Brief introduction to Algorithm analysis Anantha Ramu
Slide explains concepts
1. What is Asymptotic analysis
2. Why do we need it
3. Examples of Notation
4. What are the various kinds of Asymptotic analysis
5. How to compute Big O Notation
6. Big Oh examples
1. Linked lists provide a dynamic data structure where elements are linked using pointers. Elements can be easily inserted or removed without reorganizing the entire data structure.
2. Linked lists are commonly used to implement stacks and queues, where elements are added or removed from the top/front of the structure. Dynamic memory allocation allows pushing and popping elements efficiently.
3. Polynomials can also be represented using linked lists, where each term is a node containing the coefficient and exponent, linked in descending exponent order. This provides an efficient way to perform operations on polynomial expressions.
This document describes a VHDL model for a first-in first-out (FIFO) control logic using a two-process modeling style. The FIFO control logic generates the address and write enable signals to interface with a RAM such that data written into the RAM is retrieved in the same order. The VHDL model implements the logic required for a pipelined RAM to operate as a FIFO, including flags to indicate full, empty, no push, and no pop conditions. A top-level hierarchical model combining the FIFO control logic and RAM components is also presented.
This document summarizes an obfuscation technique called function merging. It describes creating a single merge function that acts as a dispatcher for other functions via a switch statement. The merge function loads arguments, replaces returns, and moves function content. Wrappers are created to call the merge function and avoid API breakage.
MeCC: Memory Comparison-based Code Clone Detector영범 정
The document describes MeCC, a memory comparison-based code clone detector. MeCC estimates program semantics by analyzing programs statically to produce abstract memories. Abstract memories map abstract addresses to abstract values. MeCC detects clones by comparing abstract memories and identifying similarities. This allows MeCC to find semantic clones that are syntactically different but have identical behaviors, such as clones involving control replacements, capturing procedural effects, or more complex transformations.
The document discusses developing a transformation product line (TPL) approach to define model transformations over variants of a meta-model product line (MMPL) in a compact, reusable, extensible, and analyzable way by using transformation fragments with presence conditions and composing them through abstraction and overriding mechanisms. It aims to address the challenges of defining transformations over many variants of a meta-model in a scalable way while maintaining correctness through analysis at the TPL level.
DeltaDoc is a technique that automatically generates natural language summaries of code changes from diffs. It works by symbolically executing the program to generate path predicates for statements, identifying statements that are added, removed, or have different predicates between versions, and applying summarization transformations to produce concise yet informative summaries. Evaluation found DeltaDoc summaries were on average more detailed than commit messages while being more concise, with about 89% able to cover the information in commit messages. DeltaDoc is designed to supplement or replace many existing commit messages by providing a structured, reliable summary of what changed in the code and how it impacts program behavior.
The Ring programming language version 1.9 book - Part 40 of 210Mahmoud Samir Fayed
This document summarizes Ring's support for first-class functions, higher-order functions, anonymous functions, and reflection capabilities. Key points include:
- Ring supports first-class functions - functions can be passed as parameters, returned as values, and stored in variables.
- Higher-order functions take other functions as parameters.
- Anonymous functions are unnamed functions that can be passed to other functions or stored in variables.
- Ring provides reflection capabilities through functions like locals(), globals(), functions(), islocal(), isglobal(), etc. to obtain information about the running program at runtime.
Brief introduction to Algorithm analysis Anantha Ramu
Slide explains concepts
1. What is Asymptotic analysis
2. Why do we need it
3. Examples of Notation
4. What are the various kinds of Asymptotic analysis
5. How to compute Big O Notation
6. Big Oh examples
1. Linked lists provide a dynamic data structure where elements are linked using pointers. Elements can be easily inserted or removed without reorganizing the entire data structure.
2. Linked lists are commonly used to implement stacks and queues, where elements are added or removed from the top/front of the structure. Dynamic memory allocation allows pushing and popping elements efficiently.
3. Polynomials can also be represented using linked lists, where each term is a node containing the coefficient and exponent, linked in descending exponent order. This provides an efficient way to perform operations on polynomial expressions.
This document describes a VHDL model for a first-in first-out (FIFO) control logic using a two-process modeling style. The FIFO control logic generates the address and write enable signals to interface with a RAM such that data written into the RAM is retrieved in the same order. The VHDL model implements the logic required for a pipelined RAM to operate as a FIFO, including flags to indicate full, empty, no push, and no pop conditions. A top-level hierarchical model combining the FIFO control logic and RAM components is also presented.
This document summarizes an obfuscation technique called function merging. It describes creating a single merge function that acts as a dispatcher for other functions via a switch statement. The merge function loads arguments, replaces returns, and moves function content. Wrappers are created to call the merge function and avoid API breakage.
MeCC: Memory Comparison-based Code Clone Detector영범 정
The document describes MeCC, a memory comparison-based code clone detector. MeCC estimates program semantics by analyzing programs statically to produce abstract memories. Abstract memories map abstract addresses to abstract values. MeCC detects clones by comparing abstract memories and identifying similarities. This allows MeCC to find semantic clones that are syntactically different but have identical behaviors, such as clones involving control replacements, capturing procedural effects, or more complex transformations.
The document discusses developing a transformation product line (TPL) approach to define model transformations over variants of a meta-model product line (MMPL) in a compact, reusable, extensible, and analyzable way by using transformation fragments with presence conditions and composing them through abstraction and overriding mechanisms. It aims to address the challenges of defining transformations over many variants of a meta-model in a scalable way while maintaining correctness through analysis at the TPL level.
DeltaDoc is a technique that automatically generates natural language summaries of code changes from diffs. It works by symbolically executing the program to generate path predicates for statements, identifying statements that are added, removed, or have different predicates between versions, and applying summarization transformations to produce concise yet informative summaries. Evaluation found DeltaDoc summaries were on average more detailed than commit messages while being more concise, with about 89% able to cover the information in commit messages. DeltaDoc is designed to supplement or replace many existing commit messages by providing a structured, reliable summary of what changed in the code and how it impacts program behavior.
The Ring programming language version 1.9 book - Part 40 of 210Mahmoud Samir Fayed
This document summarizes Ring's support for first-class functions, higher-order functions, anonymous functions, and reflection capabilities. Key points include:
- Ring supports first-class functions - functions can be passed as parameters, returned as values, and stored in variables.
- Higher-order functions take other functions as parameters.
- Anonymous functions are unnamed functions that can be passed to other functions or stored in variables.
- Ring provides reflection capabilities through functions like locals(), globals(), functions(), islocal(), isglobal(), etc. to obtain information about the running program at runtime.
Complete and Interpretable Conformance Checking of Business ProcessesMarlon Dumas
This document presents a new approach for conformance checking of business processes that identifies all differences between a process model and an event log. It generates natural language statements to describe each difference. The approach works by translating the model and log into prime event structures and extracting mismatches by comparing their partially synchronized product. It can identify seven elementary mismatch patterns to characterize deviations. The approach was implemented in a standalone Java tool and evaluated on a real-life process with over 150,000 event traces.
The document discusses functions and recursion in C programming. It provides examples of different types of functions like void, float, int functions. It demonstrates simple functions with no parameters, functions that return values, and functions with parameters. It also explains recursion with examples of calculating factorials and Fibonacci series recursively. Finally, it discusses other function related concepts like function prototypes, scope of variables, and pre-defined math functions in C.
The document discusses Unix processes and process control functions. It covers process identifiers, the fork function for creating new processes, wait and exit functions for process termination, and exec functions for replacing the current process with a new program. Race conditions that can occur with shared resources between processes are also discussed.
Rcpp provides seamless integration between R and C++. It includes the Rcpp API for wrapping R objects in C++ and converting between R and C++ types, Rcpp sugar for adding R-like syntax to C++, and Rcpp modules for exposing C++ classes and functions to R. The presentation provided examples of using the Rcpp API and sugar to write C++ functions that integrate with R. It also demonstrated how to define C++ modules to expose classes and functions to R. Benchmarks showed that Rcpp sugar can provide significant performance gains over the base R API.
This slides describes the basic concepts of industrial-strength compiler design. This includes basic concept of static single-assignment form (SSA) and various optimizations such as dead code elimination, global value numbering, constant propagation, etc. This is intend for a 150 minutes undergraduate compiler class.
This document provides additional information about LEX and describes several LEX patterns, variables, functions, start conditions, and examples. It explains that LEX is used for text processing and scanner generation. It also describes pattern matching symbols, special directives like ECHO and REJECT, variables like yytext, and functions like yylex(), yyless(), and yywrap(). Examples are provided for multi-file scanning, counting character sequences, and generating HTML.
Data structure singly linked list programs VTU ExamsiCreateWorld
This document contains C code for implementing various operations on a singly linked list representing a stack. It includes functions to push, pop, display the stack, insert and delete nodes at different positions, search for a node, count nodes, and more. The code is accompanied by explanations and comments.
Parsers Combinators in Scala, Ilya @lambdamix KliuchnikovVasil Remeniuk
The document describes parser combinators in Scala. Parser combinators allow building parsers from simple parsing functions combined using operators like ~ (sequence) and | (choice). This approach implements recursive descent parsing with backtracking. Examples show building parsers for arithmetic expressions and lambda calculus terms using parser combinators. The key advantages of the parser combinator approach are that it is functional in nature, parsers can be composed from small reusable pieces, and backtracking allows robust handling of parsing errors.
Basic c++ 11/14 for python programmersJen Yee Hong
A short list of some common python programming patterns and their C++ equivalents. This can help programmers learn C++ in a more efficient way if he or she already knows Python.
Part of this material is used for internal training of Appier Inc, one of the leading artificial intelligence company in Asia.
Thank Appier Inc. for allowing me to share this.
Workshop presentation given by Niels Lohmann on August 16, 2007 in Eindhoven, The Netherlands at the Berlin-Eindhoven Service Technology Colloquium 2007 (B.E.S.T. 2007).
The document discusses the Delphi Runtime Library (RTL). It provides three key points:
1. The RTL is a collection of functions and procedures built into Delphi that are organized into units like SysUtils, Classes, and FileCtrl.
2. The SysUtils unit is well documented and contains many commonly used routines.
3. The RTL aims to be platform independent through conditional compilation and provides object wrappers for many routines through units like Contnrs.
This document discusses monadic programming (MP) in Clojure. It begins with introductions to monads and monadic programming in Haskell. It then discusses reasons for using MP in Clojure despite it not having static typing or being purely functional. It explains two libraries for MP in Clojure - clojure.algo.monads and funcool/cats - and how they implement monads using macros and protocols. Examples are given of using monads for error handling in a reverse Polish notation calculator and for representing probability distributions.
This chapter discusses selection statements in C++. It covers relational expressions, if-else statements, nested if statements, the switch statement, and common programming errors. Relational expressions are used to compare operands and evaluate to true or false. If-else statements select between two statements based on a condition. Nested if statements allow if statements within other if statements. The switch statement compares a value to multiple cases and executes the matching case's statements. Programming errors can occur from incorrect operators, unpaired braces, and untested conditions.
The document discusses functions and function templates in C++. It covers defining functions, passing arguments to functions, returning values from functions, variable scope, and common errors. Function templates allow defining functions that operate on different data types using a single code definition. The chapter also discusses generating random numbers in C++ using the rand() and srand() functions.
TMPA-2015: A Need To Specify and Verify Standard FunctionsIosif Itkin
This document discusses the need to formally specify and verify standard mathematical functions in programming languages like C. It uses examples of computing pi using Monte Carlo simulation and solving quadratic equations to show that functions like rand() and sqrt() are not precisely defined, which causes problems for formal verification. The document argues that alternative functions or interval analysis approaches could provide more rigorous specifications of functions like sqrt.
4Developers 2018: The turbulent road to byte-addressable storage support at t...PROIDEA
The advent of new persistent memory technologies that are extremely fast and accessible at the CPU level is an opportunity to rethink many of the assumptions that were made during the design of storage interfaces in programming languages and supporting libraries. Many of the currently employed solutions will need to be designed from scratch with the new paradigms in mind to achieve full benefit of using this type of memory. But radical changes are never easy, and this one is no exception. Many researchers and industry experts have been working on this topic for a long time, and here's what they came up with. This lecture will introduce the broader aspects of persistent memory and what is currently being done to enable existing operating systems and programming languages to support this new type of technology. It will focus on C++ related activities and discuss the standardization efforts currently planned for full native language support.
The document discusses UNIX processes and related concepts:
1. A UNIX process consists of text, data, and stack segments in memory, and has a process table entry containing process-specific data like file descriptors and environment variables.
2. Processes are started by a kernel which calls a startup routine before main(). Processes can terminate normally via return, exit(), or _exit(), or abnormally via abort() or signals.
3. Functions like atexit(), setjmp(), longjmp(), getrlimit(), and setrlimit() allow processes to register exit handlers, transfer control between functions, and set resource limits.
The document discusses Big O notation, which is used to describe the asymptotic upper bound of an algorithm's running time. It defines Big O notation formally as f(n) being O(g(n)) if there exist positive constants c and n0 such that f(n) is less than or equal to c * g(n) for all n greater than or equal to n0. The document provides examples of functions being Big O of other functions, such as 2n + 7 being O(n) and 2(n + 1) being O(2n). It explains that Big O notation characterizes the worst-case growth rate of an algorithm.
The document discusses orders of growth and how they are used to analyze how the resources required to evaluate procedures scale with input size. It introduces the big-O notation O(f) which represents the set of all functions that grow no faster than the input function f. Some examples are provided to illustrate how to determine if one function is in the set O(f) of another. The key is that there must exist positive constants c and n0 such that for all n ≥ n0, g(n) ≤ c*f(n).
Complete and Interpretable Conformance Checking of Business ProcessesMarlon Dumas
This document presents a new approach for conformance checking of business processes that identifies all differences between a process model and an event log. It generates natural language statements to describe each difference. The approach works by translating the model and log into prime event structures and extracting mismatches by comparing their partially synchronized product. It can identify seven elementary mismatch patterns to characterize deviations. The approach was implemented in a standalone Java tool and evaluated on a real-life process with over 150,000 event traces.
The document discusses functions and recursion in C programming. It provides examples of different types of functions like void, float, int functions. It demonstrates simple functions with no parameters, functions that return values, and functions with parameters. It also explains recursion with examples of calculating factorials and Fibonacci series recursively. Finally, it discusses other function related concepts like function prototypes, scope of variables, and pre-defined math functions in C.
The document discusses Unix processes and process control functions. It covers process identifiers, the fork function for creating new processes, wait and exit functions for process termination, and exec functions for replacing the current process with a new program. Race conditions that can occur with shared resources between processes are also discussed.
Rcpp provides seamless integration between R and C++. It includes the Rcpp API for wrapping R objects in C++ and converting between R and C++ types, Rcpp sugar for adding R-like syntax to C++, and Rcpp modules for exposing C++ classes and functions to R. The presentation provided examples of using the Rcpp API and sugar to write C++ functions that integrate with R. It also demonstrated how to define C++ modules to expose classes and functions to R. Benchmarks showed that Rcpp sugar can provide significant performance gains over the base R API.
This slides describes the basic concepts of industrial-strength compiler design. This includes basic concept of static single-assignment form (SSA) and various optimizations such as dead code elimination, global value numbering, constant propagation, etc. This is intend for a 150 minutes undergraduate compiler class.
This document provides additional information about LEX and describes several LEX patterns, variables, functions, start conditions, and examples. It explains that LEX is used for text processing and scanner generation. It also describes pattern matching symbols, special directives like ECHO and REJECT, variables like yytext, and functions like yylex(), yyless(), and yywrap(). Examples are provided for multi-file scanning, counting character sequences, and generating HTML.
Data structure singly linked list programs VTU ExamsiCreateWorld
This document contains C code for implementing various operations on a singly linked list representing a stack. It includes functions to push, pop, display the stack, insert and delete nodes at different positions, search for a node, count nodes, and more. The code is accompanied by explanations and comments.
Parsers Combinators in Scala, Ilya @lambdamix KliuchnikovVasil Remeniuk
The document describes parser combinators in Scala. Parser combinators allow building parsers from simple parsing functions combined using operators like ~ (sequence) and | (choice). This approach implements recursive descent parsing with backtracking. Examples show building parsers for arithmetic expressions and lambda calculus terms using parser combinators. The key advantages of the parser combinator approach are that it is functional in nature, parsers can be composed from small reusable pieces, and backtracking allows robust handling of parsing errors.
Basic c++ 11/14 for python programmersJen Yee Hong
A short list of some common python programming patterns and their C++ equivalents. This can help programmers learn C++ in a more efficient way if he or she already knows Python.
Part of this material is used for internal training of Appier Inc, one of the leading artificial intelligence company in Asia.
Thank Appier Inc. for allowing me to share this.
Workshop presentation given by Niels Lohmann on August 16, 2007 in Eindhoven, The Netherlands at the Berlin-Eindhoven Service Technology Colloquium 2007 (B.E.S.T. 2007).
The document discusses the Delphi Runtime Library (RTL). It provides three key points:
1. The RTL is a collection of functions and procedures built into Delphi that are organized into units like SysUtils, Classes, and FileCtrl.
2. The SysUtils unit is well documented and contains many commonly used routines.
3. The RTL aims to be platform independent through conditional compilation and provides object wrappers for many routines through units like Contnrs.
This document discusses monadic programming (MP) in Clojure. It begins with introductions to monads and monadic programming in Haskell. It then discusses reasons for using MP in Clojure despite it not having static typing or being purely functional. It explains two libraries for MP in Clojure - clojure.algo.monads and funcool/cats - and how they implement monads using macros and protocols. Examples are given of using monads for error handling in a reverse Polish notation calculator and for representing probability distributions.
This chapter discusses selection statements in C++. It covers relational expressions, if-else statements, nested if statements, the switch statement, and common programming errors. Relational expressions are used to compare operands and evaluate to true or false. If-else statements select between two statements based on a condition. Nested if statements allow if statements within other if statements. The switch statement compares a value to multiple cases and executes the matching case's statements. Programming errors can occur from incorrect operators, unpaired braces, and untested conditions.
The document discusses functions and function templates in C++. It covers defining functions, passing arguments to functions, returning values from functions, variable scope, and common errors. Function templates allow defining functions that operate on different data types using a single code definition. The chapter also discusses generating random numbers in C++ using the rand() and srand() functions.
TMPA-2015: A Need To Specify and Verify Standard FunctionsIosif Itkin
This document discusses the need to formally specify and verify standard mathematical functions in programming languages like C. It uses examples of computing pi using Monte Carlo simulation and solving quadratic equations to show that functions like rand() and sqrt() are not precisely defined, which causes problems for formal verification. The document argues that alternative functions or interval analysis approaches could provide more rigorous specifications of functions like sqrt.
4Developers 2018: The turbulent road to byte-addressable storage support at t...PROIDEA
The advent of new persistent memory technologies that are extremely fast and accessible at the CPU level is an opportunity to rethink many of the assumptions that were made during the design of storage interfaces in programming languages and supporting libraries. Many of the currently employed solutions will need to be designed from scratch with the new paradigms in mind to achieve full benefit of using this type of memory. But radical changes are never easy, and this one is no exception. Many researchers and industry experts have been working on this topic for a long time, and here's what they came up with. This lecture will introduce the broader aspects of persistent memory and what is currently being done to enable existing operating systems and programming languages to support this new type of technology. It will focus on C++ related activities and discuss the standardization efforts currently planned for full native language support.
The document discusses UNIX processes and related concepts:
1. A UNIX process consists of text, data, and stack segments in memory, and has a process table entry containing process-specific data like file descriptors and environment variables.
2. Processes are started by a kernel which calls a startup routine before main(). Processes can terminate normally via return, exit(), or _exit(), or abnormally via abort() or signals.
3. Functions like atexit(), setjmp(), longjmp(), getrlimit(), and setrlimit() allow processes to register exit handlers, transfer control between functions, and set resource limits.
The document discusses Big O notation, which is used to describe the asymptotic upper bound of an algorithm's running time. It defines Big O notation formally as f(n) being O(g(n)) if there exist positive constants c and n0 such that f(n) is less than or equal to c * g(n) for all n greater than or equal to n0. The document provides examples of functions being Big O of other functions, such as 2n + 7 being O(n) and 2(n + 1) being O(2n). It explains that Big O notation characterizes the worst-case growth rate of an algorithm.
The document discusses orders of growth and how they are used to analyze how the resources required to evaluate procedures scale with input size. It introduces the big-O notation O(f) which represents the set of all functions that grow no faster than the input function f. Some examples are provided to illustrate how to determine if one function is in the set O(f) of another. The key is that there must exist positive constants c and n0 such that for all n ≥ n0, g(n) ≤ c*f(n).
This document presents methods for computing information flow and quantifying information leakage in non-probabilistic programs using symbolic model checking. It discusses using binary decision diagrams (BDDs) and algebraic decision diagrams (ADDs) to represent program states and calculate fixed points. Algorithms are provided for symbolically computing min-entropy and Shannon entropy leakage by constructing ADDs representing the program summary and sets of possible outputs. The methods were implemented in a tool called Moped-QLeak and evaluated on example programs. Future work includes supporting recursive programs and using other symbolic verification approaches.
Big O notation describes how efficiently an algorithm or function grows as the input size increases. It focuses on the worst-case scenario and ignores constant factors. Common time complexities include O(1) for constant time, O(n) for linear time, and O(n^2) for quadratic time. To determine an algorithm's complexity, its operations are analyzed, such as the number of statements, loops, and function calls.
The document discusses asymptotic analysis and asymptotic notation. It defines Big-Oh, Big-Omega, and Theta notation and provides examples. Some key points:
- Asymptotic analysis examines an algorithm's behavior for large inputs by analyzing its growth rate as the input size n approaches infinity.
- Common notations like O(n^2), Ω(n log n), θ(n) describe an algorithm's asymptotic growth in relation to standard functions.
- O notation describes asymptotic upper bounds, Ω describes lower bounds, and θ describes tight bounds between two functions.
- Theorems describe relationships between the notations and how to combine functions when using the notations.
The document discusses asymptotic notations that are used to describe the time complexity of algorithms. It introduces big O notation, which describes asymptotic upper bounds, big Omega notation for lower bounds, and big Theta notation for tight bounds. Common time complexities are described such as O(1) for constant time, O(log N) for logarithmic time, and O(N^2) for quadratic time. The notations allow analyzing how efficiently algorithms use resources like time and space as the input size increases.
On Application Of Structural Decomposition For Process Model Abstractionsergey.smirnov
Real world business process models may consist of hundreds of elements and have sophisticated structure. Although there are tasks where such models are valuable and appreciated, in general complexity has a negative influence on model comprehension and analysis. Thus, means for managing the complexity of process models are needed. One approach is abstraction of business process models—creation of a process model which preserves the main features of the initial elaborate process model, but leaves out insignificant details. In this paper we study the structural aspects of process model abstraction and introduce an abstraction approach based on process structure trees (PST). The developed approach assures that the abstracted process model preserves the ordering constraints of the initial model. It surpasses pattern-based process model abstraction approaches, allowing to handle graph-structured process models of arbitrary structure. We also provide an evaluation of the proposed approach.
A queue is a linear data structure where insertion is done at one end called the rear and deletion is done at the other end called the front. There are different types of queues including simple, circular, deque, and priority queues. A priority queue allows insertion and removal of items from any position based on priority. Common queue operations are insertion, deletion, and examples of queue usage include lines at registers and traffic signals.
Asymptotic notations such as O, Ω, θ, o, and ω are used to represent the complexity of algorithms. O notation provides an asymptotic upper bound, Ω provides a lower bound, and θ provides a tight bound. Apriori analysis determines complexity by analyzing the algorithm itself rather than running it, using asymptotic notations which remain the same even if actual times change on different systems.
An Algorithm For Generalized Fractional ProgramsKim Daniels
This document summarizes an algorithm for solving generalized fractional programs, which involve maximizing the ratio of multiple functions. The algorithm involves solving a sequence of parametric subproblems (P0) that are convex if the original problem satisfies certain conditions. It generates a sequence of values 0k that converge to the optimal value 0* if a root of the equation F(0)=0 is found, where F(0) is the optimal value of the parametric program (P0). The algorithm terminates when F(0k)=0, at which point the solutions to (P0k) are also optimal for the original problem (P). Convergence properties and rates of convergence are analyzed for different cases.
This document discusses algorithm analysis tools. It explains that algorithm analysis is used to determine which of several algorithms to solve a problem is most efficient. Theoretical analysis counts primitive operations to approximate runtime as a function of input size. Common complexity classes like constant, linear, quadratic, and exponential time are defined based on how quickly runtime grows with size. Big-O notation represents the asymptotic upper bound of a function's growth rate to classify algorithms.
The document describes a program to simulate the sliding window protocol for Go back n. It generates random numbers to determine the total number of frames and window size. Frames up to the window size are transmitted and acknowledgements are received. If an acknowledgement is not received, the frames are retransmitted. This continues until all frames are successfully transmitted.
Basic Computer Engineering Unit II as per RGPV SyllabusNANDINI SHARMA
The document provides an overview of algorithms and computational complexity. It defines an algorithm as a set of unambiguous steps to solve a problem, and discusses how algorithms can be expressed using different languages. It then covers algorithmic complexity and how to analyze the time complexity of algorithms using asymptotic notation like Big-O notation. Specific time complexities like constant, linear, logarithmic, and quadratic time are defined. The document also discusses flowcharts as a way to represent algorithms graphically and introduces some basic programming concepts.
The document discusses different data structures used in computer science including stacks, queues, linked lists, arrays, and their implementations and applications. It provides detailed explanations of stacks and queues with examples of implementing them using arrays and linked lists. Key operations like push, pop, insert, delete are explained for stacks and queues. Applications of stacks like conversion of infix to postfix notation are also covered.
1. The document discusses the analytic properties of the scattering amplitude in the framework of a relativistic generalization of the damping theory equation. It examines the asymptotic behavior of Regge trajectories.
2. It presents an equation for the invariant scattering amplitude and defines partial wave amplitudes. The partial wave amplitudes have certain analytic properties in the complex plane and satisfy unitarity conditions.
3. It derives an integral equation for the partial wave amplitudes and examines the asymptotic behavior of Regge trajectories for large momentum. The trajectories are shown to behave as p^2 as p approaches infinity, indicating a linear relationship between orbital angular momentum and energy in the high energy limit.
1. Asymptotic notation such as Big-O, Omega, and Theta are used to describe the running time of algorithms as the input size n approaches infinity, rather than giving the exact running time.
2. Big-O notation gives an upper bound and describes worst-case running time, Omega notation gives a lower bound and describes best-case running time, and Theta notation gives a tight bound where the worst and best cases are equal up to a constant.
3. Common examples of asymptotic running times include O(1) for constant time, O(log n) for logarithmic time, O(n) for linear time, and O(n^2) for quadratic time.
This document provides an overview of algorithms and asymptotic notation. It discusses that asymptotic notation allows algorithms to be compared based on how their running time grows relative to the input size. The key points covered include:
- Asymptotic notation describes the asymptotic behavior of a function, such as how fast algorithm running time grows relative to the input.
- Big O notation describes the worst case upper bound. If f(n) is O(g(n)), f(n) grows no faster than g(n).
- Common time complexities include O(1), O(log n), O(n), O(n log n), O(n^2).
- The dominating factor determines
Algorithms for computing the static single assignment form.pdfSara Parker
This document presents several algorithms for converting programs to Static Single Assignment (SSA) form by inserting φ-functions. It proposes a framework to systematically derive properties of SSA form and φ-placement algorithms. This framework is based on a new "merge" relation that captures the relevant structure of a program's control flow graph. The document derives several φ-placement algorithms from this framework, including those previously described in literature as well as new ones. It also describes an optimal algorithm for multi-variable φ-placement in structured programs.
The document discusses the Go programming language, including its history as a project at Google from 2007-2009, its goals of making programming fun again while having a safe static type system. It provides an overview of Go's syntax features like variables, functions, flow control statements, types, methods and interfaces, concurrency using goroutines and channels.
Efficient Process Model Discovery Using Maximal Pattern MiningDr. Sira Yongchareon
In recent years, process mining has become one of the most important and promising areas of research in the field of business process management as it helps businesses understand, analyze, and improve their business processes. In particular, several proposed techniques and algorithms have been proposed to discover and construct process models from workflow execution logs (i.e., event logs). With the existing techniques, mined models can be built based on analyzing the relationship between any two events seen in event logs. Being restricted by that, they can only handle special cases of routing constructs and often produce unsound models that do not cover all of the traces seen in the log. In this paper, we propose a novel technique for process discovery using Maximal Pattern Mining (MPM) where we construct patterns based on the whole sequence of events seen on the traces—ensuring the soundness of the mined models. Our MPM technique can handle loops (of any length), duplicate tasks, non-free choice constructs, and long distance dependencies. Our evaluation shows that it consistently achieves better precision, replay fitness and efficiency than the existing techniques.
A workflow execution platform for collaborative artifact centric business pro...Dr. Sira Yongchareon
To execute an artifact-centric process model, current workflow execution approaches require it to be converted to some existing executable language (e.g., BPEL) in order to run on a workflow system. We argue that the transformation can incur losses of information and degrade traceability. In this paper, we proposed and developed a workflow execution platform that directly executes a collaborative (i.e., inter-organizational) workflow specification of artifact-centric business processes without performing model conversion.
A view framework for modeling and change validation of artifact centric inter...Dr. Sira Yongchareon
Over the past several years, more efficient approaches have been on increasing demands for designing, modeling, and implementing inter-organizational business processes. In the process collaboration across organizational boundaries, organizations still stay autonomic, which means each organization can freely modify its internal operations to meet its private goals while satisfying the mutual objectives with its partners. Recently, artifact-centric process modeling has been evidenced with higher flexibility in process modeling and execution than traditional activity-centric modeling methods. Although some efforts have been put to exploring how artifact-centric modeling facilitates the collaboration between organizations, the achievement is still far from satisfaction level, particularly in aspects of process modeling and validating. To fill in the gaps, we propose a view framework for modeling and validating the changes of inter-organizational business processes. The framework consists of an artifact-centric process meta-model, public view constructing mechanism, and private view and change validating mechanisms, which are specially designed to facilitate the participating organizations to customize their internal operations while ensuring the correctness of the collaborating processes. We also implement a software tool named Artifact-M to help organizations to automatically construct a minimal and consistent public view from their processes.
An artifact centric view-based approach to modeling inter-organizational busi...Dr. Sira Yongchareon
This document proposes an artifact-centric view-based framework for modeling inter-organizational business processes. The framework consists of an artifact-centric collaboration model and a conformance mechanism between public and private views. The artifact-centric collaboration model uses artifacts, roles, services, and business rules to model inter-organizational processes. Public and private views are defined, where the public view represents agreed lifecycles of shared artifacts and the private view represents an organization's local processes and shared artifacts. Lifecycle modifications in private views, such as refinement of shared artifacts and extension with local artifacts, are allowed as long as they conform to the public view based on lifecycle coverage. View conformance is checked using state transition systems
An Artifact-centric View-based Approach to Modeling Inter-organizational Busi...Dr. Sira Yongchareon
This document presents an artifact-centric view-based approach to modeling inter-organizational business processes. It proposes constructing private and public views of each organization's processes, and integrating these views to build an Artifact-Centric Collaboration (ACC) model. It describes methods for constructing the views and model, verifying the model, and validating changes to private views while ensuring global correctness. The approach aims to allow organizations flexibility in changing local processes while maintaining autonomy and compliance in collaborative processes. Open challenges discussed include realizing the approach in a pure artifact-centric workflow system driven by business rules.
A Framework for Behavior consistent specialization of artifact-centric busine...Dr. Sira Yongchareon
Driven by complex and dynamic business process requirements,
there has been an increasing demand for business process reuse to improve
modeling efficiency. Process specialization is an effective reuse method that
can be used to customize and extend base process models to specialized models.
In the recent years, artifact-centric business process modeling has emerged as it
supports a more flexible process structure compared with traditional activitycentric
process models. Although, process specialization has been studied for
the traditional models by treating a process as a single object, the specialization
of artifact-centric processes that consist of multiple interacting artifacts has not
been studied. Inheriting interactions among artifacts for specialized processes
and ensuring the consistency of the processes are challenging. To address these
issues, we propose a novel framework for process specialization comprising
artifact-centric process models, methods to define a specialized process model
based on an existing process model, and the behavior consistency between the
specialized model and its base model
A framework for behavior consistent specialization of artifact-centric busine...Dr. Sira Yongchareon
This document proposes a framework for behavior-consistent specialization of artifact-centric business processes. It discusses how artifact-centric process modeling focuses on business artifacts and their evolution throughout a process. The framework aims to facilitate natural reuse and enable comparison across process specializations while preserving behavioral consistency. It defines specialization methods at the artifact level and discusses how to maintain consistency at the process level, allowing aggregate monitoring of specialized process instances.
A framework for realizing artifact centric business processes in soaDr. Sira Yongchareon
The document proposes a framework for realizing artifact-centric business processes in service-oriented architecture. The framework allows for a direct mapping between an artifact-centric conceptual model and an executable model, avoiding the loss of information that comes from model transformations. The framework represents an artifact-centric process model as an executable model consisting of artifact schemas defining attributes and states, rule schemas defining event-condition-action rules, and service schemas defining services. This direct mapping approach maintains flexibility while enabling process monitoring and tracking.
A framework for realizing artifact centric business processes in SOADr. Sira Yongchareon
This document proposes a framework for realizing artifact-centric business processes in service-oriented architecture. It aims to achieve automated realization of artifact-centric models without model transformation. The framework consists of an artifact-centric workflow model and a mechanism to automatically realize and execute the model in a service-oriented environment. It discusses key challenges in realizing artifact-centric processes, including defining a formal process definition, deploying and executing processes, and defining/evaluating business rules that control artifact state changes.
An artifact centric approach to generating web-based business process driven ...Dr. Sira Yongchareon
This document proposes a framework for automatically generating web-based user interfaces from artifact-centric business process models. It introduces an artifact-centric business process model that uses artifacts, services, and business rules to model processes. The framework includes an artifact-centric process model and a user interface flow model, along with algorithms to derive the user interface model from the process model. This allows both the navigational structure and required data of user interfaces to be determined automatically based on the underlying business processes.
An artifact centric approach to generating web-based business process driven ...Dr. Sira Yongchareon
The document proposes an artifact-centric approach to automatically generate web-based user interfaces from business process models. It describes a framework that uses a model-driven architecture to transform an artifact-centric process model into a user interface flow model and then into HTML code. The key aspects are representing processes in terms of artifact lifecycles, automatically determining navigational flows and data requirements for user interfaces based on the processes, and integrating interface generation with a business process engine to regenerate interfaces if the process model changes.
This document proposes a formal approach to constructing process views from non-well-structured BPMN processes. It defines key BPMN elements and how they relate in a process. Rules are defined to regulate view generation while ensuring structural and behavioral consistency. An algorithm is developed to find the minimal set of elements to aggregate for a given user-specified set. This approach allows selective aggregation of branches and considers events and exceptions in the aggregation.
A process view framework for artifact centric business processesDr. Sira Yongchareon
1) The document proposes a process view framework for artifact-centric business processes that allows constructing different views of business processes for various roles.
2) It introduces a motivating example where different views of an "Order" artifact are constructed for "Sale" and "Accounting" roles based on their view requirements.
3) The framework consists of artifact-centric process models, view models, and a mechanism to derive views from underlying process models while maintaining consistency.
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AIVladimir Iglovikov, Ph.D.
Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/iglovikov/
- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
This presentation delves into the journey of Albumentations.ai, a highly successful open-source library for data augmentation.
Created out of a necessity for superior performance in Kaggle competitions, Albumentations has grown to become a widely used tool among data scientists and machine learning practitioners.
This case study covers various aspects, including:
People: The contributors and community that have supported Albumentations.
Metrics: The success indicators such as downloads, daily active users, GitHub stars, and financial contributions.
Challenges: The hurdles in monetizing open-source projects and measuring user engagement.
Development Practices: Best practices for creating, maintaining, and scaling open-source libraries, including code hygiene, CI/CD, and fast iteration.
Community Building: Strategies for making adoption easy, iterating quickly, and fostering a vibrant, engaged community.
Marketing: Both online and offline marketing tactics, focusing on real, impactful interactions and collaborations.
Mental Health: Maintaining balance and not feeling pressured by user demands.
Key insights include the importance of automation, making the adoption process seamless, and leveraging offline interactions for marketing. The presentation also emphasizes the need for continuous small improvements and building a friendly, inclusive community that contributes to the project's growth.
Vladimir Iglovikov brings his extensive experience as a Kaggle Grandmaster, ex-Staff ML Engineer at Lyft, sharing valuable lessons and practical advice for anyone looking to enhance the adoption of their open-source projects.
Explore more about Albumentations and join the community at:
GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentations
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdf
BPMN process views construction
1. BPMN Process Views Construction Sira Yongchareon 1 , Chengfei Liu 1 , Xiaohui Zhao 1 , and Marek Kowalkiewicz 2 1 Centre for Complex Software Systems and Services Swinburne University of Technology, Australia 2 SAP Research Centre, Australia