This document provides an overview of the inaugural issue of the magazine "Boundaries" published by the New School student organization "Imagining Global Asia." It summarizes the contents of the issue, which includes an essay on Pakistan's political history and violence, an excerpt from a short story, an article on a friendship made in Japan, and a children's story inspired by a Himalayan visit. It also provides contact information for students interested in submitting works to future issues.
Foreign policy of pakistan under musharraf regimeusman ali
General Pervez Musharraf pursued an active foreign policy both before and after 9/11. Prior to 9/11, he focused on improving relations with India and Afghanistan. After 9/11, Pakistan strongly aligned with the US in the war on terror in exchange for economic and military aid. Musharraf also tried to improve ties with India, though tensions remained over Kashmir. Pakistan maintained close relations with China but also strengthened cooperation with the US.
The document summarizes the impact of 9/11 and the subsequent War on Terror on Pakistan. It discusses how Pakistan agreed to support the US by providing military/intelligence assistance. This caused devastating effects in Pakistan like a rise in terrorism, loss of lives, damage to the economy and tourism. It also discusses Indian interference in Pakistan through sponsorship of terrorist groups and the Balochistan insurgency. The document concludes by outlining counterterrorism operations conducted by the Pakistani military to combat terrorist groups.
THIS WEEKS SOUTH ASIA WEEKLY SECURITY TRENDS WEEK ENDING 17 JUNE IS OUT GIVING OUT SALIENT EVENTS IN THE REGION INCLUDING DEVELOPMENTS IN MYANMAR,AFGHANISTAN, INDIA, BANGLADSSH PAKISTAN AND OTEHRS
Defense and Military COoperation Between the Philippines and China Banlaoi ca...Rommel Banlaoi
This document discusses the history and development of defense and military cooperation between the Philippines and China from 1945 to 2007. It notes that initially after WWII, the Philippines and China (ROC) established friendly relations and cooperation. However, from the 1950s through the 1990s, relations were adversarial due to the Philippines' alliance with the US and China's support for communist movements. After 9/11, when China supported the US war on terror, the geopolitical context changed and provided opportunities to broaden bilateral defense and military ties between the Philippines and China in the post-9/11 era. However, the document also notes ongoing obstacles to cooperation posed by the Philippines-US alliance and disputes over the South China Sea.
This week shows a shocker in Pakistan with a new Prime Minister at the behest of the Supreme Court in what may be round one of the ongoing political battle, stasis in Nepal and hopes of revival of economy in India with a change in the finance minister in the offing.
After 9/11, Pakistan faced pressure from the US to support the war on terror and cut ties with the Taliban. Pakistan decided to support the interim Afghan government under Hamid Karzai. However, border tensions and clashes continued between Pakistan and Afghanistan throughout the 2000s and 2010s over militant activity and border security. Both countries attempted diplomatic negotiations and confidence-building measures to improve their strained relationship.
Pakistan's relations with its neighbors changed in 2015 in various ways. Relations with China strengthened due to an economic corridor being built between western China and Pakistan's coast. Relations with Afghanistan and India were more complicated due to new leadership in those countries. Pakistan also faced difficulties balancing its ties with Saudi Arabia and Iran as tensions escalated between those countries. The future of Pakistan's relationships with its neighbors remains uncertain as it seeks to address domestic security issues while navigating regional geopolitics.
Foreign policy of pakistan under musharraf regimeusman ali
General Pervez Musharraf pursued an active foreign policy both before and after 9/11. Prior to 9/11, he focused on improving relations with India and Afghanistan. After 9/11, Pakistan strongly aligned with the US in the war on terror in exchange for economic and military aid. Musharraf also tried to improve ties with India, though tensions remained over Kashmir. Pakistan maintained close relations with China but also strengthened cooperation with the US.
The document summarizes the impact of 9/11 and the subsequent War on Terror on Pakistan. It discusses how Pakistan agreed to support the US by providing military/intelligence assistance. This caused devastating effects in Pakistan like a rise in terrorism, loss of lives, damage to the economy and tourism. It also discusses Indian interference in Pakistan through sponsorship of terrorist groups and the Balochistan insurgency. The document concludes by outlining counterterrorism operations conducted by the Pakistani military to combat terrorist groups.
THIS WEEKS SOUTH ASIA WEEKLY SECURITY TRENDS WEEK ENDING 17 JUNE IS OUT GIVING OUT SALIENT EVENTS IN THE REGION INCLUDING DEVELOPMENTS IN MYANMAR,AFGHANISTAN, INDIA, BANGLADSSH PAKISTAN AND OTEHRS
Defense and Military COoperation Between the Philippines and China Banlaoi ca...Rommel Banlaoi
This document discusses the history and development of defense and military cooperation between the Philippines and China from 1945 to 2007. It notes that initially after WWII, the Philippines and China (ROC) established friendly relations and cooperation. However, from the 1950s through the 1990s, relations were adversarial due to the Philippines' alliance with the US and China's support for communist movements. After 9/11, when China supported the US war on terror, the geopolitical context changed and provided opportunities to broaden bilateral defense and military ties between the Philippines and China in the post-9/11 era. However, the document also notes ongoing obstacles to cooperation posed by the Philippines-US alliance and disputes over the South China Sea.
This week shows a shocker in Pakistan with a new Prime Minister at the behest of the Supreme Court in what may be round one of the ongoing political battle, stasis in Nepal and hopes of revival of economy in India with a change in the finance minister in the offing.
After 9/11, Pakistan faced pressure from the US to support the war on terror and cut ties with the Taliban. Pakistan decided to support the interim Afghan government under Hamid Karzai. However, border tensions and clashes continued between Pakistan and Afghanistan throughout the 2000s and 2010s over militant activity and border security. Both countries attempted diplomatic negotiations and confidence-building measures to improve their strained relationship.
Pakistan's relations with its neighbors changed in 2015 in various ways. Relations with China strengthened due to an economic corridor being built between western China and Pakistan's coast. Relations with Afghanistan and India were more complicated due to new leadership in those countries. Pakistan also faced difficulties balancing its ties with Saudi Arabia and Iran as tensions escalated between those countries. The future of Pakistan's relationships with its neighbors remains uncertain as it seeks to address domestic security issues while navigating regional geopolitics.
The document discusses China as a potential threat to India's national security and interests. It analyzes China's actions and influence across various dimensions - geopolitical, economic, military, sociocultural, and science & technology. While China objects to India's rise and strategic partnerships, India has started adopting a more nuanced response by strengthening relationships with neighboring countries and engaging in strategic partnerships of its own.
Philippines-China Security Relations published by Yuchengco CenterRommel Banlaoi
This chapter discusses the development of international relations theory in China. It traces how IR theory began to take shape in China in the 1980s following Deng Xiaoping's reform policies. Several universities and research institutes established departments and programs on international relations during this time. While early studies focused on interpreting Marxism and Maoism, Chinese scholars began exploring IR theory with Chinese characteristics in the post-Cold War era. The chapter examines the evolution of IR studies in China and implications for analyzing Philippines-China security relations. It provides context on how China views itself and its role in international affairs.
This document provides an overview of strategic competition in Central Asia and India's stakes in the region. It discusses how India's historical and cultural links to Central Asia have been disrupted. It outlines how major powers like Russia, China, and the US are vying for political influence and economic opportunities in Central Asia. China in particular has invested heavily in infrastructure and pursued closer economic and security ties. The document also notes political uncertainty in Central Asia as aging leaders look to maintain their hold on power without clear succession plans. It argues that India needs a more cogent policy to reengage with the region and benefit from opportunities there.
This document summarizes a talk given on India providing balanced multipolarity in Southeast and East Asia. It discusses several key points:
1) The talk analyzes China's growing influence and military assertiveness in the region as part of its "China Dream" of becoming the dominant power. This is threatening smaller countries.
2) It also notes internal weaknesses in China's governance legitimacy, unrest in occupied territories, and a power shift towards the military.
3) ASEAN countries are wary of China and exploring defensive alliances. The talk argues India can play a stabilizing "catalyst" role by deepening ties in the region as a counterbalance to China.
4) It calls for
Philippines china security_relations_current_issues_emerging_concerns_by_romm...Kurapt Ako
This document discusses the development and current state of international relations (IR) theory in China. It outlines how IR theory began emerging in China in the 1980s following economic reforms. It also describes the three periods of evolution of IR studies in China since the end of the Cold War. Currently, there are three major groups working on IR in China, but the field remains less developed than in Western countries. There is growing interest in developing an IR theory with "Chinese characteristics" that better reflects China's perspectives.
Pakistan maintains an independent foreign policy guided by its history and strategic location. It seeks friendly relations with all countries while safeguarding its national security interests, including resolving the Kashmir dispute. Pakistan is an active member of the UN and OIC and maintains strategic alliances with China and the US at different times. Relations with India and Afghanistan are strained due to territorial and security issues. Pakistan also aims to strengthen ties with other Muslim countries and pursues diplomatic but cool relations with Israel.
Philippines-China Security Relations and the South China Sea Disputes: Curren...Rommel Banlaoi
This document discusses the history and current state of relations between the Philippines and China. It notes that ancient relations were characterized by good neighborliness, while modern relations have been more complex, with periods of amity and hostility. Key topics covered include tributary missions dating back to the 10th century, periods of relations defined by the Cold War and normalization, and recent tensions over territorial disputes in the South China Sea. The document also outlines visits by Philippine presidents to China and identifies current issues challenging relations such as the situations at Scarborough Shoal and Second Thomas Shoal.
Pakistan is located in South Asia between 24.5° and 37° north latitude and 61° and 77.5° east longitude. It borders India, Afghanistan, Iran and China. Pakistan has a total area of 796,095 km2 and a population of over 200 million people. Its relationships with neighboring countries vary - it has close economic and military ties with China but a more complex relationship with India due to historical conflicts over Kashmir. The Arabian Sea provides important trade routes for Pakistan via ports like Karachi and Gwadar.
- The document summarizes India's diplomatic efforts and foreign relations under Prime Minister Narendra Modi's government over the past 6 months.
- Key areas of focus have included strengthening ties with neighboring countries like Bhutan, Nepal, and Bangladesh through high-level visits and economic/infrastructure cooperation agreements.
- The government has also aimed to expand India's diplomatic engagement in other regions like East Asia, West Asia, and multilateral forums.
This document discusses the transition from a bi-polar world dominated by the US and USSR to a multi-polar world with multiple power centers emerging. It notes China and Russia's increasing economic and military power and their efforts to assert influence globally. The US is taking steps like its Asia-Pacific policy to maintain primacy but power is shifting. The future could see more stability or conflict between states as they adjust to the new dynamic, complex multi-polar system. Pakistan is also adjusting its foreign policy to address security and economic concerns in the changing world order.
Pakistan and Saudi Arabia have historically enjoyed warm relations based on their shared Islamic heritage and anti-imperialist stances. In the 1940s and 1950s, Saudi Arabia benefited from Pakistani military support against Yemen while Pakistan received Saudi backing in the Kashmir issue. However, the 1970s saw some tensions due to Pakistan's regional alignments. Relations strengthened again in the 1980s with cooperation supporting Afghan mujahideen and Pakistani troops protecting Saudi holy sites in the 1990 Gulf War. Currently, Saudi Arabia views Pakistan as an important strategic partner.
The document discusses the balance of power in Asia between Pakistan, India, China, and the United States. It notes that the U.S. favors India over Pakistan, creating a military imbalance. In response, Pakistan strengthened ties with China, who considers Pakistan an important ally. China is investing heavily in Pakistan through projects like CPEC, while the U.S. alliance with India aims to counter Chinese influence. The growing military and economic cooperation between China and Pakistan is reshaping the balance of power in Asia.
Pakistan and Saudi Arabia have enjoyed close bilateral relations since Pakistan's establishment in 1947. Saudi Arabia was one of Pakistan's strongest supporters during its wars with India and opposes the creation of Bangladesh from Pakistan in 1971. Saudi Arabia supports Pakistan on the Kashmir conflict and was the only country that supported Pakistan's nuclear tests in 1998. Pakistan maintains close military ties with Saudi Arabia and has provided arms and training for Saudi armed forces. Saudi Arabia also provides significant religious, educational, and financial aid to Pakistan and is Pakistan's largest source of petroleum.
UAE And Pakistan -two countries in comparison at a glance....Fatima Aftab
the compsrison of two countries in terms of culture,custom,economy and the mutual cooperation of two countries towards improving relationship and prosperity is discussed.
i got full 100 marks in this project.I hope this will prove really useful to all of you.Thanks...
Regard Fatimah
The document discusses the geopolitical competition over Central Asia between major powers like China, Russia, and the United States. It analyzes Central Asia's rich natural resources and strategic location. The author argues that while democracy is unlikely to emerge in the next 25 years due to authoritarian regimes, China will become the most influential foreign power in Central Asia due to growing economic ties and cooperation through organizations like the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Internal conflicts, radicalism, and economic issues are also expected to continue impacting the region.
The document summarizes Pakistan and UAE relations. It discusses the history of their relations beginning in 1971 when Pakistan was the first country to recognize the UAE. The countries have close social, economic, and military ties. However, their relationship was strained during a conflict in Yemen when Pakistan did not support the UAE militarily. Overall the two countries have strong fraternal ties due to shared Islamic faith and culture, and efforts to strengthen economic and political cooperation.
The document summarizes key aspects of Pakistan's foreign policy, including its nuclear program, Kashmir issue, and relations with Islamic countries. Pakistan developed nuclear power under A.Q. Khan in 1972 and conducted its first nuclear test in 1998. It views its nuclear program as vital for national security. Pakistan also disputes Kashmir with India and believes the UN should pressure India over human rights there. Additionally, Pakistan prioritizes relations with Islamic countries and hosts meetings on issues important to the Muslim world.
Weekly security trends in South Asia covering span of countries from Afghanistan to Myanmar and all important regions of India including foreign policy, defence, Jammu and Kashmir, North East and Naxalism.
This document summarizes an assignment on India-Pakistan long term relations. It discusses how the relations have been characterized by hostility since independence in 1947 due to disputes like Kashmir and border issues. It notes that both countries have allowed military capabilities to influence their relations. The future of relations depends on how each country assesses the geopolitical environment in South Asia and moves towards reconciliation without threatening the other. Bilateral disputes like Kashmir have been a central cause of tensions, and the dispute is important to Pakistan for ideological and strategic reasons.
The document discusses the complex relationship between India and Pakistan over the past 65+ years since partition. It outlines some of the key issues that have caused tensions, including the Kashmir dispute, water rights, and the division of military assets. Although there have been attempts at peace processes, the two countries have struggled to resolve their differences and develop trust and cooperation. Maintaining peace and stability would benefit both countries economically and socially. However, tensions often reemerge due to their shared history of conflict.
The document summarizes the results of a weekly meeting at an M-Comm brand agency. The agency chose QRIPIQ, a large apple snack company, as their new client over other options. Their strategy is to introduce QRIPIQ as a new apple snack product, raise awareness of apple snacks as a category, understand current perceptions of apple snacks, meet consumer needs for healthy snacks, target 18-30 year old health-conscious consumers in big cities, position QRIPIQ as "Your good snack" for everyone, and integrate an advertising, activation, packaging, and placement campaign.
The document discusses China as a potential threat to India's national security and interests. It analyzes China's actions and influence across various dimensions - geopolitical, economic, military, sociocultural, and science & technology. While China objects to India's rise and strategic partnerships, India has started adopting a more nuanced response by strengthening relationships with neighboring countries and engaging in strategic partnerships of its own.
Philippines-China Security Relations published by Yuchengco CenterRommel Banlaoi
This chapter discusses the development of international relations theory in China. It traces how IR theory began to take shape in China in the 1980s following Deng Xiaoping's reform policies. Several universities and research institutes established departments and programs on international relations during this time. While early studies focused on interpreting Marxism and Maoism, Chinese scholars began exploring IR theory with Chinese characteristics in the post-Cold War era. The chapter examines the evolution of IR studies in China and implications for analyzing Philippines-China security relations. It provides context on how China views itself and its role in international affairs.
This document provides an overview of strategic competition in Central Asia and India's stakes in the region. It discusses how India's historical and cultural links to Central Asia have been disrupted. It outlines how major powers like Russia, China, and the US are vying for political influence and economic opportunities in Central Asia. China in particular has invested heavily in infrastructure and pursued closer economic and security ties. The document also notes political uncertainty in Central Asia as aging leaders look to maintain their hold on power without clear succession plans. It argues that India needs a more cogent policy to reengage with the region and benefit from opportunities there.
This document summarizes a talk given on India providing balanced multipolarity in Southeast and East Asia. It discusses several key points:
1) The talk analyzes China's growing influence and military assertiveness in the region as part of its "China Dream" of becoming the dominant power. This is threatening smaller countries.
2) It also notes internal weaknesses in China's governance legitimacy, unrest in occupied territories, and a power shift towards the military.
3) ASEAN countries are wary of China and exploring defensive alliances. The talk argues India can play a stabilizing "catalyst" role by deepening ties in the region as a counterbalance to China.
4) It calls for
Philippines china security_relations_current_issues_emerging_concerns_by_romm...Kurapt Ako
This document discusses the development and current state of international relations (IR) theory in China. It outlines how IR theory began emerging in China in the 1980s following economic reforms. It also describes the three periods of evolution of IR studies in China since the end of the Cold War. Currently, there are three major groups working on IR in China, but the field remains less developed than in Western countries. There is growing interest in developing an IR theory with "Chinese characteristics" that better reflects China's perspectives.
Pakistan maintains an independent foreign policy guided by its history and strategic location. It seeks friendly relations with all countries while safeguarding its national security interests, including resolving the Kashmir dispute. Pakistan is an active member of the UN and OIC and maintains strategic alliances with China and the US at different times. Relations with India and Afghanistan are strained due to territorial and security issues. Pakistan also aims to strengthen ties with other Muslim countries and pursues diplomatic but cool relations with Israel.
Philippines-China Security Relations and the South China Sea Disputes: Curren...Rommel Banlaoi
This document discusses the history and current state of relations between the Philippines and China. It notes that ancient relations were characterized by good neighborliness, while modern relations have been more complex, with periods of amity and hostility. Key topics covered include tributary missions dating back to the 10th century, periods of relations defined by the Cold War and normalization, and recent tensions over territorial disputes in the South China Sea. The document also outlines visits by Philippine presidents to China and identifies current issues challenging relations such as the situations at Scarborough Shoal and Second Thomas Shoal.
Pakistan is located in South Asia between 24.5° and 37° north latitude and 61° and 77.5° east longitude. It borders India, Afghanistan, Iran and China. Pakistan has a total area of 796,095 km2 and a population of over 200 million people. Its relationships with neighboring countries vary - it has close economic and military ties with China but a more complex relationship with India due to historical conflicts over Kashmir. The Arabian Sea provides important trade routes for Pakistan via ports like Karachi and Gwadar.
- The document summarizes India's diplomatic efforts and foreign relations under Prime Minister Narendra Modi's government over the past 6 months.
- Key areas of focus have included strengthening ties with neighboring countries like Bhutan, Nepal, and Bangladesh through high-level visits and economic/infrastructure cooperation agreements.
- The government has also aimed to expand India's diplomatic engagement in other regions like East Asia, West Asia, and multilateral forums.
This document discusses the transition from a bi-polar world dominated by the US and USSR to a multi-polar world with multiple power centers emerging. It notes China and Russia's increasing economic and military power and their efforts to assert influence globally. The US is taking steps like its Asia-Pacific policy to maintain primacy but power is shifting. The future could see more stability or conflict between states as they adjust to the new dynamic, complex multi-polar system. Pakistan is also adjusting its foreign policy to address security and economic concerns in the changing world order.
Pakistan and Saudi Arabia have historically enjoyed warm relations based on their shared Islamic heritage and anti-imperialist stances. In the 1940s and 1950s, Saudi Arabia benefited from Pakistani military support against Yemen while Pakistan received Saudi backing in the Kashmir issue. However, the 1970s saw some tensions due to Pakistan's regional alignments. Relations strengthened again in the 1980s with cooperation supporting Afghan mujahideen and Pakistani troops protecting Saudi holy sites in the 1990 Gulf War. Currently, Saudi Arabia views Pakistan as an important strategic partner.
The document discusses the balance of power in Asia between Pakistan, India, China, and the United States. It notes that the U.S. favors India over Pakistan, creating a military imbalance. In response, Pakistan strengthened ties with China, who considers Pakistan an important ally. China is investing heavily in Pakistan through projects like CPEC, while the U.S. alliance with India aims to counter Chinese influence. The growing military and economic cooperation between China and Pakistan is reshaping the balance of power in Asia.
Pakistan and Saudi Arabia have enjoyed close bilateral relations since Pakistan's establishment in 1947. Saudi Arabia was one of Pakistan's strongest supporters during its wars with India and opposes the creation of Bangladesh from Pakistan in 1971. Saudi Arabia supports Pakistan on the Kashmir conflict and was the only country that supported Pakistan's nuclear tests in 1998. Pakistan maintains close military ties with Saudi Arabia and has provided arms and training for Saudi armed forces. Saudi Arabia also provides significant religious, educational, and financial aid to Pakistan and is Pakistan's largest source of petroleum.
UAE And Pakistan -two countries in comparison at a glance....Fatima Aftab
the compsrison of two countries in terms of culture,custom,economy and the mutual cooperation of two countries towards improving relationship and prosperity is discussed.
i got full 100 marks in this project.I hope this will prove really useful to all of you.Thanks...
Regard Fatimah
The document discusses the geopolitical competition over Central Asia between major powers like China, Russia, and the United States. It analyzes Central Asia's rich natural resources and strategic location. The author argues that while democracy is unlikely to emerge in the next 25 years due to authoritarian regimes, China will become the most influential foreign power in Central Asia due to growing economic ties and cooperation through organizations like the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Internal conflicts, radicalism, and economic issues are also expected to continue impacting the region.
The document summarizes Pakistan and UAE relations. It discusses the history of their relations beginning in 1971 when Pakistan was the first country to recognize the UAE. The countries have close social, economic, and military ties. However, their relationship was strained during a conflict in Yemen when Pakistan did not support the UAE militarily. Overall the two countries have strong fraternal ties due to shared Islamic faith and culture, and efforts to strengthen economic and political cooperation.
The document summarizes key aspects of Pakistan's foreign policy, including its nuclear program, Kashmir issue, and relations with Islamic countries. Pakistan developed nuclear power under A.Q. Khan in 1972 and conducted its first nuclear test in 1998. It views its nuclear program as vital for national security. Pakistan also disputes Kashmir with India and believes the UN should pressure India over human rights there. Additionally, Pakistan prioritizes relations with Islamic countries and hosts meetings on issues important to the Muslim world.
Weekly security trends in South Asia covering span of countries from Afghanistan to Myanmar and all important regions of India including foreign policy, defence, Jammu and Kashmir, North East and Naxalism.
This document summarizes an assignment on India-Pakistan long term relations. It discusses how the relations have been characterized by hostility since independence in 1947 due to disputes like Kashmir and border issues. It notes that both countries have allowed military capabilities to influence their relations. The future of relations depends on how each country assesses the geopolitical environment in South Asia and moves towards reconciliation without threatening the other. Bilateral disputes like Kashmir have been a central cause of tensions, and the dispute is important to Pakistan for ideological and strategic reasons.
The document discusses the complex relationship between India and Pakistan over the past 65+ years since partition. It outlines some of the key issues that have caused tensions, including the Kashmir dispute, water rights, and the division of military assets. Although there have been attempts at peace processes, the two countries have struggled to resolve their differences and develop trust and cooperation. Maintaining peace and stability would benefit both countries economically and socially. However, tensions often reemerge due to their shared history of conflict.
The document summarizes the results of a weekly meeting at an M-Comm brand agency. The agency chose QRIPIQ, a large apple snack company, as their new client over other options. Their strategy is to introduce QRIPIQ as a new apple snack product, raise awareness of apple snacks as a category, understand current perceptions of apple snacks, meet consumer needs for healthy snacks, target 18-30 year old health-conscious consumers in big cities, position QRIPIQ as "Your good snack" for everyone, and integrate an advertising, activation, packaging, and placement campaign.
Sebuah teaser tentang keluarga Pratama yang sedang menghadapi masalah. Terdengar suara bayi menangis lemah di rumah mereka. Keluarga ini tampaknya sedang mengalami kesulitan dan mencari jawaban apakah mereka bisa diselamatkan. Kisah lengkapnya akan ditayangkan pada 22 April 2011.
This document outlines a communication strategy to promote the International Class program at a university in Indonesia. It analyzes the target demographic as higher socioeconomic status parents who value prestige. It proposes holding presentations about the dual degree program at hotels in Jakarta and Surabaya to increase awareness. A discount promotion is suggested to attract the first five registrants. A budget of Rp92.55 million includes costs for the presentations, advertisements, brochures and the discount incentive.
Music increases Academic Success Powerpointpiano76
Music education is linked to increased academic success in three key ways:
1) Playing music stimulates the brain in ways that improve spatial-temporal skills, memorization, and pattern recognition, all of which help academic performance.
2) Students from higher socio-economic backgrounds who have greater access to music resources tend to achieve better education outcomes overall.
3) Research shows participation in extracurricular activities, including music, correlates with higher scores on verbal and math tests.
The Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden was the first Japanese garden to be created in an American public garden. It was constructed in 1914 and 1915—at an initial cost of $13,000, a gift of early BBG benefactor and trustee Alfred T. White—and it first opened to the public in June 1915. It is considered to be the masterpiece of its creator, Japanese landscape designer Takeo Shiota (1881–1943). Shiota was born in a small village about 40 miles from Tokyo, and in his youth spent years traversing Japan on foot to explore the natural landscape. In 1907 he came to America, driven by an ambition to create, in his words, "a garden more beautiful than all others in the world."
DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY Bloomfield College Spring 2010Foil Magazine
Digital imaging with a focus on the use of the digital camera with studio and location lighting.
Using historical and practical aspects of photography, we explored the technical aspects and aesthetic potential of digital photography
The document outlines key principles and components for redesigning the website of an organization called "imagining global asia". The redesigned homepage will act as a portal featuring things like featured stories, media, blogs, events and popular content. It will have a dynamic layout that is regularly updated manually and automatically. Content creation and review will be audience-focused and overseen by an editor-in-chief. The redesigned site will also include restructured individual pages for sections like blogs and features.
During World War II, the Holocaust led to the deaths of over 6 million Jews at the hands of Hitler and the Nazis through starvation, killings, and gas chambers. The atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki directly killed over 80,000 people and later studies found genetic damage in survivors' offspring. Initially after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Japan had success in battles against the U.S. in the Pacific as the U.S. was primarily on the defensive while also fighting Germany in Europe.
Kampanye sosial WWF bertujuan untuk mengurangi polusi udara di Indonesia sebesar 20% dengan melakukan kompetisi antarkota untuk mengurangi polusi udara. Kompetisi akan diikuti oleh 3 kota besar di Jawa yaitu Jakarta, Bandung, dan Surabaya selama 3 bulan dengan hadiah fasilitas olahraga ramah lingkungan bagi pemenang. Media yang digunakan adalah media sosial, televisi, radio, dan media daring untuk mempublik
Catalyst a substance called a catalyst. Unlike other reagents that participate in the chemical reaction, a catalyst is not consumed by the reaction itself.
The document summarizes Russian and German interwar photography, comparing their approaches. It discusses how Russian Constructivists like Rodchenko and Stepanova employed modernist forms for political propaganda, seeing themselves as "art engineers." Their "armed vision" aimed to communicate ideas to the masses. It also explores how the Bauhaus and figures like Moholy-Nagy developed an aesthetic of "New Vision" focused on machine forms and new photographic techniques. Their approach in Germany lacked the explicit political goals of Russian predecessors.
Culinary Architecture:
“The science, art, or style of designing and constructing any ordered arrangement of cookery or the kitchen”.
Culinary: adj
(kyoo’ler’e, kul’-)
Of or pertaining to cookery or the kitchen.
Architecture: n
(ar’ke.tek’cher)
The science, art, or style of designing and constructing any ordered arrangement of the parts of a system.
Modern American Cuisine:
“Pertaining to the most recent period of development in the American style of cooking”.
Modern: adj
(mod’ern)
Of pertaining to or characteristic of the most recent period of development; up to date.
American: adj
(e.mer’eken)
Pertaining to the United States of America , it’s history, government, people, and culture.
Cuisine: n
(kwi.zen’)
The style or quality of cooking
The document provides a history of photography from its origins to its widespread adoption in the late 1800s. It describes how the camera obscura was used by early artists before the invention of photography. Joseph Nicephore Niepce created the first permanent photograph in 1826 and Louis Daguerre later invented the daguerreotype process in 1839, which became very popular for portraits. William Henry Fox Talbot also developed the calotype process using negatives. The American Civil War was a turning point where photography was used extensively to document battles and soldiers.
1. What are the differences between nonproliferation and counte.docxjackiewalcutt
1. What are the differences between "nonproliferation" and "counter-proliferation” and how has each been made more complicated by the rise of “non-state actors"?
600 WORDS
2. Can traditional concepts of deterrence still apply in countering non-state actors or determined state actors such as Iran, Pakistan, or North Korea? Select one and discuss its unique challenges. Integrate materials from the Sanger chapter in your post.
600 WORDS
USE ATTACHED MATERIALS of
Sanger, David. (2012). Confront and Conceal. Chapter 8.
09.11.14 23:25The Ally From Hell - The Atlantic
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P A K I S T A N L I E S . I T H O S T E D O S A M A B I N L A D E N ( K N O W I N G L Y O R N O T ) . I T S G O V E R N M E N T I S B A R E L Y
F U N C T I O N A L . I T H A T E S T H E D E M O C R A C Y N E X T D O O R . I T I S H O M E T O B O T H R A D I C A L J I H A D I S T S A N D A L A R G E
A N D G R O W I N G N U C L E A R A R S E N A L ( W H I C H I T F E A R S T H E U . S . W I L L S E I Z E ) . I T S I N T E L L I G E N C E S E R V I C E
S P O N S O R S T E R R O R I S T S W H O A T T A C K A M E R I C A N T R O O P S . W I T H A F R I E N D L I K E T H I S , W H O N E E D S E N E M I E S ?
By Jeffrey Goldberg and Marc Ambinder
Peshawar, northwest Pakistan, February 8, 2011: Set ablaze by roadside bombs, oil trucks bearing fuel
for NATO forces burn, as bystanders react. (Fayaz Aziz/Reuters)
SHORTLY AFTER AMERICAN NAVY SEALs raided the Pakistani city of Abbottabad in May and killed
Osama bin Laden, General Ashfaq Kayani, the Pakistani chief of army staff, spoke with Khalid Kidwai,
the retired lieutenant general in charge of securing Pakistan’s nuclear arsenal. Kidwai, who commands
a security apparatus called the Strategic Plans Division (SPD), had been expecting Kayani’s call.
General Kayani, the most powerful man in a country that has only a simulacrum of civilian leadership,
had been busy in the tense days that followed the bin Laden raid: he had to assure his American
funders (U.S. taxpayers provide more than $2 billion in annual subsidies to the Pakistani military) that
the army had no prior knowledge of bin Laden’s hideout, located less than a mile from Pakistan’s
preeminent military academy; and at the same time he had to subdue the uproar within his ranks over
what was seen as a flagrant violation of Pakistan’s sovereignty by an arrogant Barack Obama. But he
was also anxious about the safety of Pakistan’s nuclear weapons, and he found time to express this
worry to General Kidwai.
ABOUT THIS STORY:
This article, the product of dozens of interviews over the course of six months, is a joint project of The
Atlantic and National Journal. A version of this story focusing on nuclear security appears in the
November 5, 2011, is ...
Pakistan faces many strategic, diplomatic, and economic challenges due to its significant geographic position between Central Asia, the Middle East, and South Asia. While this location provides opportunities to become a transit economy, it also poses security threats. Pakistan joined the US-led war on terror after 9/11 but suffered heavy costs, and now faces further instability due to the US withdrawal from Afghanistan. Pakistan needs to develop strategies to maximize the benefits of its location while mitigating challenges like threats from India, terrorism spillover from Afghanistan, and political instability domestically.
This document summarizes the threat of Islamist militancy in the Pakistan-Afghanistan border region and U.S. policy to address it. It finds that the militant activity in western Pakistan poses threats including increased potential for attacks on the U.S., a growing threat to Pakistani stability, and hindering U.S. efforts to stabilize Afghanistan. It discusses the various militant groups operating in the region and safe havens they enjoy. U.S. policy aims to increase cooperation with Pakistan to combat the militants through military operations, building tribal militias, and development assistance, but faces challenges from Pakistan's strategic interests and weak government control in tribal areas.
If ever a turning point seemed inevitable in Pakistan’s militia policy, it was in the aftermath of the Peshawar school massacre in December 2014. Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) killed 152 people, 133 of them children, in the bloodiest terrorist attack in Pakistan’s history. The carnage sparked an unprecedented national dialogue about the costs and contradictions of the Pakistani political and military establishment’s reliance on violent proxies, such as the Afghan Taliban (from which the TTP originates), for security.
Why does Pakistan continue to differentiate between “good” and “bad” militias in the face of the Peshawar massacre? What are the costs of playing the good-bad militia game? What can be done to end Pakistan’s dependency on armed nonstate groups? In “Reimagining Pakistan’s Militia Policy,” Visiting Assistant Professor of Government at Skidmore College and US-Pakistan Exchange Program Fellow at the Atlantic Council’s South Asia Center, argues that Pakistan’s unwillingness to crack down on all terrorist groups is more a product of cold calculation than ideological shortsightedness. Understanding Pakistan’s close relationship with militias requires recognizing the strategic logic through which many states outsource violence.
Pakistan has experienced significant political, economic, and security challenges since 2006. The economy grew rapidly until 2008 but then declined as foreign reserves decreased sharply. Meanwhile, the political situation was unstable as Musharraf faced rising opposition and was eventually replaced by a civilian government. However, terrorism remained a major security threat, with ongoing military operations against militants in regions like Waziristan and Swat.
The document discusses the key geo-strategic, geo-political, and geo-economic determinants that shape Pakistan's foreign policy. It outlines Pakistan's strategic location at the junction of South Asia, Central Asia, the Middle East, and China. Pakistan's foreign policy has historically been shaped by its regional rivalry with India, religious heritage as an Islamic state, and economic compulsions to seek external assistance. More recently, Pakistan has shifted its foreign policy focus from geo-politics to geo-economics, emphasizing relationships with China through projects like CPEC and maintaining a balanced approach with Saudi Arabia and Iran.
The document discusses the key geo-strategic, geo-political, and geo-economic determinants that shape Pakistan's foreign policy. It outlines Pakistan's relations with major countries including the US, China, India, Afghanistan, and countries in the Middle East. Pakistan's strategic location and history with India, as well as its religious heritage and economic needs, are some of the main factors that influence its foreign policy goals of ensuring national security, peace in the region, and balanced diplomatic relations.
The document discusses the strategic culture of Pakistan and how it has evolved since 9/11. It examines how Pakistan's strategic culture shapes its foreign policy and relations with regional and global powers. Pakistan's strategic culture is influenced by its history with India over Kashmir, fears of encirclement by India, and instability in Afghanistan. While traditionally focused on the threat from India, Pakistan now faces emerging threats including hybrid warfare, attacks on economic assets, and extremism. The study analyzes how Pakistan's strategic culture guides its partnerships with the US and China and policies toward regional countries like Iran and Afghanistan. It seeks to provide a more nuanced understanding of Pakistan's role in counterterrorism and the dynamics that influence its strategic decision-making
Peace and conflict resolution in fata: Some Reflections (conference paper)Manzoor Naazer
The document summarizes the root causes and factors contributing to militancy and conflict in FATA (Federally Administered Tribal Areas), Pakistan. It discusses underlying causes such as political, administrative and legal vacuum; illiteracy, unemployment and underdevelopment; and legacy of past policies. Proximate causes include reaction to Pakistan's external and internal policies; external links and funding of militancy; supply and demand dynamics of militancy; ideological justifications; and roles of other countries like the US, India and Afghanistan. The document recommends Pakistan take ownership of resolving militancy through religious counter-propaganda, stopping foreign support, and administrative reforms to address the problem.
Peace and conflict resolution in fata: Some Reflections (conference paper)
Boundaries 110328
1. boundaries Spring/Summer 2011 • Vol. II • Issue I
the journal of imagining global asia
Boundaries Co-Editors Welcome to the inaugural print issue of Boundaries! Boundaries is a magazine of
Vandana Chauhan the New School student organization “Imagining Global Asia.” Imagining Global
Namrata Goyal
Asia is a platform for intellectual, cultural, and artistic exchange dealing with
Imagining Global Asia building bridges between Asian cultures and people in a global world.
@ The New School • 2010–2011
President
Vandana Chauhan
In this issue, we have an essay written by Kavitha Cherian on Pakistan’s political
Vice president history entitled “Pakistan’s Surging Violence: How Big a Risk?”
Namrata Goyal
Secretary We also have an excerpt from a short story written by Vandana Chauhan, about
Patrick Boyle a little girls’ exposure to some harsh realities of life.
Treasurer
Nicole Courtemanche Matt Wice writes about a friendship he made while spending a couple of years
Communications Officer
teaching abroad in Japan.
Chloe Mura
Faculty Advisor
Dr. Castano We have a childrens’ short story that Shaunak Nanavati was inspired to write after
a visit to the Himalayas.
Imagining Global Asia
Advisory Board
If you have a creative, fiction or non-fiction piece, that you would like to submit for
Phil Ackre, The New School
Jonathan Bach, The New School
the next issue of Boundaries, please email iga@newschool.edu.
Bruce Byers, Technology Consultant
Anuj Desi, Yale University
Faisal Devji, Oxford University Pakistan’s Surging Violence: How Big a Risk?
Carolyn Fischer, Japan Foundation
Jaeho Kang, The New School Kavitha Cherian
Laura Liu, The New School
Jean-marc Coicaud, United Nations University A string of attacks by foreign and homegrown militants in Pakistan in October has
Brian McGraf, The New School focused attention once more on Pakistan’s vulnerabilities and increased pressure on
Sanjay Rupparelia, The New School Pakistan’s fragile civilian government. Instability in Pakistan has broad ramifications
Eiko Ikegami, The New School on regional security given Pakistan’s nuclear arsenal, its role as a de facto safe haven
Shouleh Vatanabadi, New York University for the Taliban insurgency in neighboring Afghanistan and its dangerous rivalry
Imagining Global Asia with India. Moreover, Pakistan faces continuing trouble attracting the capital inflows
Founders needed to finance its current account and fiscal deficits and attracting the long-term
Anushay Said investment needed to spur a revival of economic growth.
Chris Eberhardt
Sri Peddu With U.S. policy in the “Af-Pak” region under review, these attacks underscore the
Ahmet Sibdial Sau stakes involved. The U.S. has allied itself with Pakistan for geopolitical reasons over
2. the past six decades, providing billions of dollars worth of military offensive to retake the region, a bloody affair which displaced over
and economic aid and development assistance. Yet Pakistan’s two million civilians followed.
ties to the Afghan Taliban, ostensibly severed after 9/11 but in
The army declared the Swat Valley safe for its residents to return in
fact still actively cultivated by the country’s ISI intelligence service,
July 2009, yet the threat emanating from the area has not ended.
have been a cause for concern to the Obama administration. The
The Swat Valley is less than 100 miles from Pakistan’s capital,
deterioration in Pakistan’s domestic security situation complicates
Islamabad, and its location along the border with China’s restive
the administration’s goal “to disrupt, dismantle, and defeat Al
Muslim region of Xinjiang poses a host of problems. Ultimately,
Qaeda and its extremist allies in Pakistan and Afghanistan.”
full government control over Swat and its environs may be a
Added to Pakistan’s domestic political fissures, its history of military prerequisite for wider stability in the country.
interference in politics, its simmering nuclear rivalry with India and
economic challenges, these weaknesses in Pakistan will complicate
Nuclear-armed Pakistan
Political security concerns have raised worries about the safety
efforts to stabilize Afghanistan. Obama has stressed that the core
of Pakistan’s nuclear arsenal. Hans Kristensen of the Nuclear
American interest in the region – anti-terrorism -- lay in Pakistan
Information Project of the Federation of American Scientists
and Afghanistan. As President Obama reassesses US strategy in
estimates that Pakistan has 70-90 warheads. Pakistani authorities
Afghanistan, security issues in Pakistan amount to far more than a
say that the nuclear weapons are not assembled and are stored
distraction, and experts warn that if left unattended the country’s
separately under the strictest security. The warheads are also
problems could make Afghanistan look simple by comparison.
electronically locked lest terrorist do manage to assemble
Growing Militant Attacks them which is a highly unlikely scenario. In order to prevent
The pact of attacks by militants against symbols of the Pakistani unauthorized access to these weapons, reports the Council
state through 2009 accelerated in October as Taliban militants, on Foreign Relations, Pakistan’s arsenal is under the control of
al-Qaeda cells and their allies in Pakistan’s tribal militias sought the National Command Authority (NCA), a ten-member body,
to preempt a looming ground offensive by the Pakistani Army comprising the president; prime minister; chairman of the joint
against the extremist stronghold in South Waziristan. The attacks chiefs of staff; ministers of defense, interior, and finance; director-
general of the Strategic Plans Division (SPD); and the commanders
have grown more brazen, including an October 28 blast killing
of the army, air force, and navy. The Obama administration has
almost 100 in the northwestern city of Peshawar just hours after
reiterated its confidence that Pakistan will keep a close reign on
U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton arrived in the country.
its nuclear stock despite recent attacks on the Pakistani army. Yet
This capped a campaign of coordinated strikes against Pakistani
Bruce Riedel who led the most recent Af-Pak security review for
counter-terror institutions starting in mid-October with targets
the U.S. government, notes that Pakistan has the fastest growing
including the army’s headquarters and the Federal Investigation
nuclear arsenal in the world and “the danger of Pakistan becoming
Agency. A few days earlier the Taliban held the army headquarters
a jihadist state is real,” says Reidel.
in Rawalpindi under a 22 hour siege, killing over a dozen officers,
followed by a bomb explosion which claimed over 40 lives in the Fragile Democracy
Swat Valley. More than 350 lives have been lost in militant attacks Pakistan has only recently emerged from military rule. Benazir
in 2009 and the carnage looks likely to continue. Bhutto, former prime minister and the frontrunner of the 2007
elections, might have provided at least medium-term sustainability.
Instability in Swat Valley Her assassination seven weeks before Pakistan’s first democratic
A significant part of the pressure emanates from the Swat Valley,
elections in almost a decade instead propelled her widower, Asif
typically known as a resort area but recently the site of fierce
Ali Zardari, to the presidency. Zardari, who spent years in prison
battles for control between the government and Taliban-allied
for corruption, lacked his wife’s popularity and administrative
militants. In February 2009, after several failed attempts to wrest
experience, and was further distracted by wrangling between
the region from the militants, the government assented to a peace
his Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) and that of his coalition partner,
deal, conceding to the establishment of the Islamic system of
another former prime minister and convicted felon, Nawaz Sharif.
justice in the Swat Valley and suspending its military action against
Their cohabitation collapsed after barely five months in office.
Taliban-linked militants in Pakistan’s northwestern tribal region.
Sharif, a longtime rival of the Bhutto clan, has staked his claim
Clinton and other American officials criticized the peace deal,
since as a vocal and occasionally disruptive opponent of Zardari’s
and some critics described it as a capitulation that could pose an
government. The precarious political position of the civilian
existential threat to the Pakistani state. Indeed, by May 2009, amid
government has only been exacerbated by the increased terrorist
heightened militant attacks, the Pakistani army began a full scale
activity.
2 www.imaginingglobalasia.org
3. Controversial U.S. Aid Despite supportive remittances, waning capital flows suggest
Strictures which accompany the latest U.S. aid package also Pakistan will have trouble financing the trade and current account
threaten to widen domestic fissures. In October 2009 President deficits during 2009-10. Even as global risk appetite has picked
Obama signed the Kerry-Lugar Act granting Pakistan US$7.5 up, domestic violence and security risks will make external debt
billion in civilian aid over a period of five years. The bill almost issuances increasingly unattractive. Attractive valuations, a credit
triples foreign assistance to Pakistan, much of it earmarked to ratings upgrade, IMF and other loans encouraged portfolio equity
help the government to invest in social infrastructure. But, in a flows in Q3 2009, but in October foreign investors became net
switch from the Bush years, the Obama team’s aid is conditional sellers, infecting domestic investors. Foreign direct investment (FDI)
on demonstrable Pakistani anti-terror efforts. The shift in U.S. aid, is likewise plunging and investors are repatriating their earnings
which for the first time legislates funds for solely civilian purposes, rather than reinvesting in Pakistan. Both short-term and long-term
has upset the politically powerful military. Pakistan’s civilian investors are concerned that Pakistan’s security and political
government is young, with the military having ceded formal problems will persist for a long period of time.
control only in March 2008 after the ouster of Pervez Musharraf,
The additional IMF loan and aid from the U.S. and other bilateral
whose nine-year military regime maintained close ties to the Bush
and multilateral donors will be exhausted soon while Pakistan’s
administration. Shorn of power and their allies in Washington,
security and economic conditions remain bleak. Government
Pakistan’s military has raised to the terms of the U.S. aid on two
fiscal consolidation efforts including slashing subsidies and raising
counts: that military aid is to be distributed by civilians, and that
tax revenues will be dwarfed by the military and development
the aid disbursement is subject to the “micromanagement” of
spending in the violence-affected areas. With low foreign
performance reviews of the country. The U.S. Congress, in part
exchange reserves and weak capital inflows, Pakistan could again
reacting to fears that Pakistan was diverting anti-terrorism aid
face challenges in financing its balance of payments and servicing
to weapons systems and units geared to take on the country’s
its external debt during 2009-10. Due to economic and security
traditional foe, India, insisted this time on strict accountability
vulnerabilities, the IMF could further ease the loan conditions.
measures.
Without continued foreign aid, including the planned U.S. support,
President Asif Ali Zardari believes the grant will provide a investor confidence will be shaken again, posing risk to the asset
clean slate to Pakistan on its way to “democracy, nuclear non- markets and economic growth.
proliferation and drug control.” The Pakistani military, joined
by opposition groups, portray these measures as an affront
to Pakistani sovereignty and accuse the president of selling
Koki’s Café
the country short. To soothe the rising tensions in Pakistan, the
bill’s American sponsors, U.S. Sen. John Kerry (D-Mass.) and Matt Wice
Rep. Howard Berman (D-Calif.), released a “Joint Explanatory
Statement” clarifying the intent of the bill and insisting it “does not The first time I met Koki was at a potluck party in Usuki, the small
seek in any way to compromise Pakistan’s sovereignty, impinge on Japanese town where I was living at the time. I was told by my
Pakistan’s national security interests, or micromanage any aspect of supervisor, who had invited me to the party, that I would like Koki
Pakistani military or civilian operations.” and could speak “native” English with him. This became clear soon
after we started talking. Koki had clearly learned English the right
Fragile State Raises Economic Vulnerability way: from American movies, popular culture, travel, international
The increase in political instability, the fragility of the government friends and significant others. In short, he didn’t learn it from a
and the sustained military operations have weighed on textbook.
Pakistan’s economic growth during 2008-09 and slowed policy
implementation. The October violence could further undermine I soon learned that Koki had spent time living in the U.S. and
economic activity and reduce capital inflows as investors privilege had happened to move to New Orleans with a girlfriend shortly
more liquid and stable markets. As detailed in the recently before Katrina hit. He returned to Japan soon after the disaster. I
released quarterly update of RGE’s Global Economic Outlook, had family in New Orleans who had also lost their home in the
consumer spending and investment, weakened by high inflation hurricane and couldn’t believe this bizarre and tragic connection.
and interest rates and a reduction in foreign investment, will remain
sluggish. RGE expects the economy will grow only around 2.0% “No way!” I exclaimed when I heard this.
in 2009, similar to that of 2008 but well below the 6%-7% growth
“Way,” he responded with a solemn nod.
rates of recent years.
boundaries — the journal of imagining global asia 3
4. Koki’s hair is a wild, dark mop with drastic swoops and to the bar after dinner. The shop was empty and as closing time
big shapes. It looks like abstract art. The image of Edward approached, Koki dimmed the lights and told us that he was
Scissorhands comes to mind. He usually wears a tie with a black heading home. As he disappeared into the prep area behind the
shirt, skinny jeans and converse sneakers. Like Miles Davis, Koki’s bar, my date and I started to kiss. When we pulled away from
classic coolness is of the variety that can be appreciated by almost each other to get ready to leave, I saw Koki crouching in a corner
anyone. The guy chain-smokes Marlbro Reds, plays a snarling behind the bar taking a video with his cellphone, grinning guiltily.
electric guitar and rides a motorcycle. I don’t know anyone who
doesn’t find at least one of those things cool. I don’t consider my friendship with Koki to be a cross-cultural
friendship. I loosely identify with being American just as Koki does
At the party, I learned that Koki’s cafe would be closing soon and with being Japanese. But I think that we are both a little too weird
re-locating to a new spot in the same neighborhood. The menu and stubborn to conform too closely to one group, no matter how
would grow to include hot dogs and Koki’s homemade curry. It large and heterogeneous. I also felt that Koki’s presence eventually
would stay open later and serve alcohol. Koki and his architect transcended friendship. While I was in Japan, I had plenty of
friend would be building this new place up from scratch. In an surrogate family members and Koki was definitely my Japanese
effort to help get the new bar/café up and running faster, I started older brother.
showing up at the new site and offering my services. These services
included my imprecise sawing, uneven painting and the providing I spent my last night in Japan at Koki’s café, taking shots of Wild
of constant distractions. Turkey and trying not to acknowledge that this was the end of
an era. It’s never easy to leave a place that names a drink in
Despite my interference with the project, the bar was soon your honor called “Bad Decisions.” In the midst of many tough
completed. With a futuristic, European feel to it, the cafe was goodbyes, this was one of the hardest.
strikingly different than the traditional Japanese-style surroundings
of the neighborhood. Half-Star Wars and half-Amsterdam, Koki’s Soon after I had settled into life back in the States, Koki’s wife gave
new shop became my second home for the next two years that I birth to their first son. When his wife was pregnant, he told me
spent in Usuki. that he was going to name him Cobra, but in the end settled on a
more traditional Japanese name. I like to think that if I was around,
After I became a regular, Koki and I reached a level of honesty
I could have convinced him to go with Cobra. As much as I hate to
and openness I didn’t expect to find in this town. What I mean by
admit it, maybe it’s better for our “grown-up” lives that the majority
that is that the people of Usuki were just so kind and courteous
of our communication is limited to Facebook.
that I doubted whether my co-workers would tell me if I was doing
a shitty job at work or making a mistake speaking Japanese. Koki
didn’t have that problem.
Bitter — excerpt from a short story
One example of this honesty grew out of typical Koki-esque
conversation regarding his fetish for calves, an obsession only Vandana Chauhan
slightly less confusing to me than his crush on Joan Cusack. I
Until the summer she was twelve, Seema was troubled by things
happened to be wearing shorts that day and when I spun around
like dust coating her sweaty skin as she came home from school.
for his appraisal, he looked horrified. “Kimochi warui,” he said,
She was careful not to sit too close to Johnny because he smelled,
which means “gross” or in extreme cases and in a more literal
dutifully did her homework in notebooks with brown covers, and
sense, “it makes me sick.” I think that it was the latter in my case.
heeded her mother’s call to help her chop onions or to sweep
And since that day, I’ve made it a priority not leave legs out of my
away the dust on the main floor. Seema accepted these routines
workout routine.
as natural and looked forward to free time when she would take
Brutal honesty aside, I believe that Koki was genuinely concerned out her box of pencils, crayons, and pens of assorted colors and
for the happiness and well-being of his friends. Not just myself, decide which shade of blue or shade of red she would color the
but others who were regulars at his place, unloaded a barrage of pictures in her coloring book. Sometimes she was brave enough to
complaints on him and more often than not he had some sound draw her own pictures on plain paper, but got frustrated by how
advice or at least a funny distraction to offer. When I had come out they weren’t perfect outlines as the ones already in her picture
of a long-term relationship, Koki played a behind the scenes role in book. Then she would switch to coloring within the printed outlines.
my dating life.
One day, as she washed dishes in the sink while her mother stirred
One night, I brought a girl that I had been out with a few times a pot of stewing potatoes, her mother said, “Seema, soon you are
4 www.imaginingglobalasia.org
5. going to have someone to play with and to help me take care of!” Seema sliced through the red onion and knew that the vapors were
rising up to make her eyes water. She prepared for the impact by
Seema looked up into her mothers face. Her brown eyes, lined
squinting. Her mother was next to her heating oil in a pan. Her
by black kohl which had begun to smudge because of the sweat
sharp kohl lined eyes looked at the pan but her solemn, worried
developing in her creases, looked back at her. Her mother had a
countenance revealed that her mind was elsewhere.
soft kind expression just then, and she put her hand on Seema’s
shoulder. “Do you want a little brother or a little sister?” Ever since her mother had hinted to Seema that she was going to
have a little brother or a little sister, Seema had looked forward to
Seema understood and smiled as she went back to rinsing her soap
helping her mother in the kitchen. Her mother seemed happier even
lathered plate under the faucet.
though she never openly showed it. When she smiled at Seema
The rickshaw biked over big stones and potholed roads, jostling there was more kindness in her face; as she prepared afternoon
its inhabitants. Seema had the misfortune of sitting next to Johnny tea her face was pleasant. She would even give Seema an extra
today and with every hard bump on the road, plump Johnny was biscuit at tea time. It was as if mother and daughter were silently
pushed into her side and Seema breathed in whiffs of his pungent and constantly celebrating the new arrival.
odor. She held onto the side bars and turned her face to the
window. Today, the excitement vanished. Seema had sensed something
was different when she came home from school and Lakshmi, the
A small group was gathered outside Dr. Ramdayal’s Gynecologic neighbor’s maid, yelled out to Seema from the adjacent veranda
Clinic. There was a van whose original color was white but was that her mother and father would be home in an hour.
now brownish grey. It looked like it had driven a long way. A
board in the rear window displayed in bright red colors “Delhi Seema had nibbled on sugary tea biscuits and sipped glasses of
Women’s Press”. Women in orange and pink salwaar kameezes, Fanta until she heard keys jiggling at the main door. She went to
dupatta’s falling off their shoulders, and big black sunglasses the foyer to greet her parents then stopped short when she saw
on their faces, were standing outside the main entrance of Dr. them. Her father, a tall, thin, dark skinned man with oily black
Ramdayal’s clinic. A couple of them were holding notepads and hair, had pursed his lips into a straight line. His eyes, brown with
writing in short fast bursts while the others talked to a man who slightly yellowed whites, conveyed his relief. Her mother stood next
made defensive gestures with his arms. It seemed he would never to him, her sari modestly wrapped around her head, outlining a
stop shaking his head. face whose full lips quivered and appeared to be permanently set
in a frown. Her sharp eyes glistened. The puffiness of her eyelids
Seema surmised that the man must be the doctor because he had
suggested they shone because she had been crying.
a big bald head, with tufts of white hair behind his ears, and big
black framed glasses on his face. The doctors she colored in her They both looked at Seema but didn’t acknowledge her. They
coloring book often had the same features. He wore a grey stiff entered through the doorway together and then their bodies
collared shirt, with dark sweat stains in the armpits, and khaki separated into different rooms. Seema was left standing there,
pants. feeling an emotional wave of a deep, dark kind. Her belly
tightened. She went to her room and pulled out her coloring things.
“Can you hear what they are saying?” Johnny’s voice interrupted
For the first time she put them back away in her closet again
her attention. He was much closer to her than Seema could tolerate
without using them.
and his bitter smell irritated her so that she snapped, “No, how can
I hear from all the way here what they are talking about?”
The stinging vapors from the onion flowed into her eyes making
“My mummy writes for the newspaper. She says Dr. Ramdayal has Seema tear. The overwhelming natural response to wash away the
some unfair arrangement with his ultrasound technician.” irritant melted her resolve to appear strong and she found herself
saying out loud,
Seema pushed Johnny back with her elbow. “How do you know
these big words.” “What happened to the baby, Mama”
“I read, stupid”, Johnny snapped back. “You should be happy you “There is no baby anymore” her mother spoke softly. Seema felt her
were born. Otherwise your mother also would have gone to Dr. mother’s hand on her shoulder. It felt light and weak.
Ramdayal to clean you out after learning you were a girl baby in
her tummy.”
—
boundaries — the journal of imagining global asia 5
6. Her dad nodded. Sahana also said that she had noticed
Sahana and the King something. There was a small rash on the
Shaunak Nanavati bottom of the king’s right foot. She saw it while they were doing
yoga together. She had looked carefully and recognized the
Sahana was a little girl. She lived in the jungle in the Himalayan pattern of dots. Her dad’s face instantly brightened. In the evening,
Mountains with her mom, dad and little brother. Her father made the family and the king ate a delicious meal together. Sahana told
medicines for people when they were sick. Her mom made fresh the king that they would bring a remedy in ten days to his palace.
bread. Sahana made artwork. Her little brother mostly made First they needed to take a journey to find a special herb near
trouble. His name was Taglu. Sahana’s father would go into the Mantalai Lake. The next morning, the family left for their journey.
jungle. He would go high into the mountains to find the right herbs. They walked through dense jungles, fields of rubies, quartz and
Sahana and Taglu would go with him. They were a team. blue mystic topaz, and high mountain passes. They saw beautiful
waterfalls. They saw wild stallions, friendly sheep, and inquisitive
When they found the right herbs, her dad would boil them in
goats. Finally, Sahana found the cave where the special herb grew.
water, or crush them into powder or heat them with oils. Sahana
Her dad lit a candle and they went inside. The cave was magical,
helped her dad make medicines but Taglu was still too small to
filled with pink salt crystals and purple geodes, with a small
help. They would bake cookies, play music, and dance together.
waterfall and lake. Her dad knew that the herb was near the back
One day Rishi came to the village to meet Sahana’s father. He was of the cave.
a traveling sage. He said that the king was ill. None of the doctors
in the kingdom could help him. Sahana was listening near the When they arrived to the back of the cave there was no herb.
curtain which separated the yoga area from her playroom. However, Sahana did see a small hole in the wall with a shaft of
light coming through. When Sahana’s dad looked through the
“Well, there is one doctor,” she said. The sage and her father hole, he saw the plant. He reached his hand through but could
turned to see a little girl with her arms akimbo. Her dad smiled. not touch the plant. It was too far. The hole was too small even
“Well, yes,” her dad said. “Sahana will see the king. I will be her for Sahana. What to do? The king would die without this herb.
assistant.” Sahana and her dad sat on the rocks and tried to think of a
solution but could not. They were sad. Just then, the Taglu crawled
This time Rishi smiled. Seven days later, the king arrived with his
into the hole.
entourage. Sahana’s father welcomed him with a hug. Sahana
folded her hands, and said “Namaste.” Sahana’s mom made a He was just small enough to fit. He picked the buds off the plant
yummy healing soup. Taglu brought him water when he went to and crawled back through. Sahana and her dad were amazed.
rest. Taglu had saved the day.
The next morning, the king awoke at dawn. Sahana and her dad They went home , built a fire and made the medicine. Sahana
made a fire. The king sat down next to them without a sound. crushed special stones, boiled the herbs and mixed in the oils. It
Sahana’s dad took the king’s pulse. He placed three fingers an inch slowly cooked over the fire for three days and then cooled. They
below the king’s wrist. He watched the king’ breath and looked put their potion in a silver flask and went straight to the palace. The
into his eyes. Sahana’s mom taught a yoga class to Sahana, Taglu king had become much weaker. The rash had grown. The king was
and the king. At the end of class, Sahana sang a simple Sanskrit scared. When they sat down, Sahana took the king’s pulse. They lit
sloka softly: jai guru deva, nothing’ s going to change my word…
a fire and
Sahana’s dad stoked the fire outside. The king told his story.
Sahana’s dad listened very carefully. The king took a nap in the practiced yoga. Afterwards, the king took the medicine. The king
afternoon while it rained outside. Sahana’s dad spent many hours began to sweat. He laid down and fell asleep. Sahana sat by the
in the library, looking in old books. Then, her dad went for a long bed all night and observed the king’s breathing. In the morning, he
walk. felt a little better. In two days, he started walking at dawn. In four
days, he began to run. He breath deepened.
He called it: “Going for a think.”
The king drank clean mountain water and ate fresh apples
Sahana’s dad came home puzzled. He asked her: “What do you
everyday. He cooked his food over a fire that he built. Every day,
think about the king?
he took their remedy. After four days, the king was better.
“I think the king is very nice. I like him.”
6 www.imaginingglobalasia.org
7. Above the palace, a double rainbow appeared,
And
on that day,
in all the villages of the Himlayaa,
kids and grown-ups
told the story of Sahana.
Author Profiles
Kavitha Cherian
Kavitha is a geopolitics analyst at Roubini Global Economics. Her
areas of expertise include Sub-Saharan Africa and Central Asia, as
well as climate change, nuclear proliferation, U.S. foreign policy
and international development.
Matt Wice
Matt Wice is pursuing his MA in Psychology at the NSSR. Before
joining the New School, he spent two years teaching abroad in
Japan.
Shaunak Nanavati
Shaun is an experimentalist and pediatric neuropsychologist. He
recently travelled to the Himalayas where he drew inspiration for
Sahana and the King. The story was co-written by me and my
daughter, Saloni, during bedtimes over a month.
Vandana Chauhan
Vandana is completing her second doctoral year in Psychology at
the New School for Social Research. When she isn’t researching
social support systems, she enjoys writing.
boundaries — the journal of imagining global asia 7