In recent years, a wireless sensor network is gaining much more importance due to its immense contribution in numerous applications. Deployment of sensor nodes that would reduce computation, minimize cost and gaining high degree of network connectivity is an challenging task. Random deployment of sensor nodes causes the wireless sensor networks to face topological weaknesses such as communication bottlenecks, network partitions and sensing holes. These problems lead to uneven energy utilization, reduction in reliability of network and reduction in network lifetime. Bottleneck detection algorithm is proposed to identify bottleneck and minimal bottleneck zones in network. Additional sensor node deployment strategy is used in bottleneck detection algorithm to extend network lifetime. Random additional sensor node deployment and Targeted additional sensor node deployment are proposed to enhance network lifetime. Deployment strategies are compared with respect to network parameters such as throughput, packet delivery fraction and network lifetime.
CUTTING DOWN ENERGY USAGE IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS USING DUTY CYCLE TECHNI...ijwmn
A wireless sensor network is composed of many sensor nodes, that have beengiven out in a
specific zoneandeach of them hadanability of collecting information from the environment and
sending collected data to the sink. The most significant issues in wireless sensor networks,
despite the recent progress is the trouble of the severe limitations of energy resources.Since that
in different applications of sensor nets, we could throw a static or mobile sink, then all aspects of
such networks should be planned with an awareness of energy.One of the most significant topics
related to these networks, is routing. One of the most widely used and efficient methods of
routing isa hierarchy (based on clustering) method.
CUTTING DOWN ENERGY USAGE IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS USING DUTY CYCLE TECHNI...ijwmn
A wireless sensor network is composed of many sensor nodes, that have beengiven out in a
specific zoneandeach of them hadanability of collecting information from the environment and
sending collected data to the sink. The most significant issues in wireless sensor networks,
despite the recent progress is the trouble of the severe limitations of energy resources.Since that
in different applications of sensor nets, we could throw a static or mobile sink, then all aspects of
such networks should be planned with an awareness of energy.One of the most significant topics
related to these networks, is routing. One of the most widely used and efficient methods of
routing isa hierarchy (based on clustering) method.
In The present study with the objective of cutting down energy consumption and persistence of
network coverage, we have offered a novel algorithm based on clustering algorithms and multihop routing.To achieve this goal, first, we layer the network environment based on the size of the
network.We will identify the optimal number of cluster heads and every cluster head based on
the mechanism of topology control will start to accept members.Likewise, we set the first layer
as gate layer and subsequently identifying the gate’s nodes, we’d turn away half of the sensors
and then stop using energy and the remaining nodes in this layer will join the gate’s nodes
because they hold a critical part in bettering the functioning of the system. Cluster heads off
following layers send the information to cluster heads in the above layer until sent data will be
sent to gate’s nodes and finally will be sent to sink. We have tested the proposed algorithm in
two situations 1) when the sink is off and 2)when a sink is on and simulation data shows that
proposed algorithm has better performance in terms of the life span of a network than LEACH
and ELEACH protocols.
A Fault tolerant system based on Genetic Algorithm for Target Tracking in Wir...Editor IJCATR
In this paper, we explored the possibility of using Genetic Algorithm (GA) being used in Wireless Sensor Networks in general with
specific emphasize on Fault tolerance. In Wireless sensor networks, usually sensor and sink nodes are separated by long communication
distance and hence to optimize the energy, we are using clustering approach. Here we are employing improved K-means clustering algorithm to
form the cluster and GA to find optimal use of sensor nodes and recover from fault as quickly as possible so that target detection won’t be
disrupted. This technique is simulated using Matlab software to check energy consumption and lifetime of the network. Based on the
simulation results, we concluded that this model shows significant improvement in energy consumption rate and network lifetime than other
method such as Traditional clustering or Simulated Annealing
Design and Implementation a New Energy Efficient Clustering Algorithm Using t...ijmnct
Wireless Sensor Networks are consist of small battery powered devices with limited energy resources.Once
deployed, the small sensor nodes are usually inaccessible to the user, and thus replacement of the energy
source is not feasible. Hence, one of the most important issues that need to be enhanced in order to
improve the life span of the network is energy efficiency. to overcome this demerit many research have
been done. The clustering is the one of the representative approaches. In this paper, we introduce a
dynamic clustering algorithm using Fuzzy Logic and genetic algorithm. In fact, using fuzzy system design
and system optimization by genetic algorithm is presented approach to select the best cluster head in
sensor networks. Using random data set has been addressed to evaluate of fuzzy-genetic system presented
in this paper and finally, MSE rate or mean error of sending the messages using proposed fuzzy system in
comparison with LEACH method is calculated in select the cluster head. The results of evaluations is
representative of a reduction the MSE metric in proposed method in comparison with LEACH method for
select the cluster head. Reduce of MSE directly is effective on energy consumption and lifetime of wireless
sensor network and can cause the reduce energy consumption and increase network lifetime.
A NODE DEPLOYMENT MODEL WITH VARIABLE TRANSMISSION DISTANCE FOR WIRELESS SENS...ijwmn
The deployment of network nodes is essential to ensure the wireless sensor network's regular operation and affects the multiple network performance metrics, such as connectivity, coverage, lifetime, and cost. This paper focuses on the problem of minimizing network costs while meeting network requirements, and proposes a corona-based deployment method by using the variable transmission distance sensor. Based on the analysis of node energy consumption and network cost, an optimization model to minimize Cost Per Unit Area is given. The transmission distances and initial energy of the sensors are obtained by solving the model. The optimization model is improved to ensure the energy consumption balance of nodes in the same corona. Based on these parameters, the process of network node deployment is given. Deploying the
network through this method will greatly reduce network costs.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
CUTTING DOWN ENERGY USAGE IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS USING DUTY CYCLE TECHNI...ijwmn
A wireless sensor network is composed of many sensor nodes, that have beengiven out in a
specific zoneandeach of them hadanability of collecting information from the environment and
sending collected data to the sink. The most significant issues in wireless sensor networks,
despite the recent progress is the trouble of the severe limitations of energy resources.Since that
in different applications of sensor nets, we could throw a static or mobile sink, then all aspects of
such networks should be planned with an awareness of energy.One of the most significant topics
related to these networks, is routing. One of the most widely used and efficient methods of
routing isa hierarchy (based on clustering) method.
CUTTING DOWN ENERGY USAGE IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS USING DUTY CYCLE TECHNI...ijwmn
A wireless sensor network is composed of many sensor nodes, that have beengiven out in a
specific zoneandeach of them hadanability of collecting information from the environment and
sending collected data to the sink. The most significant issues in wireless sensor networks,
despite the recent progress is the trouble of the severe limitations of energy resources.Since that
in different applications of sensor nets, we could throw a static or mobile sink, then all aspects of
such networks should be planned with an awareness of energy.One of the most significant topics
related to these networks, is routing. One of the most widely used and efficient methods of
routing isa hierarchy (based on clustering) method.
In The present study with the objective of cutting down energy consumption and persistence of
network coverage, we have offered a novel algorithm based on clustering algorithms and multihop routing.To achieve this goal, first, we layer the network environment based on the size of the
network.We will identify the optimal number of cluster heads and every cluster head based on
the mechanism of topology control will start to accept members.Likewise, we set the first layer
as gate layer and subsequently identifying the gate’s nodes, we’d turn away half of the sensors
and then stop using energy and the remaining nodes in this layer will join the gate’s nodes
because they hold a critical part in bettering the functioning of the system. Cluster heads off
following layers send the information to cluster heads in the above layer until sent data will be
sent to gate’s nodes and finally will be sent to sink. We have tested the proposed algorithm in
two situations 1) when the sink is off and 2)when a sink is on and simulation data shows that
proposed algorithm has better performance in terms of the life span of a network than LEACH
and ELEACH protocols.
A Fault tolerant system based on Genetic Algorithm for Target Tracking in Wir...Editor IJCATR
In this paper, we explored the possibility of using Genetic Algorithm (GA) being used in Wireless Sensor Networks in general with
specific emphasize on Fault tolerance. In Wireless sensor networks, usually sensor and sink nodes are separated by long communication
distance and hence to optimize the energy, we are using clustering approach. Here we are employing improved K-means clustering algorithm to
form the cluster and GA to find optimal use of sensor nodes and recover from fault as quickly as possible so that target detection won’t be
disrupted. This technique is simulated using Matlab software to check energy consumption and lifetime of the network. Based on the
simulation results, we concluded that this model shows significant improvement in energy consumption rate and network lifetime than other
method such as Traditional clustering or Simulated Annealing
Design and Implementation a New Energy Efficient Clustering Algorithm Using t...ijmnct
Wireless Sensor Networks are consist of small battery powered devices with limited energy resources.Once
deployed, the small sensor nodes are usually inaccessible to the user, and thus replacement of the energy
source is not feasible. Hence, one of the most important issues that need to be enhanced in order to
improve the life span of the network is energy efficiency. to overcome this demerit many research have
been done. The clustering is the one of the representative approaches. In this paper, we introduce a
dynamic clustering algorithm using Fuzzy Logic and genetic algorithm. In fact, using fuzzy system design
and system optimization by genetic algorithm is presented approach to select the best cluster head in
sensor networks. Using random data set has been addressed to evaluate of fuzzy-genetic system presented
in this paper and finally, MSE rate or mean error of sending the messages using proposed fuzzy system in
comparison with LEACH method is calculated in select the cluster head. The results of evaluations is
representative of a reduction the MSE metric in proposed method in comparison with LEACH method for
select the cluster head. Reduce of MSE directly is effective on energy consumption and lifetime of wireless
sensor network and can cause the reduce energy consumption and increase network lifetime.
A NODE DEPLOYMENT MODEL WITH VARIABLE TRANSMISSION DISTANCE FOR WIRELESS SENS...ijwmn
The deployment of network nodes is essential to ensure the wireless sensor network's regular operation and affects the multiple network performance metrics, such as connectivity, coverage, lifetime, and cost. This paper focuses on the problem of minimizing network costs while meeting network requirements, and proposes a corona-based deployment method by using the variable transmission distance sensor. Based on the analysis of node energy consumption and network cost, an optimization model to minimize Cost Per Unit Area is given. The transmission distances and initial energy of the sensors are obtained by solving the model. The optimization model is improved to ensure the energy consumption balance of nodes in the same corona. Based on these parameters, the process of network node deployment is given. Deploying the
network through this method will greatly reduce network costs.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Scheduling different types of packets, such as
real-time and non-real-time data packets, at sensor nodes with
resource constraints in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is of
vital importance to reduce sensors’ energy consumptions and endto-end
data transmission delays. Most of the existing packetscheduling
mechanisms of WSN use First Come First Served
(FCFS), non pre-emptive priority and pre-emptive priority
scheduling algorithms. These algorithms incur a high processing
overhead and long end-to-end data transmission delay due to the
FCFS concept, starvation of high priority real-time data packets
due to the transmission of a large data packet in non pre-emptive
priority scheduling, starvation of non-real-time data packets due
to the probable continuous arrival of real-time data in preemptive
priority scheduling, and improper allocation of data
packets to queues in multilevel queue scheduling algorithms.
Moreover, these algorithms are not dynamic to the changing
requirements of WSN applications since their scheduling policies
are predetermined.
In the Advanced Multilevel Priority packet scheduling
scheme, each node except those at the last level has three levels of
priority queues. According to the priority of the packet and
availability of the queue, node will schedule the packet for
transmission. Due to separated queue availability, packet
transmission delay is reduced. Due to reduction in packet
transmission delay, node can goes into sleep mode as soon as
possible. And Expired packets are deleted at the particular node
at itself before reaching the base station, so that processing
burden on the node is reduced. Thus, energy of the node is saved.
ENERGY EFFICIENT AGGREGATION WITH DIVERGENT SINK PLACEMENT FOR WIRELESS SENSO...ijasuc
In WSN the data aggregation is a means for condensing the energy requirement by reducing number of
transmission by combining the data and sending the final required result to the base station. The lifetime
of the WSN can be improved by employing the aggregation techniques. During the process of aggregation
the numbers of transmission are reduced by combining the similar data from the nearby areas. By using
the clustering technique and aggregating the correlated data greatly minimize the energy consumed in
collecting and disseminating the data. In this work, we evaluate the performance of a novel energy
efficient cluster based aggregation protocol (EECAP) for WSN. The main focus in this proposed work is
to study the performance of our proposed aggregation protocol with divergent sink placements such as
when sink is at the centre of the sensing field, corner of the sensing field or at a location selected
randomly in the sensor field. We present experimental results by calculating the lifetime of network in
terms of number of sensing rounds using various parameters such as – average remaining energy of
nodes, number of dead nodes after the specified number of sensing rounds. Finally the performance of
various aggregation algorithms such as LEACH, SEP and our proposed aggregation protocol (EECAP)
are compared with divergent sink placements. The simulation results demonstrates that EECAP exhibits
good performance in terms of lifetime and the energy consumption of the wireless sensor networks and
which can be as equally compared with existing clustering protocols.
Optimized Projected Strategy for Enhancement of WSN Using Genetic AlgorithmsIJMER
This paper put forward a new strategy for selecting the most favorable cluster head in Stable
Election Protocol (SEP). The planned approach selects a node as cluster head if it has the maximum
energy among all the available nodes in that particular cluster. It considers diverse nodes and divides
nodes among normal, transitional and advance nodes. To handle the heterogeneity of the nodes, different
optimized probability density functions are selected. First node dead time explain the network stability
period and last node dead explain the overall network lifetime. The main pressure is to increase the time
when first node dies and also when last node dies. The projected strategy is designed and implemented in
the Matlab using mathematics toolbox. The projected algorithm is also compared with the some prominent
protocols like leach, E-LEACH, SEP and extended SEP
AN ENERGY EFFICIENT DISTRIBUTED PROTOCOL FOR ENSURING COVERAGE AND CONNECTIVI...ijasuc
As wireless sensor networks (WSNs) continue to attract more and more researchers attention, new ideas for
applications are continually being developed, many of which involve consistent coverage with good
network connectivity of a given area of interest. For the successful operation of the wireless Sensor
Network, the active sensor nodes must maintain both coverage and also connectivity. These are two closely
related essential prerequisites and they are also very important measurements of quality of service (QoS)
for wireless sensor networks. This paper presents the design and analysis of novel protocols that can
dynamically configure a sensor network to result in guaranteed degrees of coverage and connectivity. This
protocol is simulated using NS2 simulated and compared against a distributed probabilistic coveragepreserving configuration protocol (DPCCP) with SPAN [1] protocol in the literature and show that it
activates lesser number of sensor nodes, consumes much lesser energy and maximises the network lifetime
significantly.
EVENT DRIVEN ROUTING PROTOCOLS FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK- A SURVEYijcsa
Advances in embedded systems have resulted in the development of wireless sensor networks, which not
only provide unique opportunities for monitoring but also controlling homes, cities and the environments.
Recent advancements in wireless sensor network have resulted into many new protocols some of them are
specifically designed for sensor network for detecting the event and routing the event related information to
the base station in efficient manner. This paper surveys recent event driven routing protocols for wireless
sensor network. We have compared various event driven routing protocols using different parameters like
Sink Centric, Node Centric, Reliability, Congestion control, Energy Efficiency, Loss reliability and loss
recovery. We have also described LEACH and MECN protocols but as they are not e
A Novel Weighted Clustering Based Approach for Improving the Wireless Sensor ...IJERA Editor
Great lifetime and reliability is the key aim of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) design. As for prolonging
lifetime of this type of network, energy is the most important resource; all recent researches are focused on more
and more energy efficient techniques. Proposed work is Weighted Clustering Approach based on Weighted
Cluster Head Selection, which is highly energy efficient and reliable in mobile network scenario. Weight
calculation using different attributes of the nodes like SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio), Remaining Energy, Node
Degree, Mobility, and Buffer Length gives efficient Cluster Head (CH) on regular interval of time. CH rotation
helps in optimum utilization of energy available with all nodes; results in prolonged network lifetime.
Implementation is done using the NS2 network simulator and performance evaluation is carried out in terms of
PDR (Packet Delivery Ratio), End to End Delay, Throughput, and Energy Consumption. Demonstration of the
obtained results shows that proposed work is adaptable for improving the performance. In order to justify the
solution, the performance of proposed technique is compared with the performance of traditional approach. The
performance of proposed technique is found optimum as compared to the traditional techniques.
Design and Implementation a New Energy Efficient Clustering Algorithm Using t...ijmnct
Wireless Sensor Networks are consist of small battery powered devices with limited energy resources. Once deployed, the small sensor nodes are usually inaccessible to the user, and thus replacement of the energy source is not feasible. Hence, one of the most important issues that need to be enhanced in order to improve the life span of the network is energy efficiency. to overcome this demerit many research have been done. The clustering is the one of the representative approaches. In this paper, we introduce a dynamic clustering algorithm using Fuzzy Logic and genetic algorithm. In fact, using fuzzy system design and system optimization by genetic algorithm is presented approach to select the best cluster head in sensor networks. Using random data set has been addressed to evaluate of fuzzy-genetic system presented in this paper and finally, MSE rate or mean error of sending the messages using proposed fuzzy system in comparison with LEACH method is calculated in select the cluster head. The results of evaluations is representative of a reduction the MSE metric in proposed method in comparison with LEACH method for select the cluster head. Reduce of MSE directly is effective on energy consumption and lifetime of wireless sensor network and can cause the reduce energy consumption and increase network lifetime.
Energy efficient routing in wireless sensor network based on mobile sink guid...IJECEIAES
In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the minimization of usage of energy in the sensor nodes is a key task. Three salient functions are performed by WSNs’ sensor nodes namely data sensing, transmitting and relaying. Routing technique is one of the methods to enhance the sensor nodes battery lifetime. Energy optimization is done by using one of the heuristic routing methods for data sensing and transmission. To enhance the energy optimization mainly concentrated on data relaying. In this work stochastic hill climbing is adapted. The proposed solution for data relaying utilizes geographical routing and mobile sink technique. The sink collects the data from cluster heads and movement of the sink is routed by stochastic hill climbing. Experimentation is done on the network simulator 2 Platform. The existing routing techniques like threshold sensitive energy efficient sensor network, energy-efficient low duty cycle, and adaptive clustering protocol are compared with the obtained results of chosen algorithm. The proposed work shows promising results with respect to lifetime, average energy of nodes and packet delivery ratio.
E FFICIENT E NERGY U TILIZATION P ATH A LGORITHM I N W IRELESS S ENSOR...IJCI JOURNAL
With limited amount of energy, nodes are powered by
batteries in wireless networks. Increasing the lif
e
span of the network and reducing the usage of energ
y are two severe problems in Wireless Sensor
Networks. A small number of energy utilization path
algorithms like minimum spanning tree reduces tota
l
energy consumption of a Wireless Sensor Network, ho
wever very heavy load of sending data packets on
many key nodes is used with the intention that the
nodes quickly consumes battery energy, by raising t
he
life span of the network reduced. Our proposal work
aimed on presenting an Energy Conserved Fast and
Secure Data Aggregation Scheme for WSN in time and
security logic occurrence data collection
application. To begin with, initially the goal is m
ade on energy preservation of sensed data gathering
from
event identified sensor nodes to destination. Inven
tion is finished on Energy Efficient Utilization Pa
th
Algorithm (EEUPA), to extend the lifespan by proces
sing the collecting series with path mediators
depending on gene characteristics sequencing of nod
e energy drain rate, energy consumption rate, and
message overhead together with extended network lif
e span. Additionally, a mathematical programming
technique is designed to improve the lifespan of th
e network. Simulation experiments carried out among
different relating conditions of wireless sensor ne
twork by different path algorithms to analyze the
efficiency and effectiveness of planned Efficient E
nergy Utilization Path Algorithm in wireless sensor
network (EEUPA)
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
EFFECT OF DUTY CYCLE ON ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKSIJCNC
Most studies define a common duty cycle value throughout the wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to
achieve synchronization among the nodes. On the other hand, a few studies proposed adaptation of the
duty cycle according to uniform traffic conditions to decrease the energy consumption and latency. In
this paper, the lifetime of the nodes based on overall energy consumption are estimated and the effect of
duty cycle on expected energy consumption is studied. The proposed scheme is compared with a standard
scheme and is shown to perform significantly better for sufficient node density.
Maximizing Lifetime of Homogeneous Wireless Sensor Network through Energy Eff...CSCJournals
The objective of this paper is to develop a mechanism to increase the lifetime of homogeneous wireless sensor networks (WSNs) through minimizing long range communication, efficient data delivery and energy balancing. Energy efficiency is a very important issue for sensor nodes which affects the lifetime of sensor networks. To achieve energy balancing and maximizing network lifetime we divided the whole network into different clusters. In cluster based architecture, the role of aggregator node is very crucial because of extra processing and long range communication. Once the aggregator node becomes non functional, it affects the whole cluster. We introduced a candidate cluster head node on the basis of node density. We proposed a modified cluster based WSN architecture by introducing a server node (SN) that is rich in terms of resources. This server node (SN) takes the responsibility of transmitting data to the base station over longer distances from the cluster head. We proposed cluster head selection algorithm based on residual energy, distance, reliability and degree of mobility. The proposed method can save overall energy consumption and extend the lifetime of the sensor network and also addresses robustness against even/uneven node deployment.
Survey of Wireless Sensor Network Applicationijsrd.com
Sensor networks offer a powerful combination of distributed sensing, computing and communication. They lend themselves to countless applications and, at the same time, offer numerous challenges due to their peculiarities, primarily the stringent energy constraints to which sensing nodes are typically subjected. The distinguishing traits of sensor networks have a direct impact on the hardware design of the nodes at least four levels: power source, processor, communication hardware, and sensors. Various hardware platforms have already been designed to test the many ideas spawned by the re-search community and to implement applications to virtually all fields of science and technology. We are convinced that CAS will be able to provide a substantial contribution to the development of this exciting field. A wireless sensor network (WSN) has important applications such as remote environmental monitoring and target tracking. This has been enabled by the availability, particularly in recent years, of sensors that are smaller, cheaper, and intelligent. These sensors are equipped with wireless interfaces with which they can communicate with one another to form a network. The design of a WSN depends significantly on the application, and it must consider factors such as the environment, the application's design objectives, cost, hardware, and system constraints. The goal of our survey is to present a comprehensive review of the recent literature since the publication of [I.F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, E. Cayirci, A survey on sensor networks, IEEE Communications Magazine, 2002]. Following a top-down approach, we give an overview of several new applications and then review the literature on various aspects of WSNs. We classify the problems into three different categories: (1) Internal platform and underlying operating system, (2) Communication protocol stack, and (3) Network services, provisioning, and deployment. We review the major development in these three categories and outline new challenges.
Wireless sensor network is the combination of sensor nodes where sensor nodes are distributed all over the network. There are some challenges that come into the wireless sensor network n context to energy efficiency, network lifetime, storage and battery backup. The most important feature of a routing protocol, in order to be efficient for WSNs, is the energy consumption and the extension of the network’s lifetime. In this paper, we have analyzed various routing techniques for WSN that increases the network lifetime and energy consumption.
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is partially distributed autonomous sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions such as temperature, pressure etc. and to cooperatively pass their data through the network to the central location. The technique referred to as multi-hop wireless communications is used by the WSN’s to communicate. Due to the limited processing power and the finite power accessible to each sensor nodes, the application of regular routing techniques is not recommended. Hence recent advances in wireless sensor networks have made the routing protocols more efficient. This paper surveys and compares the advanced routing protocols. The three main categories discussed here are flat based, hierarchical based and location based. The paper concludes with open research issues.
8th International Conference on Soft Computing, Mathematics and Control (SMC ...josephjonse
8th International Conference on Soft Computing, Mathematics and Control (SMC 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications impacts and challenges of Soft Computing, Mathematics and Control. The conference documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the development of Soft Computing, Mathematics and Control. The aim of the conference is to provide a platform to the researchers and practitioners from both academia as well as industry to meet and share cutting-edge development in the field.
Implementation of Pipelined Architecture for Physical Downlink Channels of 3G...josephjonse
LTE (Long Term Evolution) is a high data rate, low latency and packet optimized radio access technology designed to support roaming Internet access via cell phones and handheld devices in 3G and 4G networks. This paper mainly focuses on to improve the processing speed and decrease the maximum delay of the downlink channels using the pipelined buffer controlled technique. This paper proposes Pipelined buffer controlled Architecture for both transmitter and receiver for Physical Downlink channels of 3GPP-LTE. The transmitter architecture comprises Bit Scrambling, Modulation mapping, Layer mapping, Precoding and Resource element mapping modules. The receiver architecture comprises Demapping from resource elements, Decoding, Comparing and Detection, Delayer mapping and Descrambling modules as described in LTE specifications. In addition to these, buffers are included in both transmitter and receiver architectures. Modelsim is used for simulation, synthesis and implementation are achieved using PlanAhead13.2 tool on Virtex-5, xc5vlx50tff1136-1 device board is used. Implemented results are discussed in terms of RTL design, FPGA editor, Power estimation and Resource estimation.
More Related Content
Similar to Bottleneck Detection Algorithm to Enhance Lifetime of WSN
Scheduling different types of packets, such as
real-time and non-real-time data packets, at sensor nodes with
resource constraints in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is of
vital importance to reduce sensors’ energy consumptions and endto-end
data transmission delays. Most of the existing packetscheduling
mechanisms of WSN use First Come First Served
(FCFS), non pre-emptive priority and pre-emptive priority
scheduling algorithms. These algorithms incur a high processing
overhead and long end-to-end data transmission delay due to the
FCFS concept, starvation of high priority real-time data packets
due to the transmission of a large data packet in non pre-emptive
priority scheduling, starvation of non-real-time data packets due
to the probable continuous arrival of real-time data in preemptive
priority scheduling, and improper allocation of data
packets to queues in multilevel queue scheduling algorithms.
Moreover, these algorithms are not dynamic to the changing
requirements of WSN applications since their scheduling policies
are predetermined.
In the Advanced Multilevel Priority packet scheduling
scheme, each node except those at the last level has three levels of
priority queues. According to the priority of the packet and
availability of the queue, node will schedule the packet for
transmission. Due to separated queue availability, packet
transmission delay is reduced. Due to reduction in packet
transmission delay, node can goes into sleep mode as soon as
possible. And Expired packets are deleted at the particular node
at itself before reaching the base station, so that processing
burden on the node is reduced. Thus, energy of the node is saved.
ENERGY EFFICIENT AGGREGATION WITH DIVERGENT SINK PLACEMENT FOR WIRELESS SENSO...ijasuc
In WSN the data aggregation is a means for condensing the energy requirement by reducing number of
transmission by combining the data and sending the final required result to the base station. The lifetime
of the WSN can be improved by employing the aggregation techniques. During the process of aggregation
the numbers of transmission are reduced by combining the similar data from the nearby areas. By using
the clustering technique and aggregating the correlated data greatly minimize the energy consumed in
collecting and disseminating the data. In this work, we evaluate the performance of a novel energy
efficient cluster based aggregation protocol (EECAP) for WSN. The main focus in this proposed work is
to study the performance of our proposed aggregation protocol with divergent sink placements such as
when sink is at the centre of the sensing field, corner of the sensing field or at a location selected
randomly in the sensor field. We present experimental results by calculating the lifetime of network in
terms of number of sensing rounds using various parameters such as – average remaining energy of
nodes, number of dead nodes after the specified number of sensing rounds. Finally the performance of
various aggregation algorithms such as LEACH, SEP and our proposed aggregation protocol (EECAP)
are compared with divergent sink placements. The simulation results demonstrates that EECAP exhibits
good performance in terms of lifetime and the energy consumption of the wireless sensor networks and
which can be as equally compared with existing clustering protocols.
Optimized Projected Strategy for Enhancement of WSN Using Genetic AlgorithmsIJMER
This paper put forward a new strategy for selecting the most favorable cluster head in Stable
Election Protocol (SEP). The planned approach selects a node as cluster head if it has the maximum
energy among all the available nodes in that particular cluster. It considers diverse nodes and divides
nodes among normal, transitional and advance nodes. To handle the heterogeneity of the nodes, different
optimized probability density functions are selected. First node dead time explain the network stability
period and last node dead explain the overall network lifetime. The main pressure is to increase the time
when first node dies and also when last node dies. The projected strategy is designed and implemented in
the Matlab using mathematics toolbox. The projected algorithm is also compared with the some prominent
protocols like leach, E-LEACH, SEP and extended SEP
AN ENERGY EFFICIENT DISTRIBUTED PROTOCOL FOR ENSURING COVERAGE AND CONNECTIVI...ijasuc
As wireless sensor networks (WSNs) continue to attract more and more researchers attention, new ideas for
applications are continually being developed, many of which involve consistent coverage with good
network connectivity of a given area of interest. For the successful operation of the wireless Sensor
Network, the active sensor nodes must maintain both coverage and also connectivity. These are two closely
related essential prerequisites and they are also very important measurements of quality of service (QoS)
for wireless sensor networks. This paper presents the design and analysis of novel protocols that can
dynamically configure a sensor network to result in guaranteed degrees of coverage and connectivity. This
protocol is simulated using NS2 simulated and compared against a distributed probabilistic coveragepreserving configuration protocol (DPCCP) with SPAN [1] protocol in the literature and show that it
activates lesser number of sensor nodes, consumes much lesser energy and maximises the network lifetime
significantly.
EVENT DRIVEN ROUTING PROTOCOLS FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK- A SURVEYijcsa
Advances in embedded systems have resulted in the development of wireless sensor networks, which not
only provide unique opportunities for monitoring but also controlling homes, cities and the environments.
Recent advancements in wireless sensor network have resulted into many new protocols some of them are
specifically designed for sensor network for detecting the event and routing the event related information to
the base station in efficient manner. This paper surveys recent event driven routing protocols for wireless
sensor network. We have compared various event driven routing protocols using different parameters like
Sink Centric, Node Centric, Reliability, Congestion control, Energy Efficiency, Loss reliability and loss
recovery. We have also described LEACH and MECN protocols but as they are not e
A Novel Weighted Clustering Based Approach for Improving the Wireless Sensor ...IJERA Editor
Great lifetime and reliability is the key aim of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) design. As for prolonging
lifetime of this type of network, energy is the most important resource; all recent researches are focused on more
and more energy efficient techniques. Proposed work is Weighted Clustering Approach based on Weighted
Cluster Head Selection, which is highly energy efficient and reliable in mobile network scenario. Weight
calculation using different attributes of the nodes like SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio), Remaining Energy, Node
Degree, Mobility, and Buffer Length gives efficient Cluster Head (CH) on regular interval of time. CH rotation
helps in optimum utilization of energy available with all nodes; results in prolonged network lifetime.
Implementation is done using the NS2 network simulator and performance evaluation is carried out in terms of
PDR (Packet Delivery Ratio), End to End Delay, Throughput, and Energy Consumption. Demonstration of the
obtained results shows that proposed work is adaptable for improving the performance. In order to justify the
solution, the performance of proposed technique is compared with the performance of traditional approach. The
performance of proposed technique is found optimum as compared to the traditional techniques.
Design and Implementation a New Energy Efficient Clustering Algorithm Using t...ijmnct
Wireless Sensor Networks are consist of small battery powered devices with limited energy resources. Once deployed, the small sensor nodes are usually inaccessible to the user, and thus replacement of the energy source is not feasible. Hence, one of the most important issues that need to be enhanced in order to improve the life span of the network is energy efficiency. to overcome this demerit many research have been done. The clustering is the one of the representative approaches. In this paper, we introduce a dynamic clustering algorithm using Fuzzy Logic and genetic algorithm. In fact, using fuzzy system design and system optimization by genetic algorithm is presented approach to select the best cluster head in sensor networks. Using random data set has been addressed to evaluate of fuzzy-genetic system presented in this paper and finally, MSE rate or mean error of sending the messages using proposed fuzzy system in comparison with LEACH method is calculated in select the cluster head. The results of evaluations is representative of a reduction the MSE metric in proposed method in comparison with LEACH method for select the cluster head. Reduce of MSE directly is effective on energy consumption and lifetime of wireless sensor network and can cause the reduce energy consumption and increase network lifetime.
Energy efficient routing in wireless sensor network based on mobile sink guid...IJECEIAES
In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the minimization of usage of energy in the sensor nodes is a key task. Three salient functions are performed by WSNs’ sensor nodes namely data sensing, transmitting and relaying. Routing technique is one of the methods to enhance the sensor nodes battery lifetime. Energy optimization is done by using one of the heuristic routing methods for data sensing and transmission. To enhance the energy optimization mainly concentrated on data relaying. In this work stochastic hill climbing is adapted. The proposed solution for data relaying utilizes geographical routing and mobile sink technique. The sink collects the data from cluster heads and movement of the sink is routed by stochastic hill climbing. Experimentation is done on the network simulator 2 Platform. The existing routing techniques like threshold sensitive energy efficient sensor network, energy-efficient low duty cycle, and adaptive clustering protocol are compared with the obtained results of chosen algorithm. The proposed work shows promising results with respect to lifetime, average energy of nodes and packet delivery ratio.
E FFICIENT E NERGY U TILIZATION P ATH A LGORITHM I N W IRELESS S ENSOR...IJCI JOURNAL
With limited amount of energy, nodes are powered by
batteries in wireless networks. Increasing the lif
e
span of the network and reducing the usage of energ
y are two severe problems in Wireless Sensor
Networks. A small number of energy utilization path
algorithms like minimum spanning tree reduces tota
l
energy consumption of a Wireless Sensor Network, ho
wever very heavy load of sending data packets on
many key nodes is used with the intention that the
nodes quickly consumes battery energy, by raising t
he
life span of the network reduced. Our proposal work
aimed on presenting an Energy Conserved Fast and
Secure Data Aggregation Scheme for WSN in time and
security logic occurrence data collection
application. To begin with, initially the goal is m
ade on energy preservation of sensed data gathering
from
event identified sensor nodes to destination. Inven
tion is finished on Energy Efficient Utilization Pa
th
Algorithm (EEUPA), to extend the lifespan by proces
sing the collecting series with path mediators
depending on gene characteristics sequencing of nod
e energy drain rate, energy consumption rate, and
message overhead together with extended network lif
e span. Additionally, a mathematical programming
technique is designed to improve the lifespan of th
e network. Simulation experiments carried out among
different relating conditions of wireless sensor ne
twork by different path algorithms to analyze the
efficiency and effectiveness of planned Efficient E
nergy Utilization Path Algorithm in wireless sensor
network (EEUPA)
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
EFFECT OF DUTY CYCLE ON ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKSIJCNC
Most studies define a common duty cycle value throughout the wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to
achieve synchronization among the nodes. On the other hand, a few studies proposed adaptation of the
duty cycle according to uniform traffic conditions to decrease the energy consumption and latency. In
this paper, the lifetime of the nodes based on overall energy consumption are estimated and the effect of
duty cycle on expected energy consumption is studied. The proposed scheme is compared with a standard
scheme and is shown to perform significantly better for sufficient node density.
Maximizing Lifetime of Homogeneous Wireless Sensor Network through Energy Eff...CSCJournals
The objective of this paper is to develop a mechanism to increase the lifetime of homogeneous wireless sensor networks (WSNs) through minimizing long range communication, efficient data delivery and energy balancing. Energy efficiency is a very important issue for sensor nodes which affects the lifetime of sensor networks. To achieve energy balancing and maximizing network lifetime we divided the whole network into different clusters. In cluster based architecture, the role of aggregator node is very crucial because of extra processing and long range communication. Once the aggregator node becomes non functional, it affects the whole cluster. We introduced a candidate cluster head node on the basis of node density. We proposed a modified cluster based WSN architecture by introducing a server node (SN) that is rich in terms of resources. This server node (SN) takes the responsibility of transmitting data to the base station over longer distances from the cluster head. We proposed cluster head selection algorithm based on residual energy, distance, reliability and degree of mobility. The proposed method can save overall energy consumption and extend the lifetime of the sensor network and also addresses robustness against even/uneven node deployment.
Survey of Wireless Sensor Network Applicationijsrd.com
Sensor networks offer a powerful combination of distributed sensing, computing and communication. They lend themselves to countless applications and, at the same time, offer numerous challenges due to their peculiarities, primarily the stringent energy constraints to which sensing nodes are typically subjected. The distinguishing traits of sensor networks have a direct impact on the hardware design of the nodes at least four levels: power source, processor, communication hardware, and sensors. Various hardware platforms have already been designed to test the many ideas spawned by the re-search community and to implement applications to virtually all fields of science and technology. We are convinced that CAS will be able to provide a substantial contribution to the development of this exciting field. A wireless sensor network (WSN) has important applications such as remote environmental monitoring and target tracking. This has been enabled by the availability, particularly in recent years, of sensors that are smaller, cheaper, and intelligent. These sensors are equipped with wireless interfaces with which they can communicate with one another to form a network. The design of a WSN depends significantly on the application, and it must consider factors such as the environment, the application's design objectives, cost, hardware, and system constraints. The goal of our survey is to present a comprehensive review of the recent literature since the publication of [I.F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, E. Cayirci, A survey on sensor networks, IEEE Communications Magazine, 2002]. Following a top-down approach, we give an overview of several new applications and then review the literature on various aspects of WSNs. We classify the problems into three different categories: (1) Internal platform and underlying operating system, (2) Communication protocol stack, and (3) Network services, provisioning, and deployment. We review the major development in these three categories and outline new challenges.
Wireless sensor network is the combination of sensor nodes where sensor nodes are distributed all over the network. There are some challenges that come into the wireless sensor network n context to energy efficiency, network lifetime, storage and battery backup. The most important feature of a routing protocol, in order to be efficient for WSNs, is the energy consumption and the extension of the network’s lifetime. In this paper, we have analyzed various routing techniques for WSN that increases the network lifetime and energy consumption.
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is partially distributed autonomous sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions such as temperature, pressure etc. and to cooperatively pass their data through the network to the central location. The technique referred to as multi-hop wireless communications is used by the WSN’s to communicate. Due to the limited processing power and the finite power accessible to each sensor nodes, the application of regular routing techniques is not recommended. Hence recent advances in wireless sensor networks have made the routing protocols more efficient. This paper surveys and compares the advanced routing protocols. The three main categories discussed here are flat based, hierarchical based and location based. The paper concludes with open research issues.
Similar to Bottleneck Detection Algorithm to Enhance Lifetime of WSN (20)
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KEYWORDS: migration, education, integration, sub-Saharan African children, public school
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Bottleneck Detection Algorithm to Enhance Lifetime of WSN
1. International Journal of Next-Generation Networks (IJNGN) Vol.8, No.2/3, September 2016
DOI : 10.5121/ijngn.2016.8301 1
BOTTLENECK DETECTION ALGORITHM TO
ENHANCE LIFETIME OF WSN
Vinaya Yarate1
and Harish Kenchannavar2
and Umesh Kulkarni3
1
Vinaya V. Yarate, M Tech Student CSE, Gogte Institute of Technology, Belgaum, India.
2
Harish H. Kenchannavar, Dept of Computer Science and Engineering, KLS Gogte
Institute of Technology, Belgaum, India.
3
Umesh M. Kulkarni, Dept of Computer Science and Engineering, KLS Gogte Institute
of Technology, Belgaum, India.
ABSTRACT
In recent years, a wireless sensor network is gaining much more importance due to its immense
contribution in numerous applications. Deployment of sensor nodes that would reduce computation,
minimize cost and gaining high degree of network connectivity is an challenging task. Random deployment
of sensor nodes causes the wireless sensor networks to face topological weaknesses such as communication
bottlenecks, network partitions and sensing holes. These problems lead to uneven energy utilization,
reduction in reliability of network and reduction in network lifetime. Bottleneck detection algorithm is
proposed to identify bottleneck and minimal bottleneck zones in network. Additional sensor node
deployment strategy is used in bottleneck detection algorithm to extend network lifetime. Random
additional sensor node deployment and Targeted additional sensor node deployment are proposed to
enhance network lifetime. Deployment strategies are compared with respect to network parameters such as
throughput, packet delivery fraction and network lifetime.
KEYWORDS
Wireless sensor networks, Node Deployment, Random Additional Senor deployment, Targeted Additional
Senor Deployment, Energy efficiency.
1. INTRODUCTION
Recent years have witnessed an increased interest in the use of wireless sensor networks (WSNs)
in numerous applications such as forest monitoring, disaster management, space exploration, and
battlefield surveillance. Sensor nodes are characterized by possessing limited battery that have
small amount of energy. Sensor nodes are usually deployed in defected regions which causes
recharge or replacement of the battery difficult. Therefore, in WSNs minimizing energy
utilization of every sensor node in given network topology is one of the important issues to be
considered in enhancing network lifetime.
Sensor nodes are deployed in a sensing field to gather essential information from it. It is
infeasible to locate sensor positions and network topology before the deployment. Therefore, the
deployed sensors must self-organize to set up barriers in distributed manner. In wireless sensor
networks, failure of sensor nodes below a pre-determined level causes the network to fall below a
desired level of “quality” and we must know which parts of network need to be repaired. These
weakest set of nodes in given network topology is called as bottleneck zone. In bottleneck zones,
sensor nodes vacate their energy quickly and results in creating energy hole problem in WSN.
2. International Journal of Next-Generation Networks (IJNGN) Vol.8, No.2/3, September 2016
2
Thus, bottleneck zone needs to be identified and additional sensor nodes must be deployed in
order to prolong network lifetime.
In this paper, an algorithm called bottleneck finding is proposed to identify weakest areas in
wireless sensor networks. In section 2, previous works related to enhancing lifetime of network is
summarized. In section 3, deployment methodologies are discussed. In section 4, Bottleneck
detection algorithm is proposed. In section 5, simulation results are discussed.
2. RELATED WORK
In [2], authors formulated study on barrier coverage issue and addressed a solution for it. An
algorithm called, PUSH-PULL-IMPROVE is proposed in this paper, which focuses on study of
minimum-cost barrier coverage issue and formulated a solution for it in asynchronous wireless
sensor networks. Proposed algorithm can also be studied with respect to local barrier coverage. In
[3], authors have addressed k-barrier coverage problems, minimum cost k-barrier coverage
problem, etc. Simulation results shown in this paper depict that proposed algorithms are much
more efficient. In paper [1], applications of sensor networks are addressed. Based on
requirements of services and functionality, an layered communication architecture is designed. To
enhance features of layered architecture, various energy efficient routing protocols and
algorithms are designed. Various performance metrics such as flexibility of sensor nodes,
deployment capability, cost, etc. are discussed. In [4], authors presented relation between energy
consumption and deployment strategy. Comparision among random and grid deployment
strategies is carried based on energy utilization. In [7], authors presented study on k-discrete
barrier coverage. Various algorithms such as Sleeping Schedule (G-KSS), KLCML, and Re-
deployment algorithms are proposed. In [8], authors formulated study on extending the lifespan
of event-driven sensor networks. In [19], study on weak barrier coverage is presented. In [10],
authors have discussed the fault of sleep-scheduling technique and also addressed joint-routing
technique. Iterative Geometric Programming (IGP) technique is used to address signomial
program (SP) problem. Various deployment strategies such as hybrid strategy, connectivity-
oriented strategy and lifetime-oriented strategy are addressed in [13]. The concepts of minimal
bottleneck zones, deployment of additional sensor nodes in weak-prone areas and immobile
sensors are addressed in this research paper. In [26], authors proposed study on network
connectivity, network lifetime and coverage problem. In [27], authors addressed coverage
redundancy problem. An lightweight deployment-aware scheduling algorithm is proposed. In [6],
authors presented a study on multi-round sensor node deployment strategy. Study with respect to
1-barrier coverage is only carried in this paper. In [23], authors presented study on deployment
platform called POWER, which focuses on minimizing deployment cost and maximizing
efficiency of sensor node deployment. In [25], authors presented study on coverage and
connectivity problems. Different deployment strategies such as square based deployment and
equilateral triangle deployment strategy is proposed in this paper. In [11], study on area coverage
with respect to different deployment strategies is carried.
3. NETWORK MODEL
3.1 Existing System
In wireless sensor network, wireless communication protocols efficiency need to be enhanced to
prolong battery lifetime of wireless devices [8]. Sensors in network area are energy constrained.
Thus, sensors in network frequently wakes up to sense the channel to forward the data. Each time
a sensor node senses the channel, a small portion of energy is utilized without making the
transmission. After some duration, sensor nodes energy gradually decreases resulting in less
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transmission of packets and nodes spend most of their lifetime in sleeping mode. Thus, a
particular wireless sensor network is structurally damaged and needed to be repaired. These
weakest set of nodes in given network topology is called as minimal bottleneck and bottleneck
zones. Minimal bottleneck nodes are the nodes with least energy and are about to vanish from the
network. Bottleneck nodes are the nodes in which they have no energy to transmit the data and
thus are considered as dead. Sensor nodes in minimal bottleneck and bottleneck regions vacate
their energy quickly. This results in creation of energy hole problem in wireless sensor network.
Thus, minimal bottleneck and bottleneck zones needs to be identified and additional sensor nodes
must be deployed in weakest areas in order to prolong network lifetime.
Limitations of existing system
Due to continuous energy level degradation in the existing system, it leads to network isolation,
frequent break up of links, and network lifetime goes on decreasing.
3.2 Proposed System
The proposed system is based on identification of minimal bottleneck and bottleneck regions in
network topology. Sensor nodes are equipped with minimum battery power and thus, increasing
the lifetime of wireless sensor networks becomes crucial. To enhance lifetime of sensor nodes,
energy efficient routing protocols must be improved which minimizes the maintenance cost and
maximizes the overall performance of the nodes. Energy utilization is maximum in transmission
and reception of data packets. After deployment of sensor nodes, it is infeasible to recharge the
batteries. Thus energy must be conserved and properly balanced among all the sensors in
network.
At the initial stage, sensor nodes forward huge amount of data to the sink. After some duration,
due to energy level variations in the network, lifetime gradually decreases. For these purpose, two
deployment strategies are proposed : Random and Targeted. Random extra sensor node
placement prolongs network lifetime by placing extra sensor nodes everywhere in complete thin
belt area. Targeted extra sensor node placement prolongs lifetime of network by placing extra
sensor nodes everywhere in minimal bottlenecks area arbitarily. Deployment region is different
for both the strategies. These additional node deployment strategies utilizes bottleneck functions
to prolong network lifespan. As soon as energy in sensor nodes falls below a pre-determined
level, those sensor nodes are unable to transmit the data to the sink, resulting into frequent break
up of links, and leads to reduction in network lifetime. Thus, minimal bottleneck and bottleneck
zones are identified based on energy levels in sensor nodes and additional sensors are deployed in
those areas in order to prolong the network lifetime.
Advantages of Proposed System
As minimal bottleneck and bottleneck regions are detected by algorithm in the network, the weak
areas are replaced by additional sensor node deployment strategies. Thus by random additional
and targeted additional deployment strategies in the proposed work, it facilitates formation of
stable links in the network by enhancing network lifetime.
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3.3 Additional Sensor Node Deployment
Case 1: Random Additional Sensor Node Deployment
In this deployment strategy, sensor nodes are randomly deployed in two regions : thin region and
entire region. By minimal bottleneck finding algorithm, bottleneck zones are detected in the
network. In thin belt region, bottleneck nodes are detected in some portion of network and
additional random deployment is done in that area. In entire region, bottleneck nodes are detected
in the entire network area and additional deployment is done throughout the network. Thus,
random additional sensor deployment is done with respect to two regions : thin region and entire
region, and parameters like overall network lifetime, throughput, packet delivery fraction are
computed.
Case 2: Targeted additional Sensor Deployment
In this deployment strategy, bottleneck sensor nodes are targeted and additional senor deployment
is done with respect to those targeted nodes. Parameters like network lifetime, throughput, and
packet delivery fraction are computed with respect to targeted nodes.
Figure 1. Flow Diagram
Figure 1. Depicts, flow diagram of proposed system. It consists of energy model, updating of
energy status, and node replacement. In energy model, energy levels such as initial energy,
consumed energy, remaining energy of every sensor nodes is computed. In updating of energy
status, nodes energy are updated. Due to energy level variations in wireless sensor networks, it
results into minimal bottleneck and bottleneck zones. These zones are replaced with random
additional nodes and targeted additional nodes, to enhance network lifetime.
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3.4 Properties of Bottleneck Detection Algorithm relating to Wireless Sensor
Networks
Initially, all sensors in network area are immobile in nature and are energy constrained.
Every sensor node operates sensing tasks at regular intervals and diffuse the information
directly to sink.
Multi-hop routing method is used by every sensor nodes in the network to forward the
data to the closest relay node.
Sink node has capacity to interact with every sensor nodes in network [11].
Every node is assigned with a unique number based on their location in the network.
As per the bottleneck detection algorithm, weakest zones in the network are identified
and must be repaired to enhance network lifetime by deploying additional sensors in
those weak-prone areas.
Minimal bottleneck nodes are the nodes with least energy and are about to vanish from
the network.
Bottleneck nodes are the nodes in which they have no energy to transmit the data and
thus are considered as dead.
Minimal bottleneck and bottleneck nodes have the ability to vacate their energy quickly.
4. BOTTLENECK DETECTION ALGORITHM
Input: Set of sensor nodes S, Energy levels : Einit, Eresd, Econs.
Output: Set of bottleneck nodes.
Step 1: Assume a wsn in which a massive number of small battery-driven senor nodes are
randomly deployed in target fields, say,
S = {A, B, C, D}
A = {A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7}
B = {B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B7}
C = {A6, A7, B6, B7}
D = {D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7}
Figure 2. Bottleneck Region Detection
Step 2: After the initial deployment, all sensor nodes communicate with neighboring nodes that
are within their sensing range by distance formula:
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..............................(1)
Where, “ Si ” and “ Sj ” are any two sensors located at positions (Xi, Xj) and (Yi, Yj).
Step 3: 1. Calculate energy levels: Einit, Eresd, Econs in each target fields.
2. Eresd = Einit - Eresd
Where, Einit = Initial energy
Ered = Residual energy
Econs = Consumed energy
3. Lifetime of network:
..................... (2)
Step 4: Assume target field ‘C’ as set of candidate nodes.
1. Sensor nodes in field C notifies all its neighbors in area A {A1,A2,A3,A4,A5,A6} and B
{B1,B2,B3,B4,B5,B6}.
2. Neighbour nodes will find other possible ways to link different partitions such as A-D-C.
3. Select any one random node in area A to deliver a message for confirmation to any arbitrary
node in region B.
4. Within a determinate time of threshold T, if the sensor node in the given area B
gets the message from any arbitrary node in area A, then nodes from target field C cannot be
bottleneck nodes (Eresd ≠ 0).
5. However, if it does not receive message, nodes from target field C {A6, A7, B6, B7} is a set of
bottleneck nodes (Ered = 0).
Step 5: End.
5. SIMULATION RESULTS
The performance of Bottleneck Detection Algorithm is evaluated using NS 2.35 simulator. The
simulation work is carried out in NS2.35 simulator for the effect of additional sensor nodes
deployed on lifetime.
5.1 NAM Window
Network Console window Executes NAM Visualization Window, which help for visualizing
node placement and packet transmission and queue type. Packet Transmission in NAM Window
are visualized as shown below.
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Figure 3 Shows NAM Window
5.2 Radio Propagation Model
As compared to wired channels, analysis of radio channels is more complex [31]. Radio
propagation models are utilized to predict the received signal power of each packet. There are
three radio propagation systems called shadowing system, two-ray ground reflection system, and
free space system. In proposed work, two-ray ground reflection system is used.
Two-ray ground reflection system
Direct route and ground reflection route are taken into consideration in two-ray ground reflection
model. As correlated to free space system, these system yields more authentic prediction at large
distance. At distance d, power received is given by,
............... (3)
Where, Pt = signal power transmitted.
Gr and Gt = gains of antenna
hr and ht = receive and transmit antennas heights.
L = System loss.
Due to oscillation caused by combination of destructive and constructive rays, it does not yield
good result for a short distance.
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5.3 Energy Model
Energy model shows level of energy in mobile host[32]. It is an node attribute. It consists of three
parameters : initial energy (InitialEnergy), reception power (rxPower), transmission power
(txPower). It maintains the total energy of network and does not maintain radio states. Analysis of
energy levels is done through trace files. If the energy in node falls to zero, it indicates as dead
node. Energy utilization of node is due to reception and transmission of data packets. To evaluate
chunk of energy utilized during delivery process, txPower must be multiplied by time required to
deliver a packet. To obtain nodes energy or energy model related information, energy model must
be included in tcl file.
.............. (4)
For received data packet
............. (5)
Table 1. Parameters of Energy Model in NS2
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Figure 4. Detection of Minimal Bottleneck and Bottleneck Nodes in NS2
Table 2. Shows Parameter Computation
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Figure 5. Shows parameter computation in thin, entire, and targeted regions
Figure 5. Depicts comparision between present system and proposed system. Proposed system
consists of random additional deployment in thin, entire, and targeted additional deployment
strategies.
Figure 6. Shows Average Lifetime Computation
Figure 6. Depicts comparision between number of nodes and lifetime in thin, entire and targeted
region. Network lifetime is enhanced with increase in number of nodes and gives better results
than present system.
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Figure 7. Shows Average Throughput Computation
Figure 7. Depicts comparision between number of nodes and throughput in thin, entire, and
targeted region. Proposed work ensures better PDF than that of present system.
Figure 8. Shows Average PDF Computation
Figure 8. Depicts comparision between number of nodes and packet delivery fraction in thin,
entire and targeted region. Proposed work ensures better PDF than that of present system.
CONCLUSION
The proposed system is based on identification of minimal bottleneck and bottleneck regions in
network topology of wireless sensor networks. In simulation work, two additional deployment
strategies are used : random and targeted. Random additional sensor deployment is done in thin
and entire regions of network topology whereas targeted additional sensor deployment is done in
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targeted areas of network topology. In simulation work parameters like network lifetime,
throughput and packet delivery fraction (PDF) are computed to analyze the proposed work.
Network lifetime is enhanced with increase in number of nodes. Random additional sensor
deployment in thin region achieves 41.2 % increase in lifetime whereas random additional
deployment in entire region achieves 56.8% increase in network lifetime than present system.
Targeted additional sensor deployment achieves 53.4% increase in lifetime. The proposed system
achieves maximum throughput than present work. Packet delivery fraction in thin, entire, and
targeted regions are 15.6%, 18.84%, 21.8% and is maximum than that of present system. Thus,
the proposed study achieves energy optimization, by finding the minimal bottleneck and
bottleneck regions in network topology and replacing those regions with high energy nodes.
Parameters like lifetime, throughput and packet delivery fraction are computed. Simulation
results verify the performance of algorithm and gives better results as compared to present
system.
FUTURE SCOPE
Effects of repeated additional sensor node deployment strategies can be studied as a future work.
In future work, effects of additional node deployment strategies based on more number of disjoint
barriers can be studied. Deployment error and localization error may be considered for more
realistic simulations.
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AUTHORS:
Vinaya V. Yarate is a Mtech CSE student in Gogte Institute of Technology, Belgaum,
India. Her area of interest is Wireless Sensor Networks.
Dr. Harish H. Kenchannavar is currently working as a Professor in GIT, Belgaum,
India. He pursued PhD degree and has published a number of technical papers in the
field of Wireless Sensor Networks.
Prof. Umesh M. Kulkarni is currently working as a Assistant Professor in GIT,
Belgaum, India.