1) The document discusses grazing-based dairy systems, also known as management intensive grazing (MIG), where dairy cattle are moved frequently between paddocks to graze on pasture.
2) Research was conducted at Breneman Farms, a grazing-based dairy in Wisconsin, to study nutrient and sediment loss. Surface water quality was monitored from paddocks used for grazing and those used for wintering cattle.
3) Several studies and reports are available analyzing the results of the research conducted at Breneman Farms looking at topics such as water quality impacts, phosphorus levels, and denitrification.
The International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) and ICRISAT have an important common interest. ILRI studies ruminant livestock, which contribute to human welfare by providing food, draft power and manure. ICRISAT studies crop residues, which are consumed by livestock as fodder. It’s a marriage made in heaven – common ground for collaborative research. A multidisciplinary research team of scientists funded by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), the UK’s Department for International Development (DFID), the Australian Center for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR), ILRI and ICRISAT set out to identify genotypes of sorghum, pearl millet and groundnut that could be used to develop plants with greater biomass and nutritive value without sacrificing grain yield.
The International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) and ICRISAT have an important common interest. ILRI studies ruminant livestock, which contribute to human welfare by providing food, draft power and manure. ICRISAT studies crop residues, which are consumed by livestock as fodder. It’s a marriage made in heaven – common ground for collaborative research. A multidisciplinary research team of scientists funded by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), the UK’s Department for International Development (DFID), the Australian Center for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR), ILRI and ICRISAT set out to identify genotypes of sorghum, pearl millet and groundnut that could be used to develop plants with greater biomass and nutritive value without sacrificing grain yield.
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This study was carried out to evaluate and identify adapted improved cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) (Fabaceae) varieties in southern tigray lowlands of Ethiopia. A field experiment was conducted during the 2016 and 2017 main cropping seasons using a randomized complete block design with three replications to evaluate three improved cowpea varieties for yield and yield related traits under rain-fed conditions at Mekoni Agricultural Research Center site and Kara Adisheho farmer’s field. Analysis of variance showed that all the traits measured were statistically significant at 5% level of probability except plant height. The earliest days to 90% maturity (79 days) were observed for the variety Kenkety, whereas the longest was recorded by bole variety (89.6 days). Similarly, Kenkety variety filled their seeds in a short period of time (25 days) compared to Assebot and Bole varieties (29; 32 days). The highest pooled mean grain yield was obtained from Kenkety variety (1958 kgha-1), while Assebot and Bole had the lowest yield of 1656 and 1481 kgha-1 respectively. When we see variety × location wise mean, still Kenkety variety outsmarts in both locations over the varieties and Kara Adisheho were suitable for cowpea production with (2128 kgha-1) grain yield. Taken as a whole, Kenkety variety over weights Assebot and Bole varieties especially for the two main traits of earliness and yield performance. Thus, Kenkety was promising variety for demonstration and scaling up activities in the agro ecology.
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For more: http://www.extension.org/67595 Typically cattle producers can have improved animal performance through controlled systems such as an open lot feedlot. Open lots provide for improved control of diet, health, and monitoring of activity of the animals. Feeding areas such as these also can have disadvantages such as solid manure accumulation, surface water contamination when runoff water is uncontrolled, such systems are labor and machine intensive, and can contribute herd health issues because of high stocking densities, dust, or mud. Forage based grazing can negate many of these issues and is arguably more sustainable and environmentally friendly. However intensive grazing strategies must be employed to obtain comparable productivity. Development of technology that allows for these benefits is needed. Cross fencing and rotational grazing practices would benefit from more flexible and less labor intensive ways of controlling the grazing area.
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Proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/67632
Beef cattle are responsible for around 15% of the total anthropogenic ammonia (NH3) emitted in the U.S., and the cattle feeding industry is highly concentrated spatially, with the majority of commercial feedyards located in Texas, Iowa, Kansas,Colorado, and Nebraska (USEPA, 2005; USDA-NASS, 2009). Valid estimates of ammonia (NH3) emissions from beef cattle feedyards are needed to assess the impact of beef production on the environment, to comply with reporting requirements, and to develop reasonable regulatory policies. The processes involved in production and volatilization of NH3 from livestock housing are strongly influenced by environmental conditions and management practices (Fig. 1), which may not be captured by constant emission factors or mathematically-derived empirical models. Among different modeling approaches, process-based models, which track components of interest through biochemical and geochemical reactions as functions of specific conditions (e.g. temperature, wind speed, pH, precipitation, surface heating, animal diet), offer a better approach for predicting NH3 emissions from open-lot animal production systems than emission factors or empirical models. However, while process-based models have been developed to estimate NH3 emissions from dairy barns and other livestock facilities, little work has been conducted to assess their accuracy for large, commercial feedyards in the semi-arid Texas High Plains: the top beef producing region in the United States.
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Format: Factsheet or Publication - Reference: Schmidt, D., E. Whitefield, D. Smith. 2014. Produced for Animal Agriculture in a Changing Climate Project.
Integrating livestock into agricultural systems for increased livestock produ...ILRI
Poster prepared by Ben Lukuyu, Kevin Maina, Leonard Marwa, Alphonce Haule and Mateete Bekunda for the Tropentag 2020: Food and Nutrition Security and its Resilience to Global Crises, Virtual Conference, 9–11 September 2020
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Nancy Ranney of the Ranney Ranch in Corona, New Mexico describes practices she and her family are using to keep their land and livestock healthy and sustainable.
Evaluation of Improved Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L) Varieties for Adaptation ...Premier Publishers
This study was carried out to evaluate and identify adapted improved cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) (Fabaceae) varieties in southern tigray lowlands of Ethiopia. A field experiment was conducted during the 2016 and 2017 main cropping seasons using a randomized complete block design with three replications to evaluate three improved cowpea varieties for yield and yield related traits under rain-fed conditions at Mekoni Agricultural Research Center site and Kara Adisheho farmer’s field. Analysis of variance showed that all the traits measured were statistically significant at 5% level of probability except plant height. The earliest days to 90% maturity (79 days) were observed for the variety Kenkety, whereas the longest was recorded by bole variety (89.6 days). Similarly, Kenkety variety filled their seeds in a short period of time (25 days) compared to Assebot and Bole varieties (29; 32 days). The highest pooled mean grain yield was obtained from Kenkety variety (1958 kgha-1), while Assebot and Bole had the lowest yield of 1656 and 1481 kgha-1 respectively. When we see variety × location wise mean, still Kenkety variety outsmarts in both locations over the varieties and Kara Adisheho were suitable for cowpea production with (2128 kgha-1) grain yield. Taken as a whole, Kenkety variety over weights Assebot and Bole varieties especially for the two main traits of earliness and yield performance. Thus, Kenkety was promising variety for demonstration and scaling up activities in the agro ecology.
A farm-level analysis of carbon sequestration in Ghana using IMPACT linked to...ILRI
A presentation prepared by González-Estrada, E.; Walen, V.K.; Naab, J.; Thornton, P.K. and Herrero, M. for the Regional Scientific Workshop on Land Management for Carbon Sequestration organized by SANREM-CRSP, SM-CRSP, IER and NASA. Bamako, Mali. February 26-27, 2004.
For more: http://www.extension.org/67595 Typically cattle producers can have improved animal performance through controlled systems such as an open lot feedlot. Open lots provide for improved control of diet, health, and monitoring of activity of the animals. Feeding areas such as these also can have disadvantages such as solid manure accumulation, surface water contamination when runoff water is uncontrolled, such systems are labor and machine intensive, and can contribute herd health issues because of high stocking densities, dust, or mud. Forage based grazing can negate many of these issues and is arguably more sustainable and environmentally friendly. However intensive grazing strategies must be employed to obtain comparable productivity. Development of technology that allows for these benefits is needed. Cross fencing and rotational grazing practices would benefit from more flexible and less labor intensive ways of controlling the grazing area.
Estimation of Ammonia Emissions from Beef Cattle Feedyards in the Southern Hi...LPE Learning Center
Proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/67632
Beef cattle are responsible for around 15% of the total anthropogenic ammonia (NH3) emitted in the U.S., and the cattle feeding industry is highly concentrated spatially, with the majority of commercial feedyards located in Texas, Iowa, Kansas,Colorado, and Nebraska (USEPA, 2005; USDA-NASS, 2009). Valid estimates of ammonia (NH3) emissions from beef cattle feedyards are needed to assess the impact of beef production on the environment, to comply with reporting requirements, and to develop reasonable regulatory policies. The processes involved in production and volatilization of NH3 from livestock housing are strongly influenced by environmental conditions and management practices (Fig. 1), which may not be captured by constant emission factors or mathematically-derived empirical models. Among different modeling approaches, process-based models, which track components of interest through biochemical and geochemical reactions as functions of specific conditions (e.g. temperature, wind speed, pH, precipitation, surface heating, animal diet), offer a better approach for predicting NH3 emissions from open-lot animal production systems than emission factors or empirical models. However, while process-based models have been developed to estimate NH3 emissions from dairy barns and other livestock facilities, little work has been conducted to assess their accuracy for large, commercial feedyards in the semi-arid Texas High Plains: the top beef producing region in the United States.
Animal agriculture adaptation planning guide (climate change)LPE Learning Center
This 44-page publication produced by the AACC project is a planning guide to help guide farmers through the process of future farm planning considering climate change.
Format: Factsheet or Publication - Reference: Schmidt, D., E. Whitefield, D. Smith. 2014. Produced for Animal Agriculture in a Changing Climate Project.
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Bren 1 grazing based dairy systems
1. Understanding Nutrient & Sediment Loss at Breneman Farms - 1 Grass-Based Dairy Systems Kevan Klingberg - UW Extension/Discovery Farms
2. Grazing-Based Dairy Systems Grazing or pasture based dairies have existed in Wisconsin since we began milking cows. While many dairies have moved cattle into confinement facilities. The Wisconsin dairy industry still includes an important and growing group of producers using new techniques and equipment to practice Management Intensive Grazing (MIG).
3. Grazing-Based Dairy Systems Grazing systems allow producers to: begin or continue dairying with minimal investment in equipment. focus daily activities on managing grass / legume pasture forage and dairy animals.
4. Grazing-Based Dairy Systems Variations to system can include: Frequency of moving cattle Types of facilities to house and milk cattle Option to produce conventionally vs. organic Others MIG can be done with dairy cattle, beef, sheep, goats or other livestock capable of utilizing forage diets.
5. Grazing-Based Dairy Systems Combination of: Grazing animals Actively growing pasture forage Paddock fences Watering facilities Travel lanes Low-cost housing / milking facility Existing old Retrofit old Low cost new Focus on managing ruminant animals to harvest and eat high quality forage via grazing and spread their own manure in the process.
7. Grazing-Based Dairy Systems MIG systems greatly minimize the need for year round feed harvest, feed storage and handling and intensive housing facilities. MIG producers also minimize having to store, handle and haul manure.
8. Grazing-Based Dairy Systems Dairies practicing MIG report increased profitability as a result of lower feed, equipment, labor and energy costs, as well as improved animal health and lower veterinary costs. Wisconsin studies have shown that when managed correctly, both grazing and confined dairy systems can be profitable. A University of Wisconsin - Center for Dairy Profitability study shows that the nine-year average (1999-2007) total basic costs on grazing dairies was $650 less per cow compared to confinement dairies. Similarly, grazing dairies earned $230 more net farm income per cow compared to confinement operations over the same time period.
9. Grazing-Based Dairy Systems Pastures are usually delineated by permanent perimeter fences and further subdivided by temporary fencing within the main pastures, allowing cattle controlled access to a small section of pasture at a time. Cattle are systematically moved into and out of paddocks. Good quality fresh pasture is grazed, followed by a rest period that allows adequate time for the perennial grass and legume plants to re-grow before the next grazing cycle.
10. Grazing-Based Dairy Systems Pastures are often connected by travel lanes with watering systems placed in common areas that serve numerous pastures.
11. Paddock layout showing perimeter fences on MIG farm Good quality fresh pasture is grazed, followed by a rest period that allows adequate time for the perennial grass and legume plants to re-grow before the next grazing cycle.
12. UW-Extension Pastures for Profit University of Wisconsin - Extension publication A3529, “Pastures for profit: a guide to rotational grazing”, covers the basics of setting up rotational grazing (MIG) on your farm. UWEX Grazing information and resources website: http://www.uwrf.edu/grazing/
13. Wisconsin’s Grazing Seasons There are three very different seasonal time periods for Wisconsin’s grass-based dairies: the grazing season, the pre-and post-grazing season, and winter.
14. Wisconsin’s Grazing Seasons Wisconsin’s grazing season is about 180 days, lasting from May to October. There is another 30 days on either side of the growing season (60 days total) where pasture plants are either just beginning to grow or have gone dormant. During this period pastures are mostly free from snow, and the soil is thawed. Forage quality may be limited in the late season as plant growth slows and mature forage is stockpiled to extend the grazing season. Early spring growth is generally very high quality, but limited in quantity and plants are sensitive to hoof damage because of high soil moisture. Generally both the pre-and post-grazing season periods require supplemental feed, which is sometimes delivered and fed within paddocks.
15. Wisconsin’s Grazing Seasons During the winter (December – March) when Wisconsin pastures are dormant and the soil is mostly frozen and/or snow-covered, grass-based dairies either confine cattle to barns or keep them outside. Out-wintering sites are areas where animals are concentrated and fed on paddocks during this season.
16. Out-Wintering There are three general management approaches to out-wintering cattle: 1) Continue rotating cattle through paddocks; 2) Use “sacrifice” paddocks, such that those paddocks get re-seeded the next year; or 3) Designate a paddock or two and develop a bedded pack, which gets cleaned in the spring. Note: Over- wintering and out-wintering are synonymous terms.
17. Out-Wintering While the perennial sod cover provided by MIG operations protects soil and water quality, areas where cattle are out – wintered have potential risk for negative environmental impacts. To better understand these areas, UW Discovery Farms worked with two farms using MIG systems along with concentrated out-wintering sites.
18. Breneman On-farm Research On-farm research was conducted on the Breneman farm to investigate environmental challenges and opportunities for grass-based dairies on the Wisconsin landscape, 2002-2007. Surface water quality monitoring was conducted to measure sediment and nutrient loads in runoff water from paddocks that were used for regular rotational grazing, then again used to seasonally out-winter the dairy herd.
19. Breneman Farms Grazing-based dairy. 42 paddocks. 80 crossbred dairy cows + young stock. (1.6 acres / AU) Coarse textured soil Out-winter cows and older heifers Columbia County, WI
20. Information Available Specific projects that measured and analyzed water quality on this farm include: Crowe, A., Thompson, A., Radatz, T. 2006. Surface Water Quality Impacts of Management Intensive Rotational Grazing. M.S. Thesis, Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison. Turyk, N., McGinley, P., Homan, K. 2007. Phosphorus in Groundwater Below Over-wintering Areas and Seasonally Used Paddocks, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point. Turyk, N., Browne, B., Russelle, M. 2004. Does Management Intensive Grazing Protect Groundwater Quality by Denitrification? SARE Project LNC01-181, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point and USDA Agricultural Research Station, St. Paul, MN.
21. Information Available Projects where this farm’s information was used within a larger pool of other statewide farm information include: Kriegel, T. 2007. WI Grazing Dairy Profitability Analysis. Center for Dairy profitability, University of Wisconsin-Madison. Popple, T. and Klingberg, K. 2008. A Wisconsin Comprehensive Nutrient Management Plan Development Protocol. University of Wisconsin-Discovery Farms Program. Leverich, J. 2003. On-Farm Energy Usage and Opportunities. University of Wisconsin-Discovery Farms Program. Towns, B. 2004. Evaluation of Three Farm Nitrogen Balancing Spreadsheets with Wisconsin Dairy Farm Data. M.S. Thesis, Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison Cosgrove, D. 2008. Nutrient Management Planning for Dairy Farms Practicing Management Intensive Rotational Grazing, SARE Project LNC03-237, University of Wisconsin – River Falls.
22. Information Available Other projects: Randy Jackson, UW-Madison Agronomy; Claudio Gratton, UW-Madison Entomology; Michael Bell, UW-Madison Rural Sociology: Grass Based Livestock Systems Effect on Ecosystem Structure and Function.
23. Information Available This presentation is the first in a series of seven developed to provide the data and information collected at Breneman Farms. All of the presentations, factsheets and briefs are available on the UW - Discovery Farms website. http://www.uwdiscoveryfarms.org
24.
25. There are eight briefs available for Breneman Farms (2 page summaries of the factsheets).