zoology

1. Blood Parasites

2. Different stages of Haemoflagellates

4. African sleeping sickness
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense: East Africa,
wild and domestic animal reservoirs
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense: West and
Central Africa, mainly human infection

5. African Trypanosomiasis
Life cycle of Trypanosoma
brucei gambiense & T. b. rhodesiense

7. Animal reservoir hosts for African sleeping sickness

8. Tsetse fly

9. Pathology and clinical picture
1. Skin stage: chancre.
2. Haematolymphatic stage: generalized
lymphadenopathy, anaemia, generalized
organ involvement.
3. Central nervous system stage (CNS):
Meningoencephalitis.
(Development of the disease more rapid in
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense)

10. chancre

11. Winterbottom’s stage

12. 3rd stage CNS

13. Lymph node aspirate

14. trypanosoma

15. CSF

17. AMERICAN TRYPANOSOMIASIS
LIFE CYCLE OF Trypanosoma cruzi

18. Reduviid (Triatomine) bug

19. T. cruzi causes cutaneous stage (chagoma)

20. Ocular lesion (Romana’ sign)

21. C-shape

22. Heart damage
due to American
trypanosomiasis

23. Diagnosis
• Blood film
• Serology: IFAT
• Xenodiagnosis: feeding bugs on a suspected
cases.

24. TREATMENT
African trypanosomiasis
For early infection
• pentamidine
• suramin
For late infection
• eflornithine (Diflouromethylornithine- DFMO)
American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease)
• benznidazole
• nifurtimox

25. FILARIALIASIS )

26. LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS

27. MAJOR FILARIAL INFECTIONS OF HUMANS
Lab.
diagnosis
vector
Location of
microfilaria
Location of
adult in
humans
Geographic
distribution
Disease
species
Blood
film
mosquitoes
Blood
(nocturnal
periodicity)
Lymphatic
vessels
Tropical
and
subtropical
areas
elephantiasis
Wuchereria
bancrofti
Blood
film+ICT
mosquitoes
Blood
(nocturnal
periodicity)
Lymphatic
vessels
Asia
elephantiasis
Brugia
malayi
Skin snip
Simulium
spp. (black
fly)
Skin, eyes,
no
periodicity
Subcutaneous
nodules
Africa,
Central
and South
America,
Yemen
Onchocerciasis
(river
blindness)
Onchocerc
a volvulus
Blood
film
Chrysops
spp. (deer
fly)
Blood
(diurnal
periodicity)
Moving in
subcutaneous
tissues
Central
Africa
loiasis
Loa loa

29. Onchocerciasis (river blindness)
Pathology:
Adults worms live in subcutaneous nodules.
Main pathology caused by microfilariae in:
• Skin: dermatitis
• Lymph nodes: lymphadenopathy
• Eyes: blindness
Diagnosis: skin snip to identify microfilariae.
Treatment: Ivermectin

31. Lymphatic Filariasis

32. LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS
Mainly caused by Wuchereria bancrofti
and Brugia malayi
Pathology:
Due to adult worm obstructing lymphatics.
• Acute: lymphadenitis lymphatic varices
• Chronic: lymphedema, hydrocele, chyluria.

33. LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS
Diagnosis: detection of
microfilariae in blood in
early stages of the disease:
Blood film, Knott’s method
( concentration of 1 ml of
blood), best 10 pm to 2 am
(nocturnal periodicity).
Immunological tests:
Treatment:
diethylcarbamazine
(DEC) or ivermectin

35. Loa loa

36. Loiasis

37. Loiasis
• Pathology: Adult worm
continously migration in
subcutaneous and subconjuntival
tissues, causing Calabar
swellings (allergic reactions) and
conjunctivitis.

38. Loiasis
• Diagnosis: detection of microfilariae in blood
film.
• Treatment: diethylcarbamazine (DEC) or
ivermectin, surgical remonval.