Bo eyarnell herbactions

Actions of Medicinal Plants 1 © 2007 Eric Yarnell, ND

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Compendium of Pharmacological Actions of Medicinal Plants and Their
Constituents

Compiled and copyrighted by Eric Yarnell, ND

This file may be freely distributed for non-commercial purposes as long as
its content is not altered in any way.

Alphabetic by Action
Herbs marked with an asterisk (*) are ecologically threatened; use with
caution if at all.
Generally organized within each category by relative potency, where this is
known (if no potency categories are listed, then they are unknown). Other
organizational structures are stated where used. These lists are not
complete.

I. Abortifacient (Riddle 1991)
A. Tanacetum vulgare

II. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
A. central
1. Potent
a) Various Amaryllidaceae alkaloids (Elgorashi, Stafford and
van Staden 2004).
(1) galantamine (Galanthus nivalis, Narcissus tazetta,
Leucojum aestivum)
(2) huperzine A (Huperzia serrata)
b) physostigmine (Physostigma venenosum)
2. Mild
a) Polygonum aviculare (knotweed) (Bill Mitchell, ND)
b) Rosmarinus officinalis
c) Salvia miltiorrhiza

III. Addiction control agent, anti-addiction
A. alcoholism (antidipsotropic)
1. Potent
a) Pueraria lobata (kuzu, kudzu)
2. Mild
a) hyperforin, Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s wort)
b) Salvia miltiorrhiza (Chinese sage)
c) all nervines
B. narcotics, opioids
1. Panax ginseng (Asian ginseng)
2. Piper methysticum (kava)


3. Withania somniferum (ashwagandha)
C. nicotine
1. Avena sativa (oats)
2. Lobelia inflata (lobelia)
3. Piper longum (long pepper)

IV. Adenylate cyclase activator
A. forskolin (Plectranthus barbatus)

V. Aldose reductase inhibitor
A. baicalin (Scutellaria baicalensis) (Zhou & Zhang 1989)
B. chlorogenic acid (Varma 1986)
C. coumarins
1. esculetin, esculin (Varma 1986)
D. ellagic acid (Terashima, et al. 1991)
1. found in Caesalpinia ferrea--see herb monograph
E. flavonoids (Chaudhry, et al. 1983; Varma 1986; Varma & Kinoshita
1976)
1. quercetin, myricitrin, those methoxylated at C6 or C8 (Tomás-
Barberán, et al. 1986)
2. quercetin, quercitrin, dihydroquercetin, isoquercetin,
isoquerceitryl-2-malonate, quercitryl-2-acetatechrysin, apigenin,
apiin, naringin, morin, rutin, hyperoside, hesperidin, herperidin
chalcone (Varma 1986)
3. nepetrin and other flavonoids from Rosmarinus officinalis and
Sideritis spp (Shimizu, et al. 1984)
4. Those from Polygonum hydropiper active in vitro (Haraguchi, et
al. 1996).
F. isoliquiritigenin and whole extract (Glycyrrhiza glabra) (Zhou &
Zhang 1989)
G. isoquercitrin (Camellia sinensis)

VI. 5-Alpha-hydroxylase inhibitor
A. fatty acids (Serenoa repens)

VII. 5-Alpha-reductase inhibitor
A. epicatechin-3-gallate and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (Camellia
sinensis)
B. fatty acids (Serenoa repens)

VIII.5-Alpha-reductase stimulator
A. glycyrrhizin (Glycyrrhiza glabra)

IX. Alteratives (in order by particular organ affinities)
A. Circulatory
1. Crataegus spp
2. Zanthoxylum spp
B. Gall bladder


1. Fumaria officinalis
C. Endocrine, general
1. Podophyllum peltatum, water extracts (not resin)
D. Hepatic and gastrointestinal
1. Alnus serrulata (tag alder)
2. Arctium lappa
3. Chionanthus virginicus
4. Gonolobus condurango
5. Iris versicolor
6. Mahonia aquifolium
7. Rumex crispus
8. Scrophularia spp
9. Taraxacum officinale radix
E. Immune/systemic
1. Echinacea spp.
F. Kidney
1. Parietaria judaica
G. Lymphatic
1. Calendula officinalis
2. Galium aparine (also urinary tract)
3. Trifolium repens
4. Viola odorata
H. Nervous system
1. Avena sativa
2. Stachys betonica
3. Stillingia sylvatica
I. Rheumatologic/musculoskeletal
1. Guaiacum spp
2. Jeffersonia diphylla
3. Kalmia latifolia (mountain laurel)
4. Sassafras spp
5. Smilax spp
6. Stillingia sylvatica
J. Thyroid
1. Fucus vesiculosus
K. Urinary tract
1. Equisetum arvense
2. Galium aparine
3. Urtica dioica

X. Analeptic, central nervous system stimulant
A. direct
1. caffeine
2. cocaine (Erythroxylum coca)
3. strychnine
4. theobromine
5. theophylline


B. over circulatory reflex
1. camphor
2. lobeline (Lobelia inflata)

XI. Analgesic
A. See also anticholinergics
B. central acting
1. Potent
a) Aconitum carmichaelii (Sichuan aconite)
b) Aconitum napellus (monk’s hood)
c) Bryonia cretica (bryony)
d) codeine (Papaver somniferum)
e) Corydalis yanhusuo (yanhusuo)
f) Gelsemium sempervirens (gelsemium)
g) morphine (Papaver somniferum)
h) opium (Papaver somniferum)
i) Pulsatilla vulgaris (pasque flower)
2. Moderate
a) salycilates
b) Valeriana sitchensis, Valeriana officinalis
c) Piper methysticum
3. Mild
a) Angelica sinensis (danggui)
b) Angelica pubsecens (danggui)
c) Convolvulus fatmensis (Atta and El-Sooud 2004)
d) Conyza dioscaridis (Atta and El-Sooud 2004)
e) Passiflora incarnata
f) Plantago major seeds (Atta and El-Sooud 2004)
g) Scutellaria lateriflora
h) usnic acid, diffractaic acid (Phyllanthus corcovadensis)
C. local acting/topic anesthetic
1. Potent
a) Capsicum spp (cayenne), capsaicin
2. Moderate
a) Atropa belladonna
b) Echinacea angustifolia (for throat)
c) Spilanthes acmella (paracress) (for throat)

XII. Angiogenesis inhibitor
A. Relative potency not clear.
B. Allium sativum
C. Convolvulus arvensis (bindweed)
D. genistein (Glycine max)
E. Humulus lupulus, xanthohumol
F. Hypericum perforatum, hyperforin
G. phytoestrogens (Fotsis, et al. 1998)


H. Magnolia liliflora
I. Rubus spp, gallic acid
J. Salvia miltiorrhiza (Chinese sage) (Kang, et al. 2003)
K. Typha spp (cattail)
L. Zingiber officinale, [6]-gingerol

XIII.Androgenic
A. chyrsin (Matricaria recutita, Passiflora incarnata)
B. Tribulus terrestris

XIV. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ACE inhibitor
A. All mild.
B. see also diuretic below
C. Allium sativum (garlic)
D. lithospermic acid (Salvia miltiorrhiza)
E. proanthocyanidins (Crataegus laevigata, Vitis vinifera, Cupressus
sempervirens) (Meunier, et al. 1987)
F. secoiridoid glycosides eg oleuropein, ligstroside, excelcioside,
oleoside 11-methyl ester, oleoside (Olea europaea and Olea lancea
folium)
G. triterpenoids (Ganoderma lucidum) (Morigawa, et al. 1986)

Anodyne: see analgesic

XV. Anthelmintic, anti-amebic, anti-parasitic, anti-protozoal
A. By plant or constituent
1. Potent
a) ascaridol
b) aspidine
c) Azadiractha indica (neem)
d) Cinchona spp (Peruvian bark)—quinine, quinidine,
cinchonine, cinchonidine
e) Dryopteris filix-mas (male fern) radix (filicin)
f) emetine (Cephaelis ipecacuanha)
g) Staphysagria
h) Tanacetum vulgaris (tansy)
2. Mild-to-moderate
a) Allium sativum (garlic) bulbus (allicin)
b) Areca catechu
c) Artemisia annua (sweet Annie) herba (artemisinin =
qinghaosu)
d) Artemisia maritima herba (santonin)
e) berberine-containing herbs
f) Cucurbita pepo (pumpkin) seed
g) Cucurbita moschata seed
h) lapachol (Tabebuia avellanadae)
i) Melia spp


j) papain
k) Prunus mume (wu mei)
l) Punica granatum (pomegranate)
m) Quisqualis indica (shi jun zi)
3. Uncertain potency
a) Cocculus indicus
b) flavaspidinic acid

B. By parasite
1. Ascaris lumbricoides (roundworm)
a) berberine-containing herbs
b) Chenopodium ambrosioides (epazote)
c) Prunus mume (wu mei)
d) Quassia spp
e) santonin from Artemisia paucifolia
f) Spigelia marylandica
g) turpentine
2. Entamoeba histolytica
a) berberine (Mahonia, Berberis, Hydrastis, Coptis,
Xanthorrhiza)
b) emetine (Cephaelis ipecacuanha)
c) quinine (Cinchona spp)
d) tetrandrine and other alkaloids (Stephania tetrandra)
3. Giardia lamblia
a) Allium sativum
b) Alpinia galanga
c) berberine
d) emetine (Cephaelis ipecacuanha)
e) epicatechin
f) Piper spp
g) propolis
h) Zingiber zerumbet
4. Hookworms
a) Chenopodium ambrosioides oil
b) Monarda
c) thymol from Thymus vulgaris
5. Leishmania spp (kala azar) (de Carvalho & Ferreira 2001)
a) Acanthus illicifolius--India
b) Ampelocera edentula--South America
c) Anacardium occidentale (cashew) cortex--Brazil
d) Annona spinescens--South America?
e) Anthostema senegalense--Guinea-Bissau
f) Asparagus africanus--Kenya
g) berberine (Ghosh, et al. 1985--see berberine file)
h) Dictyoloma peruviana--Bolivia
i) Dracaena spp (soap tree)--West Africa
j) Echinacea purpurea


k) Faramea guianensis--Guyana
l) Galipea longiflora--South America
m) Glycyrrhiza glabra (flavonoid chalcones)
n) Guatteria foliosa--South America
o) Hedera helix
p) Holorrhena curtisii
q) Kalanchoe pinnata
r) Khaya senegalensis--Guinea-Bissau
s) Nycanthes arbor-tristis
t) Oxandra espintana
u) Pera benensis--Bolivia
v) Periandra mediterranea--saponins
w) Peschiera van heurkii--Bolivia
x) Picrorrhiza kurroa
y) Piper aduncum
z) Polyalthia macropoda--Malaysia
aa) Rollinia emarginata--South America
bb) Saracha punctate
cc) Swertia chirata
dd) Vernonia amygdalina--Ethiopia
ee) Vernonia brachycalyx--East Africa
6. Naegleria fowleri (Fowler's amoeba)
a) artemisinin from Artemisia annua (Cooke, Lallinger &
Durack 1987)
7. Plasmodium spp (malaria) (Vasanth, Gopal & Rao 1990)
a) Ailanthus altissima
b) alkaloids (Stephania tetrandra)
c) artemisinin (Artemisia annua)
d) Azadiractha indica
e) Cochlospermum tinctorium
f) echitamine (Alstonia constricta)
g) Enicostemma litorrale
h) Eucalyptus robusta
i) eurycomalactone (Eurycoma longifolia)
j) febrifugine (Dichroa febrifuga; chang shan)
k) Glycyrrhiza glabra--see disease monograph
l) gossypol (Thespepsia populnea)
m) Harrisonia perforate
n) helenalin (Arnica spp)
o) isoquinoline alkaloids eg berberine (Isawa, et al. 1998)
p) japonicine (Hypericum japonicum)
q) lapachol (Stereospermum suaveolens, Tabebuia spp, etc.)
r) Phyllanthus amara--see herb monograph
s) Polyalthia nemoralis
t) Polygonum multiflorum--see disease monograph
u) quassinoids (Brucea javanica, Castela spp, Perriera


madagascariensis, Picrasma spp, Picrolemma pseudocoffea,
Quassia spp, Simaba cedron, Simaruba glauca, Soulamena
tomentosa)
v) quinine, quinidine, cinchonine, cinchonidine (Cinchona
spp)
w) taccalonolides (Tacca plantaginea)
x) vinblastine (Catharanthus roseus)
8. Tenia spp (tapeworms)
a) Aspidium
b) Curcurbita pepo seed
c) Punica granatum
9. Trichomonas vaginalis
a) Aesculus hippocastanum
b) Calendula officinalis
c) Echinacea spp
d) propolis

XVI. Anti-adhesion
A. berberine
B. proanthocyanidins (Vaccinium spp)

XVII.Antiallergenic, anti-allergic
A. Potent
1. Ephedra sinica
B. Moderate
1. Glycyrrhiza glabra, G. uralensis
C. Mild
1. Ambrosia spp (ragweed) folium
2. Euphrasia stricta
3. Euphorbia hirta
4. Luffa
5. Solidago canadensis (goldenrod)
6. Urtica dioica leaf

XVIII. Anti-androgenic

XIX. Anti-anginal
A. See also spasmolytics.
B. Moderate
1. Ammi visnaga (khella)
2. Lobelia inflata
C. Mild
1. Allium sativum (garlic)
2. Crataegus laevigata (hawthorn)
3. Salvia miltiorrhiza (dan shen)


XX. Anti-arrhythmic, antidysrhythmic
A. Not all these herbs are useful or indicated for every type of
arrhythmia.
B. Potent
1. ajmaline (Rauvolfia serpentina)
2. atropine (Atropa belladonna)
3. Convallaria majalis (lily-of-the-valley)
4. Digitalis purpurea (foxglove)
5. papaverine
6. quinidine, quinine (Cinchona spp)
7. sparteine (Cytisus scoparius)
C. Moderate
1. Hylocereus undatus
2. Selenicereus grandiflora
D. Mild
1. Angelica archangelica
2. Angelica sinensis
3. Apocynum spp
4. Crataegus laevigata
5. proanthocyanidins and flavonoids (Crataegus laevigata)
6. tetrandrine and other alkaloids (Stephania tetrandra)

XXI. Antibacterial, antiseptic, antimicrobial
A. see also antimycobacterial below
B. see also antibiotic resistance reversal agents
C. Moderate to Potent
1. alkaloids, multiple (Abbasoglu, et al. 1991)
2. allicin (Allium sativum)
3. berberine-containing herbs (Hydrastis, Berberis, Mahonia,
Coptis, Xanthorrhiza)
4. essential oils (Lis-Balchin, et al. 1997)
a) Lavandula spp
b) Rosmarinus officinalis
c) Salvia officinalis
d) Santalum albidum
e) Thymus vulgaris
5. benzethonium chloride (semisynthetic agent in grapefruit seed
extract) (Ionescu, et al. 1990)
6. Tanacetum vulgare herba (Izzo, et al. 1995)
D. Mild
1. Allium cepa bulbus (Izzo, et al. 1995)
2. Aloe vera
3. Cichorium intybum root (Izzo, et al. 1995)
4. coumestrol (Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera, Glycine max,
Medicago sativa, Pisum sativum, Phaseolus lunatus, P. vulgaris,
Taraxacum officinale, Trifolium pratense, etc.)
5. flavonoids


a) myricetin, datiscetin, kaempferol, quercetin (anti-
vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus and methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus) (Xu & Lee 2001)
6. genistein (prunetol, sophoricol, genisteol) (Pueraria lobata,
Baptisia tinctoria, Cytisus scoparius, Glycine max, Glycyrrhiza
glabra, Medicago sativa, Pueraria lobata, Trifolium pratense,
etc.)
7. lapachol (Tabebuia avellanadae)
8. Marrubium vulgare herba (Izzo, et al. 1995)
9. Origanum vulgare herba (Izzo, et al. 1995)
10. Sambucus nigra flos (Izzo, et al. 1995)
11. Silybum marianum herba (Izzo, et al. 1995)

E. By microbe
1. Escherichia coli
a) Anthriscus cerefolium herba (Izzo, et al. 1995)
b) Fumaria officinalis herba (Izzo, et al. 1995)
c) Grossheimia macrocephala herba (Izzo, et al. 1995)
d) Hieracium piloselloides herba (Izzo, et al. 1995)
e) Malva silvestris folia et flos (Izzo, et al. 1995)
f) Tussilago farfara herba (Izzo, et al. 1995)
2. Helicobacter pylori
a) Allium sativum (Cellini, et al. 1996)
b) Aristolochia paucinervis--see herb monograph
c) Camellia sinensis catechins--see herb monograph
d) Cinnamomum spp., ethanol extract (Tabak, et al. 1996)
e) Coptis chinensis (goldthread) (Zhang, Yang & Yang 1992)
f) Corydalis yanhusuo (Zhang, Yang & Yang 1992)
g) Magnolia officinalis (Zhang, Yang & Yang 1992)
h) Magnolia sieboldii--see herb monograph
i) Panax ginseng polysaccharides--see herb monograph
j) Panax notoginseng (Zhang, Yang & Yang 1992)
k) Pistachia lentiscus (mastic gum)
l) Prunus mume (Zhang, Yang & Yang 1992)
m) Rheum palmatum (rhubarb) (Zhang, Yang & Yang 1992)
n) Terminalia spinosa (Fabry, et al. 1996; Fabry, Okemo &
Ansorg 1996)
o) Thymus vulgaris, aqueous extract (Tabak, et al. 1996)
p) Vaccinium macrocarpon (cranberry)--see herb monograph

XXII.Antibiotic resistance reversal agents, chemotherapy resistance
reversal agents
A. Multidrug resistance protein-1 (MRP-1) inhibitors
1. genistein, other isoflavones (Glycine max)
B. P-glycoprotein inhibitors
1. capsaicin (Capsicum spp) (Nabekura, eta l. 2005)
2. Curcuma longa (Nabekura, eta l. 2005)


3. Feijoa sellowiana pericarpium (Motohashi, et al. 2000)
4. Ficus citrifolia
5. indole-3-carbinol
6. quercetin
7. reserpine (Rauvolfia serpentina)
8. resveratatrol (Nabekura, et al. 2005)
9. Rosmarinus officinalis
10. theanine (Camellia sinensis)
11. Zingiber officinale (Nabekura, et al. 2005)
C. Miscellaneous
1. apigenin
2. berberine and flavonoids (Berberis spp)
3. curcumin
4. 3,7-dihydroxyflavone (Liu, et al. 2001)
5. flavone
6. galangin (Liu, et al. 2001)
7. genistein
8. kaempferol
9. verapamil

Anticarcinogenic, anti-cancer, anti-tumor: see antineoplastic and
apoptosis modulator

XXIII. Anticholinergic
A. Potent (in order from highest to lowest)
1. Atropa belladonna (belladonna)
2. Brugmansia spp (angel trumpet)
3. Datura stramonium (thornapple)
4. Solanum dulcamara (dulcamara, nightshade)
5. Hyoscyamus niger (henbane)
6. Mandragora officinarum (mandrake), other species
B. Moderate
1. Garrya spp (silk tassel)

XXIV.Anticoagulant (interfere with clotting cascade)--see also platelet
aggregation inhibitors
A. dicoumarol
B. heparin
C. heparinoids

XXV. Antidepressant
A. Potent
1. Papaver somniferum (opium poppy)
2. Pausinystalia yohimbe (yohimbe)
3. Peganum harmala (Syrian rue)
4. Strychnos nux-vomica
B. Moderate
1. Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s wort)


2. Ignatia amara
3. kavalactones (Piper methysticum)
C. Mild
1. Actaea racemosa (black cohosh)
2. Aralia racemosa
3. Eleutherococcus senticosus
4. Melissa officinalis
5. Oplopanax horridum
6. Panax spp
7. Selenicereus grandiflora
8. Turnera diffusa (damiana)

XXVI.Anti-diabetic
See also hypoglycemic.
Reference throughout, unless otherwise stated, is Bergner 2002-3.

A. Insulin Secretagogues
1. Note: Because these herbs may actual worsen the underlying
cause, their use is not recommended for insulin-resistant
patients.
2. Brickellia californica (prodigiosa)**
3. Capsicum frutescens (cayenne)
4. Gymnema sylvestre (gurmar)—hasn’t shown secretagogue effects
clinically
5. Ocimum canum (dog basil) (Nyarko, et al. 2002)
6. Panax ginseng (Asian ginseng) radix
7. Syzygium cumini = S. jambolana (jambolan)**
8. Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) leaf (Devi, et al. 2003)
9. Urtica dioica (stinging nettle) leaf (Farzami, et al. 2003)
10. Theobroma cacao (chococlate) (J Nutr 2003;133(10):3149-52)

** May decrease liver release of glucose.

B. Insulin Sensitizers
1. berberine (Ko, et al. 2005)
a) Another rat study suggested it elevated serum insulin
levels, raising the possibility that this constituent is
simultaneously an insulin secretagogue (Leng, et al. 2004)
2. Cinnamomum spp (cinnamon)
3. Foeniculum vulgare (fennel)
4. Galega officinalis (goat’s rue), guanidine
a) Presumed insulin sensitizer based on mechanisms of
guanidine-derived drugs (eg metformin).
5. Grifola frondosa (maitake)
6. Hibiscus spp (Sachdewa & Khemani 2003)
7. Momordica charantia (bitter melon)
8. Ocimum tenuiflorum (holy basil)


9. Panax ginseng (Asian ginseng) rootlets
10. Panax quinquefolius (American ginseng)

C. Unknown Mechanism
1. Vaccinium spp (blueberry, bilberry) folium
2. Oplopanax horridus (devil’s club)
3. Phaseolus vulgaris (bean)
4. Polygonatum multiflora

D. Other Mechanisms
1. Allium cepa (onion), allyl propyl disulfide
a) Mechanism: competes for binding sites on enzymes that
degrade insulin in liver

Abdominal obesity (diabetes, hypoglycemic, hypocholesteremic):
Eleutherococcus senticosus diabetes (Baranov, 1982)
Ocimum sanctum hypoglycemic and hypolipidaemic (Williamson, 2002)
Panax quinquefolium hypoglycemic (Assinewe et al., 2003)
Rhodiola rosea antihyperglycemic activity (Wagner et al., 1994)
Tinospora cordifolia hypoglycemic (Willamson, 2002)

Memory enhancing actions of Asiasari radix extracts via activation of
insulin receptor and extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) I/II in
rat hippocampus. Brain Research 974:193-201.

The effect of nerobol and ecdysterone on insulin-dependent processes linked
normally and in insulin resistance. Probl Endokrinol (Mosk) 35(5):77-81.

Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim. (Araliaceae) as an
adaptogen: a closer look. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000 Oct;72(3):345-93.

Wild ginseng prevents the onset of high-fat diet induced hyperglycemia and
obesity in ICR mice. Arch Pharm Res. 2004 Jul;27(7):790-6.

A novel insulin-releasing substance, phanoside, from the plant Gynostemma
pentaphyllum. J Biol Chem 2004;279(40):41361-7.

Use of natural plant exudates (Sanguis Draxonis) for sustained oral insulin
delivery with dramatic reduction of glycemic effects in diabetic rats. J
Control Release 2004;97(3):467-75.

Dynamical influence of Cordyceps sinensis on the activity of hepatic
insulinase of experimental liver cirrhosis. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int
2004;3(1):99-101.

The insulinotropic activity of a Nepalese medicinal plant Biophytum
sensitivum: preliminary experimental study. J Ethnopharmacol 2001;78(1):89-
93. (Oxalidaceae)


Insulin-like biological activity of culinary and medicinal plant aqueous
extracts in vitro. J Agric Food Chem 2000;48(3):849-52.

XXVII. Anti-diarrheal
See also astringent.

A. Astringents
1. tannins
2. Uzara spp.
3. Vaccinium myrtillus (bilberry) dried fruit (NOT fresh)
B. Polysaccharides
1. carob (Ceratonia silliquia)
2. mucilage
3. pectin
4. rice
C. Motility slowing agents
1. Papaver somniferum

XXVIII. Anti-emetic
A. Potent
1. Aconitum napellus
2. cocaine (Erythoxylon coca)
3. scopolamine (Datura spp)
B. Mild-to-Moderate
1. Alpinia galanga
2. Magnolia officinalis (hou po) bark
3. Matricaria recutita (chamomile)
4. Mentha spp (mints)
5. Pimpinella anisum (anise)
6. Zingiber officinalis

XXIX.Anti-estrogenic
A. indoles (Brassicaceae vegetables)
B. isoflavonoids, isoflavones (Glycine max (soy)
1. daidzein
2. genistein
C. lignans (Linum usitatissimum)
D. quercetin
1. ligand interaction with estrogen receptors thus interferes
with estradiol binding

XXX. Anti-fibrotic, anticirrhosis
A. bromelain
B. Centella asiatica (gotu kola)
C. colchicine (Colchicum autumnale)
D. silymarin (Silybum marianum)
E. sho-saiko-to and saiko-keishi-to formulae (Bupleurum falcatum,


Scutellaria baicalensis, etc.)
F. tetrandrine (Stephania tetrandra)

XXXI.Antifungal
A. by plant
1. fungicidal
a) berberine (Hydrastis canadensis, Berberis spp., etc.)
b) biochanin A (pratensol) (Baptisia tinctoria, Medicago
sativa, Trifolium pratense, etc.)
c) coumestrol (Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera, Glycine
max, Medicago sativa, Pisum sativum, Phaseolus lunatus, P.
vulgaris, Taraxacum officinale, Trifolium pratense, etc.)
d) naphthoquinones (Tabebuia avellenadae)
2. fungistatic
a) biochanin A (pratensol) (Baptisia tinctoria, Medicago
sativa, Trifolium pratense, etc.)
b) genistein (prunetol, sophoricol, genisteol) (Baptisia
tinctoria, Cytisus scoparius, Glycine max, Glycyrrhiza
glabra, Medicago sativa, Pueraria lobata, Trifolium
pratense, etc.)
3. possibly fungicidal or fungistatic
a) Aloe vera
b) daidzein (Genista tinctoria, Glycine max, Pueraria
lobata, Pueraria psuedohirsuta, Trifolium pratense, etc.)
c) protoanemonin (Martin, San Roman & Dominguez 1990)
4. Allium sativum (garlic)
5. berberine-containing herbs
6. naphthoquinones from Diospyros
7. Echinacea spp
8. Hyssopus tincture
9. Larrea tridentata (chaparral) (Zamora 1984)
10. Melaleuca alternafolia (tea tree)
11. Origanum spp volatile oil
12. Thymus vulgaris oleum

B. By organism
1. Candida albicans
a) Terminalia spinosa (Fabry, et al. 1996)
2. Cryptococcus neoformans
a) Allium sativum (Davis, Shen & Cai 1990)
b) catechin (Levitz, et al. 1995)

XXXII. Anti-gastritis and anti-ulcer (peptic)
A. Potent
1. atropine (Atropa belladonna)
2. Capsicum frutescens (cayenne)
B. Mild-to-Moderate


1. Aloe vera gel
2. azulene (Matricaria recutita)
4. Curcuma longa
5. demulcents
6. Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) (flavonoids, glycyrrhetinic
acid) including DGL
7. Symphytum officinale (comfrey)
8. Theobroma cacao (chocolate)

XXXIII. Antigonadotropic
A. Actaea racemosa
B. Lithospermum officinale
C. Rheum raponticum
D. Vitex agnus-castus

XXXIV. Antigout
A. Potent
1. colchicine (Colchicum autumnale)
2. demecolcine (Colchicum autumnale)
B. Mild
1. Apium graveolens (celery)
2. other diuretic herbs

XXXV.Anti-metastatic
A. Allium spp
B. modified citrus pectin
C. Playtocodon grandiflorum
D. proanthocyanidins
E. sulforaphane
F. Withania somnifera, withanolides

XXXVI. Anti-migraine
A. Cannabis sativa
B. Clematis spp
C. hydrogenated secale alkaloids
D. Petasites hybridus (butterbur)
E. Tanacetum parthenium (feverfew)

XXXVII. Antimycobacterial (Newton, et al. 2000)
A. Adhatoda vasica
B. Allium sativum (allicin)
C. Aloe vera (aloe)
D. Bidens pilosa
E. Cetraria islandica (Iceland moss)
F. Ferula communis
G. Galipea officinalis (Angustura bitters)


H. Geum macrophyllum
I. glycyrrizin
J. Guaiacum officinale
K. Humulus lupulus (hops)
L. Inula helenium
M. Myroxolon balsamum var pereirae
N. Physalis angulata (Pietro, et al. 2000)

XXXVIII. Antineoplastic
see also apoptosis modulator, antimetastatic

A. bullatin, bullatacin, other Annonaceous acetogenins
1. inhibit NADH oxidase in plasma membrane of cancerous cells
B. benzyl isothiocyanate (broccoli, cabbage)
C. betulinic acid
D. Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) (Vinitketkumnuen, et al. 1996)
E. diindolylmethane (DIM)
1. Natural metabolite of indole-3-carbinol, inhibits estrogen-
dependent breast cancer cells by binding the aryl hydrocarbon
receptor (Chen, et al. 1998).
2. Induces apoptosis in cancer cells independent of p53 (Ge, et
al. 1996).
F. catechin
1. stimulates deactivation of aflatoxin B1 by glutathione
G. eleutherosides (Eleutherococcus senticosus)
H. esculetin (Artemisia capillaris, Citrus limonia, Ceratostigma
willmottianum)
1. stimulates apoptosis in leukemia cells (Chu, et al. 2001)
I. eugenol
J. flavonoids (Kuo 1996)
K. garam masala (mix of Piper nigrum, cloves, Cinnamomum, mace,
nutmeg, bay, cardamom, cumin and Zingiber) (Rao & Hashim 1995)
L. indole-3-carbinol (Brassicaceae family vegetables)
1. Ultimately upregulates 2 hydroxylase pathway for estrogen
catabolism, thereby decreasing the amount of estrogen that goes
through 16alpha hydroxylase pathyway. 16alpha hydroxy metabolites
are responsible for the toxic effects of estrogen—the 2 hydroxy
metabolites are far less toxic.
M. limonenes (from lemon)
1. inhibits isoprenylation of a certain cellular growth-
associated proteins subset
N. morin (Chlorophora tinctoria)
O. naringin
P. Panax ginseng
Q. phenethyl isothiocyanate (PETIC) (cabbage, fermented cabbage
products, turnips)


1. inhibits lung cancer in rodents by sacrificial metabolism by
P450 which inhibits other chemicals from being broken down by it
R. polysaccharides (Echinacea spp.)
S. saponins (Konoshima 1996)
T. Tabebuia avellanadae
U. tangeretin (from tangerines)
1. has IGF-1-like property of improving E cadherin cell binding
V. tannins, catechins (Camellia sinensis)
W. vanillin
X. Cytostatic
1. colchicine (Colchicum)
2. etoposide
3. podophyllin
4. vinblastine, vincristine (Catharanthus roseus)
Y. Cytotoxic (anti-tumor)
1. ajoene (Allium sativum)
2. Allium ascalonicum (shallots)
3. Allium cepa
4. allicin (Allium sativum)
5. flavones, also effective in multidrug-resistant cell lines
(Choi, eta l. 1999)
Z. Review of Taxus, Podophyllum, Camptotheca, Catharanthus and drugs
derived from them (Mantle, Lennard & Pickering 2000).

XXXIX. Antioxidant
A. chlorogenic acid (apricot, Echinacea spp., grapes, potato)
B. curcumin
C. Ginkgo biloba
D. fisetin
1. protects LDL from oxidation
E. flavonoids
1. protect LDL from oxidation (Viana, et al. 1996)
F. hispidulin
1. weakly scavenges superoxide radicals
G. miscellaneous (Anderson, Mantle & Thomas 1996)
H. morin (Chlorophora tinctoria)
2. weakly scavenges superoxide radicals
I. quercetin
2. scavenges superoxide radicals
J. Rosmarinus officinalis
K. rutin
1. powerful superoxide radical scavenger
L. Solanum tuberosum (potato, esp. russet): quercetin (in the skin),
flavone aglycones, chlorogenic acid, glutathione, patatin (water-
soluble glycoprotein)


M. Vaccinium myrtillus
N. Vitis vinifera
O. In order of potency from strongest to weakest (Halliwell, et al.
1995):
1. Rosmarinus
2. Salvia
3. Thymus
4. Origanum
5. Zingiber
6. Curcuma
7. Capsicum
8. Laurus

Anti-parasitic: see anthelmintic above

Anti-platelet aggregation: see platelet aggregation inhibitor

Antiprotozoal: see anthelmintic above

XL. Antipruritic, anti-itch
A. capsaicin (Capsicum frutescens)
B. Cimicifuga dahurica rhizome (Tohda, et al. 2000)
C. Cnidium monirrieri fruit (Tohda, et al. 2000)
D. Forsythia suspensa fruit (Tohda, et al. 2000)
E. Patrinia villosa root (Tohda, et al. 2000)
F. Schizonepeta tenuifolia flowering top (Tohda, et al. 2000)
G. Scrophularia ningpoensis root (Tohda, et al. 2000)

XLI. Antipsoriatic
A. anthranol
B. furanocoumarin (psoralen w/ UV light)
C. khellin (Ammi visnaga, w/ UV light)

XLII.Antipyretic
A. Potent
1. Aconitum napellus
2. Gelsemium sempervirens
3. quinine
4. Veratrum album
B. Moderate
1. salicylates
a) Betula alba (birch)
b) Filipendula ulmaria (meadowsweet)
c) Populus tremuloides (aspen)
d) Salix alba (willow)

XLIII. Antirheumatic


A. topical
1. camphor
2. capsaicin (Capsicum spp.)
3. Eucalyptus
4. Lavandula officinalis
5. mustard oils
6. Pinus volatile oil
7. Rosmarinus volatile oil

Antispasmodic: see spasmolytic

XLIV.Antitussive (cough suppressant)
A. codeine (Papaver somniferum)
B. emetin e(Caephalis ipecacuanhae)
C. noscapin
D. Prunus serotina bark (not fruit)
E. Tussilago farfara

Anti-thyroid: see thyrostatic

XLV. Anti-varicose veins, venotropic
A. All are roughly equal in potency.
B. Collinsonia canadensis
C. escin (Aesculus hippocastanum)
D. flavonoids (Vaccinium myrtillus)
E. Hamamelis virginica
F. heparinoids
G. Melilotus (coumarin)
H. Ruscus aculeatus
I. rutin

XLVI.Antivenom
A. Extensive listing of antivenomous plants from Colombia tested on
mice (Otero, et al. 2000).
B. Echinacea spp

XLVII. Antivertiginous
A. atropine (Atropa belladonna)
B. scopolamine (Datura stramonium)
C. Zingiber officinalis

XLVIII. Antiviral
A. acemannan or acetylated mannose (Aloe vera)
B. catechin
C. curcumin (Curcuma longa)
D. Eleutherococcus senticosus (eleuthero)
E. Eucalyptus


F. hypericin, pseudohypericin (Hypericum perforatum)
G. lapachol (Tabebuia avellanadae)
H. Lomatium spp
I. Phyllanthus amarus
J. polysaccharides (Echinacea angustifolia, E. purpurea)—hyaluronidase
inhibitor
K. quercetin
L. quinine (Cinchona)
M. Salvia officinalis

Table . In Vitro Antiviral Botanicals and Constituents
Botanical or Constituent Virus Inhibited Reference
3-methyl-but-2-enyl HSV
caffeate (from Populus
nigra & propolis)
5,7,4'-trihydroxy-8- influenza A and B
methoxyflavone (from
Scutellaria baicalensis)
Allium sativum (garlic) CMV CMV (Guo, et al. 1993)
HSV-1 and –2
Astragalus membranaceous Coxsackie type B
castanospermine (from HIV
Australian tree
Castanospermum australe
and Brazilian trees
Alexa canaracunensis
(tunadi) and
Clathrotropis
macrocarpa)
catechin polio, parainfluenza 3, influenza (Mantani, et
RSV, HSV 1, influenza al. 2001)
Cetraria islandica HIV
curcumin (from Curcuma HIV-1
longa)
delta-9- HSV 1 & 2 HSV 1 & 2 (Blevins &
tetrahydrocannabinol Dumic 1980)
Echinacea purpurea influenza, vesicular
stomatitis
apigenin (a flavonoid) HSV 1
glycyrrhizic acid (from vaccinia, HSV 1,
Glycyrrhiza glabra) vesicular stomatitis,
HBV, HCV, HEV, HIV,
Newcastle disease
SARS virus
Marburg virus
Houttuynia cordata HSV, influenza, HIV Hayashi, Kamiya &
Hayashi 1995


hypericin (from HIV, HSV 1 & 2, CMV (Barnard, et al.
Hypericum perforatum and vesicular stomatitis, 1992)
other spp.) parainfluenza vaccinia,
CMV
Hyssopus officinalis Newcastle disease, HSV
(aqueous extract)
lantadenes from Lantana EBV
camara (lantana)
lapachol (from Tabebuia polio, vesicular
spp.) stomatitis
Maprounea africana HIV
Melissa officinalis Newcastle disease,
(aqueous extract) parainfluenzae 1, 2, 3
Melissa officinalis HSV, vaccinia
polyphenols
Melissa officinalis Newcastle disease, mumps
tannins
Mentha x piperita Newcastle disease, HSV,
(aqueous extract) vaccinia
Origanum majorana Newcastle disease, HSV
(aqueous extract)
Paeonia suffruticosa HSV, anti-attachment HSV (Hsiang, et al.
2001)
procyanidin HSV 1
propolis (from Populus influenza, HBV, HSV 1, HSV 1 (Ambros, et al.
spp. via bees) vaccinia, Newcastle 1994)
disease
quercetin rabies, HSV 1, other
herpes viruses
Rheum officinale HSV, anti-attachment HSV (Hsiang, et al.
2001)
Salvia cyprea (aqueous Newcastle disease, HSV
extract)
SP-303 from Croton HSV 1 & 2, influenza, RSV (Gilbert, et al.
lechleri parainfluenza, HAV, HBV, 1993)
RSV
Swertia franchetiana HIV
Thymus serpyllum Newcastle disease, HSV
(aqueous extract)
Abbreviations: CMV = cytomegalovirus, HIV = human immunodeficiency virus,
HSV = herpes simplex virus, RSV = respiratory syncytial virus, HAV =
hepatitis A virus, HBV = hepatitis B virus, HCV = hepatitis C virus, HEV =
hepatitis E virus

Table . Herbs or Constituents With Proven Efficacy in Human Viral
Infections
Herb or constituent Disease


Melissa officinalis herpes simplex infection (Wöhlbling &
Leonhardt 1994)
glycyrrhizin (from chronic viral hepatitis (Suzuki, et al.
Glycyrrhiza glabra) 1985)
silymarin (from Silybum viral hepatitis (Berenguer & Carrasco 1977;
marianum) Poser 1971)

XLIX.Anxiolytic
A. apigenin (Matricaria recutita)
B. Hypericum perforatum
C. kavalactones (Piper methysticum)

L. Aphrodisiac
A. Crocus sativus (saffron)
B. Mucuna pruriens
C. Pausinystalia yohimbe
D. Ptychopetalum olacoides
E. Turnera aphrodisiaca
F. Withania somnifera (ashwaganda)

LI. Apoptosis Modulator
A. allicin (Allium sativum) (Thatte, Bagadey & Dahanukar 2000)
B. bryonolic acid (Trichosanthes kirilowii) (Thatte, Bagadey &
Dahanukar 2000)
C. crocin (Crocus sativus) (Thatte, Bagadey & Dahanukar 2000)
D. Semicarpus anacardium (Thatte, Bagadey & Dahanukar 2000)
E. sho-saikoto formula (Thatte, Bagadey & Dahanukar 2000)
F. Viscum album (Thatte, Bagadey & Dahanukar 2000)

LII. Aromatase inhibitor
Aromatase converts androstenedione to estrone that can then be
converted to estradiol in peripheral tissues.
A. coumestrol
B. enterodiol and its precursors lignans, O-
demethylsecoisolariciresinol (ODSI), demethoxysecoisolariciresinol
(DMSI) and didemethylsecoisolariciresinol (DDSI)
C. enterolactone and its precursor lignans 3'-demethoxy-3O-
demethylmatairesinol (DMDM) and didemethoxymatairesinol (DDMM)
D. flavonoids (Kellis & Vickery 1984)
E. kaempferol
F. luteolin
G. phytoestrogens (Adlercreutz, et al. 1993)
H. Urtica dioica root

LIII.Astringent; Tannin-rich plants
A. All relatively equally effective.
B. Abies (Spruce)
C. Agrimonia (Agrimony)


D. Alnus (Alder)
E. Arbutus (Madrone)
F. Arctostaphylos (Manzanita, Uva-Ursi)
G. Betula (Birch)
H. Ceanothus (Red Root)
I. Cinnamomum (Cinnamon)
J. Cola nitida (Cola Nuts)
K. Ephedra (ma huang, Mormon tea)
L. Fragaria vesca (wild strawberry)
M. Fraxinus (Ash)
N. Geranium (Cranesbill, Alum Root)
O. Guaiacum (Lignum Vitae)
P. Hamamelis (Witch Hazel)
Q. Heuchera (American Alum Root)
R. Jatropha cineria (Sangre de Drago)
S. Juglans (Walnut, Butternut)
T. Krameria (Rhatany)
U. Ligustrum (Privet)
V. Myrica (Bayberry), now Morella
W. Orobanche (Broomrape)
X. Paullinia (Guaraná)
Y. Polygonum bistorta (Bistort Root)
Z. Potentilla
AA. Prunus (Wild or Choke Cherry)
BB. Punica (Pomegranate)
CC. Quercus (Oak
DD. Rheum (Rhubarb)
EE. Rhus (Sumach)
FF. Rosa (Rose)
GG. Rubus (Blackberry, Raspberry)
HH. Rumex hymenosepalus (Cañaigre)
II. Trillium (beth root)
JJ. Vaccinium (Blue-/Huckle-/Bilberry)
KK. Xanthium (Cocklebur)

LIV. ATPase (Na+/K+-ATPase) inhibitor
A. cardiac glycosides (Convallaria, Digitalis, Apocynum, Urginea,
Stropanthus, Nerium)
B. digoxin, digitoxin, ouabain (Digitalis purpurea)

LV. 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitors
A. 11-beta-HSD normally converts active cortisol to inactive
cortisone.
B. glycyrrhizic acid (Glycyrrhiza glabra)

LVI. 5-beta-reductase inhibitor (catabolizes cortisol)


LVII.Bitters
A. alkaloids
1. berberine and cogeners
a) Berberis haematocarpa (algerita)
b) Berberis vulgaris (barberry)
c) Coptis chinensis (Chinese goldthread)
d) Hydrastis canadensis (goldenseal)
e) Mahonia aquifolium (Oregon grape)
f) Mahonia repens (creeping barberry)
g) Xanthorhiza simplicissima (goldroot)
2. quinine (Cinchona spp)
B. citrus flavanones (Citrus spp (bitter orange)
C. iridoids or sesquiterpene lactones
1. Achillea millefolium (yarrow)
2. Artemisia absinthium (wormwood)
3. Chionanthus virginicus (fringetree)
4. Cnicus benedictus (blessed thistle)
5. Fraxinus americana (white ash)
6. Gentiana lutea (yellow gentian)
7. Marrubium vulgare (horehound)
8. Menyanthes trilobata (bogbean)
9. Rumex crispus (yellow dock)
10. Swertia chirata (chiretta)
11. Swertia radiata (deer's ears)
12. Taraxacum officinale (dandelion)
13. Verbena spp (vervain)
D. quassinoids
1. Picrasma excelsa (Jamaica quassia)
2. Quassia amara (Surinam quassia)
E. aromatic bitters (non-bitter tasting digestive stimulants)
1. Acorus calamus (calamus)
2. Alpinia galanga (galangal)
3. Angelica archangelica (garden angelica)
4. Capsicum spp (cayenne)
5. Zingiber officinale (ginger)

LVIII. Bone marrow stimulant, anti-pancytopenic
A. Angelica sinensis
B. Astragalus membranaceus
C. berbamine (Berberis spp)
D. Panax ginseng
E. Panax quinquefolius

LIX. Bronchodilator
A. Potent
1. Datura stramonium


2. ephedrine (Ephedra sinica)
3. lobeline (Lobelia inflata)
B. Mild-to-Moderate
1. forskolin (Plectranthus forskohlii)
2. spasmolytics, general

LX. Broncholytic
A. atropine (Atropa belladonna)
B. caffeine (Camellia sinensis)
C. ephedrine (Ephedra sinica)
D. khellin (Ammi visnaga)
E. papaverine (Papaver somniferum)
F. theophylline (Camellia sinensis)

LXI. Calcium channel blocker, calcium channel antagonist
A. Angelica sinensis
B. apigenin (Apium graveolens, Ginkgo biloba)
C. Foeniculum vulgare
D. khellin (Ammi visnaga)
E. tetrandrine and other alkaloids (Stephania tetrandra)

LXII.cAMP-phosphodiesterase inhibitor (cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase
inhibitor)
A. caffeine
B. dihydrofuranocoumarins (Angelica sinensis)
C. flavonoids (Crataegus oxyacantha, Citrus reticulata, Iris
florentina)--see herb monographs
D. glycyrrhizin (Glycyrrhiza glabra)
E. miscellaneous (Nikaido, et al. 1981; Nikaido, et al. 1989; Ohmoto,
et al. 1988; Nikaido, et al. 1988)
F. papaverine
G. quercetin
H. silymarin (Silybum marianum)
I. Sophora flavescens (Ohmoto, et al. 1986)
J. theophylline
K. Viscum album (European mistletoe), butanol extract, probably due to
flavonoids, phenol carboxylic acids, phenylpropanes and lignans

LXIII. Cardiovascular circulation stimulant
A. choline
B. nicotinic acid
C. quinidine
D. theobromine
E. theophylline

Carminative: see spasmolytic

LXIV.Cholagogue or choleretic


All bitters are also cholagogue and/or choleretic to some degree.

A. Berberis spp
B. chelidonine (Chelidonium)
D. cynarin (Cynara scolymus)
E. Mahonia spp
F. Mentha spp.
G. Petasites
H. Peumus boldo
I. Taraxacum officinale

LXV. Chronotropic
A. negative (slows HR)
1. digoxin (Digitalis purpurea)

LXVI.Circulatory stimulant, cerebral
A. escin (Aesculus hippocastanum)
B. Ginkgo biloba
C. hydrogenated secale alkaloids
D. Rosmarinus officinalis

LXVII. Circulatory stimulant, peripheral
A. Potent
1. Capsicum frutescens
2. Rauvolfia serpentina (raubasine, ajmaline)
3. Zanthoxylum spp
4. Zingiber officinale
B. Mild
2. Ginkgo biloba
3. Rosmarinus officinalis

LXVIII. Contraceptives
A. Azadirachta indica (neem)
B. genistein (prunetol, sophoricol, genisteol) (Baptisia tinctoria,
Cytisus scoparius, Glycine max, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Medicago sativa,
Pueraria lobata, Trifolium pratense, etc.)
C. Gossypium (cotton), antisperm
D. Montanoa tomentosa (zoapatle), antisperm
E. Tripterygium wilfordii, antisperm
F. Vicoa indica (banjauri), Asteraceae
1. female antifertility in monkeys (Rao AJ, Ravindra N, Moudgal
NR (1997) Ind Acad Sci 71:918)

LXIX.Coronary artery dilator


A. adenosine
B. Crataegus laevigata
C. daidzein (Genista tinctoria, Glycine max, Pueraria lobata, Pueraria
psuedohirsuta, Trifolium pratense, etc.)
D. visnadine (Ammi visnaga)

LXX. Corrigent, corrigen, flavor enhancer
A. Foeniculum vulgare (fennel)
B. Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice)
C. miraculin—makes other things taste sweet
D. Pimpinella anisum (anise)
E. Pungents
1. Cinnamomum spp (cinnamon)
2. Syzygium spp (clove)
3. Zingiber officinale (ginger)
F. Sugar-substitutes, botanical sweeteners
1. abrusosides (Abrus precatorius)
2. glycyrrhizin (Glycyrrhiza glabra)
3. periandrin V (Periandra dulcis)
4. polypodosides (Polypodium glycyrrhiza)
5. pterocaryosides (Pterocarya paliurus)
6. steviosides (Stevia rebaudiana)

LXXI.Cyclooxygenase inhibitor
A. COX-1 and COX-2
1. allicin (Allium sativum, A. cepa)
2. Atracylodes lancea
3. salicylic acid
B. COX-2 specific
1. apigenin (Rosmarinus officinalis, Matricaria recutita)
2. Camellia sinensis
3. carnosol (Rosmarinus officinalis, Ocimum sanctum)
4. cerebrosides (Phytolacca americana)
5. curcumin
6. essential fatty acids
7. Glycyrrhiza glabra (Herold, et al. 2003)
8. humulone (Humulus lupulus)
9. Inula britannica--see Inula monograph
10. kaempferol (Liang, et al. 1999)
11. oleanic acid (Mutoh, et al. 2000)
12. parthenolides (Tanacetum parthenium)
13. Plantago lanceolata (Herold, et al. 2003)
14. Tripterygium wilfordii
15. tryptanthin (Isatis tinctoria)
16. ursolic acid (Rosmarinus officinalis, Ocimum sanctum)
(Ringbom, et al. 1998)
17. wogonin, other flavonoids (Scutellaria baicalensis)


18. zerumbone (Zingiber zerumbet)--see Zingiber monograph

LXXII. Decongestant
A. Bidens pilosa (tickseed)
B. Ephedra sinica (ma huang)
C. Eriodictyon californica (yerba santa)
D. Lycium pallidum (wolfberry)

LXXIII. Demulcent, Emollient, Mucilaginous, Bulk-Forming Laxative
A. Althaea officinalis (marshmallow)
B. Alcea rosea (hollyhock)
C. Borago officinalis (borage) leaf
D. Cetraria islandica (Iceland moss)
E. Chondrus crispus (Irish moss)
F. glycerin
G. Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice)
H. Inula helenium (elecampane)
I. Linum usitatissimum (flax)
J. Malva neglecta (cheeseweed)
K. Plantago lanceolata (lance-leaf plantain), Plantago major
(broadleaf plantain)
L. Plantago ovatum (psyllium, ispaghula)
M. Sphaeralcea spp (globemallow)
N. Sticta pulmonaria (lung moss)
O. Symphytum officinale (comfrey)
P. Tilia spp (linden)
Q. tragacanth
R. Tussilago farfara (Eastern coltsfoot)
S. Ulmus fulva (slippery elm)
T. Verbascum thapsus (mullein)

LXXIV. Diaphoretic
Actions: capillary vasodilating, immune stimulating (increased
cytokines -> fever), direct effects on hypothalamus?

A. Achillea millefolium (yarrow)
B. Anthemis nobilis (Roman chamomile)
C. Aristolochia serpentaria
D. Asclepias tuberosa (pleurisy root)
E. Corallorhiza odontorhiza (coral root)
F. Encelia farinosa (brittlebush, incienso)
G. Ephedra sinica
H. Eupatorium perfoliatum (boneset)
I. Matricaria recutita (German chamomile)
J. Monarda spp
K. Pilocarpus jaborandi (jaborandi)
L. Sambucus spp (elder) flos


M. Tilia cordata (lime flower, linden)

LXXV.Diuretic, aquaretic
A. see also angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor
B. Multiple herbs shown to be diuretic in animals in very high doses
(Ribeiro, et al. 1988; Cáceres, et al. 1987).
C. Diuretics
1. cardioactive glycosides (Convallaria majalis, Urginea,
Apocynum spp)
2. methylxanthines (caffeine, theobromine, theophylline)
3. Moringa oleifera in large doses in rats (Cáceres, et al.
1992).
4. Stephania tetrandra
D. Aquaretics
1. Potent
a) Juniperus communis (juniper)
b) Levisticum officinale (lovage)
c) Solidago canadensis (goldenrod)
2. Mild
a) Agathosma betulina (buchu)
b) Equisetum arvense (horsetail)
c) Galium aparine (cleavers)
d) Hydrangea arborescens (seven barks)
e) Orthosiphon stamineus (Java tea)
f) Parietaria diffusa (pellitory-of-the-wall)
g) Petroselinum crispum (parsley)
h) Taraxacum officinale (dandelion) leaf
i) Urtica dioica leaf

LXXVI. Emetic
A. Brassica alba (white mustard)
B. Cephaelis ipecacuanha
C. Lobelia inflata
D. Sanguinaria canadensis
E. Urginea maritima

LXXVII. Emmenagogues
A. Achillea millefolium (yarrow)
B. Caulophyllum thalictroides (blue cohosh)
C. Chamaelirium luteum (false unicorn root)
D. Hedeoma pulegoides (American pennyroyal)
E. Leonurus cardiaca (motherwort)
F. Mentha pulegoides (European pennyroyal)
G. Mitchella repens (partridge berry)
H. Ruta graveolens (rue)

LXXVIII. Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor


A. hypericin (Hypericum perforatum)

LXXIX. Escharotic
See also vesicant.

A. Sanguinaria canadensis (bloodroot)

LXXX.Estradiol 2-hydroxylase induction (turns estradiol --> 2-
hydroxyestradiol)
A. indole-3-carbinol (broccoli, cabbage)

LXXXI. Expectorant
A. Relaxing expectorants
1. Antispasmodic, indicated for patients with spasmodic, usually
nonproductive coughs
2. Angelica archangelica
3. Grindelia spp
4. Hyssopus officinalis
5. Pilosella officinarum
6. Pimpinella anisum
7. Prunus serotina
8. Verbascum thapsus
a) Also contains saponins and thus can act like a
stimulating expectorant, and contains complex carbohydrates
and thus can act like a demulcent. Thus, depending on the
form and dose administered, this herb could be used for any
type of cough.

B. Stimulating expectorants: induce coughing, tend to loosen mucus,
indicated for patients with wet or productive coughs
1. Alkaloid-containing
a)
2. Cardiac glycosides-containing
a) Asclepias tuboersa
3. Saponin-containing
a) Aralia californica
b) Bellis perennis

Table. Summary of Botanical Expectorants (in alphabetical order)
Stimulating Relaxing Expectorants Mixed
Expectorants Expectorants
a
Aralia californica Angelica archangelica Inula helenium
Asclepias tuberosac Drosera rotundifolia Marrubium vulgare
b
Aspidosperma quebracho Grindelia spp
Bellis perennisa Hyssopus officinalis
b
Cephaelis ipecacuanha Pilosella officinarum
Glycyrrhiza glabraa Pimpinella anisum


Hedera helixa Prunus serotina
b
Lobelia inflata Verbascum thapsus
Polygala senegaa
Primula verisa
Sanguinaria canadensisb
Saponaria officinalisa
Stillingia sylvaticab
Trifolium pratensea
Urginea maritimac
Stimulating Expectorant Types: a = saponin-containing, b = alkaloid-
containing, c = cardiac glycoside-containing
Source: Yarnell E. Natural Pulmonology (Healing Mountain Publishing),
forthcoming.

Note some expectorants may have overlapping actions—for example, Lobelia is
also quite antispasmodic and Glycyrrhiza is also demulcent.

LXXXII. Fibrinolytic
A. see also thrombolytic below
B. allicin (Allium sativum, Allium cepa)
1. cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase inhibition
C. bromelain
D. guggulsterones (Commiphora mukul)--mild
E. ginsenosides (Panax ginseng)
1. via stimulation of urokinase
F. legumes (Gupta & Chatterjee 1982)

Fungicidal: see anti-fungal

Fungistatic: see anti-fungal

LXXXIII. Galactagogue
A. Asparagus racemosa (shatavari)--shatavarin-I
B. Bryenia patens (kamboji) and Leptadenia reticulata (jeevanti)
formula (Patel, Parikh & Patel 1982)
C. Physostigma venenosum
D. Pilocarpus jaborandi
E. Pimpinella anisum
F. Ricinus communis leaf topically
G. Silybum marianum (milk thistle) folium
H. Urtica dioica (nettle) folium (Bingel & Farnsworth 1994)
I. Vitex agnus-castus (chaste tree)

Pradhan SK; Agrawal OP (1986) “A comparative study of various
galactogogues on the yield and composition of milk in dairy cows” Indian
Journal of Indigenous Medicine (4): 21-4


LXXXIV. Ganglioplegic
A. coniine
B. nicotine
C. lobeline

LXXXV. Glutathione reductase inhibitor
A. anthocyanidin
B. catechin

LXXXVI. Glutathione S-transferase inhibitor
A. butein
B. 2-hydroxyl chalcone
C. morin (Chlorophora tinctoria)
D. quercetin
E. tannic acid

LXXXVII. Goitrogens (Langer 1983)--see also thyrostatics
All of these are only clearly known to cause problems in settings of
iodine deficiency.

A. cyanogenic glycosides
1. Brassica spp. (broccoli, cauliflower, kale, Brussels sprouts)
2. Linum usitatissimum: quantities contained are very small
B. flavone (Gaitan & Cooksey 1989)
C. flavonoids
1. apigenin and luteolin glycosides (Digitaria exilis (Fonio
millet) and Pennisetum dasystachyum (pearl millet)
a) Goitrogenic in large amounts in iodine deficient people
(Sartelet, et al. 1996).
2. Mechanisms: inhibit thyroid peroxidase, inhibit T4  T3
conversion peripherally, thyroid hormone receptor antagonism
(Fitzpatrick 2000)
D. isoflavones (Glycine max (soy) semen) (Fitzpatrick 2000)

LXXXVIII. Guanylate cyclase inhibitor
A. Momordica charantia

LXXXIX. Hallucinogen (psychedelic, psychotomimetic, psychointegrator)
Despite a wide variety of chemical constituents and botanical
families, the underlying action of all hallucinogens/psychointegrators
is on serotonergic neurons, producing hallucination (Siegel 1984;
Hollister 1984; Jacobs 1984; Mandell 1985; Aghajanian 1994).
Autonomic nervous system effects induce limbic system, which in turn
increase integration of the front cortex with the limbic system and
increase interhemispheric coherence (Mandell 1985). Some such as
Datura stramonium and similar Solanaceae plants, however, act
primarily through anticholinergic mechanisms.


A. Amanita muscaria (fly agaric) (muscarine)
B. Anadenanthera peregrina (yopo, paricá, niopo) = Piptadenia
peregrina (bufotenine, N,N-dimethyltryptamine, other indole alkaloids)
C. Banisteriopsis caapi (ayahuasca) = B. inebrians (beta-carboline
alkaloids such as harmine, harmiline)
D. Cannabis indica (marijuana) (tetrahydrocannabinols)
E. Datura stramonium (jimson weed) (atropine, etc.)
F. Ipomoea (morning glory) (lysergic acid)
G. Lophophora williamsii (peyote) (mescaline = phenylethylamine)
H. Mandragora officinarum (mandrake)
I. Myristica fragrans (nutmeg) (myristicin, elemicin)
J. psilocybin and other indolealkylamines (Psilocybe spp, Conobybe
spp, Paneolis spp, Stropharia spp)
K. Trichocereus spp
L. Turbinia spp
M. Virola calophylla (virola) (N,N-dimethyltryptamine)
N. miscellaneous
1. McKenna 1996

XC. Hepatic agent, hepatoprotective
A. cynarin (Cynara scolymus)
B. catechin
D. ginsenosides (Panax ginseng)
E. gomisin (Schisandra chinensis)
F. lecithin
G. morin (Chlorophora tinctoria)
H. orotic acid
I. Schisandra chinensis
J. silymarin (Silybum marianum)
K. Taraxacum officinalis radix

XCI. Histidine decarboxylase inhibitor
A. Allium sativum?
B. catechin

XCII.Hyaluronidase inhibitor
A. polysaccharides (Echinacea spp.)

XCIII. Hypertensive (antihypotensive, pressor agent)
A. caffeine
B. ephedrine (Ephedra sinica)
C. glycyrrhetinic acid (Glycyrrhiza glabra)
D. sparteine

XCIV.Hypoglycemic (see also antidiabetic)
A. Momordica charantia


B. trigonelline (Trigonella foenum-graecum)
C. miscellaneous (Oliver-Bever & Zahnd 1979)

XCV. Hypolipidemic agent, hypocholesterolemic, hypotriglyceridemic
A. allicin (Allium sativum, A. cepa)
B. biochanin A (pratensol) (Baptisia tinctoria, Medicago sativa,
Trifolium pratense, etc.)
C. forskolin (Plectranthus forskohlii)
D. germacranolide and guaianolide sesquiterpene lactones (helenalin,
tenulin, deoxyelephantopin, eupahyssopin) (Hall, et al. 1980)
E. guggulsterones (Commiphora mukul)
1. stimulate hepatic uptake of LDL
F. ginsenosides (Panax ginseng)
G. morin (Chlorophora tinctoria)
H. policosanol = octacosanol (Saccharum officinarum)
I. tannic acid

XCVI.Hypotensive (antihypertensive)
A. Potent
1. ajmaline (Rauvolfia serpentina)raubasine (Rauvolfia
serpentina)
2. raupine (Rauvolfia serpentina)
3. rescinnamine (Rauvolfia serpentina)
5. serpentine (Rauvolfia serpentina)
6. ester alkaloids (Veratrum spp)
B. Mild
1. Allium sativum
4. Dendranthemna x morifolium (chrysanthemum)
6. Ganoderma lucidum
7. ginsenosides (Panax ginseng)
8. Hibiscus
9. Lonicera
10. Olea europaea
11. Rhododendron
12. Salvia miltiorrhiza
13. Viscum album

XCVII. Immunomodulator, immune modulator, phytocytokine, adaptogen
(Alonso-Osorio 2001)
A. Acanthopanax sessiflorum (wu jia pi)
B. Albizzia lebbeck
C. Albizzia julibrissin (silk tree)
D. Andrographis paniculata


E. Angelica sinensis (dong quai)—polysaccharides, coumarins
F. Aralia elata (Japanese angelica tree)
G. Aralia manshurica (Manchurian spikenard)
H. Aralia racemosa (spikenard)
I. Aralia schmidtii (Sakhalin spikenard)
J. Astragalus membranaceus (astragalus)
K. Centella asiatica (gotu kola)
L. Cicer arientinum (chickpea)
M. Codonopsis pilosula (dang shen)
N. Echinopanax elatus (Asian devil’s club)
O. Eleutherococcus senticosus (eleuthero)
P. Eucommia ulmoides (hardy rubber tree)
Q. Ganoderma lucidum (reishi)
R. Hoppea dichotoma
S. Lentinula edodes (shiitake)
T. Leuzea carthamnoides (maral root)
U. Ocimum tenuifolium (holy basil)
V. Oplopanax horridum (devil’s club)
W. Panax ginseng (Asian ginseng)
X. Panax notoginseng (tienchi ginseng)
Y. Panax quinquefolius (American ginseng)
Z. Pfaffia paniculata (suma)
AA. Rhodiola rosea (roseroot stonecrop)
BB. Schisandra chinensis (wu wei zhi)
CC. Tinospora cordifolia (guduchi)
DD. Trametes versicolor (yun zhi)
EE. Trichopus zeylanicus (arogyappacha)
FF. Viscum album (European mistletoe)--lectins
GG. Withania somnifera (ashwagandha)

XCVIII. Immunostimulant
A. acemannan or acetylated mannose (Aloe barbadensis)
B. achyrocline
C. Baptisia tinctoria
D. catechin
E. Echinacea spp
F. Eupatorium perfoliatum
G. Thuja occidentalis
H. vincetoxicum
I. dendritic cell stimulators
J. macrophage phagocytosis stimulators
1. BCG vaccine
2. beta-1,3-glucan (Saccharomyces cerevesiae cell wall
glycoprotein)
3. Echinacea spp
4. Viscum album
K. NK cells stimulators


1. function: Larix occidentalis (arabinogalactans), Chelidonium
majus (semisynthetic agent Ukrain by injection), Astragalus
membranaceus (lignans), AHCC
2. number and function: Viscum album (Iscador extract,
rhamnogalacturonan)

XCIX.Inflammation modulator, anti-inflammatory, anti-phlogistic
A. Categorization by major constituents
1. Miscellaneous anti-inflammatories
a) Aesculus hippocastanumˆ
b) Echinacea spp
c) Hypericum perforatum
(1) 5-Lipoxygenase inhibiting (Herold, et al. 2003).
d) Plantago lanceolata
(1) COX-2 inhibiting (Herold, et al. 2003).
2. Enzymes
a) bromelain
b) papain
3. Essential fatty acid, omega-6
a) Borago officinalis (borage)
b) Oenothera biennis (evening primrose)
c) Ribes niger (black currant)
4. Essential fatty acids, omega 3
a) Cannabis sativa (hemp)
b) Linum usitatissimum (flax)
c) Juglans regia (walnut)
d) Perilla frutescens (perilla)
e) Portulacca oleracea (purslane)
f) Typha spp (cattail)
5. Flavonoid anti-inflammatories
a) Crataegus spp (hawthorn)
b) Scutellaria baicalensis (Baical skullcap)
6. Resin anti-inflammatories
a) Boswellia serrata (frankincense)
b) Capsicum frutescens (cayenne)
c) Commiphora molmol (myrrh)
d) Curcuma longa (turmeric)
e) Guaiacum officinalis (lignum vitae)
f) Liquidambar orientalis (storax)
g) Myroxylon balsamum (tolu balsam)
h) Myroxylon pereirae (peru balsam)
i) Populus balsamifera (poplar) gemma
j) Styrax benzoin (benzoin)
k) Zingiber officinale (ginger)
7. Salicylate anti-inflammatories
a) Betula spp (birch)
b) Filipendula ulmaria (meadowsweet)


c) Gaultheria procumbens (wintergreen)
d) Populus spp (poplar, aspen, cottonwood)
e) Salix spp (willow)
f) Viburnum prunifolium (black haw)
8. Sulfur anti-inflammatories
a) Allium cepa (onion)
b) Allium sativum (garlic)
c) Armoracia rusticana (horsh radish)
d) Brassica nigra (black mustard)
e) Sinapis alba (white mustard)
9. Terpenoid/phenylpropanoid anti-inflammatories
a) Achillea millefolium (yarrow)
b) Betula spp (birch)
c) Cinnamomum camphora (camphor)
d) Guaiacum officinale (lignum vitae)
e) Juniperus communis (juniper)
f) Matricaria recutita (chamomile)
g) Melaleuca leucadendron (cajeput)
h) Myristica fragrans (nutmeg)
i) Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary)
j) Tanacetum parthenium (feverfew)
k) Zingiber officinale (ginger)
10. Triterpenoid/steroidal anti-inflammatories
a) Bupleurum falcatum (Chinese thoroughwax)
b) Dioscorea villosa (wild yam)
c) Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice)
(1) Dual 5-lipoxygenase and COX-2 inhibitor (Herold, et
al. 2003).
d) Smilax spp (sarsaparilla)
e) Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek)
f) Yucca spp (yucca)

B. Dermatological anti-inflammatory agents
1. Aloe vera (aloe) gel (polysaccharides)
a) inhibits thromboxane formation
2. Arnica montana (arnica) flos
3. Calendula officinalis (calendula) flos
4. escin (Aesculus hippocastanum)
5. Matricaria recutita
6. mucilage
7. Plantago spp (plantain)
8. Salix alba
9. Symphytum officinale (comfrey) herba or radix
(polysaccharides)

C. Inotropic
A. negative (decreases contractility)


B. positive (increases contractility)
1. Convallaria majalis
3. digitoxin (Digitalis purpurea)
5. helenalin (Arnica montana)

CI. Insect Repellant
A. Citrus hystrix (kaffir lime) volatile oil (Tawatsin, et al. 2001)
B. Cymbopogon winterianus (citronella grass) volatile oil (Tawatsin,
et al. 2001)
C. Curcuma longa (turmeric) volatile oil (Tawatsin, et al. 2001)
D. Ocimum americanum (hairy basil) volatile oil (Tawatsin, et al.
2001)
E. Ocimum selloi (basil pepper) volatile oil
F. vanillin (Tawatsin, et al. 2001)

CII. Insecticidal: see also anti-parasitic
A. Annonaceous acetogenins
B. Azadiracta indica (neem) (azadiractans)
C. lemon peel oil (Mwaiko & Savaeli 1994)

CIII.Interleukin synthesis or secretion
A. inhibitor
1. Urtica dioica (of Il-1)
B. stimulator
1. Echinacea spp. (of Il-1), in vitro only
2. epigallocatechin gallate (Camellia sinensis) (of Il-1)

CIV. Intestinal Permeability Increasers
A. bromelain
B. lectins
C. piperine
D. saponins

CV. Intoxicant
A. fermented palm sap: humans, palm civets, bats, monkeys and
elephants become intoxicated when they drink it
B. fermented wheat, rye, corn and many other plants yield ethanol
C. Madhuca indica (mohwa tree)--fermented flowers are made into daroo
wine in India; sloth bears also get intoxicated from eating the
flowers

CVI. Iodothyronine deiodinase inhibitor
converts T4  T3
A. apigenin
B. luteolin


C. quercetin
D. rosmarinic acid, ellagic acid, luteolin-7beta-glucoside (Melissa
officinalis, Lithospermum officinale, Lycopus virginicus)

Lactagogue: see Galactagogue

CVII.Laxatives, cathartic

All cholagogues are also mildly cathartic.

A. Anthraquinone glycosides (Rheum palmatum, Frangula purshiana,
Rhamnus frangula, Senna alexandrina, Aloe vera latex, Juglans cinerea,
Rumex crispus, etc.)
B. Fatty acids (Ricinus communis oleum)
C. Resins (Convolvulaceae, Podophyllum, Colocynthis citrullus)

CVIII. Laxatives, osmotic
A. Ficus
B. fruit acids (eg fructose)
C. Manna
D. Tamarindus

CIX. Laxative, polysaccharide (bulk-forming)—see Demulcent

CX. 5-Lipoxygenase inhibitor
B. Atractylodes lancea
D. Glycyrrhiza glabra
E. NDGA (Larrea tridentata)
F. Tanacetum parthenium
G. Zingiber officinale

CXI. Lymphatic, lymphagogue
A. Upper body:
2. Galium spp
3. Phytolacca americana —most generic for entire body though
4. Viola tricolor
B. Abdomen, spleen:
1. Ceanothus greggii
2. Polymnia uvedalia (bear’s foot)
C. Pelvis:
1. Fouquieria splendens

CXII.Miotic (constricts pupil)
A. physostigmine (Physostigma venenosum)


B. pilocarpine (Pilocarpus jaborandi)

CXIII. Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor
A. Hypericum perforatum
1. weak MAO A inhibitor in vitro only
B. isoliquiritinigenin, glycyrrhizin (Glycyrrhiza glabra)
C. nicotine
1. inhibits MAO B, which catabolizes dopamine

Mucilaginous Herbs—see demulcent

CXIV.Muscle relaxant, central
A. kavain (Piper methysticum)

CXV. Muscle relaxant, peripheral
A. C-toxiferine
B. tubocurarine (Curare)

CXVI.Mydriatic (dilates pupil)
A. atropine (Atropa belladonna, Datura stramonium, Hyoscyamus niger)

CXVII. NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase inhibitor
A. Annonaceous actogenins (uvaricin, etc. isolated from the genera
Annona, Asimina, Goniothalamus, Rollinia, Uvaria and Xylopia)

CXVIII. Nervine, neurotonic
A. Potent
1. Pulsatilla spp
B. Moderate
1. Myristica fragrans
2. Piper methysticum
3. Valeriana officinalis
4. Valeriana sitchensis
5. Zizyphus spinosa
C. Mild
1. Avena sativa
2. Cypripedium spp *
3. Humulus lupulus
4. Leonurus cardiaca
5. Matricaria recutita
6. Nepeta cataria
7. Passiflora incarnata
8. Scutellaria lateriflora
9. Stachys betonica
10. Verbacum thapsus flos
11. Verbena spp

CXIX.NFkappaB inhibitors, inflammation modulating


A. curcumin (Curcuma longa) (Singh & Aggarwal 1995)
B. Zingiber officinale

CXX. Nitric oxide synthase activator
A. Allium sativum

CXXI.Nootropic (Howes & Houghton 2003)
A. Acorus calamus
B. Angelica archangelica
C. Bacopa monniera
D. Biota orientalis
E. Celastrus paniculatus
F. Centella asiatica
G. Clitoria ternatea
H. Codonopsis pilosula
I. Crocus sativus
J. Evodia rutaecarpa
K. Galanthus nivalis
L. Ginkgo biloba
M. Huperzia serrata
N. Lycoris radiata
O. Magnolia officinalis
P. Narcissis spp
Q. Polygala tenuifolia
R. Rosmarinus officinalis
S. Salvia spp
T. Vinca minor

CXXII. Parasympathocomimetic (parasympathomimetic)
A. acetylcholine
B. arecoline (Areca catechu)
C. choline
D. nicotine (Nicotiana tabacum)
E. muscarine
F. physostigmine (eserine) (Physostigma venenosum)
G. pilocarpine (Pilocarpus jaborandi)
H. reserpine (Rauvolfia serpentaria): indirect via depletion of
catecholamine storage granules in central nervous system

Pain relieving: see analgesic above

CXXIII. Partus Preparator
Do not use in ethanol as it relaxes the uterus.
A. Actaea racemosa (black cohosh) = Cimicifuga racemosa
B. Caulophyllum thalictroides (blue cohosh)--use with caution
C. Gossypium herbaceum


CXXIV. P-glycoprotein (Pgp, P-gp) inhibitor, multidrug resistance
inhibitor in cancer cells
A. Atractylodes lancea
B. epigallocatechin gallate (ECCG), theanine (Camellia sinensis)
C. Feijoa sellowiana
D. Ficus citrifolia
E. flavonoids especially quercetin
F. indole-3-carbinol (via its metabolite diindolylmethane)
G. methoxyhydrnocarpin, a flavonoid in Berberis spp
H. reserpine
I. Rosmarinus officinalis
J. Stephania tetrandra alkaloids

CXXV.Phenolsulfotransferase inhibitor
A. Hepatic sulfating enzyme.
B. apigenin
C. chrysin
D. curcumin (Curcuma longa)
E. ellagic acid
F. fisetin
G. galangin
H. genistein
I. kaempferol
J. myricetin
K. quercetin

Phosphodiesterase (cAMP) inhibitor: see cAMP-phosphdiesterase inhibitor

CXXVI. Phospholipase (PLP) A2 inhibitor
A. Boswellia serrata
B. curcumin (Curcuma longa)
C. Tanacetum parthenium
D. Zingiber officinale

CXXVII. Phospholipase C inhibitor

CXXVIII. Phytoestrogenic agent, phytoestrogen

Summary of known phytoestrogenic constituents:
Isoflavones
Coumestans
Lignans (some)
Phenylpropanoids (some)
Anthraquinones (some)

A. biochanin A (pratensol) (Baptisia tinctoria, Medicago sativa,
Trifolium pratense, etc.)
B. coumestrol (Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera, Glycine max, Medicago


sativa, Pisum sativum, Phaseolus lunatus, P. vulgaris, Taraxacum
officinale, Trifolium pratense, etc.)
C. daidzein (Genista tinctoria, Glycine max, Pueraria lobata, Pueraria
psuedohirsuta, Trifolium pratense, etc.)
D. genistein (prunetol, sophoricol, genisteol) (Baptisia tinctoria,
Cytisus scoparius, Glycine max, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Medicago sativa,
Pueraria lobata, Trifolium pratense, etc.)
E. Foeniculum vulgare (fennel)--anethole
F. Glycine max (soy)--isoflavones
G. Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice)
H. Humulus lupulus (hops)
I. Linum usitatissimum (flax)--lignans
J. Medicago sativum (alfalfa)--isoflavones
K. Panax ginseng (Asian ginseng)
L. Pimpinella anisum (anise)—anethole
M. Serenoa repens
N. Trifolium pratense (red clover)--isoflavones

Zhang CZ, Wang SX, Zhang Y, Chen JP, Liang XM. “In vitro estrogenic
activities of Chinese medicinal plants traditionally used for the
management of menopausal symptoms.” J Ethnopharmacol 2005;98(3):295-300.
The estrogenic activity of 70% EtOH extracts of 32 traditional Chinese
medicinal plants, selected according to their reported efficacy for the
treatment of menopausal symptoms, was assessed using a recombinant yeast
system with both a human estrogen receptor expression plasmid and a
reporter plasmid. Among them, 11 (34%) species proved to be active.
Polygonum cuspidatum had the highest estrogenic relative potency (RP) (3.28
x 10(-3)), followed by Rheumpalmatum (3.85 x 10(-4)), Cassia obtusifolia
(3.49 x 10(-4)), Polygonum multiflorum (2.87 x 10(-4)), Epimedium
brevicornum (2.30 x 10(-4)), Psoralea corylifolia (1.90 x 10(-4)),
Cynomorium songaricum (1.78 x 10(-4)), Belamcanda chinensis (1.26 x 10(-
4)), Scutellaria baicalensis (8.77 x 10(-5)), Astragalus membranaceus (8.47
x 10(-5)) and Pueraria lobata (6.17 x 10(-5)). The EC(50) value of 17beta-
estradiol used as the positive control was 0.205+/-0.025 ng/ml (RP=100).
This study gave support to the reported efficacy of Chinese medicines used
for hormone replacement therapy.

CXXIX. Platelet-Activating Factor (PAF) antagonist and inhibitor
A. androsin (Picrorhiza kurroa) (Dorsch & Wagner 1991)
B. Arctium lappa (burdock) (Iwakami, et al. 1992)
C. coumarins (Puecedanum praeruptorum) (Takeuchi, et al. 1988)
D. curcumin (Curcuma longa)
E. eugenol
F. Forsythia suspensa
G. forskolin (Coleus forskohlii)
H. ginkgolides (Ginkgo biloba) (Nunez, et al. 1986; Braquet, et al.
1985)


I. ginsenosides (Panax ginseng)
J. glycyrrhizin (Glycyrrhiza glabra)
K. kadsurenone, a lignan (Piper futokadsura) (Shen, et al. 1985)
L. lignans (Schisandra chinensis) (Lee, et al. 1999)
M. pinusolide (Biota orientalis)
N. tetragalloyl quinic acid (Galphimia glauca) (Dorsch & Wagner 1991)
O. Tussilago farfara
1. sesquiterpene L-652,469 (Hwang, et al. 1987)
P. (+)-yangambin (Ocotea duckei) (receptor antagonist)

CXXX.Platelet aggregation inhibitor
B. bromelain
C. capsaicin (Capsicum spp)
D. Galega officinalis
E. ginkgolides (Ginkgo biloba)
F. ginsenosides (Panax ginseng)
G. alpha-linolenic acid (Linum usitatissimum)
H. quercetin
I. ruscogenin (Ruscus aculeatus)
J. Zingiber officinale (ginger) (negative clinical study exists)

CXXXI. Prolactin modulators, anti-prolactin, prolactinogogue, prolactin
stimulator
A. Prolactin amphoterics
1. Vitex agnus-castus
B. Prolactin inhibitors
C. Prolactin stimulators: see also lactagogues
1. Rauvolfia serpentina
2. resveratrol
3. Trigonella foenum-graecum

CXXXII. Prostatic agent
A. Cucurbita pepo (fatty acids)
B. Hypoxis rooperi (African star grass)
C. Prunus africanum (pygeum)
D. Serenoa repens (fatty acids and sterols)
1. inhibit 5-alpha-reductase
2. inhibit movement of dihydrotestosterone-bound cytosolic
receptor into nucleus
3. spasmolytic (alpha adrenergic antagonist)
4. phytoestrogen
E. Urtica dioica root (blocks SHBG receptor)
F. Beta-Sitosterol

CXXXIII. Protease inhibitor
A. triterpene acids (Geum japonicum) (Xu HX, et al. J Nat Prod


1996;(7))

CXXXIV. Protein Kinase C inhibitor
A. hypericin (Hypericum perforatum)
B. quercetin (Ferriola, Cody & Middleton 1989)

CXXXV. Protein-Tyrosine kinase inhibitor (see also Tyrosine kinase
inhibitor)
A. emodin (Rheum palmatum)
B. hydroxystilbene, O-glycosides (Rheum officinale)

CXXXVI. Redifferentiator, Cancer Normalizer
A. berberine
B. vitamin A

CXXXVII. Rhinologic
A. ephedrine
B. galphimia (Luffa)
C. pseudoephedrine
D. Urtica dioica

CXXXVIII. Rubefacient
A. Brassica nigra (black mustard)
B. Capsicum spp (cayenne)
C. Juniperus spp (juniper)
D. Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary)
E. turpentine

CXXXIX. Sedative, Tranquilizer, Hypnotic, see also nervine
A. Avena sativa
B. Chamaesyce hirta
C. Eschscholzia californica
D. Gelsemium sempervirens
E. Humulus lupulus
F. isoeugenol (Syzygium aromaticum)
G. kavain (Piper methysticum)
H. Matricaria recutita
I. Melissa officinalis
J. Passiflora incarnata
K. Pulsatilla spp
L. Rosa spp. oil
M. reserpine, other alkaloids (Rauvolfia serpentina)
N. Scutellaria spp.
O. Valeriana spp
P. Zizyphus spinosa

CXL. Secretolytic (respiratory)
A. Potent


1. Atropa belladonna
2. Datura stramonium
3. Ephedra sinica
B. Mild-to-Moderate
1. Glycyrrhiza glabra
2. Grindelia spp
3. Hedera helix
4. Primula spp.
5. Polygala senega

CXLI.Sialagogue
A. Brassica alba (white mustard)
B. Capsicum spp
C. Echinacea angustifolia
D. Physostigma venenosum
E. Pilocarpus jaborandi
F. Piper cubeba
G. Piper nigrum
H. Sanguinaria canadensis
I. Zingiber officinale

CXLII. Spasmolytic
A. Potent
1. anticholinergics
a) atropine (Atropa belladonna)
b) Datura stramonium
c) Hyoscyamus niger
d) Mandragora officarinum
e) Soldanum dulcamara
2. papaverine
B. Moderate
1. anticholinergics
a) Garrya flavescens (silk tassel)
b) Garrya wrightii (Wright’s silk tassel)
2. Paeonia lactiflora
3. Viburnum opulus
4. Viburnum prunifolium
C. Mild
2. carminatives
a) Acorus calamus
b) Carum carvi
c) Cinnamomum zeylanicum
d) Coriandrum sativum
e) Foeniculum vulgare
f) Melissa officinalis
g) Mentha x piperita


h) Mentha spicata
i) Pimpinella anisum
j) Piper nigrum
k) Syzygium aromaticum
l) Zingiber officinale
3. daidzein (Genista tinctoria, Glycine max, Pueraria lobata,
Pueraria psuedohirsuta, Trifolium pratense, etc.)
4. Dioscorea villosa (wild yam)
5. Piper methysticum
6. Pueraria lobata

CXLIII. Styptic, anti-hemorrhagic
A. See also astringents.
B. Capsella bursa-pastoris
C. Panax notoginseng (tienchi ginseng)
D. Trillium spp (bethroot)

CXLIV. Sympatholytic, adrenergic antagonist, beta blocker, alpha blocker
A. alkaloids such as ergotoxin, ergotamine (Secale)
B. ergometrin
C. liposterolic compounds (Serenoa repens): alpha-1 adrenergic
antagonists
D. reserpine (Rauvolfia serpentina): depletes norepinephrine from
storage granules in neurons in CNS thus general central sympatholytic
(parasympathomimetic)
E. rose and patchouli volatile oils (Haze, et al. 2002)
F. yohimbine (Pausinystalia yohimbe): presynaptic alpha-2 adrenergic
antagonist

CXLV.Sympathomimetic, adrenergic agonist
A. ephedrine, pseudoephedrine (Ephedra sinica): alpha-1 and both
beta adrenergic agonists
B. pepper, estragon, fennel, grapefruit volatile oils (Haze, et al.
2002)
C. tyramine

CXLVI. Thrombolytic, thrombosis inhibitor
A. see also fibrinolytic above
B. Allium cepa
C. Allium sativum
D. Ginkgo biloba

CXLVII. Thyrostatic--see goitrogens also
A. Fucus vesiculosus
B. Lithospermum ruderale, L. officinale
C. Lycopus virginicus, L. europaeus
D. Melissa officinalis
E. Thymus serpyllum


CXLVIII. Thyrostimulant, thyrotropic, thyrotrophic
A. Fucus vesiculosis (bladderwrack)
B. guggulsterones (Commiphora mukul)

CXLIX. Tonic
A. Definition: herbs that strengthen and improve function in an organ,
tissue, or the entire body. They are gentle, non-toxic, and generally
require higher doses taken long-term for optimal effects. They have
broad effects generally that are sustained even when the herb is
stopped. They do not suppress. They also support normal function in
healthy people and can be taken preventively. Bidirectional or
modulating effects are not inherent in their definition. Often contain
nutrients and can be nourishing, but only if taken in food doses.
1. “Replete deficiency in function or integrity.”

CL. Topoisomerase-I inhibitor (uncoils DNA before cell division)
A. acacetin
B. apigenin
C. camptothecins
1. topotecan (Hycamtin) is an FDA-approved drug for advanced
ovarian cancer
D. catechins
E. epipodophyllotoxins (etoposide)
F. genistein (Glycine max)
G. kaempferol
H. morin (Chlorophora tinctoria)
I. podophyllin resin
J. quercetin

CLI. Topoisomerase-II inhibitor
A. genistein (Glycine max, Pueraria lobata, etc.)

CLII.Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) secretion or synthesis
A. inhibitor
1. Arnica spp
2. berbamine (Berberis spp)
3. Camellia sinensis
4. curcumin (Curcuma longa) (indirect via PLPA2 inhibition)
5. DHEA
6. Echinacea spp
7. gentiopicroside (Gentiana lutea) (Kondo, Takano & Hojo 1994)
8. ginsenosides (Panax ginseng)--see herb monograph
9. Hypericum perforatum
10. melatonin
11. Panax ginseng
12. Perilla frutescens (perilla) folium
13. Phytolacca americana


14. quercetin
15. Silybum marianum
16. Tanacetum parthenium (indirect via PLPA2 inhibition)
17. tetrandrine (Stephania tetrandra)
18. Tripterygium wilfordii
19. Urtica dioica (inhibits secretion of TNF-alpha)
20. Zingiber officinale

B. stimulator
1. Echinacea spp. polysaccharides--stimulate secretion in vitro
2. sho-saiko-to formula stimulates synthesis of TNF-alpha

CLIII. Tyrosine kinase inhibitor
A. genistein (Glycine max, Pueraria lobata, etc.)
B. quercetin (Levy, et al. 1984)

CLIV.Uterine Tonic
A. Aletris farinosa
B. Angelica sinensis
C. Caulophyllum thalictroides
D. Chamaelirium luteum
E. Rubus idaeus

CLV. Vasodilator (see coronary artery dilator as well)
A. apigenin (Apium graveolens, Ginkgo biloba)
B. Ginkgo biloba
C. khellin (Ammi visnaga)
D. Rosmarinus officinalis

CLVI.Vesicant, suppurant, pustulant
See also escharotic.

A. cantharis
B. croton oil
C. Podophyllum peltatum—podophyllin, podophyllotoxin
D. Ranunculus spp—fresh plant topically

CLVII. Wound Healing, Vulnerary
A. asiatic acid, madecassic acid, asiaticoside and madecassoside
(Centella asiatica)
B. Aristolochia
C. Arnica montana
D. Azadirachta indica
E. Calendula officinalis
F. Digitalis spp (topically)
G. Lophophora williamsii
H. Matricaria recutita


I. polysaccharides (Echinacea angustifolia, E. purpurea)
J. polysaccharides (Aloe vera)
1. including stimulation of fibroblast activity
K. Symphytum officinale (comfrey) radix or herba (allantoin)

CLVIII. Xanthine oxidase inhibitor
A. morin (Chlorophora tinctoria)
1. moderately effective

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CLX. Abstracts to articles mentioned above


Atta and El-Sooud 2004 Abstract: The antinociceptive effect of methanolic
extracts (200 and 400 mg kg(-1)) of eight Egyptian medicinal plants was
studied using acetic acid-induced writhing and tail-flick test in mice.
Oral administration of 400 mg kg(-1) methanolic extracts of Convolvulus
fatmensis, Alhagi maurorum, Plantago major seeds, Conyza dioscaridis
significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited the nociception to acetic acid-induced
writhes with a protection of 85.5-61.3%. Schouwia thebaica, Diplotaxis
acris, Plantago major leaves and Mentha microphylla, in the large dose,
showed a protection of 50.8-45.8%, which were significantly different as
compared to control. The smaller dose of the tested plant extracts did not
protect animals from painful acetic acid stimulation with the exception of
Alhagi maurorum. In the tail-flick test, methanolic extracts of Mentha
microphylla, Conyza dioscaridis, Alhagi maurorum, Plantago major leaves,
Diplotaxis acris and Convolvulus fatmensis in a dose of 400 mg kg(-1)
produced significant increase in the latency to response of tail to thermal
stimulation. Mild or no effect was observed by the small dose with the
exception of Diplotaxis acris that had significant antinociceptive effect
at the dose of 200 mg kg(-1). The extracts of all tested plants in doses up
to 2 g kg(-1) b.wt. did not cause any deaths or major signs of acute
toxicity. Phytochemical screening indicated the presence of unsaturated
sterols, triterpenes, tannins, flavonoids and carbohydrates and/or
glycosides as major constituents.

Choi, et al. 1999 Abstract: In this study, we investigated the
cytotoxicities of flavone (F01), 3-hydroxyflavone (F02), 6- hydroxyflavone
(F03), 7-hydroxyflavone (F04), 3,6-dihydroxyflavone (F05), 5,7-
dihydroxyflavone (F06) and 5,6,7-trihydroxyflavone (F07) to human cancer
cells including P-glycoprotein (Pgp)-expressing HCT15 cells and its
multidrug resistant subline, HCT15/CL02 cells. We also examined the effects
of those flavonoids on the cell cycle of these cancer cells. HCT15/CL02
cells did not reveal resistance to all the flavonoids tested in comparison
with HCT15 cells. In cell cycle analysis, all the flavonoids tested, except
F01 and F04, reduced the G0/G1 population of SF295 cells at growth
inhibitory concentrations, and increased G2/M (F02, F03 and F06) or S (F05
and F07) populations. In addition, F02 and F03 decreased the G2/M and G0/G1
population, and increased the S and G2/M population in HCT15 cells,
respectively. Meanwhile, in HCT15/CL02 cells, F02 and F03 decreased the
G0/G1 populations and increased the S population. In conclusion, we deemed
that the flavonoids tested had diverse cytotoxic mechanisms, and exerted
their cell growth inhibitory or killing activity by distinctive ways in
different cells.

Herold, et al. 2003 Abstract: The aim of the present study was to
investigate if standardized hydroalcoholic plant extracts such as Calendula
officinalis, Hypericum perforatum, Plantago lanceolata and Glycyrrhiza
glabra can suppress in cell-free systems the activities of 5-lipoxygenase
(5-LO) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), key enzymes in the formation of
proinflammatory eicosanoids from arachidonic acid (AA). Studies were
undertaken to compare the above mentioned plant extracts to a known NSAID


(nimesulide) in their ability to inhibit both cyclooxygenase (COX-2) and
lipoxygenase (5-LO) activities in cell-free systems. We report on 2 vegetal
extracts (Hypericum perforatum and Glycyrrhiza glabra) that inhibit 5-LO
activity and 2 vegetal extracts (Plantago lanceolata and Glycyrrhiza
glabra) that inhibit COX-2 activity. In this study, we demonstrate for the
first time that Glycyrrhiza glabra extract efficiently suppresses both
eicosanoids and leukotrienes formation in cell-free systems, implying that
this extract directly acts as a dual inhibitor of 5-LO and COX-2
activities. With regard to the properties of dual COX-2/5-LO inhibitors,
Glycyrrhiza glabra extract might be a potential drug possessing anti-
inflammatory activity devoid of the most troublesome (gastric) side effects
seen for drugs used as COX-2 and 5-LO inhibitors. Hypericum perforatum,
Plantago lanceolata and Glycyrrhiza glabra extracts can be added to an
already impressive list of these species that have anti-inflammatory
activity.

Hsiang, et al. 2001 Abstract: The increasing clinical use of acyclovir,
ganciclovir, and foscarnet against herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella-
zoster virus, and cytomegalovirus has been associated with the emergence of
drug-resistant herpesvirus strains. To develop anti-HSV compounds from
plants, 31 herbs used as antipyretic and anti-inflammatory agents in
Chinese medicine were screened. Five different preparations (cold aqueous,
hot aqueous, ethanolic, acid ethanolic, and methanolic) from 31 herbs were
analyzed by plaque reduction assay, and 7 extracts. which showed
significant antiviral activities, were further elucidated for their
antiviral mechanisms. Our results showed that ethanolic extract of Rheum
officinale and methanolic extract of Paeonia suffruticosa prevented the
process of virus attachment and penetration. Aqueous extract of P.
suffruticosa and ethanolic extract of Melia toosendan inhibited virus
attachment to cell surface. Aqueous extract of Sophora flavescens and
methanolic extract of M. toosendan showed no effect on virus attachment and
penetration. These data indicated that these 4 herbs have a potential value
as a source of new powerful anti-HSV compounds.

Mantle, Lennard & Pickering 2000 Abstract: Various active compounds (or
their semi-synthetic derivatives) derived from medicinal plants have been
assessed for their efficacy and tolerability in the treatment of breast
cancer. Some of these plant species, including Taxus baccata (paclitaxel,
docetaxel), Podophyllum peltatum (etoposide), Camptotheca acuminata
(camptothecin) and Vinca rosea (vinblastine, vinorelbine) have well
recognized antitumour activity in breast cancer, and have been evaluated in
clinical trials. For example, results from recent Phase II/III trials have
established docetaxel as the most active single agent in the treatment
(first or second-line) of advanced metastatic breast cancer. For other
plant species such as Panax ginseng and Allium sativum, antitumour activity
has been evaluated in experimental studies using cultured cells and animal
models, but the therapeutic potential in patients remains to be determined.
Antitumour activity derived from medicinal plants may produce results via a
number of mechanisms, including effects on cytoskeletal proteins which play


a key role in mitosis (paclitaxel), inhibition of activity of topoisomerase
enzymes I (camptothecin) or II (etoposide), stimulation of the immune
system (Viscum album), or antiprotease-antioxidant activity. Medicinal
plant-derived antineoplastic agents may be used in single agent or in
combinational therapies, and have been used in first-line or second-line
(including anthracycline-refractory patients) treatment of localized or
metastatic breast cancer. Adverse effects resulting from the use of these
agents include neutropenia and peripheral neuropathies.

McKenna 1996 Abstract: Medicinal chemists have traditionally looked to the
biosynthetic diversity found in nature to provide structural templates for
the development of novel therapeutic agents, and the field of hallucinogen
chemistry is similar to other fields in this respect. Even LSD, for many
psychopharmacologists the prototype hallucinogen, is not itself a natural
compound but rather is a semisynthetic analogue of alkaloids found in
plants and fungi. A similar statement could be made about the other major
structural classes of hallucinogenic agents: the phenylethylamine
derivatives, the tryptamine derivatives, and the beta-carboline
derivatives. In each case, compounds occurring naturally in some plant,
usually associated with a long tradition of ethnomedical or ceremonial use,
have been the starting point for the synthesis of numerous analogues. Some
of these, such as the methoxylated amphetamine derivatives, display a
pharmacological profile that differs in important respects from their
natural product templates. In some instances the analogues have proven to
be useful tools in the hands of neurobiologists characterizing the
structure and function of brain neurotransmitter systems; in other cases,
they have led to the development of new psychopharmacological agents with
realized or potential clinical utility. This paper gives a brief historical
overview of the role of natural products in the history and development of
medicinal chemistry and experimental pharmacology, particularly with
respect to the development of psychopharmacology and the discovery of
CNS-active agents. It discusses the potential for the discovery of new
medications with psychotherapeutic and/or research applications though the
investigation of plants and natural compounds with serotonergic activities.
Finally, consideration is given to some lesser known plant hallucinogens
which may provide further useful leads for psychotherapeutic drug
discovery.

Mwaiko & Savaeli 1994 Abstract: Tests on lemon peel oil extract as a
mosquito larvicide were carried out. The oil was found to be toxic on
larvae, pupae and eggs of Culex quinquefasciatus. The oil also fulfilled
other required specifications like suitable specific gravity, spreading
pressure and viscosity. It was also toxic at a wide pH range, stable to
heat and light in terms of chemical change which could alter larvicidal
action. However, it was volatile and did not form a permanent film on water
surfaces for long periods. This affected the larvicidal action.

Nabekura, et al. 2005 Abstract: The effects of dietary phytochemicals on P-
glycoprotein function were investigated using human multidrug-resistant


carcinoma KB-C2 cells and the fluorescent P-glycoprotein substrates
daunorubicin and rhodamine 123. The effects of natural chemopreventive
compounds, capsaicin found in chilli peppers, curcumin in turmeric, [6]-
gingerol in ginger, resveratrol in grapes, sulforaphane in broccoli, 6-
methylsulfinyl hexyl isothiocyanate (6-HITC) in Japanese horseradish
wasabi, indole-3-carbinol (I3C) in cabbage, and diallyl sulfide and diallyl
trisulfide in garlic, were examined. The accumulation of daunorubicin in
KB-C2 cells increased in the presence of capsaicin, curcumin, [6]-gingerol,
and resveratrol in a concentration-dependent manner. The accumulation of
rhodamine 123 in KB-C2 cells was also increased, and the efflux of
rhodamine 123 from KB-C2 cells was decreased by these phytochemicals.
Sulforaphane, 6-HITC, I3C, and diallyl sulfide and diallyl trisulfide had
no effect. These results suggest that dietary phytochemicals, such as
capsaicin, curcumin, [6]-gingerol, and resveratrol, have inhibitory effects
on P-glycoprotein and potencies to cause drug-food interactions.

Nikaido, et al. 1989 Abstract: Sixty-one flavanones, twenty-six
isoflavones and eight other flavonoids, obtained from Sophora tomentosa,
S. flavescens, Scutellaria baicalensis and other medicinal plants or
synthesized, were tested for their inhibitory activity against adenosine
3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) phosphodiesterase from beef heart. The
structure-activity relationships were investigated.

Otero, et al. 2000 Abstract: Thirty-one of 75 extracts of plants used by
traditional healers for snakebites, had moderate or high neutralizing
ability against the haemorrhagic effect of Bothrops atrox venom from
Antioquia and Choco, north-western Colombia. After preincubation of several
doses of every extract (7.8- 4000 < mu >g/mouse) with six minimum
haemorrhagic doses (10 < mu >g) of venom, 12 of them demonstrated 100%
neutralizing capacity when the mixture was i.d. injected into mice (18-20
g). These were the stem barks of Brownea rosademonte (Caesalpiniaceae) and
Tabebuia rosea (Bignoniaceae); the whole plants of Pleopeltis percussa
(Polypodiaceae), Trichomanes elegans (Hymenophyllaceae) and Senna dariensis
(Caesalpiniaceae); rhizomes of Heliconia curtispatha (Heliconiaceae);
leaves and branches of Bixa orellana (Bixaceae), Philodendron tripartitum
(Araceae), Struthanthus orbicularis (Loranthaceae) and Gonzalagunia
panamensis (Rubiaceae); the ripe fruits of Citrus limon (Rutaceae); leaves,
branches and stem of Ficus nymphaeifolia (Moraceae). Extracts of another 19
species showed moderate neutralization (21-72%) at doses up to 4 mg/mouse,
e.g. the whole plants of Aristolochia grandiflora (Aristolochiaceae),
Columnea kalbreyeriana (Gesneriaceae), Sida acuta (Malvaceae), Selaginella
articulata (Selaginellaceae) and Pseudoelephantopus spicatus (Asteraceae);
rhizomes of Renealmia alpinia (Zingiberaceae); the stem of Strychnos
xinguensis (Loganiaceae); leaves, branches and stems of Hyptis capitata
(Lamiaceae), Ipomoea cairica (Convolvulaceae), Neurolaena lobata
(Asteraceae), Ocimum micranthum (Lamiaceae), Piper pulchrum (Piperaceae),
Siparuna thecaphora (Monimiaceae), Castilla elastica (Moraceae) and
Allamanda cathartica (Apocynaceae); the macerated ripe fruits of Capsicum
frutescens (Solanaceae); the unripe fruits of Crescentia cujete


(Bignoniaceae); leaves and branches of Piper arboreum (Piperaceae) and
Passiflora quadrangularis (Passifloraceae). When the extracts were
independently administered by oral, i.p. or i.v. route either before or
after an i.d. venom injection (10 < mu >g), neutralization of haemorrhage
dropped below 25% for all the extracts. Additionally, B. rosademonte and P.
percussa extracts were able to inhibit the proteolytic activity of B. atrox
venom on casein.

Pietro, et al. 2000 Abstract: The HIV-tuberculosis co-infection has caused
an impact on tuberculosis epidemiology all over the world and the
efficacies of the therapeutic schemes traditionally prescribed in the
treatment of tuberculosis, such as isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazinamide,
have decreased due to the appearance of multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis
strains (MDR). This work is part of research on natural antimicrobial
agents from plant extracts through bioassay-guided fractionation, by in
vitro determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using the
microdilution method with Alamar blue oxidation-reduction dye. Crude CHCl-3
Physalis angulata extracts and physalin-containing fractions displayed
antimycobac-terial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis,
Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium kansasii, Mycobacterium malmoense and
Mycobacterium intracellulare.

Terashima, et al. 1991 Abstract: The hot water extracts of Chrysanthemum
morifolium, Bixa orellana and Ipomoea batatas, were found to have potent
inhibitory activity towards lens aldose reductase (AR). Ellagic acid (4)
was isolated from C. morifolium and I. batatas, isoscutellarein (7) from B.
orellana and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (10) from I. batatas, respectively,
as potent inhibitors.

Thatte, Bagadey & Dahanukar 2000 Abstract: Programmed cell death
(apoptosis), a form of cell death, described by Kerr and Wyllie some 20
years ago, has generated considerable interest in recent years. The
mechanisms by which this mode of cell death (seen both in animal and plant
cells), takes place have been examined in detail. Extracellular signals and
intracellular events have been elaborated. Of interest to the clinician, is
the concentrated effort to study pharmacological modulation of programmed
cell death. The attempt to influence the natural phenomenon of programmed
cell death stems from the fact that it is reduced (like in cancer) or
increased (like in neurodegenerative diseases) in several clinical
situations. Thus, chemicals that can modify programmed cell death are
likely to be potentially useful drugs. From foxglove, which gave digitalis
to the Pacific Yew from which came taxol, plants have been a source of
research material for useful drugs. Recently, a variety of plant extracts
have been investigated for their ability to influence the apoptotic
process. This article discusses some of the interesting data. The ability
of plants to influence programmed cell death in cancerous cells in an
attempt to arrest their proliferation has been the topic of much research.
Various cell-lines like HL60, human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line
(KIM-1), a cholangiocarcinoma cell-line (KMC-1), B-cell hybridomas, U937 a


monocytic cell-line, HeLa cells, human lymphoid leukemia (MOLT-4B) cells
and K562 cells have been studied. The agents found to induce programmed
cell death (measured either morphologically or flow cytometrically)
included extracts of plants like mistletoe and Semicarpus anacardium.
Isolated compounds like bryonolic acid (from Trichosanthes kirilowii var.
Japonica, crocin (from saffron) and allicin (from Allium sativum) have also
been found to induce programmed cell death and therefore arrest
proliferation. Even Chinese herbal medicine "Sho-saiko-to" induces
programmed cell death in selected cancerous cell lines. Of considerable
interest is the finding that Panax ginseng prevents irradiation-induced
programmed cell death in hair follicles, suggesting important therapeutic
implications. Nutraceuticals (dietary plants) like soya bean, garlic,
ginger, green tea, etc. which have been suggested, in epidemiological
studies, to reduce the incidence of cancer may do so by inducing programmed
cell death. Soy bean extracts have been shown to prevent development of
diseases like polycystic kidneys, while Artemisia asiatica attenuates
cerulein-induced pancreatitis in rats. Interestingly enough, a number of
food items as well as herbal medicines have been reported to produce toxic
effects by inducing programmed cell death. For example, programmed cell
death in isolated rat hepatocytes has been implicated in the hepatitis
induced by a herbal medicine containing diterpinoids from germander. Other
studies suggest that rapid progression of the betel- and tobacco-related
oral squamous cell carcinomas may be associated with a simultaneous
involvement of p53 and c-myc leading to inhibition of programmed cell
death. Several mechanisms have been identified to underlie the modulation
of programmed cell death by plants including endonuclease activation,
induction of p53, activation of caspase 3 protease via a Bcl-2-insensitive
pathway, potentiate free-radical formation and accumulation of sphinganine.
Programmed cell death is a highly conserved mechanism of self-defense, also
found to occur in plants. Hence, it is natural to assume that chemicals
must exist in them to regulate programmed cell death in them. Thus, plants
are likely to prove to be important sources of agents that will modulate
programmed cell death.

Tohda, et al. Abstract 2000: In a search for new anti-pruritic drugs we
screened methanol extracts of 33 herbal medicines which have been used for
cutaneous diseases for their antipruritic activity using substance P (SP)
as a pruritogen in mice. When administered perorally 30 min before SP
injection, methanol extracts of 6 of these herbal medicines, the root of
Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl., the root of Patrinia villosa (Thunb.)
Juss, the fruit of Forsythia suspenna Vahl, the rhizome of Cimicifuga
dahurica (Turcz.) Maxim., the aerial part of Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq.
and the fruit of Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cuss, inhibited SP-induced itch-
scratch response at a dose of 200 mg/kg with-out affecting locomotor
activity. Dose dependence of these 6 extracts (50-500 mg/kg) was
investigated and all of them inhibited SP-induced itch-scratch response,
with extracts from Scrophularia ningpoensis, Schizonepeta tenuifolia and
Cnidium monnieri showing particularly significant inhibition. The results
suggest that these 6 methanol extracts have inhibitory activity against SP-


induced itching.

Viana, et al. 1996 Abstract: Flavonoids are phenolic compounds of
vegetable origin with antioxidant effects. The present study aimed to
determine their properties as LDL antioxidants. LDL were incubated with
increasing concentrations of flavonoids (0-16 micrograms/ml) and LDL
oxidation was started by adding CuCl2 (2 microM) to the media. When
flavonoids were present in the media, vitamin E consumption, the lag phase
of conjugated diene formation, LDL electrophoretic mobility in agarose gels
and the appearance of thiobarbituric acid reacting substances (TBARS) were
delayed in a concentration-dependent manner. To determine whether
flavonoids could terminate LDL oxidation once initiated, two sets of
experiments were performed. In the first, LDL oxidation was initiated as
described above. At 2 or 4 h of incubation, flavonoids were added (4
micrograms/ml) and their effect compared to samples where butylated
hydroxytoluene or EDTA were added. At 5 h, in the LDL samples where
flavonoids were added, the electrophoretic mobility and TBARS production
were the same as those present in LDL samples incubated for the whole
period in the absence of flavonoids. However, when either butylate
hydroxytoluene or EDTA was added, as would be expected, the LDL oxidation
process was completely arrested as shown by a reduction in the appearance
of TBARS and a lower LDL electrophoretic mobility. In the second
experiment, LDL oxidation was initiated as described above and at 0, 10 and
20 min, flavonoids were added (4 micrograms/ml). When vitamin E was still
present in the LDL solution, the flavonoids were able to both increase the
lag phase in the formation of conjugated dienes and to delay the
consumption of vitamin E. The present results show that in vitro,
flavonoids prevent LDL oxidation in a concentration-dependent manner,
delaying the consumption of vitamin E, but they cannot terminate or delay
LDL oxidation once vitamin E in LDL is consumed.

Xu & Lee 2001 Abstract: Thirty eight plant-derived flavonoids representing
seven different structural groups were tested for activities against
antibiotic-resistant bacteria using the disc-diffusion assay and broth
dilution assay. Among the flavonoids examined, four flavonols (myricetin,
datiscetin, kaempferol and quercetin) and two -flavones (flavone and
luteolin) exhibited inhibitory activity against methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Myricetin was also found to inhibit the
growth of multidrug-resistant Burkholderia -cepacia, vancomycin-resistant
enterococci (VRE) and other medically important organisms such as -
Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Myricetin was
bactericidal to B. cepacia. The results of the radiolabel incorporation
assay showed that myricetin inhibited protein synthesis by -B. cepacia. The
structure-activity relationship of these flavonoids is discussed.

Bo eyarnell herbactions

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