from its 80,000-man army in the Netherlands and reduced income from piracy-impacted American colonies. To maintain control over Portugal required extensive occupation forces as well, further straining Spain's resources as it struggled with bankruptcy in 1576. The death of Dutch resistance leader William the Silent in 1584, who was hoping to end the war, prolonged the conflict.
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In the 17th century the Habsburgs faced many problems. The kingdom suffered a serious economic crisis and foreign wars continued. In the 17th century Spain lost its dominance and France increased its power.
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During the reign of Charles I and Philip II the Spanish monarchy achieved a great territorial expansion with presence in the five continents. However, the control of this large territory caused several problemsand wars.
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The Spanish Empire consisted of territories across Europe, the Americas, Africa, Asia and Oceania from the 15th through 20th centuries. In the 16th century, Spain took control of large parts of North and South America by conquering the Aztec and Inca empires through military tactics, alliances with rival groups, and the spread of disease. Though Spain's empire was vast, it declined in the following centuries through independence movements and military defeats against other European powers like France.
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The Habsburg dynasty ruled Spain for over two centuries through a series of kings. They came to power after Juana of Castile married Philip of Habsburg. Their grandson Charles I became king of Spain. Under Charles I and his successor Philip II, the Habsburg Empire expanded greatly across Europe and the Americas but faced numerous revolts within Spain. By the 17th century under later kings, the empire was in decline due to mismanagement and overextension, culminating in the War of Spanish Succession after the childless death of Charles II in 1700.
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The Dutch Empire was a wealthy and ambitious empire in the early 17th century despite having a small population of only 1.5 million people. The Dutch dominated northern and western European trade routes as well as fishing and whaling. Amsterdam was a major center for shipping, banking, insurance, and manufacturing in northern Europe. The Dutch also stole the Portuguese sugar trade from American plantations and the slave trade from West Africa to the Americas, capturing key trading posts and dominating sugar production in Brazil. However, by the mid-1600s the Dutch faced attacks from former allies like the English and French as their power grew.
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Brian fontaine ning 1
The document outlines the chronology of decline for the Iberian powers of Spain and Portugal from 1555 to 1898. It then discusses two main causes for their decline: financial overextension from ambitious global conquests and a focus on short-term bullion gains from the Americas rather than long-term economic development, as well as internal strife and revolts that weakened their hold on territories.
Brian fontaine ning 1
The document outlines the chronology of decline for the Iberian powers of Spain and Portugal from 1555 to 1898. It then discusses two main causes for their decline: financial overextension from ambitious global conquests and a focus on short-term bullion gains from the Americas rather than long-term economic development, as well as internal strife and revolts that weakened their hold on territories.
Brian fontaine ning 1
The document outlines the chronology of decline for the Iberian powers of Spain and Portugal from 1555 to 1898. It then discusses two main causes for their decline: financial overextension from ambitious global conquests and a focus on short-term bullion gains from the Americas rather than long-term economic development, as well as internal strife and revolts that weakened their hold on territories.
Why Did The Dutch Triumph Over Their Imperial
The document summarizes the key events in the Dutch Revolt from 1566-1609 and analyzes reasons for the Spanish failure to crush the revolt. It outlines the chronology before examining arguments that Dutch leadership, economic growth, Calvinism, and Spanish failures in leadership, financing, and facing foreign intervention contributed to the Spanish inability to defeat the Dutch rebels and establish control.
Summary Of Failure
The document discusses several factors that contributed to Spain's failure to crush the Dutch revolt, including:
1) Weak and ineffective Spanish leadership under figures like Granvelle, Alva, and Don John which antagonized the Dutch and lacked direction from Philip.
2) Foreign intervention from enemies of Spain like the Ottoman Empire, France, and England which drained Spanish resources and provided some support to the Dutch.
3) The nature of the fighting as a long war of sieges amid fortified towns, difficult terrain, and the Dutch ability to continue trading via sea lanes, which hampered the Spanish war effort.
Summary Of Failure
The document discusses several factors that contributed to Spain's failure to crush the Dutch revolt, including:
1) Weak and ineffective Spanish leadership under figures like Granvelle, Alva, and Don John which antagonized the Dutch and lacked direction from Philip.
2) Foreign intervention from enemies of Spain like the Ottoman Empire, France, and England which drained Spanish resources and provided some support to the Dutch.
3) The nature of the fighting as a long war of sieges amid fortified towns, difficult terrain, and the Dutch ability to continue trading via sea lanes, which hampered the Spanish war effort.
Chapter 2 part 1 and 2
Europeans justified colonizing North America for several key reasons:
1) Prejudice - Europeans viewed themselves as superior and did not understand indigenous groups who resisted change to their lands and way of life.
2) Slavery - The slave trade brought thousands of Africans to the Americas to work plantations, and many Europeans believed slavery was acceptable. They engaged in the triangular slave trade between West Africa, the Caribbean/American colonies, and Europe.
3) Economic benefits - Colonies were expected to provide resources to enrich European empires through controlled trade like the Navigation Acts. Britain particularly benefited economically from the slave trade and goods produced in the colonies.
New France Powerpoint
1) Jacques Cartier explored the Maritimes and St. Lawrence River in the 1530s and 1540s, claiming land for France and founding settlements that ultimately failed.
2) Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec City in 1608, establishing the first permanent French colony in New France.
3) New France grew slowly due to its system of seigneurial land grants and the Company of One Hundred Associates' focus on the fur trade over settlement.
4) France lost New France after its defeat in the Seven Years' War, ceding the territory to Britain in the 1763 Treaty of Paris.
S E A And P I Ty Ck And Sy
This document summarizes European imperialism in Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands between the 18th-20th centuries. It discusses the major European powers that colonized the region (Britain, Dutch, France, US), the geographic location of these territories, and that Westerners wanted the lands and resources. It then provides more details on the colonies established by each power in Southeast Asia and the US expansion in the Pacific Islands, including conflicts between imperial powers and with nationalist groups seeking independence.
The French and Indian War
The French and Indian War was fought from 1754 to 1763 between Great Britain and France over control of territory in North America. Great Britain allied with American colonists and the Iroquois nation, while France allied with Native American groups like the Huron and Algonquin. France controlled forts and settlements in Canada and along the Ohio Valley, blocking British expansion, while Britain had more settlers along the coast. The tide turned when William Pitt became British prime minister in 1757 and increased funding and troop levels, capturing Montreal in 1760. The Treaty of Paris in 1763 ended the war, ceding French North American lands to Britain.
The French & Indian War
The document discusses the history of relations between Britain and its North American colonies from the 17th century to the 1760s. It describes how Britain initially took a hands-off approach to governing the colonies but gradually tightened control, angering the colonists. This tension came to a head after the French and Indian War, when Britain issued new taxes and laws like the Proclamation of 1763 to pay off war debts, without colonial representation, straining colonial loyalty to the crown.
Unit 8. the habsburg spain xvii
The 17th century was a time of crisis for Spain. The population declined throughout the century as diseases, climate change, emigration, falling agricultural production, and falling trade and manufacturing led to less food and goods. This caused widespread poverty across Spain, especially in rural areas. Ongoing wars drained resources and caused further declines in population. Political instability increased as the monarchy faced revolts, defeats, bankruptcies, and uprisings during this difficult time in Spanish history.
El imperio de Carlos V Resumen
Carlos V inherited a vast empire from his grandparents including the Spanish throne and the right to be elected Holy Roman Emperor. He faced internal problems like rebellions from native Spanish upset by his favoritism towards Flemish nobles. Externally, he fought wars with France and dealt with the expansion of the Ottoman Empire and spread of Protestantism in the Holy Roman Empire. In 1556, Carlos abdicated and divided his territories between his brother and son, beginning the rule of King Philip II of Spain.
Theme4 part1
The French established fur trading posts in Canada to exploit the territory's trading potential. They allied with Algonquian tribes but faced threats from the Iroquois, who wanted to disrupt French trade. Despite struggles with disease, war, and exploitation that hurt colonial development, the French expanded their North American fur trade and established Louisiana, allying with various Indian tribes but struggling with economic and environmental challenges.
Unit 3 – A Highly Unsuccessful King
King Philip II of Spain faced many challenges in ruling his vast empire in the 16th century. While he maintained Catholic unity and controlled the Church, the financial costs of defending the empire and fighting heresy led to government paralysis by the 1590s. Several provinces rebelled due to economic issues and military defeats against France, England, and the Dutch weakened Spanish power. By the end of Philip's reign, the seeds were sown for Spain's later decline, though he did unify the Iberian Peninsula and achieve some cultural and military successes for Spain.
Opening of the port to world trade
The Royal Company of the Philippines went bankrupt in 1834, prompting King Charles III of Spain to open Manila's ports to world trade via a royal decree. This opened the Philippines to international commerce, allowing goods to be exported and imported. It led to economic growth as traders from other nations like Britain, France, and the United States demanded Philippine exports like sugar, tobacco, and hemp. While Spain lost economic dominance, the Philippines benefited from modern industries, increased prosperity, and a rising standard of living in the 19th-20th centuries.
World History Ch. 16 Section 2 Notes
The Spanish built an empire in the Americas by conquering the Aztec and Inca empires and appointing viceroys to govern. The Portuguese established Brazil as their colony due to a treaty, but few initially settled due to difficult conditions. European powers like France, England, and the Netherlands then established colonies in North America, often trading with Native Americans, leading to tensions and the French and Indian War between the French and English colonies over territory.
WH CH 23 French Revolution
The document summarizes the key events of the French Revolution from the late 18th century. It describes the social inequality under the estates system, massive government debt due to lavish spending, and popular anger towards King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. This led to tensions that erupted in 1789 with the storming of the Bastille, declaring a constitutional monarchy, and the rise of radical Jacobins who overthrew the monarchy and established a republic. The reign of Maximilien Robespierre and the Reign of Terror followed, until he too was overthrown. Napoleon Bonaparte then seized power in a coup and established an empire, seeking to spread French ideals and power across Europe through military conquest.
Economic life under spain
Under Spanish colonial rule:
- The Spanish focused on Catholicism and expanding their Asian empire rather than practical economic development. As a result, the Philippines saw slow economic progress.
- Some economic changes introduced by Spain included a new land ownership system, tribute and forced labor policies, abolition of slavery, introduction of new crops and industries, and establishment of banks and trade networks.
- However, many Filipinos remained unhappy with Spanish taxation practices and oppression, which stunted greater economic growth and development under colonial rule.
colonialism.ppt
- The document discusses the two waves of colonialism - the first from 1492-1825 which involved European colonization of the Americas, and the second from 1885-1900 which involved the colonization of Africa and parts of Asia.
- It outlines the motives for and impacts of colonialism, including the extraction of resources, imposition of political and economic systems, and lasting impacts on infrastructure, national and state-building, and economics in formerly colonized territories.
- The summary briefly touches on some key impacts like the decimation of native populations, creation of new national identities, dependence on former colonial powers, and fragmentation of infrastructure.
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Assessing the Influence of Transportation on the Tourism Industry in Nigeria
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Brian fontaine ning 1
- 1. Brian Fontaine The Decline of the Iberian World History 140 Ning Posting #1 Peoples & Empires History 140 Summer 2011
- 2. Chronology • Charles V (overextended & exhausted) 1555 • Philip I (overzealous- wanted China/ the World) 1555- • Loss of Netherlands (80 yrs war) 1568 • Spain & Portugal ally (through inheritance) 1580 • Philip III, IV (misguided focus) 1598-1665 • Loss of Spanish Control 1640-1648 • War of Spanish Succession 1702-1713 • Loss of Brazil by Portuguese 1822 • Loss of Cuba, Philippines, & Puerto Rico 1898 Spanish/ Portuguese decline was slow!
- 3. Financially Overextended Focused on Short-Term Gains 1584 – End Ambitious plans to conquer Causes I Phillip II, III, IV China via. Philippines & Thailand No consideration for long-term sustainability Most resources went to support/ protect overseas Possessions Focus on GOLD & SILVER ECONOMICS (primary factor) Spanish bullion from the Americas was near-sighted Lack of understanding “inflation” goal for most of ruled period Supply & Demand issues caused Lacked commerce & trade development abroad devaluation Adam Smith – “All Spain’s problems Failed attempt in 1770 to modernize attributed to over production of bullion” economics based on “fair-trade”
- 4. Causes II • Grab and Run Mentality • New Contenders -Militant style of territory acquisitions – France, England • Dutch (after secession fm Spain) -Lack of merchant/ commerce component – Weakened Navy Fleet • Threat of Buccaneers • Internal Strife – Oceanic commerce & transport primarily handled by – War of Spanish Succession non-Spanish/Portuguese ships (1702-1713) – Inept Leadership • Revolt in Europe • United States flexes muscle – Holland/ Netherlands • (80 Years War) – Loss of Cuba, Philippines & Puerto Rico – Set stage for other revolts