This document discusses orthodontic bracket placement and positioning. It covers direct bracket placement techniques and factors to consider like base adaptation, slot angulation, and position. It also discusses intentional variations in bracket placement for different malocclusions or treatment stages. Common errors in direct bonding are described. Guidelines are provided for direct bonding steps and molar band placement.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Frictionless Mechanics in Orthodontics
In frictionless mechanics, teeth are moved without the brackets sliding
over the archwire.
Retraction is accomplished with the help of loops or springs.
Bioprogressive therapy /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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in Orthodontics, Torque is a vital ingredient in the achievement of optimal esthetics, function and health of teeth and surrounding tissues, as also in stability of the treatment results
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Frictionless Mechanics in Orthodontics
In frictionless mechanics, teeth are moved without the brackets sliding
over the archwire.
Retraction is accomplished with the help of loops or springs.
Bioprogressive therapy /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
in Orthodontics, Torque is a vital ingredient in the achievement of optimal esthetics, function and health of teeth and surrounding tissues, as also in stability of the treatment results
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Andrew’s straight wire appliance /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indi...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
MBT system in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian den...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
Roth philosophy /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
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Arch Form in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Roth philosophy /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Loops in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
Friction mechanics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Template analysis /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental acad...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
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K- Sir loop /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Concepts of orthodontic bracket positioning techniques / fixed orthodontics c...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
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Andrew’s straight wire appliance /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indi...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
MBT system in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian den...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
Roth philosophy /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
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Arch Form in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Roth philosophy /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Loops in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
Friction mechanics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Template analysis /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental acad...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
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Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Concepts of orthodontic bracket positioning techniques / fixed orthodontics c...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Mollenhaurs auxillary final /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
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Rpd designing /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
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Rpd designing /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
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THE INVISALIGN aligner in orthodontics .pptxMaen Dawodi
- The concept of producing tooth movement using a removable tooth positioning device at 1945, until Align Technology computerized the process (CAD-CAM) in the late 1990s
- The clinician must treat the patient virtually using the computer images long before touching even a single tooth.
- The lnvisalign System consists of mindset, software, impressions, working with the computer, understanding physical properties and behavior characteristics of the plastic and ensuing force systems acting on teeth, as well as patient management.
- Impressions must be taken with poly–vinyl siloxane (PVS) due to its superior accuracy and stability. The patient’s impressions, PVS bite registration, photographs (intraoral and extraoral) and radiographs are submitted to Align Technology in addition to the completed treatment form. (CT)
Each aligner is prescribed to be worn for 2 weeks and
is only removed for eating, drinking, brushing and flossing.
CT images of PVS impressions are transferred to a special software called "Treat" software.
imperfections of the impression are smoothed out and then submitted to the ClinCheck technique . (Santa Clara, California)
1- Bolton's discrepancy
2- Simulate physiological tooth attrition
3- Camouflage a skeletal deformity without surgery
4- Necessity to alter the tooth morphology
Initial concerns of root proximity, caries risk, good depth
of enamel .
In posterior region, use separators prior to IPR.
periapical radiographs are needed, but without such
benefit, one may safely remove 0.3 mm from
the anterior teeth and 0.6 mm from the posterior.
Similar to Bracket placement and positioning (dr nayaungbds phd) (20)
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
2. -The introduction of the acid-etch technique within dentistry has influenced modern orthodontic bonding techniques
(Buonocore 1955) prompting a move away from multi-banded appliances which characterized pioneering standard
edgewise and Begg techniques.
-Bonding has helped to simplify and expedite appliance placement while improving comfort and hygiene.
-As such, bonded attachments are typically preferred, although banded molar attachments may be required in
conjunction with banded appliances including fixed expansion auxiliaries and transpalatal and lingual arches.
-However, clinical research has largely failed to show a benefit of molar bonding in terms of demineralization, patient
comfort or failure rates (Nazir et al. 2011).
3. -The optimal bond strength to retain orthodontic attachments to the enamel surfaces has been estimated at 5.9-7.8
Mpa and is dependent on bonding techniques (Reynolds and von Fraunhofer 1976).
-The choice of fixed appliance used in a particular case to deliver the treatment aims and objectives should be decided
at the treatment planning stage based on an appreciation of prescriptions, treatment objectives, availability of space
and anchorage requirements.
-Correct bracket positioning facilitates efficient treatment and may reduce the duration of the finishing stage of
treatment and the need for additional wire bending.
4. Direct Bracket Placement and Common Errors
-When positioning orthodontic brackets directly onto the tooth surface, the following factors should be considered:
base adaptation, slot angulation and mesio-distal (rotational) and vertical position (Carlson and Johnson 2001).
-Ensuring that the bracket base is well-contoured against the tooth surface helps to promote an even layer of adhesive.
-Failure to seat the bracket completely can lead to unwanted rotational effects.
-Tooth-related factors such as shape, size, morphology, eruption, lingual/palatal position and gingival height should
also be considered.
5. -Direct bonding is associated with errors in bracket angulation and inclination (Taylor and Cook 1992).
-Adjunctive measures such as bracket gauges which use the incisal edge for incisors and the occlusal plane for
posterior teeth as a reference point can be used to aid vertical bracket placement (Armstrong et al. 2007).
6. -Brackets should normally be positioned in the center of the clinical crown (long-axis or LA point) with the tie-wings
perpendicular to the long axis of the tooth.
-Alternative designs do exist with gingival offsetting of premolar brackets, for example, used to mitigate against a
tendency to position these in the occlusal position.
-By convention, the disto-gingival tie-wing is highlighted (either in color or with a small identation) to orientate the
bracket correctly; both gingival tie-wings can be highlighted in brackets that can be placed interchangeably on left
and right sides (including some mandibular incisors and premolar with 0° angulation).
7. -The center of the clinical crown is considered to be reproducible despite individual tooth variation.
-However, anomalies in tooth length related to incisal wear and gingival architecture issues may need to be accounted
for with attachments being placed at the center of the ideal anatomic crown in these cases particularly where gingival
recontouring or direct bonding is planned.
-Where incisal edge reduction (disking) is planning to compensate for uneven wear, brackets may intentionally be
positioned gingival to the LA point to extrude the tooth prior to reshaping.
-As a guide, the long axis of the tooth should bisect the middle of the bracket base with the vertical reference line on
the bracket being used to guide the mesio-distal orientation along the long axis.
The vertical reference line on the bracket is used to
guide the mesio-distal orientation along the long axis
of the clinical crown.
8. -For the placement of molar tube attachments, the same principles as with molar bands should be adhered to.
-For maxillary and mandibular first molars, the tube should be bonded adjacent to the buccal groove and mesio-
buccal groove, respectively, parallel to the buccal cusps with an even amount of the mesial and distal cusps visible.
-Optimal bracket placement is critical in avoiding alignment issues towards the end of treatment.
Maxillary first molar tubes should be
centered on the buccal groove parallel
to the buccal cusps.
9.
10. Intentional Variation in Bracket Placement
-In certain malocclusions, in different stages of treatment or to facilitate particular tooth movements, bracket
placement can be varied from the ‘ideal’ positions.
-During initial positioning of brackets, the center of the clinical crown may not be accessible due to the level of
crowding, rotations and overlap of the adjacent teeth.
-In these situations, the bracket can initially be bonded in a non-ideal position (usually mesial or distal to the long
axis) before being moved into the correct position following initial alignment.
11.
12. -During the alignment stage, it may be important to maintain the arch length to avoid excess proclination of the lower
incisors leading to arch length changes with resultant change in the overbite and overjet.
-For example, in the lower arch in Class III camouflage, the contralateral lower canine brackets can be bonded to
maintain the lower arch length.
-This changes the prescribed 3° mesial tip (with the MBT system) to distal tip encouraging distal crown tipping
relative to the root and control of the antero-posterior position of the lower labial segment.
-Cinching the archwire flush against the distal aspect of the molar attachment can also help to maintain the arch
length; however, the latter does not affect canine angulation.
13.
14. -Where one or both upper lateral incisors are developmentally absent, substituting the upper permanent canines in the
upper lateral incisor position can be considered along with space closure (Silveira et al. 2016).
-In this situation, the upper canine bracket which has labial root torque prescription can be inverted to move the root
palatally and optimize gingival aesthetics.
-It is important that a canine bracket with a meaningful amount of torque (e.g. Andrews or MBT variants) is used to
have a demonstrable effect.
15.
16. -Where the maxillary lateral incisors have erupted palatally, often the most challenging and time-consuming treatment
objective is labial movement of the roots of these teeth.
-This is complicated further by the fact the torque prescription of the upper lateral incsor favours palatal root torque.
-To address this, the lateral incisor bracket can be inverted.
-The effect of this is to change the torque prescription of the bracket to promote labial movement of the root.
-In terms of numeric values, manibular premolar brackets typically have the highest torque prescription (of up to 22°).
-Consequently, where significant torque differential is required, these can be particularly useful on teeth with curved
surfaces.
17.
18. Orthodontic Bonding to Enamel Surfaces
-Following etching of the enamel surface with 37% phosphoric acid and application of primer
(hydroxyethylmethacrylate), an adhesive layer promotes micromechanical bonding between the enamel surface and
the base of the bracket onto the tooth surface.
-Two techniques, one-stage (self-etching primer) or two-stage (acid-etch and primer), are commonly used to prepare
the enamel surface prior to bonding the bracket.
-The single-stage (self-etching primer) technique is particularly technique-sensitive, and manufacturers’ instructions
should be closely followed.
-Enamel surface cleaning with pumice prior to application of self-etching primer is advocated (Burgess et al. 2006).
-However, although clinically time-efficient, a higher rate of bond failures over a 12-month period has been reported
with one-stage (self-etch) compared to two-stage (acid-etch and primer) techniques (Fleming et al. 2012).
19.
20. -Orthodontic brackets and buccal molar tubes are available pre-coated with a layer of composite adhesive on the base
of the bracket.
-Conventionally, however, brackets are not pre-coated and hence require direct placement of a layer of composite
adhesive onto the bracket base.
-No significant differences in bond failures have been reported in clinical research over a 6-month period with these
approaches (Wong and Power 2003).
21.
22. Bracket Placement and Positioning: Practical Steps
-The enamel surface can be cleaned with pumice to remove any potential contaminants and salivary pellicle that could
affect the achievement of adequate bond strength.
-Before preparing the tooth surface, adequate isolation of the teeth and a dry field is essential.
-Orthodontic retractors can be used to move the lips and cheeks away from the surface of the teeth to improve both
visualization and access to the teeth.
-Saliva ejectors are useful in ensuring a dry field and also prop open the occlusion allowing access to assess mesio-
distal positioning with a mirror from the occlusal perspective.
-It is sensible to place the ejector in the molar region once the teeth have been dried.
-This allows more significant disclusion than siting in the incisal region affording room for placement of the mirror to
define bracket position.
23.
24. -For the two-stage (acid-etch and primer) bonding technique, 37% phosphoric acid is initially placed on the teeth for
15 s.
-For molar teeth, 30 s is advised (Johnston et al. 1998) with no further advantage associated with etch times of up to
60 s.
-The etch is then washed from the teeth and air-dried using a 3-in-1.
-Washing can be undertaken in one continuous ‘sweep’ with high-volume suction being used in the same motion to
avoid accumulation of excess water and unwanted dispersal of etchant material, particularly on the soft tissues.
-The enamel surface should develop a ‘frosted’ appearance.
-A thin layer of primer (hydroxyethylmethacrylate, Transbond™ XT light cure adhesive primer, 3M Unitek) is then
applied to the surface of the teeth; this may be light-cured.
25.
26. -If a one-stage (self-etching primer (Transbond Plus, 3M Unitek)) technique is being employed, the surface of the
teeth does not need to be prepared with 37% phosphoric acid as the etching and application of the bonding agent are
combined.
-The self-etch primer is sequentially activated leaving a yellowish fluid at the end of the microbrush.
-The surface of the tooth should be agitated with the brush for 3-5 s and then lightly air-dried.
27.
28. -Using a bracket tweezers, the orthodontic bracket or molar tube with composite adhesive on the base is seated onto
the tooth surface.
-The position of the bracket or molar tube can be adjusted using a short probe.
-Bracket positioning can be assessed from the labial aspect for vertical and horizontal position (relative to the center
of the clinical crown) either directly for the upper anteriors or using a dental mirror for the posterior teeth and viewed
occlusally to evaluate position in relation to the long axis of the tooth.
-Once optimal bracket or molar tube position is achieved, full seating can be ensured either with the bracket tweezer
or short probe expelling residual composite to obtain an even layer of adhesive beneath the bracket base.
-Residual composite flash should be removed from around the bracket base using a short probe to avoid potential
plaque-harbouring areas.
-The composite beneath the bracket is then light-cured with either a light-emitting diode, halogen or plasma arc laser
light cure initiating the polymerization process for the time recommended by the manufacturer.
-Curing times tend to be shorter for plasma arc lights, although no difference in bond failure rates has been shown
between the various approaches (Fleming et al. 2013).
29.
30. Banding of Molar Teeth
-Two types of attachments are used on molar teeth: bands or buccal tubes.
-The latter have become increasingly popular (and preferred by the authors) due to the ability to position these
predictably, their simplicity and requirement for fewer appointments and associated comfort.
-However, molar bands are versatile and can be used in the construction of auxiliary appliances such as transpalatal
arches and fixed expansion devices.
-Molar bands may be less prone to failure than molar tubes and hence can be utilized in cases where repeated buccal
molar tube failures occur (Nazir et al. 2011; Millett et al. 2017), particularly on heavily-restored or misshapen teeth.
31. -A week before molar bands are fitted, separators are placed between the mesial and distal contact points of the tooth
to be banded.
-Elastomeric separators are usually preferred to metal alternatives being simple to place and providing sufficient space
(Hoffman 1972).
-Separators should not be left longer than this timeframe to avoid the risk of submerging into the periodontal spaces
or falling out.
-The aim of separation is to provide at least 0.3 mm space (Cureton and Bice 1997) between the adjacent teeth, to
allow comfortable seating and placement of the band.
-Separators can be placed using dental floss, using two mosquito forceps or a bespoke plier.
-Irrespective of the technique, the separator is stretched and gently seated above and below the contact point between
the teeth.
-Following the placement of separators, tenderness and discomfort are commonplace and typically more severe than
following fixed appliance placement or adjustment (Ngan et al. 1989).
32.
33. -Various band sizes can be selected.
-Fit can first be gauged on study models to assess the required size before being tested on the tooth limiting inventory
requirements.
-Initially, the band can be located onto the tooth using fingers before being passed through the contact points by
applying gentle pressure in a gingival direction using a Mershon band pusher.
-Ideally, the band should be adapted as closely as possible to the surface of the tooth.
-For maxillary molar bands, the tube should lie adjacent to the buccal groove.
-From the buccal aspect, the band should be parallel with the buccal cusps and with even amount of the mesial and
distal cusps visible.
-Care should be taken to avoid over-seating of the band, particularly palatally.
-The slot of the mandibular first molar bands should be positioned onto the mesio-buccal groove of the tooth, and
similar to upper molars, the buccal aspect of the band should usually be parallel with the buccal cusps and an even
amount of the mesial and distal cusps visible from the buccal aspect.
34.
35. -Once the correct size band has been chosen, it should be removed from the molar tooth using posterior band remover
pliers and cleaned.
-For cementation, a layer of glass polyalkenoate cement (glass ionomer luting cement; Ketac™ Cem radiopaque 3M
ESPE) can be applied to the inner aspect of the band with a flat plastic instrument.
-The cement should chemically adhere the band to the enamel but also occupy the void between the band and the
tooth surface, thus increasing mechanical retention.
-Once fitted to the tooth and prior to setting of the cement, the tooth/band can be cleaned with a moist cotton wool roll
with air blown through the buccal tube to remove any residue, which might otherwise impede wire insertion if this is
allowed to set.