The document discusses the origins and goals of Boko Haram in Nigeria and the M23 rebel group in the Democratic Republic of Congo. It also examines the international legal issues raised by these groups and the responses of Nigeria, affected countries, and the international community. The Nigerian government has taken military and legislative actions against Boko Haram but faces ongoing challenges, while the international community has condemned support for M23 from Rwanda and Uganda.
This paper traces the development of Boko-Haram from two perspectives (Socio-economic and Political), it exposes the reasons for the re-emergence of insecurity in Nigeria, precisely Northern zone which shares the same culture with Northern Cameroon. The paper equally explores the various groups threatening Nigerian sovereignty and countries of the Lake Chad Basin. It also outlines some responses to adapt to the changing modus operandi of the terrorist organization.
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Terrorism in the present time one of biggest problem across the globe. Some state directly or indirectly support the terrorist organisation. In this ppt we discuss reason, type, leading activities of terrorist organisation. This will be helpful for those person who wants to detail knowledge about the terrorist.
This paper traces the development of Boko-Haram from two perspectives (Socio-economic and Political), it exposes the reasons for the re-emergence of insecurity in Nigeria, precisely Northern zone which shares the same culture with Northern Cameroon. The paper equally explores the various groups threatening Nigerian sovereignty and countries of the Lake Chad Basin. It also outlines some responses to adapt to the changing modus operandi of the terrorist organization.
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Terrorism in the present time one of biggest problem across the globe. Some state directly or indirectly support the terrorist organisation. In this ppt we discuss reason, type, leading activities of terrorist organisation. This will be helpful for those person who wants to detail knowledge about the terrorist.
The Arab Spring is a revolutionary wave of demonstrations and protests (both non-violent and violent), riots, and civil wars in the Arab world that began on 18 December 2010 and spread throughout the countries of the Arab League and surroundings.
The war in Yemen has created another humanitarian catastrophe, wrecking a country that was already the poorest in the Arab world. With millions of people now on the brink of famine, the need for a comprehensive cease-fire and political settlement is ever more urgent. Yemenis have suffered tremendous hardships from air bombardments, rocket attacks, and economic blockades. According to the U.N., approximately 4,000 civilians have been killed, the majority in Saudi-led coalition airstrikes. All parties to the conflict stand accused of war crimes, including indiscriminate attacks on civilian areas .
GEOGRAPHY YEAR 9: NIGERIA. Presentation suitable for Geography Year 9, which contains: geography, borders, maps, flags, current leaders, etymology, currency, area, early and modern history, governance, foreign relations, military, topography and relief forms, rivers and lakes, climate, biodiversity, economy, natural resources, population and density, capital, largest cities, ethnic groups, language, religion, health system, education system and literacy, culture, personalities.
This presentation elaborates on how terrorism has gain currency in Cameroon. A brief idea on the regional and institutional approach on the issue and the answers to the question, if Cameroon can defeat Boko-Haram?
The Arab Spring is a revolutionary wave of demonstrations and protests (both non-violent and violent), riots, and civil wars in the Arab world that began on 18 December 2010 and spread throughout the countries of the Arab League and surroundings.
The war in Yemen has created another humanitarian catastrophe, wrecking a country that was already the poorest in the Arab world. With millions of people now on the brink of famine, the need for a comprehensive cease-fire and political settlement is ever more urgent. Yemenis have suffered tremendous hardships from air bombardments, rocket attacks, and economic blockades. According to the U.N., approximately 4,000 civilians have been killed, the majority in Saudi-led coalition airstrikes. All parties to the conflict stand accused of war crimes, including indiscriminate attacks on civilian areas .
GEOGRAPHY YEAR 9: NIGERIA. Presentation suitable for Geography Year 9, which contains: geography, borders, maps, flags, current leaders, etymology, currency, area, early and modern history, governance, foreign relations, military, topography and relief forms, rivers and lakes, climate, biodiversity, economy, natural resources, population and density, capital, largest cities, ethnic groups, language, religion, health system, education system and literacy, culture, personalities.
This presentation elaborates on how terrorism has gain currency in Cameroon. A brief idea on the regional and institutional approach on the issue and the answers to the question, if Cameroon can defeat Boko-Haram?
Geopolitical Analysis of Boko Haram, with few slides you will understand better, with numbers and story, this conflict who make ravages in Africa. I did this analysis in 3rd year of BBA at INSEEC. www.rayanehocine.com
African union transition and its ability to respond to conflicts in africaSARON MESSEMBE OBIA
From the Organization of African Unity (OAU) to African Union (AU) The African Union initiated by Pan Africanists to improve the lives of Africans through sustainable development and to resolve conflicts in the continent. But the competence of the African Union has been put to question. The inability of the AU to resolve the conflict in central African Republic, the continuous terrorist attacks in Nigeria by Boko-Haram, in Kenya and Somalia by Al-Shabba, has led the international community to focus on insecurity in the African continent. Though this change from OAU to AU the AU still faces some challenges. Nonetheless it has registered some success.
CTP’s Threat Update series is a weekly update and assessment of the al Qaeda network. The al Qaeda network update includes detailed assessments of al Qaeda’s affiliates in Yemen, the Horn of Africa, and the Maghreb and Sahel. CTP’s Iran team follows developments on the internal politics, nuclear negotiations, and regional conflicts closely.
Below are the top three takeaways from the week:
1. Clashes over oil may define the next stage of Libya’s civil war, giving the Islamic State of Iraq and al Sham (ISIS) the opportunity to resurge after the loss of its stronghold in Sirte. A militia coalition that opposes the Libyan National Army (LNA) attempted to seize key oil terminals from the LNA on December 7. The Minister of Defense of the UN-backed Government of National Accord (GNA) participated in the anti-LNA coalition, indicating that GNA leadership is fracturing over military objectives. Civil conflict over control of Libya’s hydrocarbon resources will allow ISIS to solidify new safe havens in Libya’s interior. ISIS will likely resume an attack campaign against state and civilian targets in Libya and neighboring states. [See CTP’s laydown of forces in Libya for background.]
2. ISIS may be resuming an explosive attack campaign intended to deter Yemenis from joining local security forces. ISIS Wilayat Aden-Abyan claimed responsibility for a suicide vest attack on security forces at Sawlaban military base near Aden city on December 10. The attack, which targeted soldiers gathered to collect their salaries, killed 50 troops and wounded 70 others. ISIS last conducted a high-casualty explosive attack in Aden in August 2016. Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) supports ISIS’s efforts to degrade security forces in Aden. [Read the latest in-depth Yemen Crisis Situation Report.]
3. Boko Haram’s competing factions are pursuing independent strategies that pose serious threats to the Nigerian state. The faction led by Abu Bakr Shekau is conducting a campaign of mass-casualty explosive attacks on civilian targets. The group used two teams of suicide bombers, all school-aged girls, to attack markets in Madagali town, Adamawa State, Nigeria on December 9 and in Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria on December 11. These attacks counter the Nigerian government’s claim that Boko Haram is close to defeat. The Boko Haram faction led by Abu Musab al Barnawi, the recognized leader of ISIS’s affiliate in West Africa, may be conducting a campaign to degrade Nigeria’s military leadership. Militants conducted an improvised explosive device (IED) attack on a military convoy on December 13 that killed the fourth Nigerian lieutenant colonel in two months.
Unit 7 [140 Introduction to Management] Page 1 of 2 .docxmarilucorr
Unit 7 [140: Introduction to Management]
Page 1 of 2
Assignment Details and Rubric
This week's Assignment consists of reading a scenario about Sandwich Blitz, Inc. and writing about
how self-managed teams could be used at Sandwich Blitz to allow Dalman more time to devote to
growing the business.
Lately, Dalman has mostly been visiting the operating locations and addressing manager operations
concerns. Lei has concentrated on financial matters. Both Dalman and Lei are pleased with Sandwich
Blitz’s past performance but feel that they are each unable to devote their time and energy to take the
business to the next level. All of their time seems to be spent addressing small problems within the
existing operation. Dalman has heard that other businesses have successfully used a team approach
to managing with good results and wonders if this could help him as well as the location managers.
After reading the scenario above, the section on “Self-managed Teams” in your assigned textbook
readings and completing the practice Learning Activities, type a paper in which you explain the
difference between traditional and team work environments, how self-managed teams could be
successfully implemented at Sandwich Blitz, and how these teams could contribute to Sandwich
Blitz’s success.
This Assignment addresses the following unit outcomes:
● Distinguish between traditional versus team environments.
● Describe how teams contribute to an organization’s effectiveness.
● Explain how an effective team is built.
Submission Instructions:
Draft your Assignment paper at least 2 full double-spaced pages in length, using size 12 point font in
MS Word format. Be sure your paper is well written in paragraph form, with correct spelling, grammar,
and punctuation. Be sure to name your file according to the Kaplan file-naming convention. You may
use external sources in addition to the required unit readings. Cite any external sources used.
Unit 7 [140: Introduction to Management]
Page 2 of 2
Submit as an attachment to the Unit 7 Assignment Dropbox for grading before the close of the unit.
AB140 Unit 7 Grading Rubric Percentage Possible
Points
Content, Focus, Use of Text and
Research:Explain the difference
between traditional and team work
environments, how self-managed teams
could be successfully implemented at
Sandwich Blitz, and how these teams
could contribute to Sandwich Blitz’s
success.
50% 20
Analysis and Critical Thinking:
Responses demonstrated critical thinking
and analysis and exhibited application of
information.
30% 12
Spelling, Grammar, and Format:
Clear business writing. Spelling and
grammar are acceptable.
Formatting follows instructions.
20% 8
Total 100% 40
Boko Haram, White Paper:
INTL 434 Threat Analysis
Dr. Joe DiRenzo
September 04, 2016
5
Located in northeast Nigeria, Boko Haram is an Islamic terrorist group that has primarily foc ...
Military and Civil Action in Combating Terrorism in the North EastAJHSSR Journal
After a successful military operation in a combact area, lasting peace is achieved through
complementary effort by civil actions. In the Northeastern area of Nigeria, military action has considerably
degraded Boko Haram terrorist activities. The terrorists are drastically reduced. They have been flushed out of
their enclaves including a greater part of Sambisa forest. Their arms and sources of funding have Shrinked. Civil
actions have now become expedient: to reorientate the reminants of terrorism, to return children back to school;
to embark on reconstruction of roads, schools, homes, markets, electric supply create Jobs and empower youths.
This study is important due to its contribution to knowledge of the history of north eastern Nigeria.
Post Boko Haram Insurgency and Trafficking of IDPS in the Northeastern Nigeri...ijtsrd
This article is designed to investigate the consequences and solutions of the trafficking of IDPs in the post Boko Haram period in the North eastern Nigeria. The specific objectives of the study are to determine the extent of human trafficking among IDPs in the North eastern Nigeria to find out if Boko Haram insurgency has increased human trafficking to examine the consequences of human trafficking among Boko Haram driven IDPs in the study area and to provide the possible solutions to human trafficking of IDPs. The article found out that the extent of human trafficking among IDPs is high in the study area and Boko Haram insurgency has contributed to that. The consequences of human trafficking among Boko Haram driven IDPs includes the involvement of some IDPs into Boko Haram through human trafficking sex slavery due to human trafficking human trafficking reduces the chances of their liberation from IDPs status dehumanisation and engagement of the IDPs into baby factory assault and even murder, bonded slavery and other psychological consequences like insomnia, lack of trust to strangers and post traumatic stress disorder, etc. As the possible solutions to human trafficking of IDPs in the North eastern Nigeria, therefore Boko Haram insurgency should be fought to prevent trafficking of IDPs, there should be special intervention for the IDPs as safety net there should be synergy between law enforcement agencies in fighting human trafficking community participation, community policing and contribution of neighbouring states Dr. Bukar Jamri "Post-Boko Haram Insurgency and Trafficking of IDPS in the Northeastern Nigeria: Consequences and Solutions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42359.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comother-scientific-research-area/other/42359/postboko-haram-insurgency-and-trafficking-of-idps-in-the-northeastern-nigeria-consequences-and-solutions/dr-bukar-jamri
Impact of Corruption on Insurgency in the North-Eastern Region of NigeriaIOSRJBM
This study is on the Impact of Corruption on Boko Haram Insurgency in the North Eastern Region of Nigeria, specifically, Adamawa, Borno and Yobe States. The study adopted content and observational analysis. Documentary ideas as expressed in text books, journal articles, magazines, Internet and Newspapers was analysed and utilised. The documentary materials were complemented with the observation methodology of data collection. The period of the study is 2009 to 2015. In the course of the study, it was discovered that the failure of the Nigerian Military to defeat the Boko Haram Insurgents within the study period was due to corruption perpetuated by the office of the former National Security Adviser. In conclusion, it was clear without doubt that corruption had negatively impacted on the war against insurgency in the North Eastern Region of Nigeria and this was due to the sharing of the $2.1 billion dollars and the questionable contracts awarded which were not executed by some companies and persons. The study therefore recommended that the Federal Government under President Muhammadu Buhari should continue with his war against corruption and ensure that all outstanding funds with the former National Security Adviser and his collaborators were retrieved.
Boko Haram - An Examination of Terrorist Resiliency and Adaptability 02 Novem...ChadCogan
Boko Haram has proven resilient and adaptive in the face of anti-terrorist measures. Though their goals and tactics have been forced to change, the group has survived, continuing to successfully carry out attacks in the region. Boko Haram serves as a case study in the difficulty of clearly defeating a terrorist group.
The PowerPoint slides of a paper presented at the 28th annual national conference of the Nigerian Anthropological and Sociological Practitioners
Association (NASA), held at Nasarawa State University Keffi (November 6 - 8, 2023).
This week our students have had the opportunity to be part of real-time current events. With the media circus buzzing around Kony2012, Invisible Children, and the LRA – I created a (fairly) student-friendly powerpoint that objectively explains the background of Kony and the LRA. I am not getting into the hype surrounding supporters and opponents of Invisible Children, but have included them as well as other organizations at the end of the presentation to give students options regarding how to get involved.
No matter what people feel about Invisible Children, it’s obvious that they have created a successful awareness raising campaign. My students have had a lot of questions about the whole situation, so I created this powerpoint that I am now sharing with you.
Membership and Securities (2), Company Law, Kenya, Law of Business Associatio...Quincy Kiptoo
Riara Law School Students examine the law regarding Membership and Securities (for example transfer of shares,debentures) in Kenyan Companies. Law of Business Associations 2
ALL EYES ON RAFAH BUT WHY Explain more.pdf46adnanshahzad
All eyes on Rafah: But why?. The Rafah border crossing, a crucial point between Egypt and the Gaza Strip, often finds itself at the center of global attention. As we explore the significance of Rafah, we’ll uncover why all eyes are on Rafah and the complexities surrounding this pivotal region.
INTRODUCTION
What makes Rafah so significant that it captures global attention? The phrase ‘All eyes are on Rafah’ resonates not just with those in the region but with people worldwide who recognize its strategic, humanitarian, and political importance. In this guide, we will delve into the factors that make Rafah a focal point for international interest, examining its historical context, humanitarian challenges, and political dimensions.
Synopsis On Annual General Meeting/Extra Ordinary General Meeting With Ordinary And Special Businesses And Ordinary And Special Resolutions with Companies (Postal Ballot) Regulations, 2018
In 2020, the Ministry of Home Affairs established a committee led by Prof. (Dr.) Ranbir Singh, former Vice Chancellor of National Law University (NLU), Delhi. This committee was tasked with reviewing the three codes of criminal law. The primary objective of the committee was to propose comprehensive reforms to the country’s criminal laws in a manner that is both principled and effective.
The committee’s focus was on ensuring the safety and security of individuals, communities, and the nation as a whole. Throughout its deliberations, the committee aimed to uphold constitutional values such as justice, dignity, and the intrinsic value of each individual. Their goal was to recommend amendments to the criminal laws that align with these values and priorities.
Subsequently, in February, the committee successfully submitted its recommendations regarding amendments to the criminal law. These recommendations are intended to serve as a foundation for enhancing the current legal framework, promoting safety and security, and upholding the constitutional principles of justice, dignity, and the inherent worth of every individual.
A "File Trademark" is a legal term referring to the registration of a unique symbol, logo, or name used to identify and distinguish products or services. This process provides legal protection, granting exclusive rights to the trademark owner, and helps prevent unauthorized use by competitors.
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You can rely on our assistance if you are ready to apply for permanent residency. Find out more at: https://immigration-netherlands.com/obtain-a-permanent-residence-permit-in-the-netherlands/.
2. Question
• Boko Haram and M23 have attracted significant
international attention. Who are they? What do
they want? What is their status in international
law? What international legal issues does their
being and continued conduct raise? What might
be an international law perspective of the
Nigerian government’s response to Boko Haram,
and of the affected countries response to M23?
What do they represent in the legal international
order, and how ought the international legal
order/community respond to them?
3.
4. Evolution of Boko Haram
• Local terrorist group in Nigeria
• Formal name is Jama’tu Ahlis Sunna
Lidda’wati Wal-Jihad meaning People
committed to the Propagation of the
Prophet’s teachings and Jihad
• Were nicknamed Boko Haram meaning
western education is forbidden
5. • Date of formation is not known
• Most people however trace back their origin
to 2002
• Led by Mohammed Ali when it started
• They started as a peaceful religious group
• After formation in 2002, they embarked on a
hijra to Kanama in Yobe state
6. • In 2003 while in Kanama, they ended up
clashing with the Kanama community over
fishing rights and ended up rioting. Police
were defeated. Army was involved. 70 of them
were killed including the leader .
• They scattered due to the fight and some
went back to Maiduguri which became their
headquarters
7. • Mohammed Yusuf became their new leader
• In Maiduguri they started their state within a
state.
• They constructed a mosque (Ibn Taimiyyah
Masjid). They had their own cabinet, own
police and a large farm. Mohammed Yusuf
was a judge in their courts
• This attracted more people to join them
8. The beginning of the Boko Haram as
we know it
• In 2009, the Nigerian Govt enforced a law that
stated that motorbike drivers and passengers
should wear helmets
• As they were going for a funeral, the police
stopped them as they were violating the law.
They got agitated which led to a shoot out with
the police. Some members died and others
arrested.
• Mohammed Yusuf, their leader was killed by the
police in prison
9. • After this incident, they went silent for almost a
year. They were training on ways to get back to
the Nigerian government
• Their first attack was in September 2010 where
they attacked a prison and freed 700 inmates
most of them previous Boko Haram members
• The leader who took over from Mohammed
Yusuf and helped to organize this attack was
known as Shekau
11. • The Boko Haram gained popularity in the
international scene in April 2014 when
theyattacked a girls boarding school and
captured 276 of them whose whereabouts are
still not known
• They rarely attack the Westerners
12.
13. What does the Boko Haram want
• The group’s main goal is to establish an
Islamic caliphate within the country, which
would allow for the implementation of sharia
law. Boko Haram sees public schools as places
where students are brainwashed by a
“Western” curriculum, and earmarks them as
significant targets in its war to drive secular,
federal institutions from Nigeria’s Islamic
heartland.
14.
15. • The conflict in the North-East against Boko
Haram has since 2013 been qualified as a non-
international armed conflict governed by
international humanitarian law rules
16. M23 (March 23 movement)(DRC)
• The name originates from a peace agreement
made between the Congolese government and
the CNDP(National Congress for the Defence of
the people)
• Formed in 2012
• They were led by Bosco Ntaganda who signed the
peace agreement on behalf of the group
• After the agreement, members of the CNDP were
integrated into the Armed Forces of the
Democratic Republic of the Congo (FARDC) and
were also recognized as an official political party.
17. • They later rebelled and formed the M23
• This was because the Govt broke the promises
they made in the 2009 peace agreement
• They were also not happy with the conditions
and the salary they were paid
• Because of this, they held Goma which is a
mineral rich territory so that the government
would agree to negotiate.
18. On March 18, Ntaganda, one of the M23’s leaders,
surrendered to the US embassy in the Rwandan
capital, Kigali, following his defeat during infighting
between two M23 factions. He was transferred to
The Hague, where he is to face charges of war
crimes and crimes against humanity at the
International Criminal Court.
19. • In November 2013 the M23 decide to end its
rebellion and pursue its goals through purely
political means
20. What international legal issues does
their being and continued conduct
raise?
1. The 1884-85 Berlin conference on
the scramble and partition of Africa
led to disruption of societies.
21. CONTINUED…
2. Failure of the democratic experiment
(one size fits all -the takes it all
approach) in Africa to bring about
meaningful change & inclusion in the
governance structures.
3. Failure of the laws against illegal
possession of arms at national and
international levels.
22. CONTINUED….
4. The widening gap between the rich and the
poor fueled by bad leadership and
corruption.
5. Youth unemployment and underemployment
has created a hopeless class of recruits into
such groups when there is promise of a better
life.
23. CONTINUED…
6. Imbalanced regional development and
unequal distribution of resources in
different states leading to resentment by
the marginalized people.
24. CONTINUED…
7. Recognition of other rebel groups as
sovereign governments in different
governments such as the National
Resistance Army in Uganda led by
Yoweri Museveni, the Rwanda Patriotic
Front led by Paul Kagame and the Sudan
Peoples Liberation Movement led by
John Garang and later Salva Kiir.
25. QUESTION:
Nigerian Governments response to
Boko Haram ?
International law perspective of the
Nigerian government’s response to
Boko Haram and their impact?
PRESENTER: Niven Simiyu
26. The Government’s Response
• Sovereignty
• The escalation of the insurgency in early 2010
caught the government flat-footed
27. • Since 2012, it has tried to address the
challenge on multiple tracks but especially by
increasing the defence budget from 100 billion
naira ($625 million) in 2010 to 927 billion
naira ($6 billion) in 2011 and 1 trillion ($6.25
billion) naira in 2012, 2013 and 2014
28. Other measures include :
1. strengthening anti-terrorism legislation,
2. boosting the capacities of the military and other
security agencies,
3. exploring dialogue with the insurgents,
4. declaring a state of emergency in the North East
and launching military offensives against the
insurgents.
NB: Results have been limited.
29. Strengthening anti-terrorism
legislation
• President Jonathan signed the Terrorism (Prevention)
Act in 2011. It was amended in 2012 to designate the
Office of the National Security Adviser (NSA) as the
national coordinator for anti-terrorism, in order to
prevent in-fighting among security agencies.
• On 4 June 2013, the government proscribed Boko
Haram and Ansaru, describing their activities as
terrorism, and warned that any persons associated
with the two groups was liable to prosecution.
• It is prosecuting hundreds of suspected Boko Haram
and Ansaru members and collaborators.
30. Boosting the capacities of the military and
other security agencies.
• The military had not anticipated the
insurgency and was not prepared for its
bombing campaign,
• The military and security services to respond
to the challenge, particularly by improving
training, equipment and coordination.
31. • In September 2012, the Counter-Terrorism and
Counter-Insurgency Centre graduated 316 personnel
• the army has trained over 7,000 from the army, police
• Seeking to strengthen counter-insurgency capacity, the
army recently built the country’s first indigenous
armoured personnel carriers (APCs) and now produces
other protective gear, such as bullet-proof vests.
• On 17 December 2013, President Jonathan unveiled
the first drone designed and constructed by the air
force.
32. Challenges
A lack of regional co-operation and international response
Politics also sometimes interferes. Both General Sani
Abacha (who ruled the country from 1993 to 1998) and
former President Umaru Yar’Adua (2007- 2010) ordered the
release of some detained Islamist extremists for fear of
alienating northern supporters.
Constraining factors also include interagency mistrust, poor
information sharing and institutional flaws such as unsound
recruitment.
The troops are stretched too thin to control the large
region.
Limited intelligence gathering
33. Contradictory strategies and fraud by entrusted
persons
Progress toward a negotiated end to the violence
has been minimal, due to the government’s
contradictory strategies and fraud, as well as
Boko Haram’s suspicion of the authorities’ intent
and its own divisions
Several shadowy individuals claiming to be
speaking on behalf of Boko Haram have been
disowned by the sect. Some observers assert that
government officials seeking to make private gain
34. Exploring dialogue with the
insurgents
• From the insurgency’s onset, the government has said
it is open to dialogue with Boko Haram, but it has often
wavered in seeing this through.
• At times, officials speak of ongoing indirect
negotiations; on other occasions they deny this.
• On 2 August 2011, the government set up an eight-
member committee, to study the Boko Haram security
challenge and advise on ending the violence.
• Its report, submitted on 26 September 2011,
recommended talks and amnesty for sect members
who renounce violence.
35. BOKO HARAM DEMANDS
• On 16 September 2011, former President
Olusegun Obasanjo held talks in Maiduguri with
Boko Haram members, who laid out conditions
for a temporary ceasefire.
• These were and remain
1. an end to arrests and killings of sect members;
2. compensation for families of members killed by
security personnel; and
3. prosecution of police responsible for Yusuf’s
extrajudicial execution.1
36. Military operations and civilian
vigilantes
• Starting in early 2011, the government deployed
some 3,600
• The government sent 2,000 additional troops,
accompanied by heavy military equipment
including fighter jets, to Maiduguri. On 14 May
Jonathan declared a state of emergency in the
North East (Adamawa, Borno and Yobe). In a
national broadcast, he ordered the troops to
“take all necessary action … [to] end to the
impunity of insurgents and terrorists”.
37. Effects
• The next day, fighter jets began bombarding
Boko Haram camps in northern Borno, and a
day later troops sealed parts of the borders
with Chad, Niger and Cameroon. Phone
networks were taken down on 16-17 May in
Yobe and Borno and remain down. On 19
August, a new army division, the 7th,
codenamed BOYONA and headed by a major
general, took over counterterrorism
operations in Borno, Yobe and Adamawa
38. The 2015 Elections
• Boko Haram violence posed a serious threat to the 2015 elections.
• Electoral officials and analysts express concerns it may not be
possible to hold the votes in the North East, particularly Borno and
Yobe states
• PROPAGANDA: Fuelled suspicions the ruling PDP and President
Jonathan, who is expected to seek a new term, are trying to
suppress ballots in the region, which is largely controlled by the
newly-formed opposition party the All Progressives Congress (APC).
• IMPLICATIONS: Not holding polls in the North East, or reducing
their scope, could create political chaos, with the opposition
rejecting a close unfavourable national tally. It is also feared that
Boko Haram could escalate attacks to undermine the elections.
39. IMPLICATIONS: Failure to conduct elections in the
three states could likewise raise serious
constitutional issues. The successful presidential
candidate must win “not less than one quarter of
the votes cast at the election in each of at least
two-thirds of all the States in the Federation and
the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja”.
• If the presidential polls are not held in the three
north-eastern states, the results could be
challenged as unconstitutional, leading to lengthy
legal battles.
40. Impact on the North and Implications for
Nigeria
Undermined public safety across the region and scarred its
economy and development.
Thousands of lives have been lost during the insurgency
more persons displaced thus refugee crisis created
Currently, it is believed that Boko Haram controls about
20,000 square miles
Most attack on schools has affected education
#BringbackOurgirls
Deepened religious and regional fault lines, reversing some
of the country’s hard-won gains in building national unity
and stability. Its assaults on Christians and churches and its
declared goal of establishing an Islamic state
41. International law perspective of the Nigerian
government’s response to Boko Haram
1) Violations of International Humanitarian
Law
2) Crimes against Humanity
3) Individual Criminal Responsibility
4) Command Responsibility
5) State Responsibility for Crimes Committed
by Militia Members
43. • The U.S. and British governments designated Boko
Haram and Ansaru as terrorist organisations in 2013,
while the United Nations designated Boko Haram an al-
Qaeda affiliate in 2014. In the aftermath of the Chibok
schoolgirls’ kidnapping a number of Western countries
offered to help Nigeria find and liberate the
captives.However, the government has done little to
take advantage of these offers. Moreover, credible
reports of human rights abuses by the Nigerian
security forces create difficulties for outside
involvement by democratic states committed to
furthering human rights..
44. US RESPONSE TO BOKO HARAM
• One reporter asked the White House an
obvious question at a briefing, “Why haven’t
we seen U.S. intervention in Nigeria?”
• But John Campbell, the former American
ambassador to Nigeria, argues the U.S. should
do more.
45. UK RESPONSE
• The Foreign Office minister Hugo Swire has
said, while ruling out sending British troops to
the country.
• The Conservative MP John Redwood asked the
minister to clarify why the west was right to
try to use military force in Syria and Iraq, in
similar situations, but not in Nigeria.
46. ICC RESPONSE TO BOOK HARAM
• Whats the position of the icc chief prosecutor.
47. QUESTION
• SINCE US AND UK ARE UNWILLING TO
PROVIDE SUPORT TO THE NIGERIA
GOVERNMENT, WILL THE ICC BE THE
SAVIOUR?
48. INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE TO
RWANDA AND UGANDA(overview)
• The U.S. and various European nations have moved to
suspend aid to Rwanda due to these allegations. The
DRC has demanded the imposition of sanctions against
complicit individuals in both Rwanda and Uganda for
violation of a U.N. Arms Embargo on Congo, despite
the denial of both countries that they are involved in
the ongoing conflict. As Rwanda assumes a seat in the
U.N. Security Council in January, those sanctions will
become difficult to impose, meaning heightened
international pressure on the two countries to cease
supporting the M23 rebellion must go into effect
immediately.
50. U.S. Role in Ending the Conflict
• should be placed on all those responsible for
supporting M23.
• The United States should continue to use their
influence as the World Bank’s top donor to
delay the disbursement of $135 in aid to
Rwanda from the Bank in order to pressure
Rwanda to end their support to M23 and
commit to restoring peace to the region.