The document discusses brain tumors, including the blood-brain barrier, types of brain cells, primary and secondary brain tumors, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It notes that primary brain tumors originate in the brain itself from cells like glia or meninges, while secondary tumors spread from other parts of the body. Diagnosis involves tests like MRI, biopsy, and angiography. Treatment includes surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and management of symptoms.

1. PRESENTED BY
S.VIGNESH
B.SC (N) III YEAR
SMVNC

4.  BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER
ACTS AS BOTH A
MECHANICAL BARRIER
MECHANISM AND A
TRANSPORT MECHANISM
 IT PREVENTS HARMFUL
CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
AND PERMOTS METABOLIC
AND ESSENTIAL MATERIAL
INTO THE BRAIN TISSUES.

7. NEUROGLIA OR THE GLIA IS THE SUPPORTING CELLS OF THE
NERVOUS SYSTEM. THE NEUROGLIAL CELLS ARE NON EXCITABLE
AND DO NOT TRANSMIT NERVE IMPULSE.SO THESE CELLS ARE
ALSO CALLED NON NEURAL CELLS OR GLIAL CELLS.
1. ASTROCYTES
2. MICROGLIA
3. OLIGODENDROCYTES
4. EPENDYMAL CELLS.

8. ABNORMAL CELL PROLIFERATION BRAIN
CELLS.
BRAIN CANCER IS A DISEASE OF THE
BRAIN IN WHICH CANCER CELLS
(MALIGNANT CELLS) ARISE IN THE BRAIN
TISSUE.

9. CANCER CELLS GROW TO FORM A MASS
OF CANCER TISSUE (TUMOR) THAT
INTERFERS WITH BRAIN FUNCTIONS
SUCH AS MUSCLE CONTROL, SENSATION,
MEMORY, AND OTHER NORMAL BODY
FUNCTIONS.

10.  INCIDENCE OF BRAIN TUMORS IN INDIA IS 3 TO 4 PER
100,000 PERSONS PER YEAR.
 MORE AFFECTED IN MALE
 1.4% OF ALL NEW CANCER PATIENTS PER YEAR

11.  PRIMARY BRAIN TUMOR
IT ORIGINATES IN YOUR BRAIN. THEY CAN DEVELOP
FROM YOUR
1. BRAIN CELLS
2. MENINGES
3. NERVE CELLS
4. GLANDS
PRIMARY TUMORS CAN BE BENIGN OR NON CANCEROUS. IN
ADULTS, THE MOST COMMON TYPES OF BRAIN TUMOR ARE
GLIOMAS AND MENINGIOMAS.

12. GLIOMAS ARE TUMORS THAT DEVELOP FROM GLIAL CELLS.
THESE CELLS NORMALLY:
 SUPPORT THE STRUCTURE OF YOUR CENTRAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM.
 PROVIDE NUTRITION TO YOUR CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
 CLEAN CELLULAR WASTE.
 BREAK DOWN DEAD NEURON.

13.  ASTROCYTIC TUMORS SUCH AS ASTROCYTOMAS, WHICH
ORIGINATE IN THE CEREBRUM.
 OLIGODENDROGLIAL TUMORS, WHICH ARE OFTEN FOUND IN
THE FRONTAL TEMPORAL LOBES.
 GLIOBLASTOMAS , WHICH ORIGINATES IN THE SUPPORTIVE
BRAIN TISSUE AND ARE MOST AGGRESSIVE TYPES.

15. SECONDARY BRAIN TUMORS MAKE UP THE MAJORITY OF BRAIN
CANCERS. THEY START IN ONE PART OF THE BODY AND SPREAD
OR METASTASIZE, TO THE BRAIN. THE FOLLOWING CAN
METASTASIZE TO THE BRAIN:
 LUNG CANCER
 BREAST CANCER
 KIDNEY CANCER
 SKIN CANCER

16. TNM system to divide cancers into stages.
• STAGE I
• STAGE II
• STAGE III
• STAGE IV

17. THE TUMOR GROWS SLOWLY AND RARELY SPREAD INTO
NEARBY TISSUES. IT MAY POSSIBLE TO COMPLETELY REMOVE THE
WITH SURGERY.

18. THE TUMOR GROWS SLOWLY, BUT MAY SPREAD INTO NEARBY
TISSUES OR RECUR.

19. THE TUMOR GROWS QUICKLY, IS LIKELY TO SPREAD INTO NEARBY
TISSUE AND THE TUMOR CELLS LOOK VERY DIFFERENT FROM
NORMAL CELLS.

20. THE TUMOR GROWS AND SPREADS VERY QUICKLY, AND THE
TUMOR CELLS DO NOT LIKE NORMAL CELLS.

21. SECONDARY OR METASTATIC
BRAIN TUMORS, WHICH
HAVE SPREAD TO THE BRAIN
FROM ANOTHER LOCATION
IN THE BODY ARE MUCH
MORE COMMON THAN
PRIMARY BRAIN TUMOR.

22. THE EXACT CAUSE OF MOST BRAIN CANCER IS UNKNOWN.

23.  FAMILY HISTORY
 AGE
 RACE(AFRICAN AND AMERICAN)
 CHEMICAL EXPOSURE
 EXPOSURE TO RADIATION

24. due to etiological factors
growth of tumor
increased ICP in adjacent organ in CSF
obstructive hydrocephalus
tumor generator to blood vessels
dustrupting normal blood brain barrier

25. IN FRONTAL LOBE:
Personality changes
Memory loss
Visual disturbance
unilateral hemiplegia
IN TEMPORAL LOBE
- seizure
-dysphagia

26.  IN PARIETAL LOBE:
sensory imaprement
speech disturbance
 IN OCCIPITAL LOBE:
visual disturbance
hearing hallucination
nystagmus
diplopia

27.  IN CEREBELUM:
 IMPAIRED EQULIBIRIUM
 IMPAIRED COORDINATION
 IN PITUTARY:
nipple discharge
lack of menstrual cycle
gynecomastia
obesity
low bp

28.  Blurred Vision
 Head ache
 Vomiting
 Confusion
 Clumsiness
 Dizziness
 Difficulty in reading and writing
 hand tremors
 Muscle weakness

29.  History collection
 Physical examination
 Neurological examination
 CT
 MRI
 Computerised assested stereotact biopsy(3 dimention)
 Angiography
 Brain mapping
 Positron emission tomography(PET)
 Electro encephalogram(EEG)

30.  Pharmacologic therapy
1. Corticosteroids(dexamethasone &
prednisome 4 to 24 mg per day)
2. Osmotic diuretic(mannitol)
3. Antiseizure drugs(phenytoin)
4. Anticoagulant
5. Antineoplasm(vincristine,camustine)
6. Antiemetic(ondansetron)
7. Antianalgesic(morphine)

31. Chemotherapy
the effectiveness of chemotherapy has been
limited by difficulty getting drugs across the
blood brain barrier, tumor cell heterogeneity
and tumor cell resistance. A group of
chemotherapeutic drugs called the
NITROSOUREAS
(Procarbazine and temozolomide and
methotrexate)

32.  RADIATION THERAPY
STEREOTACTIC
RADIOSURGERY

33.  CRANIOTOMY

34.  ENDONASAL ENDOSCOPY
 NEUROENDOSCOPY
 SHUNT
 PLACEMENT OF OMMAYA RESERVOIR

35.  Position for head ache(upright position)and pain
medication
 Assess neurological examination
 Monitor ICP level
 Monitor vital signs
 Assess electrolytes abnormalities
 Protect for injury
 Assess eye moment & pupillary size

36. Brain heriniation
Death
Metastasis