Breeding for Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Legumes
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This document summarizes a seminar on breeding for abiotic stress tolerance in legumes. It discusses various breeding strategies, including field testing, phenotyping traits, screening genes and QTLs, and using transcriptomics, proteomics, and microbiome approaches. It also describes some legume varieties bred for stress tolerance. Additionally, it outlines physiological, molecular, and genomic approaches for improving stress tolerance, such as escape mechanisms, dehydration avoidance, dehydration tolerance, signaling pathways, transgenics, molecular markers, QTL analysis, and genome editing using CRISPR-Cas9.
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Maize
1. Maize (Zea mays) is an annual plant originally from Central Mexico and South America. It has a solid stem that bears opposite leaves and produces a male tassel flower at the top and female cob flowers.
2. Detasseling is removing the tassel before pollen is shed to prevent self-pollination. There are three main crossing techniques - the bottle method uses a detached tassel in a bottle, the overall method bags the whole plant, and plot isolation physically separates plants.
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2) It notes the importance of landrace conservation and utilization in pre-breeding to broaden the genetic base of crops and transfer genes for traits like biotic/abiotic stress resistance from unadapted plant genetic resources.
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This document discusses breeding for resistance to biotic stresses in plants. It defines biotic stress as damage caused by living organisms such as pathogens. Major causes of agricultural loss are discussed, including different types of pathogens and their characteristics. Methods for developing disease resistance in plants are then outlined, including hybridization, selection from germplasm and related species, mutation breeding, and biotechnological methods. Specific examples of varieties developed for resistance to important diseases in crops like rice, wheat, sugarcane, and cotton are also provided.
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1. Molecular markers are DNA polymorphisms that can be used to identify genetic differences between individuals. They are used for various applications in vegetable crop breeding including assessing genetic diversity, gene tagging, varietal identification, and marker assisted selection.
2. Common molecular marker techniques include RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, SSR, and SNP. Each has advantages and disadvantages such as reproducibility, cost, and amount of DNA required.
3. Molecular markers allow for selection of traits without being influenced by environmental factors and can speed up breeding by identifying superior genotypes earlier. Marker assisted selection is used to improve both qualitative and quantitative traits.
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- The document discusses the development of Quality Protein Maize (QPM), a variety of maize that contains higher amounts of the essential amino acids lysine and tryptophan.
- QPM was created through the discovery of the opaque-2 mutant in the 1930s, which increases lysine levels but causes soft kernels. Breeding efforts aimed to combine this trait with genetic modifiers to recover kernel hardness.
- India has released several QPM varieties since 1970 through conventional breeding programs at research centers. More recently, marker-assisted selection was used to shorten the time needed to develop new QPM hybrids with improved agronomic traits.
Maintenance breeding
Maintenance breeding deals with producing and maintaining breeder seed and genetic purity of crop varieties. It involves selecting high quality plants, growing them in isolated fields, and removing off-type plants to prevent genetic deterioration over time. The document outlines procedures for maintaining nucleus seed stocks of new and established varieties, including harvesting individual plants, growing progeny in isolated double rows, and discarding any off-type plants before harvest. It also describes maintaining parental lines of hybrid crops through hand pollination and growing inbred lines in isolated fields with rogueing.
Mutation breeding
Mutation breeding is a technique used to induce desirable mutations in crops to develop new varieties. It has been used successfully to create varieties with traits like higher yield, disease resistance, drought tolerance, and altered plant architecture. Desirable mutations are induced using physical mutagens like radiation or chemical mutagens and selected over multiple generations. Notable achievements include releasing over 2,000 new mutant varieties worldwide, with improvements in traits like yield, plant height, maturity, and seed size in various crops. While most mutations are undesirable, mutation breeding is an effective way to introduce new variation for crop improvement.
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1) Between 25-50% of grain is lost post-harvest in developing countries, with 10.7% lost during storage alone.
2) Proper seed storage requires maintaining cool, dry conditions to reduce seed metabolic activity and prolong viability. Orthodox seeds like rice can be dried and stored long-term at 5% moisture, while recalcitrant seeds like mango cannot be dried.
3) Key factors for successful storage are seed type, quality, moisture content below 13% for rice, and controlled environment below 30°C and 60% relative humidity to prevent pest and microbe growth.
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This document discusses breeding crops for improved quality traits like protein and oil content. It covers topics like:
- Quality traits can be morphological, organoleptic, nutritional, or biological.
- Protein efficiency ratio and biological value are measures of protein quality in foods.
- Breeding maize with higher lysine and tryptophan content led to the development of Quality Protein Maize varieties.
- A case study describes using in vitro mutagenesis and selection with hydroxyproline to develop peanut varieties with over 55% oil content in kernels.
- Breeding objectives for sunflower include seed yield, oil content, and modifying oil quality traits like fatty acid composition.
Germplasm characterization
Molecular markers are powerful tools that can be used for germplasm characterization. They are DNA sequences that can identify individuals and genes controlling important traits. Molecular markers are not influenced by environmental conditions and have simple inheritance, making them useful for characterizing perennial crops. Common types of molecular markers include RFLPs, RAPDs, AFLPs, and STMSs. Marker-assisted selection allows indirect selection for desired traits based on marker banding patterns. Molecular markers have various applications, including cultivar identification, hybrid testing, sex identification, analysis of genetic diversity, and establishing centers of diversity. They provide benefits over other genetic markers like abundance, co-dominance, and independence from developmental stage and environment.
Advances in hyb seed prod.
- India is the second largest producer of vegetables after China, with hybrids having many advantages over traditional varieties like much higher yields.
- Techniques for hybrid seed production of various vegetables like tomato, brinjal, chilli and sweet pepper generally involve hand emasculation and pollination, using male sterility systems, or isolation distances to prevent cross-pollination.
- Key factors that affect hybrid seed production include temperature, pollen viability, stigma receptivity, pollination methods, and seed extraction techniques post-harvest. Maintaining optimal conditions increases fruit set and seed yields.
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This document discusses transgenic plants and provides several examples. It begins by defining a transgenic as a genotype developed through genetic engineering containing a foreign or modified gene. Several successful commercial transgenic crops are mentioned, including Bt cotton, golden rice, and Flavr Savr tomato. The document then covers the process of creating transgenic plants including identifying genes of interest, cloning genes, transforming plant cells, and backcross breeding. Methods of gene transfer like Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and particle bombardment are described. The document concludes by outlining the development and objectives of first and second generation transgenic crops.
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This document summarizes a seminar on using crop wild relatives to introduce beneficial genes into cultivated crops. It discusses how crop wild relatives contain genetic diversity that can provide traits like pest and disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, and improved yields. Specific examples are given of introducing disease resistance genes from wild relatives into tomatoes and rust resistance genes into wheat. The use of wild rice species to develop rice varieties with improved resistance to various diseases and insects is also described.
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1) The document discusses pre-breeding in field crops using indigenous landraces to improve genetic diversity and introduce beneficial traits for crop improvement.
2) It notes the importance of landrace conservation and utilization in pre-breeding to broaden the genetic base of crops and transfer genes for traits like biotic/abiotic stress resistance from unadapted plant genetic resources.
3) The document outlines strategies for identifying beneficial landraces and wild relatives for use in pre-breeding, including evaluation of phenotypic and genotypic traits of interest.
Double Haploids in crop improvement.
This document summarizes a seminar on doubled haploids (DH). It defines a DH as an individual with a doubled set of chromosomes from a haploid cell. It discusses the history of DH development, including early work in the 1920s. It also covers methods for producing haploids, identifying haploids, doubling chromosomes, and applications of DHs in plant breeding like QTL mapping, backcrossing, hybrid sorting, and cultivar development. DHs allow fixing of traits in one or two generations, faster development of pure lines and cultivars compared to conventional methods.
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This document discusses breeding for resistance to biotic stresses in plants. It defines biotic stress as damage caused by living organisms such as pathogens. Major causes of agricultural loss are discussed, including different types of pathogens and their characteristics. Methods for developing disease resistance in plants are then outlined, including hybridization, selection from germplasm and related species, mutation breeding, and biotechnological methods. Specific examples of varieties developed for resistance to important diseases in crops like rice, wheat, sugarcane, and cotton are also provided.
Role of molecular markers in vegetable crops
1. Molecular markers are DNA polymorphisms that can be used to identify genetic differences between individuals. They are used for various applications in vegetable crop breeding including assessing genetic diversity, gene tagging, varietal identification, and marker assisted selection.
2. Common molecular marker techniques include RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, SSR, and SNP. Each has advantages and disadvantages such as reproducibility, cost, and amount of DNA required.
3. Molecular markers allow for selection of traits without being influenced by environmental factors and can speed up breeding by identifying superior genotypes earlier. Marker assisted selection is used to improve both qualitative and quantitative traits.
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Credit seminar Pre Breeding.pptx
Pre-breeding involves introducing beneficial genes from exotic or wild plant materials into domestic crops to broaden their genetic base. It captures useful traits and puts them into forms usable for breeding programs. The document discusses pre-breeding strategies like backcrossing, convergent improvement, and bridge crosses. Pre-breeding has enhanced disease resistance and drought tolerance in crops like maize, pearl millet, and sorghum. While it provides long-term benefits, pre-breeding also faces challenges like linkage drag and hybrid sterility. Overall, pre-breeding is important for generating genetic diversity and new traits to develop improved crop varieties.
Methods of genetic purity testing
This document discusses various methods for assessing genetic purity in plants, including morphological, chemical, and electrophoresis-based methods. Morphological methods involve examining seed or plant traits under magnification or in a grow-out test. Chemical methods analyze seed components like secondary metabolites and proteins. Electrophoresis separates proteins or DNA based on size and charge, allowing comparison of banding patterns between varieties. Together, these methods allow testing seed samples against a pure reference to validate their genetic purity or identify off-types.
Stress breeding
Stress resistance in crops can be improved through conventional breeding approaches like selection, backcrossing, and shuttle breeding. New molecular breeding approaches like QTL mapping and marker-assisted selection allow for more precise introgression of stress resistance genes. QTLs controlling traits like submergence tolerance, salinity tolerance, and bacterial blight resistance have been identified in rice. Marker-assisted breeding has successfully transferred submergence tolerance and bacterial blight resistance into rice varieties. Similar efforts have mapped drought tolerance QTLs in wheat and introduced stress resistance genes into crops using molecular markers. These approaches help breed climate-resilient crop varieties faster than conventional breeding alone.
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- The document discusses the development of Quality Protein Maize (QPM), a variety of maize that contains higher amounts of the essential amino acids lysine and tryptophan.
- QPM was created through the discovery of the opaque-2 mutant in the 1930s, which increases lysine levels but causes soft kernels. Breeding efforts aimed to combine this trait with genetic modifiers to recover kernel hardness.
- India has released several QPM varieties since 1970 through conventional breeding programs at research centers. More recently, marker-assisted selection was used to shorten the time needed to develop new QPM hybrids with improved agronomic traits.
Maintenance breeding
Maintenance breeding deals with producing and maintaining breeder seed and genetic purity of crop varieties. It involves selecting high quality plants, growing them in isolated fields, and removing off-type plants to prevent genetic deterioration over time. The document outlines procedures for maintaining nucleus seed stocks of new and established varieties, including harvesting individual plants, growing progeny in isolated double rows, and discarding any off-type plants before harvest. It also describes maintaining parental lines of hybrid crops through hand pollination and growing inbred lines in isolated fields with rogueing.
Mutation breeding
Mutation breeding is a technique used to induce desirable mutations in crops to develop new varieties. It has been used successfully to create varieties with traits like higher yield, disease resistance, drought tolerance, and altered plant architecture. Desirable mutations are induced using physical mutagens like radiation or chemical mutagens and selected over multiple generations. Notable achievements include releasing over 2,000 new mutant varieties worldwide, with improvements in traits like yield, plant height, maturity, and seed size in various crops. While most mutations are undesirable, mutation breeding is an effective way to introduce new variation for crop improvement.
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Seed storage and maintenance
1) Between 25-50% of grain is lost post-harvest in developing countries, with 10.7% lost during storage alone.
2) Proper seed storage requires maintaining cool, dry conditions to reduce seed metabolic activity and prolong viability. Orthodox seeds like rice can be dried and stored long-term at 5% moisture, while recalcitrant seeds like mango cannot be dried.
3) Key factors for successful storage are seed type, quality, moisture content below 13% for rice, and controlled environment below 30°C and 60% relative humidity to prevent pest and microbe growth.
Breeding for quality traits (protein,oil)
This document discusses breeding crops for improved quality traits like protein and oil content. It covers topics like:
- Quality traits can be morphological, organoleptic, nutritional, or biological.
- Protein efficiency ratio and biological value are measures of protein quality in foods.
- Breeding maize with higher lysine and tryptophan content led to the development of Quality Protein Maize varieties.
- A case study describes using in vitro mutagenesis and selection with hydroxyproline to develop peanut varieties with over 55% oil content in kernels.
- Breeding objectives for sunflower include seed yield, oil content, and modifying oil quality traits like fatty acid composition.
Germplasm characterization
Molecular markers are powerful tools that can be used for germplasm characterization. They are DNA sequences that can identify individuals and genes controlling important traits. Molecular markers are not influenced by environmental conditions and have simple inheritance, making them useful for characterizing perennial crops. Common types of molecular markers include RFLPs, RAPDs, AFLPs, and STMSs. Marker-assisted selection allows indirect selection for desired traits based on marker banding patterns. Molecular markers have various applications, including cultivar identification, hybrid testing, sex identification, analysis of genetic diversity, and establishing centers of diversity. They provide benefits over other genetic markers like abundance, co-dominance, and independence from developmental stage and environment.
Advances in hyb seed prod.
- India is the second largest producer of vegetables after China, with hybrids having many advantages over traditional varieties like much higher yields.
- Techniques for hybrid seed production of various vegetables like tomato, brinjal, chilli and sweet pepper generally involve hand emasculation and pollination, using male sterility systems, or isolation distances to prevent cross-pollination.
- Key factors that affect hybrid seed production include temperature, pollen viability, stigma receptivity, pollination methods, and seed extraction techniques post-harvest. Maintaining optimal conditions increases fruit set and seed yields.
RECENT ADVANCES IN IMPROVEMENT OF VEGETABLE CROPS IN INDIA
This document provides an overview of recent advances in improving vegetable crops in India. It discusses the development of higher yielding and stress resistant varieties through both conventional breeding methods like hybridization, selection, and mutation breeding as well as advanced techniques like genetic engineering and marker assisted selection. Key achievements include the development of gynoecious lines in cucumber, seedless varieties of watermelon, varieties adapted to year-round cultivation, hybrid varieties with disease resistance, and nutritionally enriched varieties. The application of biotechnology tools such as transgenic approaches, molecular markers, and genome sequencing in vegetable improvement is also summarized.
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This document discusses transgenic plants and provides several examples. It begins by defining a transgenic as a genotype developed through genetic engineering containing a foreign or modified gene. Several successful commercial transgenic crops are mentioned, including Bt cotton, golden rice, and Flavr Savr tomato. The document then covers the process of creating transgenic plants including identifying genes of interest, cloning genes, transforming plant cells, and backcross breeding. Methods of gene transfer like Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and particle bombardment are described. The document concludes by outlining the development and objectives of first and second generation transgenic crops.
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This presentation discusses speed breeding techniques that can accelerate plant development for research purposes. Speed breeding uses controlled environments with extended photoperiods to reduce generation times. It allows up to 6 generations per year for some crops like wheat, barley, and chickpeas compared to normal 2-3 generations. Speed breeding has been shown to work in growth chambers, glasshouses, and homemade growth rooms using LED lighting. It reduces time to flowering and maintains seed viability and yields. Speed breeding can help address global food security challenges by accelerating plant breeding and research.
Gene introgression from wild relatives to cultivated plants
This document summarizes a seminar on using crop wild relatives to introduce beneficial genes into cultivated crops. It discusses how crop wild relatives contain genetic diversity that can provide traits like pest and disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, and improved yields. Specific examples are given of introducing disease resistance genes from wild relatives into tomatoes and rust resistance genes into wheat. The use of wild rice species to develop rice varieties with improved resistance to various diseases and insects is also described.
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2013_CarterEtal_MultiplexPCR-Cronobacter_ AEM
This document describes the development of a multiplex PCR assay targeting the cgcA gene, which encodes a diguanylate cyclase, to differentiate between species within the genus Cronobacter. Analysis of 12 Cronobacter genomes identified 7 conserved diguanylate cyclase-encoding genes, one of which, cgcA, showed species-specific divergence that matched known phylogenetic relationships between Cronobacter species. Primers were designed for this gene and tested in a multiplex PCR assay on 305 Cronobacter isolates representing 6 species. The assay correctly identified the species of all isolates tested and did not identify any of 20 non-Cronobacter species, demonstrating high specificity and sensitivity for rapid identification of Cronobacter.
CRISPR – a novel tool for genome editing
CRISPR is a novel genome editing tool using Cas9 nuclease guided by CRISPR RNA. The document discusses CRISPR's mechanism and applications in editing plant fungal pathogens. It provides examples where CRISPR was used to modify genes conferring disease resistance in rice, citrus, and viruses. The advantages of CRISPR include specificity, minimizing off-target effects, and applicability across species. Challenges include off-target effects and mosaicism. Highlights of studies editing fungi include creating mutants in Alternaria alternata and Ganoderma lucidum. CRISPR also suppressed pathogenicity in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by editing oxalate genes.
Genetic variability and phylogenetic relationships studies of Aegilops L. usi...
Studying of genetic relationships among Aegilops L. species is very important for broadening the cultivated wheat genepool, and monitoring genetic erosion, because the genus Aegilops includes the wild relatives of cultivated wheat which contain numerous unique alleles that are absent in modern wheat cultivars and it can contribute to broaden the genetic base of wheat and improve yield, quality and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses of wheat. The use of molecular markers, revealing polymorphism at the DNA level, has been playing an increasing part in plant biotechnology and their genetics studies. There are different types of markers, morphological, biochemical and DNA based molecular markers. These DNA-based markers based on PCR (RAPD, AFLP, SSR, ISSR, IRAP), amongst others, the microsatellite DNA marker has been the most widely used, due to its easy use by simple PCR, followed by a denaturing gel electrophoresis for allele size determination, and to the high degree of information provided by its large number of alleles per locus. Day by day development of such new and specific types of markers makes their importance in understanding the genomic variability and the diversity between the same as well as different species of the plants. In this review, we will discuss about genetic variability and phylogenetic relationships studies of Aegilops L. using some molecular markers, with theirs Advantages, and disadvantages.
2015. Patrik Schnable. Trait associated SNPs provide insights into heterosis...
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2) Including dominance effects in models explains more of the observed heterosis and genetic variation than additive effects alone. The ratio of SNPs exhibiting positive versus negative dominance is correlated with heterosis for a given trait.
3) Field-based phenotyping using sensors on robots and UAVs can study dynamic traits influenced by environment and GxE interactions, overcoming limitations of endpoint traits in controlled conditions. This will improve predictive models for plant breeding and variety recommendations.
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phd-defense41
This document summarizes research on quantifying genetic variation in two cytological aspects of maize endosperm development: endosperm cell number and the extent of endoreduplication. The researchers studied multiple mapping populations to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with each trait using flow cytometry and genetic mapping techniques. They identified several QTL for each trait, explaining varying percentages of phenotypic variance. The research provides insights into genetic control of these traits and directions for future studies of endosperm development regulation.
Marker assisted backcross breeding
This document discusses marker-assisted backcrossing (MAB) for introgressing traits from a donor parent into a recipient line. MAB uses DNA markers linked to target genes/QTLs to aid in selection. Markers can be used for foreground selection of target genes, background selection to recover the recipient genome, and recombinant selection to minimize linkage drag. A case study is described where MAB was used over multiple generations to introgress 5 drought resistance QTLs from a donor rice variety into a recipient variety. Through foreground, background, and recombinant selection using DNA markers, lines were developed with the target QTLs and most of the recipient genetic background.
Application of molecular probes
this ppt gives a brief insight into the application of molecular probes with a special mention to agriculture.
Transcriptomics: A Tool for Plant Disease Management
Transcriptomics is one of the omics we can use to manage the plant diseases by modifications in the transcription process
Cytogenetics
Spectral karyotyping and flow cytometry are techniques used in cytogenetics and plant research. Spectral karyotyping uses fluorescent dyes to color code chromosomes, making abnormalities easier to identify compared to traditional karyotyping. Flow cytometry analyzes cells and can count, sort, and determine characteristics of plant and animal cells. It is used to measure ploidy, or number of chromosome sets, in plant research and breeding by quantifying nuclear DNA content. Both techniques provide powerful tools for advancing areas like genomics, proteomics, and characterizing plant species and cultivars.
Molecular Markers: Indispensable Tools for Genetic Diversity Analysis and Cro...
Recent progress in molecular biology has led to the development of new molecular tools that offer the promise of making plant breeding faster. Molecular markers are segments of DNA associated with agronomically important traits and can be used by plant breeders as selection tools. Breeders can use marker-assisted selection (MAS) to bypass the traditional phenotype-based selection methods in order to improve crop varieties with pyramiding the desirable traits within short time. Various molecular markers such as RAPD, SSR, ISSR, RFLP, AFLP, SNP, SCAR, CAPS, etc. are extensively used for plant genetic diversity studies and crop improvement biotechnology. These markers are different in characteristic properties, applicability to various plants, unique in the resolving power and also have own advantages and disadvantages. This review article provides a valuable insight into different molecular marker techniques, classification, their advantages, disadvantages, ways of actions, uses of molecular markers in plant genetic diversity analysis and quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping. It could be helpful for plant scientists and breeders in MAS breeding and crop improvement biotechnology in the post-genomic era.
Junca Pieper2003 Jmm
This document describes a study that developed a new method called amplified functional DNA restriction analysis (AFDRA) to analyze the diversity of catechol 2,3-dioxygenase (C23O) genes in soil bacteria. C23O genes code for enzymes important for degrading aromatic pollutants. The researchers used AFDRA to analyze C23O genes from reference strains and soil isolates. They found that AFDRA generated distinct restriction patterns that clustered the isolates into four groups, consistent with sequence analysis. AFDRA also allowed them to determine the predominant C23O gene variants present in environmental DNA extracts from soil samples. The study demonstrates that AFDRA provides a rapid way to assess functional gene diversity in cultures and
Microsatellite
Microsatellites are tandemly repeated DNA sequences with repeat units of 1-6 base pairs. They are highly polymorphic due to variations in the number of repeats between individuals. Microsatellites can be analyzed using PCR and electrophoresis to differentiate alleles and study genetic diversity, population structure, and parentage. A genetic map of microsatellites was constructed for turbot fish to enable future quantitative trait locus identification and evolutionary studies. Microsatellites are a powerful tool for various areas of genetics research.
Molecular tagging
Molecular tagging of genes involves identifying existing DNA or introducing new DNA to function as a tag or label for the gene of interest. There are four main strategies for gene tagging: marker-based tagging, transposon tagging, T-DNA tagging, and epitope tagging. Marker-based tagging uses molecular markers tightly linked to important traits to assist in plant breeding programs. Transposon tagging relies on transposons, which can move within the genome, to provide a DNA tag that can then be used to identify adjacent DNA sequences and genes.
Biotechnological interventions for improvement of fruit.pptx
Biotechnological interventions can help overcome limitations in conventional fruit crop improvement methods. Molecular markers allow for tracing of DNA regions and marker-assisted selection. Marker mapping identified the Vd3 gene conferring apple scab resistance. Transgenics can introduce traits like biotic stress resistance more rapidly than conventional breeding. The process involves gene constructs, vectors, transformation techniques, and confirming transgene integration. Marker-assisted selection was used to select seedless table grapes linked to the seedlessness marker.
Similar to Breeding for Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Legumes (20)
Transcriptomics: A time efficient tool for crop improvement
Transcriptomics: A time efficient tool for crop improvement
Flow Cytometric Analysis for Ploidy and DNA Content of Banana Variants Induce...
Flow Cytometric Analysis for Ploidy and DNA Content of Banana Variants Induce...
Genetic variability and phylogenetic relationships studies of Aegilops L. usi...
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2015. Patrik Schnable. Trait associated SNPs provide insights into heterosis...
2015. Patrik Schnable. Trait associated SNPs provide insights into heterosis...
Transcriptomics: A Tool for Plant Disease Management
Transcriptomics: A Tool for Plant Disease Management
Molecular Markers: Indispensable Tools for Genetic Diversity Analysis and Cro...
Molecular Markers: Indispensable Tools for Genetic Diversity Analysis and Cro...
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5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
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办理(Sheffield毕业证书)谢菲尔德大学毕业证【微信：6496090 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
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校名:学校英文全称
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其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(Sheffield毕业证书)谢菲尔德大学毕业证【微信：6496090 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
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三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份【微信：95270640】
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
办理布里斯托大学毕业证硕士学位证成绩单Bristol学位证【微信：95270640 】外观非常精致，由特殊纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理布里斯托大学毕业证Bristol学位证硕士学位证成绩单【微信：95270640 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理布里斯托大学毕业证硕士学位证成绩单Bristol学位证【微信：95270640 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
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Top 12 Best Restaurants in Panchkula city
Panchkula offers a wide array of dining experiences. From traditional North Indian flavors to global cuisine, the city’s restaurants cater to every taste bud. Let’s dive into some of the best restaurants in Panchkula
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A Review on Recent Advances of Packaging in Food Industry
Effective food packaging provides number of purposes. It functions as a container to hold and transport the food product, as well as a barrier to protect the food from outside contamination such as water, light, odours, bacteria, dust, and mechanical damage by maintaining the food quality. The package may also include barriers to keep the product's moisture content or gas composition consistent. Furthermore, convenience is vital role in packaging, and the desire for quick opening, dispensing, and resealing packages that maintain product quality until fully consumed is increasing. To facilitate trading, encourage sales, and inform on content and nutritional attributes, the packaging must be communicative. For storage of food there is huge scope for modified atmosphere packaging, intelligent packaging, active packaging, and controlled atmosphere packaging. Active packaging has a variety of uses, including carbon dioxide absorbers and emitters, oxygen scavengers, antimicrobials, and moisture control agents. Smart packaging is another term for intelligent packaging. Edible packaging, self-cooling and self-heating packaging, micro packaging, and water-soluble packaging are some of the advancements in package material.
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Breeding for Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Legumes
- 1. CREDIT SEMINAR - II Presented by : Asmat Ara Ph. D GPB 03/AG(GPB)/2016-D Seminar Incharge : Dr. Kamal-ud-din
- 2. “Breeding for Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Legumes”
- 3. stress “ A biological stress is an adverse force or a condition, which inhibits the normal functioning and well being of a biological system such as plants .’’ (Lones et.al ,1989) It is an organism's response to a stressor such as an environmental condition.
- 11. DARYANTO et al, 2015 PLOS ONE
- 13. Breeding strategies • Field based testing – Stress ecology • Trait based phenotyping – Phenomics • Gene/ QTL based screening- Genomics • Expression/Interaction – Transcriptomics/ Proteomics/Metabolomics /Interactomics • Microbial approaches – Microbiomes • New Frontiers – CRISPR-cas Genome editing
- 14. Legume varieties bred for stress CROP VARIETIES LEAD INSTITUTION CHICKPEA JG-14, ICCV-37, ICCV-2, ICCV-42, ICCV-96029, ICCV-94916-4, ICCV- 94916-8, ICCV- 94920-3, ICCV- 94924-2, ICCV-94924-3 ICRISAT COMMON BEAN INTA SEQUA, BAT-477, NAROBEAN-1, NAROBEAN-2, NAROBEAN-3, NAROBEAN-4C, NAROBEAN-5C CIAT/INTA/PABRA COWPEA IT-16, IT-18, IT-04K-321, IT-97K- 390, IT-99K-494, IT-849-2246, BAMBEY-21, EPACE-1 IITA GROUNDN UT TGX-1989-60F, TGX-1740-2F, TGX- 1937-1F IITA
- 15. Physiological approaches • Escape- proper timing of lifecycle, resulting in the completion of the most sensitive developmental stages while water is abundant. • Dehydration avoidance- Avoiding water-deficit stress with a root system capable of extracting water from deep soil layers. • Dehydration tolerance- Mechanisms such as osmotic adjustment (OA) whereby a plant maintains cell turgor pressure under reduced soil water potential.
- 16. Phenomics • Plant phenomics is the study of plant growth, performance and composition. Cells Chromosome Nucleus DNA Gene
- 20. REGULATING SIGNALLING • Osmotic/oxidative stress signalling (MAPK ) • Ca2+ dependent signalling ABA-responsive elements (ABREs) – Leucine zippers, TF’s (DREB, NAC, WRKY) • Ca2+ dependent SOS signalling resulting in ion homeostasis. • Genes directly protect plant cells against stresses (HSPs or chaperones, LEA proteins)
- 21. Response of different DREB genes to drought stresses
- 25. TRANSGENICS
- 27. (b) (d) (c)
- 28. Molecular Markers for Physiological Traits • Assists the construction of linkage maps-exploited for detection of chromosomal regions governing traits • Selection and characterization of QTLs • The efficiency and precision of conventional breeding can be enhanced through DNA markers which have the potential to be used as molecular tool for marker-assisted selection (MAS)
- 29. How linkage map constructed? • Production of a mapping population • Identification of polymorphism • Linkage analysis of markers
- 30. QTL analysis • Single-Marker analysis • Simple Interval mapping • Composite Interval mapping Methods to detect QTLs
- 36. Common bean linkage map constructed using the AND 277 x SEA 5 RIL population. The positions of the QTLs for drought (blue) and irrigated treatments (red) are shown
- 37. A case study: Development of the submergence tolerant Swarna-Sub1 with details of markers used for foreground, recombinant, and background selection. The numbers of plants selected in each generation are indicated in parentheses. Neeraja et al. (2007)
- 38. Genotype of the Swarna-Sub1 (BC2F2) plant that is homozygous for the recipient genome except for the Sub1 region on chromosome 9. Neeraja et al. (2007
- 39. Micro-biome: Zelicourta et al.2013 Dynamic community of micro-organisms associated with plant roots Include plant- growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) as well as plant- growth promoting fungi (PGPF)
- 43. (CRISPR)-Cas9 : Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat Genome editing tool in which sequence-specific nucleases cause double-strand breaks (DSBs) at the target genomic locus/loci. (Voytas et al, 2013) Used for genome editing, transcriptional regulation or forward genetics screens for understanding the molecular basis of abiotic stress response, which can lead to generation of abiotic stress-tolerant crop plants.
- 46. (A) A map of the codon optimized Glycine max Cas9 (GmCas9) gene is shown along with surrounding components and restriction sites. (B) A map of the guide RNA with designated restriction site in red for insertion of target recognition sequence. (C) MDC32/Cas9 construct used for targeted mutagenesis in Medicago truncatula. (D)MDC32/GUS/Cas9 construct with GUS reporter used for targeted mutagenesis in soybean.
- 47. Cross talk • Any instance of two signalling pathways from different stressors that converge. • Cross-talk can also occur between pathways in different organs of the plant when a systemic signal such as hydrogen peroxide moves from a stimulated cell into another tissue to elicit a response.
- 48. Crosstalk of signal transduction pathways (Knight & knight ,2001) signalling component Stimulus 1 Stimulus 2Stimulus 1 Response X Response X Response Y
- 49. • Cold Drought, salt stress DREB1 DREB2 DRE Signal transduction Transcription factors e.g. RD29A/LT178 cis element TATA Gene expression
- 52. HANDLING FIELD DATA YIELD BASED INDEX PHENOLOGY BASED INDEX REGRESSION BASED INDEX SCORE BASED INDEX
- 55. Conclusion • The multiple stress responses on various kinds of genes and their transcribed products involved in a variety of cellular functions are important in understanding and solving the problems of drought/salt stress tolerance. • Dissecting complex phenotypes into their constituting QTLs will offer a more direct access to hit valuable genetic diversity regulating the adaptive response to stress conditions (drought, salinity etc.).
- 56. Contd … • Phenomics provides the opportunity to study previously unexplored areas of plant science, and it provides the opportunity to bring together genetics and physiology to reveal the molecular genetic basis of a wide range of previously intractable plant processes. • Genome editing of crop plants is a rapidly advancing technology whereby targeted mutations can be introduced into a plant genome in a highly specific manner and with great precision.