BPHARMA [Autosaved].pptx
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Biochemistry presentation
Carbohydrates provide energy and structure. Tests identify carbohydrates using color changes from reactions. Molisch test detects all carbs. Iodine test identifies starch turning blue. Benedict's and Fehling's tests show reducing sugars forming a red precipitate. Seliwanoff's distinguishes aldoses and ketoses. Carbohydrates play roles in energy storage, structure, and metabolism.
Kenyatta university biochem carbohydrates test
- The document describes several tests conducted to identify different types of carbohydrates:
1) Molisch's test identified carbohydrates like fructose, arabinose, maltose, and glucose by producing a purple color.
2) Benedict's test distinguished reducing sugars like fructose, arabinose, maltose, and glucose from the non-reducing sugar sucrose.
3) Bial's test identified the pentose arabinose by producing a greenish color.
4) Seliwanoff's test differentiated the ketose fructose and disaccharide sucrose from other carbohydrates by producing a red color.
Cms 665 20 biochem
The document describes quantitative and qualitative tests performed to analyze an unknown carbohydrate sample. It discusses the principles, procedures, and results of various carbohydrate tests including the Molisch test, Benedict's test, Barfoed's test, Seliwanoff's test, and the hydrolysis test for sucrose. The tests can identify mono- and disaccharides and determine if a carbohydrate is a reducing or non-reducing sugar. Tables summarize the reactions and results for glucose, fructose, and galactose in each test.
Carbohydrate
The document discusses various methods for analyzing carbohydrates, including qualitative and quantitative tests. It begins by classifying carbohydrates based on carbon atom count, terminal functional groups, number of sugar subunits, and other characteristics. Several common qualitative carbohydrate tests are then described in detail, including the Molisch test, Benedict's test, Barfoed's test, and others. The tests allow identification of carbohydrates by reaction color or formation of characteristic precipitates. The document also mentions quantitative carbohydrate analysis using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and biochemical testing specifically for glucose.
Carbohydrates analysis
The document summarizes various qualitative tests that can be used to identify carbohydrates, including monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. It describes tests such as the Molisch test, Benedict's test, Barfoed's test, Seliwanoff's test, a hydrolysis test for sucrose, the osazone test, Bial's test, and an iodine reaction test. For each test, it provides the principle, procedure, expected results, and how to interpret the results in order to determine what type of carbohydrate may be present in the sample being tested.
Qualitative analysis of carbohydrates
Based on the reactivity with Tollen’s, Benedict’s or Fehling’s reagent, carbohydrates are classified as;
Reducing sugars
Carbohydrates that can reduce Tollen’s, Benedict’s or Fehling’s reagents are called reducing sugars (sugar with free aldehyde or ketone group). All monosaccharides and most of the disaccharides are reducing sugars. Some examples are Maltose and Lactose.
Non-reducing sugars
Carbohydrates that cannot reduce Tollen’s, Benedict’s or Fehling’s reagents are called non-reducing sugars. Sucrose is a non-reducing sugar.
Biochemical analysis of unknown bacteriaAerotolerance Te
Biochemical analysis of unknown bacteria
Aerotolerance Test
Fluid Thioglycollate broth (FTB) is a medium designed to test the aerotolerance of bacteria.
Along with nutrients to support bacterial growth, it contains sodium thioglycollate, thioglycollic acid, L-cystine, methylene blue, and 0.05% agar.
The sodium thioglycollate, thioglycollic acid, and L-cystine reduce the oxygen to water.
Methylene blue is an indicator that is colorless in an anaerobic environment and greenish-blue in the presence of oxygen.
The agar helps retard oxygen diffusion and helps maintain the stratification of organisms growing in different layers of the broth.
Oxygen is driven out of the broth by autoclaving, but as the broths sit at room temperature, oxygen begins to diffuse back into the tube.
Obligate aerobes will only grow in this oxygen-rich top layer. On another hand, obligate anaerobes will only grow in the lower areas of the tube. Microaerophiles will grow in a thin layer below the richly-oxygenated layer. Facultative or aerotolerant anaerobes can grow throughout the medium but will primarily grow in the middle of the tube, between the oxygen-rich and oxygen-free zones
Reactions typically take up to 1-2 days to develop at 37⁰C
Media is inoculated using an inoculating loop
(A) Escherichia coli and (C) Staphylococcus aureus: both are Facultative Anaerobe, grows both aerobically and anaerobically and growth is seen throughout the tube. Some are capable of growth respiring with oxygen and anaerobically by fermentation.
(B) Clostridium botulinum: Obligate Anaerobe: can not grow in the presence of oxygen, growth is seen approximately 1/4 to 1/2 of the way from the top of the tube.
(D) Neisseria sicca: Microaerophile, requires oxygen but at concentrations below atmosphere, grows just below the surface of the media but not at the top.
(E) Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Obligate Aerobe: oxygen is required for growth and grows at the top of the tube only. The Organism will “settle” and sink into the media if grown longer than 24 hrs.
Aerotolerance Test
Phenol red test
Phenol red broth is a differential test medium prepared as a base to which a carbohydrate such as sucrose, lactose, dextrose or glucose is added.
Included in the base medium are peptone and the pH indicator is phenol red. Phenol red is yellow below pH 6.8, pink to magenta above pH 7.4, and red in between. During preparation, the pH is adjusted to approximately 7.3 so it appears red.
Deamination of peptone amino acids produces ammonia which rises the pH and turns the broth pink.
An inverted Durham tube is added to each tube as an indicator of gas production.
Gas production, also from fermentation, is indicated by a bubble or pocket in the Durham tube where the broth has been displaced.
Acid production from fermentation of the carbohydrate lowers the pH below the neutral range of the indicator and turns the medium yellow. Deamination of peptone amino acids produces ammonia which rises the pH and ...
11-Carbohydrates (1).pdf
Carbohydrates are a class of organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They include monosaccharides (simple sugars), disaccharides (two monosaccharides linked together), and polysaccharides (long chains of monosaccharides). The document describes various carbohydrate structures and provides procedures to test unknown samples using common carbohydrate tests including Fehling's solution, Barfoed's reagent, Seliwanoff's reagent, iodine, and yeast fermentation. These tests can identify reducing sugars, distinguish between monosaccharides and disaccharides, and determine if a sample can undergo fermentation. The goal is to use these tests to analyze glucose, fructose, lactose, sucrose, starch
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Biochemistry presentation
Carbohydrates provide energy and structure. Tests identify carbohydrates using color changes from reactions. Molisch test detects all carbs. Iodine test identifies starch turning blue. Benedict's and Fehling's tests show reducing sugars forming a red precipitate. Seliwanoff's distinguishes aldoses and ketoses. Carbohydrates play roles in energy storage, structure, and metabolism.
Kenyatta university biochem carbohydrates test
- The document describes several tests conducted to identify different types of carbohydrates:
1) Molisch's test identified carbohydrates like fructose, arabinose, maltose, and glucose by producing a purple color.
2) Benedict's test distinguished reducing sugars like fructose, arabinose, maltose, and glucose from the non-reducing sugar sucrose.
3) Bial's test identified the pentose arabinose by producing a greenish color.
4) Seliwanoff's test differentiated the ketose fructose and disaccharide sucrose from other carbohydrates by producing a red color.
Cms 665 20 biochem
The document describes quantitative and qualitative tests performed to analyze an unknown carbohydrate sample. It discusses the principles, procedures, and results of various carbohydrate tests including the Molisch test, Benedict's test, Barfoed's test, Seliwanoff's test, and the hydrolysis test for sucrose. The tests can identify mono- and disaccharides and determine if a carbohydrate is a reducing or non-reducing sugar. Tables summarize the reactions and results for glucose, fructose, and galactose in each test.
Carbohydrate
The document discusses various methods for analyzing carbohydrates, including qualitative and quantitative tests. It begins by classifying carbohydrates based on carbon atom count, terminal functional groups, number of sugar subunits, and other characteristics. Several common qualitative carbohydrate tests are then described in detail, including the Molisch test, Benedict's test, Barfoed's test, and others. The tests allow identification of carbohydrates by reaction color or formation of characteristic precipitates. The document also mentions quantitative carbohydrate analysis using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and biochemical testing specifically for glucose.
Carbohydrates analysis
The document summarizes various qualitative tests that can be used to identify carbohydrates, including monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. It describes tests such as the Molisch test, Benedict's test, Barfoed's test, Seliwanoff's test, a hydrolysis test for sucrose, the osazone test, Bial's test, and an iodine reaction test. For each test, it provides the principle, procedure, expected results, and how to interpret the results in order to determine what type of carbohydrate may be present in the sample being tested.
Qualitative analysis of carbohydrates
Based on the reactivity with Tollen’s, Benedict’s or Fehling’s reagent, carbohydrates are classified as;
Reducing sugars
Carbohydrates that can reduce Tollen’s, Benedict’s or Fehling’s reagents are called reducing sugars (sugar with free aldehyde or ketone group). All monosaccharides and most of the disaccharides are reducing sugars. Some examples are Maltose and Lactose.
Non-reducing sugars
Carbohydrates that cannot reduce Tollen’s, Benedict’s or Fehling’s reagents are called non-reducing sugars. Sucrose is a non-reducing sugar.
Biochemical analysis of unknown bacteriaAerotolerance Te
Biochemical analysis of unknown bacteria
Aerotolerance Test
Fluid Thioglycollate broth (FTB) is a medium designed to test the aerotolerance of bacteria.
Along with nutrients to support bacterial growth, it contains sodium thioglycollate, thioglycollic acid, L-cystine, methylene blue, and 0.05% agar.
The sodium thioglycollate, thioglycollic acid, and L-cystine reduce the oxygen to water.
Methylene blue is an indicator that is colorless in an anaerobic environment and greenish-blue in the presence of oxygen.
The agar helps retard oxygen diffusion and helps maintain the stratification of organisms growing in different layers of the broth.
Oxygen is driven out of the broth by autoclaving, but as the broths sit at room temperature, oxygen begins to diffuse back into the tube.
Obligate aerobes will only grow in this oxygen-rich top layer. On another hand, obligate anaerobes will only grow in the lower areas of the tube. Microaerophiles will grow in a thin layer below the richly-oxygenated layer. Facultative or aerotolerant anaerobes can grow throughout the medium but will primarily grow in the middle of the tube, between the oxygen-rich and oxygen-free zones
Reactions typically take up to 1-2 days to develop at 37⁰C
Media is inoculated using an inoculating loop
(A) Escherichia coli and (C) Staphylococcus aureus: both are Facultative Anaerobe, grows both aerobically and anaerobically and growth is seen throughout the tube. Some are capable of growth respiring with oxygen and anaerobically by fermentation.
(B) Clostridium botulinum: Obligate Anaerobe: can not grow in the presence of oxygen, growth is seen approximately 1/4 to 1/2 of the way from the top of the tube.
(D) Neisseria sicca: Microaerophile, requires oxygen but at concentrations below atmosphere, grows just below the surface of the media but not at the top.
(E) Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Obligate Aerobe: oxygen is required for growth and grows at the top of the tube only. The Organism will “settle” and sink into the media if grown longer than 24 hrs.
Aerotolerance Test
Phenol red test
Phenol red broth is a differential test medium prepared as a base to which a carbohydrate such as sucrose, lactose, dextrose or glucose is added.
Included in the base medium are peptone and the pH indicator is phenol red. Phenol red is yellow below pH 6.8, pink to magenta above pH 7.4, and red in between. During preparation, the pH is adjusted to approximately 7.3 so it appears red.
Deamination of peptone amino acids produces ammonia which rises the pH and turns the broth pink.
An inverted Durham tube is added to each tube as an indicator of gas production.
Gas production, also from fermentation, is indicated by a bubble or pocket in the Durham tube where the broth has been displaced.
Acid production from fermentation of the carbohydrate lowers the pH below the neutral range of the indicator and turns the medium yellow. Deamination of peptone amino acids produces ammonia which rises the pH and ...
11-Carbohydrates (1).pdf
Carbohydrates are a class of organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They include monosaccharides (simple sugars), disaccharides (two monosaccharides linked together), and polysaccharides (long chains of monosaccharides). The document describes various carbohydrate structures and provides procedures to test unknown samples using common carbohydrate tests including Fehling's solution, Barfoed's reagent, Seliwanoff's reagent, iodine, and yeast fermentation. These tests can identify reducing sugars, distinguish between monosaccharides and disaccharides, and determine if a sample can undergo fermentation. The goal is to use these tests to analyze glucose, fructose, lactose, sucrose, starch
Molisch-and-Iodine-Test.pptx
The document describes procedures for testing carbohydrates in chicken liver samples using the Molisch and iodine tests. For the Molisch test, liver extract was mixed with sulfuric acid and Molisch reagent, forming a purple ring indicating presence of carbohydrates. The iodine test on potato starch, carrageenan, and liver extract showed black, green, and light yellow colors respectively, identifying starch. Amylose and amylopectin were found in the potato starch sample. Structural differences between related carbohydrates like branching affect solubility.
Chemistry of carbohydrate for M.B.B.S students
In detail chemistry of carbohydrate for MBBS students.
Everything explained in detail with biomedical importance and logic behind it.
Qualitative analysis of Carbohydrates.pdf
This experiment aims to qualitatively analyze various carbohydrates using common chemical tests. Carbohydrates are divided into monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Key tests introduced include Molisch's test, which detects all carbohydrates, and Fehling's, Barfoed's, and Benedict's tests, which detect reducing sugars. Seliwanoff's test distinguishes between aldoses and ketoses, while Bial's test detects pentoses. Reaction of sugars with alkali, inversion of sucrose, and iodine testing of polysaccharides are also demonstrated. The student is asked to perform these tests on provided carbohydrate samples and unknowns to determine their identities.
Qualitative tests to identify functional groups of carbohydrates
test for carbohydrates, molisch's test, benedict's test, iodine test, seliwanoff's test, osazone tests
Reactions of fructose
The document describes various tests to identify carbohydrates and differentiate between them. Molisch's test uses α-naphthol to detect the presence of carbohydrates. Benedict's test detects reducing sugars using copper sulfate. Barfoed's test distinguishes monosaccharides from disaccharides using copper acetate. Seliwanoff's test uses resorcinol to differentiate between aldoses and ketoses. Phenylhydrazine forms characteristic crystals or osazones that can be used to identify sugars present in urine. Needle-shaped fructosazone crystals formed when fructose is treated with phenylhydrazine indicate its presence.
Carbohydrates
1. The document reports on the results of several tests performed on carbohydrates to identify their structure and type. Benedict's test, Barfoed's test, Seliwanoff's test, and iodine tests were used to classify samples as reducing sugars, monosaccharides, ketohexoses, and polysaccharides. 2. Key results showed that glucose and fructose reacted positively in most tests, identifying them as reducing monosaccharides. Sucrose did not reduce before hydrolysis but did after, when it broke down into glucose and fructose. 3. Starch strongly reacted with iodine, identifying it as a polysaccharide. Overall, the tests helped characterize the carbohydrate samples
Experiment 2 Qualitative analysis of Reducing Sugars.
Introduction to carbohydrates, classification of carbohydrates and identification test for the reducing sugars
List of biochemical tests
The Seliwanoff's test distinguishes between aldose and ketose sugars. It involves heating the sugar with resorcinol and hydrochloric acid. Ketoses are more rapidly dehydrated than aldoses under these conditions. The dehydrated ketose will react with resorcinol to produce a deep cherry red color, indicating a positive test. Aldoses may produce a faint pink color. Fructose and sucrose give a positive test since sucrose contains fructose. The test exploits the difference in reactivity between aldehyde and ketone functional groups.
Carbohydrate 2--Sir Khalid (Biochem)
The document discusses various reactions and properties of monosaccharides such as glucose and fructose. It explains that glucose can be converted to sorbitol or mannitol through reduction, and that glucose and fructose can isomerize to each other in weak alkali. It also describes how monosaccharides can cyclize through hemiacetal and hemiketal formation to form pyranoses and furanoses with alpha and beta anomers. Storage polysaccharides like starch, glycogen, and structural polysaccharides such as cellulose, chitin, and glycosaminoglycans are formed from linked monosaccharide units.
Lec carbohydrates 4 10
- Epimers are isomers that differ in the configuration of hydroxyl and hydrogen groups on carbons 2, 3, and 4 of glucose. The main epimers of glucose are mannose (epimerized at carbon 2) and galactose (epimerized at carbon 4).
- Monosaccharides can form hemiacetals or hemiketals through an intramolecular reaction between a hydroxyl group and a carbonyl group, forming a ring structure and new chiral center called the anomeric carbon.
- Glucose exists as two anomers, alpha and beta, which differ in the configuration around the anomeric carbon in the ring structure.
Lec carbohydrates lec 4 10
- Epimers are isomers that differ in the configuration of hydroxyl and hydrogen groups on carbons 2, 3, and 4 of glucose. The main epimers of glucose are mannose (epimerized at carbon 2) and galactose (epimerized at carbon 4).
- Monosaccharides can form hemiacetals or hemiketals through an intramolecular reaction between a hydroxyl group and a carbonyl group, forming a ring structure and new chiral center called the anomeric carbon.
- Glucose exists as two anomers, alpha and beta, which differ in the configuration around the anomeric carbon in the ring structure.
Biochemistry lab manual II semester
The document provides instructions for experiments to qualitatively analyze unknown samples of carbohydrates. It includes the theory, procedures, observations, and conclusions for tests to identify monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Students are asked to perform a series of chemical tests on provided carbohydrate samples and unknowns to determine their identities based on color changes and precipitate formations.
The Characterization of Carbohydrates
Benedict's reagent is used to test for reducing sugars like glucose, lactose, and fructose. It contains copper sulfate that is reduced to copper oxide when heated with reducing sugars, causing a color change from blue to green, brick red, or brown. Benedict's reagent can also detect glucose in urine samples to test for diabetes. Barfoed's reagent is similar but uses acetic acid, allowing it to distinguish between mono- and disaccharides. Disaccharides do not react for up to 10 minutes while monosaccharides form a blue or green precipitate. Sucrose is hydrolyzed using acid or enzyme to form glucose and fructose in the inversion test.
Chemistry of Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates, Monosaccharides, Diasaccharides, Polysaccharides, GAGs, Invert sugar, Homopolysaccharides, Reducing sugars, Non reducing sugars
Sugar test
This document describes a procedure for testing sugars using Fehling's solution. It contains the following key points:
1) Fehling's solution can be used to distinguish between reducing and non-reducing sugars. When a reducing sugar is added to the solution and heated, it will reduce the copper ions, turning the blue solution green or red.
2) The procedure involves adding different sugars (glucose, sucrose, lactose, maltose, starch) to labeled test tubes with Fehling's solution and heating to observe any color changes.
3) Starch is first hydrolyzed using hydrochloric acid to break it down into its glucose units before testing with Fehling's
Carbohydrates - Experiment No. 3
The document describes several chemical tests to identify different types of carbohydrates. The Molisch test identifies sucrose as a carbohydrate through the formation of a purple ring. The Bial's test shows ribose and glucose give negative results for pentoses. The Selivanoff test shows fructose gives a positive result through the formation of a cherry red color, identifying it as a ketose.
Biological Molecules ( I and a group of friends )
Biology projectwork.please download to view more efficiently because there are A LOT of transitions and animations to consider before viewing ( it looks like pictures rest on the text because the text flies onto the screen, moves away and the pictures fall in )
Properties of carbohydrates
This ppt explains the properties of monosaccharides, polysaccharides. the properties like mutarotation, reduction, optical activity, caramerlization, osazone is given in the ppt. Also the determination of ring size of the monosaccharide is explained/
Qualitative analysis of carbohydrates
The document describes various chemical tests used to identify different types of carbohydrates. It provides details of the Molisch test, Iodine test, Benedict's test, Barfoed's test, Seliwanoff's test, and other reactions. These tests help identify carbohydrates based on properties of hydroxyl and carbonyl groups and whether they are reducing sugars, monosaccharides, polysaccharides, or disaccharides. Reaction results are provided to systematically identify and differentiate between glucose, fructose, lactose, maltose, sucrose, and starch.
Carbohydrate Fermentation, Tripe Sugar Iron Agar Test, IMViC Test Part A Indo...
This document appears to be a microbiology lab report submitted by a student. It includes 3 experiments:
1. A carbohydrate fermentation experiment to test bacteria's ability to ferment carbohydrates and produce organic acids or gases.
2. A Triple Sugar Iron test to determine bacteria's ability to ferment glucose, lactose, and sucrose, and produce hydrogen sulfide.
3. An IMViC test (part A was the Indole test) to detect the formation of indole from tryptophan by bacterial enzymes.
The document provides objectives, principles, procedures and results for each experiment with the aim of identifying bacterial species based on their biochemical reactions. It includes tables, diagrams
The Nervous and Chemical Regulation of Respiration
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
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Molisch-and-Iodine-Test.pptx
The document describes procedures for testing carbohydrates in chicken liver samples using the Molisch and iodine tests. For the Molisch test, liver extract was mixed with sulfuric acid and Molisch reagent, forming a purple ring indicating presence of carbohydrates. The iodine test on potato starch, carrageenan, and liver extract showed black, green, and light yellow colors respectively, identifying starch. Amylose and amylopectin were found in the potato starch sample. Structural differences between related carbohydrates like branching affect solubility.
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This experiment aims to qualitatively analyze various carbohydrates using common chemical tests. Carbohydrates are divided into monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Key tests introduced include Molisch's test, which detects all carbohydrates, and Fehling's, Barfoed's, and Benedict's tests, which detect reducing sugars. Seliwanoff's test distinguishes between aldoses and ketoses, while Bial's test detects pentoses. Reaction of sugars with alkali, inversion of sucrose, and iodine testing of polysaccharides are also demonstrated. The student is asked to perform these tests on provided carbohydrate samples and unknowns to determine their identities.
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1. The document reports on the results of several tests performed on carbohydrates to identify their structure and type. Benedict's test, Barfoed's test, Seliwanoff's test, and iodine tests were used to classify samples as reducing sugars, monosaccharides, ketohexoses, and polysaccharides. 2. Key results showed that glucose and fructose reacted positively in most tests, identifying them as reducing monosaccharides. Sucrose did not reduce before hydrolysis but did after, when it broke down into glucose and fructose. 3. Starch strongly reacted with iodine, identifying it as a polysaccharide. Overall, the tests helped characterize the carbohydrate samples
Experiment 2 Qualitative analysis of Reducing Sugars.
Introduction to carbohydrates, classification of carbohydrates and identification test for the reducing sugars
List of biochemical tests
The Seliwanoff's test distinguishes between aldose and ketose sugars. It involves heating the sugar with resorcinol and hydrochloric acid. Ketoses are more rapidly dehydrated than aldoses under these conditions. The dehydrated ketose will react with resorcinol to produce a deep cherry red color, indicating a positive test. Aldoses may produce a faint pink color. Fructose and sucrose give a positive test since sucrose contains fructose. The test exploits the difference in reactivity between aldehyde and ketone functional groups.
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The document discusses various reactions and properties of monosaccharides such as glucose and fructose. It explains that glucose can be converted to sorbitol or mannitol through reduction, and that glucose and fructose can isomerize to each other in weak alkali. It also describes how monosaccharides can cyclize through hemiacetal and hemiketal formation to form pyranoses and furanoses with alpha and beta anomers. Storage polysaccharides like starch, glycogen, and structural polysaccharides such as cellulose, chitin, and glycosaminoglycans are formed from linked monosaccharide units.
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- Epimers are isomers that differ in the configuration of hydroxyl and hydrogen groups on carbons 2, 3, and 4 of glucose. The main epimers of glucose are mannose (epimerized at carbon 2) and galactose (epimerized at carbon 4).
- Monosaccharides can form hemiacetals or hemiketals through an intramolecular reaction between a hydroxyl group and a carbonyl group, forming a ring structure and new chiral center called the anomeric carbon.
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Lec carbohydrates lec 4 10
- Epimers are isomers that differ in the configuration of hydroxyl and hydrogen groups on carbons 2, 3, and 4 of glucose. The main epimers of glucose are mannose (epimerized at carbon 2) and galactose (epimerized at carbon 4).
- Monosaccharides can form hemiacetals or hemiketals through an intramolecular reaction between a hydroxyl group and a carbonyl group, forming a ring structure and new chiral center called the anomeric carbon.
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The document provides instructions for experiments to qualitatively analyze unknown samples of carbohydrates. It includes the theory, procedures, observations, and conclusions for tests to identify monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Students are asked to perform a series of chemical tests on provided carbohydrate samples and unknowns to determine their identities based on color changes and precipitate formations.
The Characterization of Carbohydrates
Benedict's reagent is used to test for reducing sugars like glucose, lactose, and fructose. It contains copper sulfate that is reduced to copper oxide when heated with reducing sugars, causing a color change from blue to green, brick red, or brown. Benedict's reagent can also detect glucose in urine samples to test for diabetes. Barfoed's reagent is similar but uses acetic acid, allowing it to distinguish between mono- and disaccharides. Disaccharides do not react for up to 10 minutes while monosaccharides form a blue or green precipitate. Sucrose is hydrolyzed using acid or enzyme to form glucose and fructose in the inversion test.
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This document describes a procedure for testing sugars using Fehling's solution. It contains the following key points:
1) Fehling's solution can be used to distinguish between reducing and non-reducing sugars. When a reducing sugar is added to the solution and heated, it will reduce the copper ions, turning the blue solution green or red.
2) The procedure involves adding different sugars (glucose, sucrose, lactose, maltose, starch) to labeled test tubes with Fehling's solution and heating to observe any color changes.
3) Starch is first hydrolyzed using hydrochloric acid to break it down into its glucose units before testing with Fehling's
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The document describes several chemical tests to identify different types of carbohydrates. The Molisch test identifies sucrose as a carbohydrate through the formation of a purple ring. The Bial's test shows ribose and glucose give negative results for pentoses. The Selivanoff test shows fructose gives a positive result through the formation of a cherry red color, identifying it as a ketose.
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The document describes various chemical tests used to identify different types of carbohydrates. It provides details of the Molisch test, Iodine test, Benedict's test, Barfoed's test, Seliwanoff's test, and other reactions. These tests help identify carbohydrates based on properties of hydroxyl and carbonyl groups and whether they are reducing sugars, monosaccharides, polysaccharides, or disaccharides. Reaction results are provided to systematically identify and differentiate between glucose, fructose, lactose, maltose, sucrose, and starch.
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Qualitative tests to identify functional groups of carbohydrates
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Recently uploaded
The Nervous and Chemical Regulation of Respiration
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
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3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
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- 1. BPHARMA IInd Sem ABHI KUMAR
- 2. BIO CHEMISTRTY • The element which carries the total amount of the purjucalation on the elements of the regarding formulas which can be the powder form of the following elements is that which always allow the carbon and hydrogens of the following compounds because if there will be any elements which found impure they will be regarding of the functions and the other of the compounds are bringing the impurities otherwise there will be none of the following, impurities will be begin of the following compounds which can either be taken as forgiven or the compound will damage.
- 3. MOLISCH TEST Molisch test is a general test for carbohydrates. This test is useful in identification of any compound that can be dehydrated to furfural or hydroxymethylfurfural in the presence of conc H2SO4 Furfural is derived from the dehydration off pentoses, while hydroxymethylfurfural is produced from hescoses, oligosacchidries & polysachidres are hydrolyzed to yield their constituent monomers by the acid. The ALPHA napthol reacts with cyclic aldehydes to form purple coloured condensation products. A negative result indicates the absence of carbohydrates. Molisch’s reagent is a solution of 10% ALPHA napthol in 95% ethanol.
- 4. IODINE TEST • Iodine test is useful to distinguish mono and disaccharides from polysaccharides. They changes colour with iodine solution. The amylose compound of starch has a helical structure when it is treated with iodine solution. Iodine is trapped inside the coli like structure and the complex has an intense blue colour. When the amylose solution is heated, the helical conformation is disrupted & it loses its capacity to bind with iodine. On cooling the original conformation is regained & the capacity to bind iodine is also recovered. Any lopection & glycogen because of the branched structure gives purple or red colour with iodine..
- 5. LUGOL’S IODINE REAGENT • Dissolve 10g potassium iodide in 100ml of distilled water. Slowly add 5g iodine crystal, while shaking. Filter & store tightly stoppered brown bottle. • The glycerin (
- 6. REDUCING SUGAR TEST BENEDICT’S TEST(Standby Rossiter Benedict) • Reducing sugars by virtue of its free aldehyde or ketone group in the structure reduces cupric ions as in alkaline medium at high temperature which is also be taken as the frequency of the solution which can be measured by the ph paper or litmus paper or it can resisted by the volume of analysis process or ceutics development which can help in organic chemistry of the given substituents. It develops the polycaps within the circumstance or with the benedict beaker. • Here by the test
- 7. Organic Compounds • There is the compound which gives the elements to the symbolic molecules iodine compound which reacts to sodium directly if outermost layer – visceral pertionium • Layer of serous fluid producing cells (mesothlium) • Serousa <outermost layer-