The document is a writing sample from Marques Guntz about his research paper on the Boko Haram terrorist organization. It includes an introduction summarizing two major Boko Haram attacks, and a background section covering the history of Nigeria, the origins of Boko Haram, and its original leader Muhammad Ali. The introduction analyzes Boko Haram's kidnapping of 276 girls in Chibok and a 2011 suicide bombing in Abuja. The background details Nigeria's colonial history, ethnic and religious divisions, and how Boko Haram formed to promote strict Sharia law before confronting police in 2003, killing Ali.
The document discusses the origins and goals of Boko Haram in Nigeria and the M23 rebel group in the Democratic Republic of Congo. It also examines the international legal issues raised by these groups and the responses of Nigeria, affected countries, and the international community. The Nigerian government has taken military and legislative actions against Boko Haram but faces ongoing challenges, while the international community has condemned support for M23 from Rwanda and Uganda.
Boko Haram began as a local insurgency in Nigeria but has expanded its operations. While it poses minimal direct threat to the UK currently, its growing capabilities increase risks. Boko Haram seized the town of Chibok in 2014, kidnapping hundreds of girls and demonstrating its organization and arms. Continued instability along Nigerian and Cameroonian borders could lead to expanded foreign assistance for Boko Haram and a broadening of its strategy.
Boko Haram is an Islamist sect that originated in Nigeria in 2002 and believes Western education is forbidden. They want to establish strict Islamic law and have burned schools, churches, and markets. The group was led by Muhammad Yusuf until his death in 2009 after a government crackdown. Now led by Abubakar Shekau, Boko Haram has become increasingly violent, killing over 40 students in a dorm attack in 2013. While reduced by government efforts, Boko Haram remains one of Africa's most violent armed groups.
Boko Haram is a militant Islamic extremist group based in northern Nigeria that aims to overthrow the Nigerian government and establish sharia law. They believe Western education is forbidden and target civilians, killing over 29,000 people since 2002. Boko Haram kidnaps women and girls as wives for fighters or to bear children to continue their ideology. Though negotiations have been difficult, resolving Nigeria's economic and political issues may help achieve peace.
Geopolitical Analysis of Boko Haram, with few slides you will understand better, with numbers and story, this conflict who make ravages in Africa. I did this analysis in 3rd year of BBA at INSEEC. www.rayanehocine.com
Boko Haram, an Islamic terrorist group in Nigeria, abducted over 200 girls from a school in Chibok. CNN was the first news organization to report on the abduction and focused on attention-seeking language. BBC News provided a more factual report supported by credible sources. The Washington Post asked important questions readers would have and discussed international assistance. Social media campaigns like #BringBackOurGirls on Twitter and Facebook received widespread attention and support for finding the girls.
This paper traces the development of Boko-Haram from two perspectives (Socio-economic and Political), it exposes the reasons for the re-emergence of insecurity in Nigeria, precisely Northern zone which shares the same culture with Northern Cameroon. The paper equally explores the various groups threatening Nigerian sovereignty and countries of the Lake Chad Basin. It also outlines some responses to adapt to the changing modus operandi of the terrorist organization.
The document discusses the origins and goals of Boko Haram in Nigeria and the M23 rebel group in the Democratic Republic of Congo. It also examines the international legal issues raised by these groups and the responses of Nigeria, affected countries, and the international community. The Nigerian government has taken military and legislative actions against Boko Haram but faces ongoing challenges, while the international community has condemned support for M23 from Rwanda and Uganda.
Boko Haram began as a local insurgency in Nigeria but has expanded its operations. While it poses minimal direct threat to the UK currently, its growing capabilities increase risks. Boko Haram seized the town of Chibok in 2014, kidnapping hundreds of girls and demonstrating its organization and arms. Continued instability along Nigerian and Cameroonian borders could lead to expanded foreign assistance for Boko Haram and a broadening of its strategy.
Boko Haram is an Islamist sect that originated in Nigeria in 2002 and believes Western education is forbidden. They want to establish strict Islamic law and have burned schools, churches, and markets. The group was led by Muhammad Yusuf until his death in 2009 after a government crackdown. Now led by Abubakar Shekau, Boko Haram has become increasingly violent, killing over 40 students in a dorm attack in 2013. While reduced by government efforts, Boko Haram remains one of Africa's most violent armed groups.
Boko Haram is a militant Islamic extremist group based in northern Nigeria that aims to overthrow the Nigerian government and establish sharia law. They believe Western education is forbidden and target civilians, killing over 29,000 people since 2002. Boko Haram kidnaps women and girls as wives for fighters or to bear children to continue their ideology. Though negotiations have been difficult, resolving Nigeria's economic and political issues may help achieve peace.
Geopolitical Analysis of Boko Haram, with few slides you will understand better, with numbers and story, this conflict who make ravages in Africa. I did this analysis in 3rd year of BBA at INSEEC. www.rayanehocine.com
Boko Haram, an Islamic terrorist group in Nigeria, abducted over 200 girls from a school in Chibok. CNN was the first news organization to report on the abduction and focused on attention-seeking language. BBC News provided a more factual report supported by credible sources. The Washington Post asked important questions readers would have and discussed international assistance. Social media campaigns like #BringBackOurGirls on Twitter and Facebook received widespread attention and support for finding the girls.
This paper traces the development of Boko-Haram from two perspectives (Socio-economic and Political), it exposes the reasons for the re-emergence of insecurity in Nigeria, precisely Northern zone which shares the same culture with Northern Cameroon. The paper equally explores the various groups threatening Nigerian sovereignty and countries of the Lake Chad Basin. It also outlines some responses to adapt to the changing modus operandi of the terrorist organization.
The document discusses ethnic issues and conflicts in Nigeria. It outlines the objectives of different ethnic groups which include demands for autonomy, competing land claims, and political dominance. It then examines the case study of Boko Haram, an Islamic sect that turned to violence in 2009 to create a pure Islamic state. Boko Haram uses tactics like bombings and arson but its goals differ from global jihadists. The government has taken brutal countermeasures that are counterproductive and fuel Boko Haram's expansion. Effective multi-ethnic education is proposed to help resolve Nigeria's ethnic issues by teaching each group's unique features and shared experiences.
Boko Haram is an Islamic extremist group based in northeast Nigeria that has carried out attacks against civilians, police and Christians since 2009. Their insurgency has displaced over 2 million people and killed over 20,000. They have pledged allegiance to ISIS and now control territory across Nigeria and neighboring countries. The document examines the group's origins, timeline of attacks, causes of the conflict and potential solutions.
ISIS emerged from Sunni jihadists in Iraq and Syria who want to establish a caliphate ruled by sharia law across the Muslim world. They have seized large areas in Iraq and Syria since 2014 and carry out operations in other parts of the Middle East and North Africa. ISIS funds itself through criminal activities like smuggling, extortion, and taxes on local businesses and receives some donations. Its goals are to establish an Islamic state with religious authority and compel other jihadist groups to accept its supremacy.
The document provides an overview of the Iranian diaspora. It notes that after the 1979 Iranian Revolution and establishment of an Islamic Republic, hundreds of thousands of Iranians emigrated abroad, many to pursue higher education. Key points include:
- Over 100,000 Iranians studied abroad in 1977-1978, with over 45,000 in the US at its peak.
- Emigration increased sharply after the revolution, with hundreds of thousands settling long-term in places like the US, Canada, Germany, UK and Sweden.
- Iran has one of the highest rates of "brain drain" in the world, estimated at 150,000-180,000 educated people leaving per year.
- The
High-level United Nations officials and independent human rights groups have reported evidence of direct state complicity in ethnic cleansing and severe human rights abuses, blocking of humanitarian aid, and incitement of anti-Muslim violence that constitutes ominous warning signs of genocide.
The document discusses power sharing and its importance in a democratic system. It provides several reasons why power sharing is essential: (1) It respects the spirit of democracy by allowing all communities and social groups a say in governance; (2) It helps avoid conflicts between different groups by ensuring no group feels excluded; (3) It prevents tyranny of the majority by not allowing the majority to dominate the minority groups. Maintaining the democratic spirit is the key moral reason for power sharing.
The document provides background information on the Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG), an Islamic separatist extremist group active in the southern Philippines. It summarizes that ASG was founded in 1991 by Abdurajak Abubakar Janjalani, a veteran of the Soviet-Afghan war, with the goal of establishing an Islamic state. However, following losses of leadership in the late 1990s and 2000s, ASG fractured into smaller groups focused more on criminal activities like kidnapping and piracy to fund operations, rather than the original ideological goals. The document examines ASG's origins, leadership history, and motivations in seeking to establish an independent Islamic state for the Muslim minority in the southern Philippines
HISTORY, OPPRESSION & GENOCIDE OF BURMA MUSLIMSAboutIslam1
The document summarizes the oppression and persecution faced by the Rohingya Muslim minority group in Myanmar (Burma) over many centuries. It details how the Rohingya's rights have been systematically violated through denial of citizenship, restrictions on movement and religion, forced labor, destruction of property, and repeated violent campaigns and massacres carried out by the Burmese military and ethnic Rakhine Buddhists. Despite fleeing oppression, the Rohingya continue to face rejection and abuse as refugees in neighboring countries like Bangladesh.
The Rise of Nationalism and Religious Politics in Nigeriapaperpublications3
Abstract: Man is basically political and religious. He is variously described as homo politicus and homo religious. In the course of the Millennia, he has also proved these affirmations to be true to his nature. However, the problem is often with the manner of man’s application of these attributes. He is either too zealous with his religious obligations or he is brutal in the use of his political power. In the combination of these extremes, man renders both politics and religion a problem and often obstacle to human progress and development. In Africa and in Nigeria, particularly, the struggle to attain independence and autonomy from colonialism led to nationalist movements and eventual regionalization of such motif. In the long run, it has become difficult to differentiate between politics and religion in Nigeria leading to the question of how successful the struggles of the fathers of independence like Herbert Macaulay, Nnamdi Azikiwe, Ahmadu Bello, and Obafemi Awolowo have been in the course of Nigeria’s history. The paper uses a historical, expository, and analytical method to view the politico-religious evolution of Nigeria and arrives at the conclusion that after fifty-five years of Independence from Colonialism much has not happened to de-tribalize the myopic attachment to religious sentiments in order to cling to selfish manipulation of power and economic dissipation of the country. There is therefore need for further and consistent research and enlightenment of the masses to achieve better development and progress.
Military and Civil Action in Combating Terrorism in the North EastAJHSSR Journal
After a successful military operation in a combact area, lasting peace is achieved through
complementary effort by civil actions. In the Northeastern area of Nigeria, military action has considerably
degraded Boko Haram terrorist activities. The terrorists are drastically reduced. They have been flushed out of
their enclaves including a greater part of Sambisa forest. Their arms and sources of funding have Shrinked. Civil
actions have now become expedient: to reorientate the reminants of terrorism, to return children back to school;
to embark on reconstruction of roads, schools, homes, markets, electric supply create Jobs and empower youths.
This study is important due to its contribution to knowledge of the history of north eastern Nigeria.
The document provides a risk summary and travel advice for Iraq. It warns that the political situation remains unstable and traveling is extremely dangerous. Violence can occur anywhere in Iraq, though Iraqi Kurdistan is relatively safe. It advises to remain cautious at all times, avoid travel alone, and use security services if traveling to Iraq. Major cities like Baghdad are risky due to the threats of kidnapping, terrorism, and ongoing conflict between religious and ethnic groups.
Lebanon has a population that is mainly Muslim (54%) and Christian (40%). The country was embroiled in a civil war from 1975-1990 and still has political divisions along religious lines. The highest government positions are reserved for specific religious groups. Hezbollah, which was formed during Israel's 1982 invasion of Lebanon, is a major political and paramilitary organization supported by Iran that still conflicts with Israel and has sent forces to support Iran in Iraq and Syria. The United States seeks to balance maintaining neutrality in Lebanon with countering groups hostile to its interests.
The document discusses the global issue of terrorism and its wide-ranging ramifications. It notes that terrorism has become a new form of warfare that threatens the world through weapons of mass destruction and strong connections between terrorist groups and rogue states. Terrorism negatively impacts economies through decreased investment, consumer spending, and industries like tourism. Controlling terrorism requires political will, intelligence networks, addressing root causes, and international cooperation.
This document discusses the history and origins of Afghanistan and the Taliban. It notes that Arabs introduced Islam to Afghanistan in the 7th century. It then discusses the various dynasties that ruled Afghanistan and the wars with Persia. It notes that modern Afghanistan was established in 1774 when Afghans retook Kandahar from Persia. The document also discusses the emergence of the Taliban in 1994 during Afghanistan's civil war following the Soviet withdrawal and the group's rise to power in 1996 under Mullah Omar.
The document provides an overview of various topics related to Iran, including its government and politics, human rights record, terrorism activities, and nuclear program. It discusses Iran's history from the Pahlavi era in the 1920s through the 1979 revolution and Iran-Iraq war. It notes Iran has a complex political system as an Islamic theocracy with elected aspects. The document also examines Iran's sponsorship of terrorism, particularly its close ties to Hezbollah, and support for Palestinian groups. In addition, it provides details on Iran's nuclear program and the debate around how the U.S. should respond.
What is iran doing in iraq how important is iran in the ground war against isismmangusta
Iran is playing a major role in fighting ISIS in Iraq by supporting Shiite militias and working directly with Iraqi security forces. It is seeking to prevent ISIS and other Sunni extremist groups from taking power in Iraq, maintain Shiite political dominance, and demonstrate its importance in the region. While both the US and Iran want to preserve Iraq's territorial integrity and defeat ISIS, they have different goals in Syria and approaches to addressing Sunni grievances that complicate their strategies.
Primordial Politics and Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria’s Fourth Republicijtsrd
This paper is an inquisition on the impact of primordial politics on democratic consolidation in Nigerias fourth republic. Data for the research was gathered from secondary sources including Books, Journals, Newspapers, Magazines, and the Internet. The analysis of the data gathered was based on the historical descriptive method which attempts to understand the phenomenon of primordial politics by determining it process of evolution, growth, and dynamic of internal changes. Findings revealed that socio political and economic deprivation amounting to internal colonialism by one section of the country over the others has bred frustration leading to recourse to ethnicism as expressed in the pattern of voting. The paper therefore recommends, Constitutional amendments, rotational presidency and two party system as a panacea for nationalism. Diri, Benjamin B. | Godwin Isaiah Jaja "Primordial Politics and Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria’s Fourth Republic" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38537.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/38537/primordial-politics-and-democratic-consolidation-in-nigeria’s-fourth-republic/diri-benjamin-b
1. An IRGC Intelligence Organization representative released details on the recent arrest of several media professionals in Iran, likely in an effort to contain President Rouhani's domestic influence following the nuclear deal.
2. An American contractor died in custody in Sana'a, Yemen while a second American contractor and an American teacher remain detained.
3. A second small group of al Shabaab militants in Somalia pledged allegiance to ISIS, prompting al Shabaab to crack down on potential defectors.
This document summarizes the nature and sources of Nigerian legal system. Before British colonization, Nigeria was made up of independent entities with their own legal traditions. The north was dominated by Islamic law under empires like Kanem-Borno and Sokoto. The south practiced various customary legal systems. After colonization, Nigeria developed a plural legal system incorporating English common law, Islamic law, customary law and local legislation. The paper aims to clarify that Islamic law and customary law are distinct legal traditions in Nigeria's pluralized legal system.
The document discusses power sharing in Nigeria between Muslims and Christians. It provides background on the ethnic and religious composition of Nigeria. Power sharing is seen as important to respect democracy and avoid conflicts between social groups. However, the introduction of Sharia law in Muslim-majority states led to tensions between 1999-2000. Violence has occurred periodically since then, with the conflict becoming more violent due to Boko Haram's armed rebellion against the secular government since 2009. Over time, more states adopted Sharia law fully, exacerbating the religious divide in Nigeria.
The document discusses ethnic issues and conflicts in Nigeria. It outlines the objectives of different ethnic groups which include demands for autonomy, competing land claims, and political dominance. It then examines the case study of Boko Haram, an Islamic sect that turned to violence in 2009 to create a pure Islamic state. Boko Haram uses tactics like bombings and arson but its goals differ from global jihadists. The government has taken brutal countermeasures that are counterproductive and fuel Boko Haram's expansion. Effective multi-ethnic education is proposed to help resolve Nigeria's ethnic issues by teaching each group's unique features and shared experiences.
Boko Haram is an Islamic extremist group based in northeast Nigeria that has carried out attacks against civilians, police and Christians since 2009. Their insurgency has displaced over 2 million people and killed over 20,000. They have pledged allegiance to ISIS and now control territory across Nigeria and neighboring countries. The document examines the group's origins, timeline of attacks, causes of the conflict and potential solutions.
ISIS emerged from Sunni jihadists in Iraq and Syria who want to establish a caliphate ruled by sharia law across the Muslim world. They have seized large areas in Iraq and Syria since 2014 and carry out operations in other parts of the Middle East and North Africa. ISIS funds itself through criminal activities like smuggling, extortion, and taxes on local businesses and receives some donations. Its goals are to establish an Islamic state with religious authority and compel other jihadist groups to accept its supremacy.
The document provides an overview of the Iranian diaspora. It notes that after the 1979 Iranian Revolution and establishment of an Islamic Republic, hundreds of thousands of Iranians emigrated abroad, many to pursue higher education. Key points include:
- Over 100,000 Iranians studied abroad in 1977-1978, with over 45,000 in the US at its peak.
- Emigration increased sharply after the revolution, with hundreds of thousands settling long-term in places like the US, Canada, Germany, UK and Sweden.
- Iran has one of the highest rates of "brain drain" in the world, estimated at 150,000-180,000 educated people leaving per year.
- The
High-level United Nations officials and independent human rights groups have reported evidence of direct state complicity in ethnic cleansing and severe human rights abuses, blocking of humanitarian aid, and incitement of anti-Muslim violence that constitutes ominous warning signs of genocide.
The document discusses power sharing and its importance in a democratic system. It provides several reasons why power sharing is essential: (1) It respects the spirit of democracy by allowing all communities and social groups a say in governance; (2) It helps avoid conflicts between different groups by ensuring no group feels excluded; (3) It prevents tyranny of the majority by not allowing the majority to dominate the minority groups. Maintaining the democratic spirit is the key moral reason for power sharing.
The document provides background information on the Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG), an Islamic separatist extremist group active in the southern Philippines. It summarizes that ASG was founded in 1991 by Abdurajak Abubakar Janjalani, a veteran of the Soviet-Afghan war, with the goal of establishing an Islamic state. However, following losses of leadership in the late 1990s and 2000s, ASG fractured into smaller groups focused more on criminal activities like kidnapping and piracy to fund operations, rather than the original ideological goals. The document examines ASG's origins, leadership history, and motivations in seeking to establish an independent Islamic state for the Muslim minority in the southern Philippines
HISTORY, OPPRESSION & GENOCIDE OF BURMA MUSLIMSAboutIslam1
The document summarizes the oppression and persecution faced by the Rohingya Muslim minority group in Myanmar (Burma) over many centuries. It details how the Rohingya's rights have been systematically violated through denial of citizenship, restrictions on movement and religion, forced labor, destruction of property, and repeated violent campaigns and massacres carried out by the Burmese military and ethnic Rakhine Buddhists. Despite fleeing oppression, the Rohingya continue to face rejection and abuse as refugees in neighboring countries like Bangladesh.
The Rise of Nationalism and Religious Politics in Nigeriapaperpublications3
Abstract: Man is basically political and religious. He is variously described as homo politicus and homo religious. In the course of the Millennia, he has also proved these affirmations to be true to his nature. However, the problem is often with the manner of man’s application of these attributes. He is either too zealous with his religious obligations or he is brutal in the use of his political power. In the combination of these extremes, man renders both politics and religion a problem and often obstacle to human progress and development. In Africa and in Nigeria, particularly, the struggle to attain independence and autonomy from colonialism led to nationalist movements and eventual regionalization of such motif. In the long run, it has become difficult to differentiate between politics and religion in Nigeria leading to the question of how successful the struggles of the fathers of independence like Herbert Macaulay, Nnamdi Azikiwe, Ahmadu Bello, and Obafemi Awolowo have been in the course of Nigeria’s history. The paper uses a historical, expository, and analytical method to view the politico-religious evolution of Nigeria and arrives at the conclusion that after fifty-five years of Independence from Colonialism much has not happened to de-tribalize the myopic attachment to religious sentiments in order to cling to selfish manipulation of power and economic dissipation of the country. There is therefore need for further and consistent research and enlightenment of the masses to achieve better development and progress.
Military and Civil Action in Combating Terrorism in the North EastAJHSSR Journal
After a successful military operation in a combact area, lasting peace is achieved through
complementary effort by civil actions. In the Northeastern area of Nigeria, military action has considerably
degraded Boko Haram terrorist activities. The terrorists are drastically reduced. They have been flushed out of
their enclaves including a greater part of Sambisa forest. Their arms and sources of funding have Shrinked. Civil
actions have now become expedient: to reorientate the reminants of terrorism, to return children back to school;
to embark on reconstruction of roads, schools, homes, markets, electric supply create Jobs and empower youths.
This study is important due to its contribution to knowledge of the history of north eastern Nigeria.
The document provides a risk summary and travel advice for Iraq. It warns that the political situation remains unstable and traveling is extremely dangerous. Violence can occur anywhere in Iraq, though Iraqi Kurdistan is relatively safe. It advises to remain cautious at all times, avoid travel alone, and use security services if traveling to Iraq. Major cities like Baghdad are risky due to the threats of kidnapping, terrorism, and ongoing conflict between religious and ethnic groups.
Lebanon has a population that is mainly Muslim (54%) and Christian (40%). The country was embroiled in a civil war from 1975-1990 and still has political divisions along religious lines. The highest government positions are reserved for specific religious groups. Hezbollah, which was formed during Israel's 1982 invasion of Lebanon, is a major political and paramilitary organization supported by Iran that still conflicts with Israel and has sent forces to support Iran in Iraq and Syria. The United States seeks to balance maintaining neutrality in Lebanon with countering groups hostile to its interests.
The document discusses the global issue of terrorism and its wide-ranging ramifications. It notes that terrorism has become a new form of warfare that threatens the world through weapons of mass destruction and strong connections between terrorist groups and rogue states. Terrorism negatively impacts economies through decreased investment, consumer spending, and industries like tourism. Controlling terrorism requires political will, intelligence networks, addressing root causes, and international cooperation.
This document discusses the history and origins of Afghanistan and the Taliban. It notes that Arabs introduced Islam to Afghanistan in the 7th century. It then discusses the various dynasties that ruled Afghanistan and the wars with Persia. It notes that modern Afghanistan was established in 1774 when Afghans retook Kandahar from Persia. The document also discusses the emergence of the Taliban in 1994 during Afghanistan's civil war following the Soviet withdrawal and the group's rise to power in 1996 under Mullah Omar.
The document provides an overview of various topics related to Iran, including its government and politics, human rights record, terrorism activities, and nuclear program. It discusses Iran's history from the Pahlavi era in the 1920s through the 1979 revolution and Iran-Iraq war. It notes Iran has a complex political system as an Islamic theocracy with elected aspects. The document also examines Iran's sponsorship of terrorism, particularly its close ties to Hezbollah, and support for Palestinian groups. In addition, it provides details on Iran's nuclear program and the debate around how the U.S. should respond.
What is iran doing in iraq how important is iran in the ground war against isismmangusta
Iran is playing a major role in fighting ISIS in Iraq by supporting Shiite militias and working directly with Iraqi security forces. It is seeking to prevent ISIS and other Sunni extremist groups from taking power in Iraq, maintain Shiite political dominance, and demonstrate its importance in the region. While both the US and Iran want to preserve Iraq's territorial integrity and defeat ISIS, they have different goals in Syria and approaches to addressing Sunni grievances that complicate their strategies.
Primordial Politics and Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria’s Fourth Republicijtsrd
This paper is an inquisition on the impact of primordial politics on democratic consolidation in Nigerias fourth republic. Data for the research was gathered from secondary sources including Books, Journals, Newspapers, Magazines, and the Internet. The analysis of the data gathered was based on the historical descriptive method which attempts to understand the phenomenon of primordial politics by determining it process of evolution, growth, and dynamic of internal changes. Findings revealed that socio political and economic deprivation amounting to internal colonialism by one section of the country over the others has bred frustration leading to recourse to ethnicism as expressed in the pattern of voting. The paper therefore recommends, Constitutional amendments, rotational presidency and two party system as a panacea for nationalism. Diri, Benjamin B. | Godwin Isaiah Jaja "Primordial Politics and Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria’s Fourth Republic" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38537.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/38537/primordial-politics-and-democratic-consolidation-in-nigeria’s-fourth-republic/diri-benjamin-b
1. An IRGC Intelligence Organization representative released details on the recent arrest of several media professionals in Iran, likely in an effort to contain President Rouhani's domestic influence following the nuclear deal.
2. An American contractor died in custody in Sana'a, Yemen while a second American contractor and an American teacher remain detained.
3. A second small group of al Shabaab militants in Somalia pledged allegiance to ISIS, prompting al Shabaab to crack down on potential defectors.
This document summarizes the nature and sources of Nigerian legal system. Before British colonization, Nigeria was made up of independent entities with their own legal traditions. The north was dominated by Islamic law under empires like Kanem-Borno and Sokoto. The south practiced various customary legal systems. After colonization, Nigeria developed a plural legal system incorporating English common law, Islamic law, customary law and local legislation. The paper aims to clarify that Islamic law and customary law are distinct legal traditions in Nigeria's pluralized legal system.
The document discusses power sharing in Nigeria between Muslims and Christians. It provides background on the ethnic and religious composition of Nigeria. Power sharing is seen as important to respect democracy and avoid conflicts between social groups. However, the introduction of Sharia law in Muslim-majority states led to tensions between 1999-2000. Violence has occurred periodically since then, with the conflict becoming more violent due to Boko Haram's armed rebellion against the secular government since 2009. Over time, more states adopted Sharia law fully, exacerbating the religious divide in Nigeria.
Boko Haram - An Examination of Terrorist Resiliency and Adaptability 02 Novem...ChadCogan
Boko Haram has proven resilient and adaptive in the face of anti-terrorist measures. Though their goals and tactics have been forced to change, the group has survived, continuing to successfully carry out attacks in the region. Boko Haram serves as a case study in the difficulty of clearly defeating a terrorist group.
Impact of Corruption on Insurgency in the North-Eastern Region of NigeriaIOSRJBM
This study is on the Impact of Corruption on Boko Haram Insurgency in the North Eastern Region of Nigeria, specifically, Adamawa, Borno and Yobe States. The study adopted content and observational analysis. Documentary ideas as expressed in text books, journal articles, magazines, Internet and Newspapers was analysed and utilised. The documentary materials were complemented with the observation methodology of data collection. The period of the study is 2009 to 2015. In the course of the study, it was discovered that the failure of the Nigerian Military to defeat the Boko Haram Insurgents within the study period was due to corruption perpetuated by the office of the former National Security Adviser. In conclusion, it was clear without doubt that corruption had negatively impacted on the war against insurgency in the North Eastern Region of Nigeria and this was due to the sharing of the $2.1 billion dollars and the questionable contracts awarded which were not executed by some companies and persons. The study therefore recommended that the Federal Government under President Muhammadu Buhari should continue with his war against corruption and ensure that all outstanding funds with the former National Security Adviser and his collaborators were retrieved.
The document discusses the historical origins of religious tensions between Muslims and Christians in Nigeria. It notes that Nigeria emerged from British colonial rule in 1914, combining Northern and Southern territories with different dominant ethnic groups and religions. While the North was predominantly Muslim, the South was mostly Christian. This religious divide, combined with political and economic factors under colonialism and after independence, have contributed to ongoing ethno-religious conflicts in Nigeria between Muslims and Christians over issues like the introduction of Sharia law. Major events and groups like the Boko Haram insurgency have exacerbated tensions and violence.
This document summarizes the foreign influence on the Nigerian terrorist group Boko Haram. It discusses how some members of Boko Haram received training in bomb-making in Afghanistan from the Taliban. The document also mentions reports that Boko Haram received funding from al-Qaeda linked groups in Sudan. While some argue foreign powers are trying to destabilize Nigeria, others believe the roots of Boko Haram's terrorism lie within Nigeria's own challenges. Overall, the document examines the international dimensions and connections of the Boko Haram terrorist organization in Nigeria.
Boko Haram kidnapped 276 Chibok schoolgirls in Nigeria in April 2014. They stormed the school while girls were taking exams, loaded them onto trucks, and took them away. Boko Haram's leader had announced plans to kidnap girls to use as child brides or sell for $12 million into the sex trafficking market. While 57 girls escaped, 219 remain captive. The kidnappings and forced marriages violate numerous articles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights protecting women's and children's rights. The United States and United Nations have taken some actions like sanctions and military assistance to help Nigeria address the ongoing threat from Boko Haram and free the kidnapped girls.
There is a unique set of forcefully displaced persons from Boko Haram insurgency affected areas in north-eastern Nigeria that migrated back to their ancestral homes in Ogbomoso in the south-western Nigeria. These people are referred to in this research as migrated displaced persons (MDPs) because they are not in any IDP centre or camp, but live among their ancestral relatives. This research investigates the extent Baptist churches in Ogbomoso are responding to re-integrate these migrated displaced persons in Ogbomoso into the society. Semi-structured interviews are conducted among fifteen randomly selected pastors of Baptist churches in Ogbomoso metropolis and three other stakeholders. Some available documents are also used in analysing the collected data. Findings from this study reveal that the churches are responding to some extent to transforming the lives of the migrated displaced Boko Haram victims in the area. Therefore, it is recommended that churches and other faith-based organizations should intensify their efforts in responding to transforming the lives of displaced Boko Haram victims in the area, and they should start having documented records for these efforts.
Post Boko Haram Insurgency and Trafficking of IDPS in the Northeastern Nigeri...ijtsrd
This article is designed to investigate the consequences and solutions of the trafficking of IDPs in the post Boko Haram period in the North eastern Nigeria. The specific objectives of the study are to determine the extent of human trafficking among IDPs in the North eastern Nigeria to find out if Boko Haram insurgency has increased human trafficking to examine the consequences of human trafficking among Boko Haram driven IDPs in the study area and to provide the possible solutions to human trafficking of IDPs. The article found out that the extent of human trafficking among IDPs is high in the study area and Boko Haram insurgency has contributed to that. The consequences of human trafficking among Boko Haram driven IDPs includes the involvement of some IDPs into Boko Haram through human trafficking sex slavery due to human trafficking human trafficking reduces the chances of their liberation from IDPs status dehumanisation and engagement of the IDPs into baby factory assault and even murder, bonded slavery and other psychological consequences like insomnia, lack of trust to strangers and post traumatic stress disorder, etc. As the possible solutions to human trafficking of IDPs in the North eastern Nigeria, therefore Boko Haram insurgency should be fought to prevent trafficking of IDPs, there should be special intervention for the IDPs as safety net there should be synergy between law enforcement agencies in fighting human trafficking community participation, community policing and contribution of neighbouring states Dr. Bukar Jamri "Post-Boko Haram Insurgency and Trafficking of IDPS in the Northeastern Nigeria: Consequences and Solutions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42359.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comother-scientific-research-area/other/42359/postboko-haram-insurgency-and-trafficking-of-idps-in-the-northeastern-nigeria-consequences-and-solutions/dr-bukar-jamri
This document summarizes religious tolerance in several countries:
- Afghanistan under the Taliban was extremely intolerant, imposing strict Islamic law that heavily restricted women's rights and behavior.
- Russia has high levels of racism according to reports, with many ethnic minorities facing expulsion from their regions.
- Saudi Arabia is one of the most intolerant countries for women, prohibiting them from many freedoms and aspects of public life.
- Egypt imprisons hundreds of LGBT people each year on charges of "debauchery" despite homosexuality not being illegal.
- Iran recognizes religious minorities but the government creates a threatening atmosphere, and Shia Islam is the official mandated religion.
Similar to Marques Guntz LINKEDIN Writing Sample (10)
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Marques E. Guntz
marques.guntz@gmail.com
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Writing Sample
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The attached writing sample is an excerpt from A White Paper on
Boko Haram. During my graduate coursework for the Fall 2015
session at American Military University, I authored the original
research paper during a course I was enrolled in entitled “The Non-
State Soldier.”
For purposes of this assignment, I was tasked with hypothesizing,
researching, and composing a white-paper on a terrorist organization
that posed a risk to the national security and defense of the United
States and its global interest. (A “white-paper” is a legislative
document explaining and supporting a particular political solution.)
Due to the length of the original work, the sample includes only the
Introduction and Background and History sections.
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2. INTRODUCTION
On the night of April 14th, 2014, the Boko Haram terrorist organization went into the town
of Chibok located in Borno State, Nigeria, and kidnapped 276 female students from the
Government Secondary School. Though some of the female students have escaped captivity since
this debacle, more than 200 students are still missing from their families and friends. The Nigerian
government has received harsh criticism world-wide for its inability to place itself directly in the
middle of this incident, and has done very little to recover the missing girls and return them back
home before Boko Haram acts on their intentions to sell the female students in the human
trafficking market. On August 26, 2011, a suicide bomber drove a vehicle-borne improvised
explosive device (VBIED) into the United Nations headquarters in Abuja, Nigeria, killing 23
people and injuring more than 80 others. Boko Haram claimed responsibility for this attack as
well. With three years between the two aforementioned attacks by the Boko Haram terrorist
organization, there have been many other attacks that have occurred at the hands of the Islamist
religious sect in the north Nigerian lands. This “white paper” will offer an assessment of the Boko
Haram terrorist organization and determine their potential threat to the national security and
defense of the United States of America.
BACKGROUND AND HISTORY
Since Nigeria’s inception in 1914 by colonial British governor Frederick Lugard, the
country has experienced serious strife between the Northern and Southern states. Nigeria was
conceived as a country due to mere colonial commercial and economic considerations without due
regard for the indigenous people of the land at that time. The colonialists at the time were far too
concerned about profit to worry about other notions of evil that included genocides, murder of
infants and children, political corruption, poverty, bad governance, and insecurity. “Nigeria
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3. became a monster that was birthed and nurtured to feed off the flesh and gorge itself on the blood
of its own children. The general consensus about the country is that it is not just a dream that
failed to fulfill but also a nightmare that should never have been dreamt.” (Ebiem 61).
The Southeastern part of Nigeria is home to the Igbo ethnic group, where the Igbo
population is about 65 million people. The Southwestern part of Nigeria is home to the Yoruba
ethnic group, where their population is about 50 million people. The Northern region of Nigeria is
comprised of the ethnic Hausa/Fulani people, and there are approximately 55 million people that
belong to this ethnicity. In Nigeria, for the most part, the Southern states are predominantly
Christian states due to the practices and preachings of the colonials, while the Northern states are
predominantly Muslim. The Northern state of Borno has always been a center of Islam in that it
was a popular route of the Trans-Saharan trade a long time ago. The Arab traders of the Trans-
Saharan trade era reportedly brought Islam into Borno as early as the 9th century AD, so it goes to
stand that the religion of Islam has been at the forefront of the indigenous people of Nigeria for
quite a long time.
Jama’atul Ahlus-sunnah Lidda’Awati Wal Jihad, or Boko Haram, first began as a group of
harmless young Muslims with radical inclinations that wanted to fight the large-scale corruption
that has always been present in the Nigerian government. The original leader of the group,
Muhammad Ali, first set out to create an organization that would carry out a revival of Islam
amongst the Northern states of Nigeria, mainly Borno state, where life would be run according to
strict Islamic Sharia. (Sharia, or Islamic law, is the moral code and religious law of a prophetic
religion, developed after the death of the Prophet Mohammad.) In the 19th and 20th centuries,
Sharia was the law of the land in northern Nigeria, but as Nigeria aimed to gain its independence
in 1960, Sharia law became nearly extinct by this time. This was due to the Settlement of 1960.
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4. “Under the Settlement of 1960, Nigerian Muslims traded away the right to impose Sharia law
across the board in exchange for concessions in other areas as independent Nigeria began drafting
its first constitution. Sharia now only applied in matters of personal or family relations in the
north. Most Muslim leaders were supportive of the settlement, believing that discarding Sharia
was essential to progress towards modernity” (Ford 1). But in 1999, growing opposition to the
Settlement of 1960 started to show itself by an active effort in the northern states of Nigeria to
impose Sharia law on its people. A compromise to these efforts came in the form of the
Constitution of 1999 which granted significant power to Nigeria’s states and created a system of
appellate courts to hear appeals from Sharia trial courts. This opened the door for northern states
to impose Sharia law over their territory, thus paving the way for the terrorist organization known
as Boko Haram to enforce their own views of Sharia law in their northern Nigerian territories.
As previously mentioned, the original name of Boko Haram is the Jama’atul Ahlus-
Sunnah Lidda’Awati Wal Jihad, which translates to mean “people committed to the propagation of
the teachings of the prophet and Jihad.” The fact that the term “jihad” is in the name and
translation of Boko Haram says a lot about their organization and their beliefs, being that a
“jihad” is an effort to practice religion in the face of oppression and persecution. (A person
engaged in jihad is called a mujahid, the plural form being mujahideen.) In Hausa language,
which is derived from north Nigeria, “boko” is another word for “book”. “Boko” has come to
represent Western education. “Haram” is an Arabic term meaning sinful. In Islamic jurisprudence,
haram is used to refer to any act that is forbidden by Allah. That being said, “Boko Haram”
translates to “Western education is sin”.
Little is known about the first leader of the Jama’atul Ahlus-sunnah Lidda Awati Wal
Jihad, Muhammad Ali. Ali did not first set out to overthrow the Nigerian government in a violent
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5. uprising. Ali was disgraced at the betrayal by his government of its people, and wanted to separate
himself and start his own political Sharia, with Islam being the way of life for he and his
followers. Ali’s followers mainly consisted of poor peasants who were also not happy with how
the government was taking care of its people. Ali and his people then withdrew from Maiduguri
(the Borno state capital) to Kanama in nearby Yobe state. In December 2003, Ali and his people
had a run-in with the law enforcement entity of the Nigerian government in which Ali and his
group were seen as “trouble-makers” in their town of Kanama, and were not allowed to fish in the
local pond. Police were called to the scene to take control of the situation, and in doing so,
members of the Jama’atul Ahlus-sunnah Lidda Awati Wal Jihad confronted and attacked the
police officers. The confrontation involving the Jihad against the State police lasted from late
December to early January. During the fight, nearly 200 members of Ali’s jihad were killed,
including Ali himself.
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References
1. Ebiem, Osita. Nigeria, Biafra, and Boko Haram: Ending The Genocides Through Multistate
Solution, New York, NY, 2014.
2. Ford, John. “The Origins of Boko Haram,” The National Interest, June 6, 2014, accessed
October 1, 2015, http://www.nationalinterest.org/feature/the-origins-boko-haram-10609.
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