Blood brain barrier
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The document discusses the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which was first described in 1882. The BBB protects the central nervous system from toxins and fluctuations in blood by stabilizing the internal environment of the brain and cerebrospinal fluid. Diseases like meningitis, brain abscesses, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer's can occur if the BBB is compromised.
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Blood brain barrier
The document discusses the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which restricts passage of molecules from the bloodstream to the brain. It acts to protect the brain but also hinders drug delivery for brain disorders. Methods to overcome the BBB include disrupting it, using carrier proteins, or delivering drugs behind the BBB. Nanoparticles and liposomes loaded with drugs are also being explored. Developing strategies to target the BBB is crucial for advancing treatment of brain conditions but remains underdeveloped.
BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) tightly regulates what enters the brain from the bloodstream. It is formed by brain microvessel endothelial cells with tight junctions and few transport vesicles. These cells are surrounded by basement membrane, pericytes, and astrocyte endfeet. The BBB maintains ion balance, prevents toxins from entering the brain, and transports nutrients into the brain through selective transport mechanisms, protecting the brain while ensuring its nutrition. Any disruption to the BBB can have pathological consequences by allowing damaging molecules into the brain.
Blood brain barrier
The document discusses the blood-brain barrier (BBB). It describes how the BBB was first discovered in the late 19th century through dye injection experiments. The BBB is formed by tight junctions between endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytic foot processes, and basal lamina. It selectively restricts the passage of molecules between the blood and brain based on size and lipid solubility. The BBB protects the brain from toxins and pathogens but also limits delivery of drugs to the brain. Compromise of the BBB occurs in diseases like tumors, multiple sclerosis, and stroke.
Blood brain barrier
blood brain barrier, Anatomy of blood brain barrier, function, Tight junction, Pericytes, Location of BBB, Circumventricular organs, Normal BBB transport, PATHOLOGIC CHANGES IN THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER, BBB and Brain Tumors, Epilepsy and BBB, Pharmacological Measures to Overcome Blood-Brain Barrier Blood, Pharmacological Measures to Overcome Blood-Brain Barrier
Blood brain barrier ajay
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is composed of specialized endothelial cells that form tight junctions to restrict diffusion between blood and brain tissue. It is part of the neurovascular unit which also includes astrocytes, pericytes, neurons and the extracellular matrix. Transport across the BBB occurs mainly through facilitated diffusion, active transport or transcytosis. The BBB helps maintain homeostasis in the brain by regulating ion concentrations and selectively transporting nutrients while blocking toxins and pathogens. Disruptions to the BBB occur in conditions like tumors, infections and trauma, allowing normally restricted substances into the brain.
Blood Brain Barrier by Dr Padmesh V
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) tightly regulates transportation between the blood and brain to maintain homeostasis. It is formed by endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes, and a basement membrane. These structures comprise the neurovascular unit. Three barrier layers exist - the BBB, blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and arachnoid epithelium. The BBB prevents diffusion of polar solutes through tight junctions between endothelial cells. It is selectively permeable to allow passage of water, oxygen, dioxide and lipid-soluble substances while restricting entry of toxins, bacteria, and macromolecules. The BBB physiology regulates glucose, amino acid, water and drug transport critical for brain function and protection.
Blood brain barrier ppt.
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a membrane that controls the passage of substances from the blood into the central nervous system. It is a physical barrier between blood vessels and the central nervous system that stops many substances from passing through. The BBB is permeable to alcohol and some heavy metals but blocks most molecules that are larger than 500 Daltons from entering the brain. It protects the brain from common infections by preventing antibodies from crossing over. The BBB can be broken down by factors like hypertension, development, radiation exposure, infection, or trauma.
Blood brain barrier
The document discusses the microenvironment of neurons, focusing on the blood brain barrier and cerebrospinal fluid. It notes that the brain requires a stable environment to function normally, which is provided by barriers between blood and cerebrospinal fluid and blood and brain fluid. These barriers allow the passage of water, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and lipid-soluble substances while being impermeable to plasma proteins and large organic molecules. Cerebrospinal fluid acts as a cushion and transport system for the brain, and is formed in the choroid plexuses and absorbed into veins in the subarachnoid space. The cerebral circulation and autoregulation of blood flow is also summarized.
Recommended
Blood brain barrier
The document discusses the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which restricts passage of molecules from the bloodstream to the brain. It acts to protect the brain but also hinders drug delivery for brain disorders. Methods to overcome the BBB include disrupting it, using carrier proteins, or delivering drugs behind the BBB. Nanoparticles and liposomes loaded with drugs are also being explored. Developing strategies to target the BBB is crucial for advancing treatment of brain conditions but remains underdeveloped.
BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) tightly regulates what enters the brain from the bloodstream. It is formed by brain microvessel endothelial cells with tight junctions and few transport vesicles. These cells are surrounded by basement membrane, pericytes, and astrocyte endfeet. The BBB maintains ion balance, prevents toxins from entering the brain, and transports nutrients into the brain through selective transport mechanisms, protecting the brain while ensuring its nutrition. Any disruption to the BBB can have pathological consequences by allowing damaging molecules into the brain.
Blood brain barrier
The document discusses the blood-brain barrier (BBB). It describes how the BBB was first discovered in the late 19th century through dye injection experiments. The BBB is formed by tight junctions between endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytic foot processes, and basal lamina. It selectively restricts the passage of molecules between the blood and brain based on size and lipid solubility. The BBB protects the brain from toxins and pathogens but also limits delivery of drugs to the brain. Compromise of the BBB occurs in diseases like tumors, multiple sclerosis, and stroke.
Blood brain barrier
blood brain barrier, Anatomy of blood brain barrier, function, Tight junction, Pericytes, Location of BBB, Circumventricular organs, Normal BBB transport, PATHOLOGIC CHANGES IN THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER, BBB and Brain Tumors, Epilepsy and BBB, Pharmacological Measures to Overcome Blood-Brain Barrier Blood, Pharmacological Measures to Overcome Blood-Brain Barrier
Blood brain barrier ajay
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is composed of specialized endothelial cells that form tight junctions to restrict diffusion between blood and brain tissue. It is part of the neurovascular unit which also includes astrocytes, pericytes, neurons and the extracellular matrix. Transport across the BBB occurs mainly through facilitated diffusion, active transport or transcytosis. The BBB helps maintain homeostasis in the brain by regulating ion concentrations and selectively transporting nutrients while blocking toxins and pathogens. Disruptions to the BBB occur in conditions like tumors, infections and trauma, allowing normally restricted substances into the brain.
Blood Brain Barrier by Dr Padmesh V
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) tightly regulates transportation between the blood and brain to maintain homeostasis. It is formed by endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes, and a basement membrane. These structures comprise the neurovascular unit. Three barrier layers exist - the BBB, blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and arachnoid epithelium. The BBB prevents diffusion of polar solutes through tight junctions between endothelial cells. It is selectively permeable to allow passage of water, oxygen, dioxide and lipid-soluble substances while restricting entry of toxins, bacteria, and macromolecules. The BBB physiology regulates glucose, amino acid, water and drug transport critical for brain function and protection.
Blood brain barrier ppt.
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a membrane that controls the passage of substances from the blood into the central nervous system. It is a physical barrier between blood vessels and the central nervous system that stops many substances from passing through. The BBB is permeable to alcohol and some heavy metals but blocks most molecules that are larger than 500 Daltons from entering the brain. It protects the brain from common infections by preventing antibodies from crossing over. The BBB can be broken down by factors like hypertension, development, radiation exposure, infection, or trauma.
Blood brain barrier
The document discusses the microenvironment of neurons, focusing on the blood brain barrier and cerebrospinal fluid. It notes that the brain requires a stable environment to function normally, which is provided by barriers between blood and cerebrospinal fluid and blood and brain fluid. These barriers allow the passage of water, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and lipid-soluble substances while being impermeable to plasma proteins and large organic molecules. Cerebrospinal fluid acts as a cushion and transport system for the brain, and is formed in the choroid plexuses and absorbed into veins in the subarachnoid space. The cerebral circulation and autoregulation of blood flow is also summarized.
Cerebellum parts and functions
The cerebellum is located behind the brain stem and contains half of the brain's neurons. It consists of a central vermis and two lateral lobes. The cerebellum is divided into three lobes - anterior, posterior, and flocculonodular. It receives input and sends output via three peduncles. The cerebellum coordinates movement, balance, and posture through feedforward processing in its modular circuitry and plays a role in motor learning. Damage impairs coordination, balance, and movement control.
White matter tracts
Major white matter tracts in the brain can be divided into four groups: brain stem, projection fibers, association fibers, and commissural fibers. The brain stem contains tracts that relay signals between the brain and spinal cord. Projection fibers connect the cortex with the thalamus, pons, and spinal cord. Association fibers connect different regions within each cerebral hemisphere. Commissural fibers connect the two hemispheres, with the corpus callosum being the largest tract that connects the neocortex between hemispheres.
Blood brain barrier
The document discusses the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which was first described in 1882. The BBB protects the central nervous system from toxins and fluctuations in blood by stabilizing the internal environment of the brain and cerebrospinal fluid. Diseases like meningitis, brain abscesses, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease can occur if the BBB is compromised.
Hippocampus
The document summarizes key aspects of the hippocampus. It describes the hippocampus as a curved structure in the medial temporal lobe that plays important roles in memory consolidation and spatial navigation. It notes that humans and other mammals have two hippocampi, one in each side of the brain. It then details the various subregions of the hippocampus, including the Cornu Ammonis regions CA1-CA4 and the dentate gyrus. It provides information on the characteristic cell layers and connections within and between these subregions.
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary body functions like heart rate, respiration, digestion and more. It has two divisions:
The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for "fight or flight" through responses like increased heart rate and dilated pupils. It uses norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter.
The parasympathetic nervous system helps the body "rest and digest" with functions like digestion, salivation and pupil constriction. It uses acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter.
Together these two divisions work to maintain homeostasis and control internal organs through a two-neuron pathway, with cell bodies located in the spinal cord or brainstem and ganglia between pre- and postganglionic neurons.
Corpus callosum with disconnection syndromes
This document discusses the anatomy and functions of the corpus callosum. It describes the corpus callosum as the wide bundle of neural fibers beneath the cortex that connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres. It summarizes that the corpus callosum is divided into five regions - the splenium, body, genu, rostrum, and isthmus. It also briefly discusses the blood supply, development, and functions of the different regions of the corpus callosum.
CSF physiology
This document discusses cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) physiology and summarizes a presentation given by Dr. Kaushal Deep Singh. It outlines the history of CSF discovery. CSF is formed primarily by the choroid plexuses in the ventricles and circulates through the ventricles and subarachnoid spaces before being reabsorbed into the venous sinuses. The composition, circulation, and factors regulating CSF formation and reabsorption are described. Alterations in CSF dynamics can occur in various pathologies.
Blood supply of the brain
The brain receives its arterial blood supply from the internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries. The internal carotid artery enters the cranium and gives off branches including the anterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery. The vertebral arteries join to form the basilar artery which splits into the posterior cerebral arteries. These arteries anastomose to form the Circle of Willis, which provides an alternative blood supply if one of the arteries is occluded. Occlusion of specific arteries can cause deficits in regions supplied by that artery.
Anatomy of cerebellum
The cerebellum has three main parts - the vermis, two hemispheres, and four lobes. It receives sensory input from the spinal cord, brainstem, and cerebral cortex. There are three layers in the cerebellar cortex - molecular layer, purkinje cell layer, and granular layer. The cerebellum is connected to the brainstem via three cerebellar peduncles and plays a role in motor coordination and balance.
Meninges
The document summarizes the meninges and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It describes the three meningeal layers that protect the brain - the outer dura mater, middle arachnoid mater, and inner pia mater. CSF fills the subarachnoid space between the arachnoid and pia mater, acting as a water cushion. It provides details on the layers, including that the dura mater has two layers, the arachnoid mater loosely surrounds the brain and forms arachnoid villi that absorb CSF, and the pia mater dips into brain sulci and folds to form structures like the choroid plexus. The subarachnoid space contains CSF
Basal ganglia
The basal ganglia are a group of subcortical nuclei that receive input from and send output back to the cerebral cortex to assist with motor control and learning. They include the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. The basal ganglia help control skilled movements through circuits involving the putamen, globus pallidus, thalamus, and motor cortex. Damage to parts of these circuits can cause movement disorders like chorea, hemiballismus, and athetosis. Parkinson's disease results from degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra, leading to rigidity, tremors, and akinesia
Cerebellum-Connections and Functions
The document discusses the anatomy and functions of the cerebellum. It describes the cerebellum's connections to other parts of the brain and its divisions. The cerebellum receives input from various pathways and sends output through several nuclei to control muscle tone, coordinate movement, balance, equilibrium, and speech. It plays an important role in motor learning and planning sequential movements.
NEUROANATOMY OF BRAINSTEM
BRAINSTEM
The Brainstem lies at the base of the brain and the top of the spinal cord.
The brainstem is located in the posterior cranial fossa.
The brainstem is the structure that connects the cerebrum of the brain to the spinal cord and cerebellum.
Provides a pathway for tracts running between higher and lower neural centers.
Divided into 3 major divisions:
midbrain,
pons, and
medulla oblongata.
It is responsible for many vital functions of life, such as breathing, consciousness, blood pressure, heart rate, and sleep.
It contains many critical collections of white and grey matter.
The grey matter within the brainstem consists of nerve cell bodies and form many important brainstem nuclei. Ten of the twelve cranial nerves arise from their cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem.
The white matter tracts of the brainstem include axons of nerves traversing their course to different structures. These tracts travel both to the brain (afferent) and from the brain (efferent) such as the somatosensory pathways and the corticospinal tracts, respectively.
Mid Brain
The midbrain is continuous with the cerebral hemisphere.
The upper posterior (i.e. rear) portion of the midbrain is called the tectum, which means "roof."
The surface of the tectum is covered with four bumps representing two paired structures: the superior and inferior colliculi.
The superior colliculi are involved in eye movements and visual processing, while the inferior colliculi are involved in auditory processing.
Another important nucleus, the substantia nigra, is located here.
The substantia nigra is rich in dopamine neurons and is considered part of the basal ganglia.
Pons
An important pathway for tracts that run from the cerebrum down to the medulla and spinal cord, as well as for tracts that travel up into the brain.
It also forms important connections with the cerebellum via fibre bundles known as the cerebellar peduncles.
Posteriorly, the pons and medulla are separated from the cerebellum by the fourth ventricle.
Home to several nuclei for cranial nerves.
Medulla
The point where the brainstem connects to the spinal cord.
Contains a nucleus called the nucleus of the solitary tract that is crucial for our survival (receives information about blood flow, along with information about levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood, from the heart and major blood vessels).
When this information suggests a discordance with bodily needs (e.g. blood pressure is too low), there are reflexive actions initiated in the nucleus of the solitary tract to bring things back to within the desired range.
Blood Supply
The brain stem receives its blood supply exclusively from the posterior circulation, including the vertebrae and basilar artery.
The medulla receives its blood supply from the vertebral via medial and lateral perforating arteries.
The pons and midbrain receive their blood from the basilar via the medial and lateral perforating arteries.
Thalamus
The thalamus is a midline paired structure in the brain that relays sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex. It contains several nuclei that subserve different functions. The ventral posterior nuclei relay sensory information from the body and face. The ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei are major motor relay nuclei. The medial geniculate and lateral geniculate bodies relay auditory and visual information respectively. Damage to specific nuclei causes localized neurological deficits, while more widespread damage can impact functions like arousal, memory and behavior.
Blood supply of brain
The document summarizes the cerebral blood supply system. It describes that the brain receives blood from two main arterial systems - the internal carotid and vertebral arteries. These arteries are connected via the circle of Willis, which allows for collateral blood flow if one artery is blocked. It then proceeds to describe each of the major arteries in detail, including their branches and the brain regions they supply.
cerebellum
1. The document describes the histological structure of the cerebellum including its three layers - molecular layer, Purkinje cell layer, and granular layer.
2. It lists the afferent and efferent nerve fibers of the three cerebellar peduncles - superior, middle, and inferior. The superior cerebellar peduncle has dentato-rubral tract and dentatothalamic tract as efferents.
3. The physiological functions of the three divisions of the cerebellum are described. The spinocerebellum regulates muscle tone and posture. The cerebrocerebellum is involved in skilled movement and cognitive functions. The vestibulocerebellum
Cerebral circulation & csf formation
Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the choroid plexuses in the ventricles of the brain. It circulates through the ventricles and surrounding subarachnoid space, providing protection and nutrients to the brain and spinal cord. CSF is absorbed back into the bloodstream through arachnoid villi. The rate of CSF production and absorption is carefully regulated to maintain proper pressure and circulation.
Anatomy of meninges, ventricles, cerebrospinal fluid
The document discusses the meninges, ventricles, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood supply of the brain. It describes the three layers of the meninges - the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. It explains the structure and functions of the dura mater septa including the falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli, and diaphragma sellae. It also describes the ventricles, cerebrospinal fluid formation and circulation, as well as the blood supply and drainage of the dura mater.
Thalamus and hypothalamus
The document discusses the thalamus and hypothalamus. It provides details on the anatomy, internal structure, nuclei, connections and blood supply of the thalamus. It describes the relations, boundaries, nuclei and connections of the hypothalamus. The thalamus acts as a relay station and integrative center for sensory information to the cortex. The hypothalamus regulates the autonomic nervous system, endocrine system and limbic system through its nuclei and connections. Lesions of the thalamus can cause sensory loss, involuntary movements and effects on motor control through disruption of thalamic circuits.
NEURO-ANATOMY OF BASAL GANGLIA AND ITS CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
The document provides information on the basal ganglia including its history, neuroanatomy, pathways, connections, and related disorders. It describes the major structures of the basal ganglia such as the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra. It explains the direct and indirect pathways within the basal ganglia and how they regulate movement. Disorders associated with basal ganglia damage or pathology include Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and Wilson's disease.
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ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
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Cerebellum parts and functions
The cerebellum is located behind the brain stem and contains half of the brain's neurons. It consists of a central vermis and two lateral lobes. The cerebellum is divided into three lobes - anterior, posterior, and flocculonodular. It receives input and sends output via three peduncles. The cerebellum coordinates movement, balance, and posture through feedforward processing in its modular circuitry and plays a role in motor learning. Damage impairs coordination, balance, and movement control.
White matter tracts
Major white matter tracts in the brain can be divided into four groups: brain stem, projection fibers, association fibers, and commissural fibers. The brain stem contains tracts that relay signals between the brain and spinal cord. Projection fibers connect the cortex with the thalamus, pons, and spinal cord. Association fibers connect different regions within each cerebral hemisphere. Commissural fibers connect the two hemispheres, with the corpus callosum being the largest tract that connects the neocortex between hemispheres.
Blood brain barrier
The document discusses the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which was first described in 1882. The BBB protects the central nervous system from toxins and fluctuations in blood by stabilizing the internal environment of the brain and cerebrospinal fluid. Diseases like meningitis, brain abscesses, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease can occur if the BBB is compromised.
Hippocampus
The document summarizes key aspects of the hippocampus. It describes the hippocampus as a curved structure in the medial temporal lobe that plays important roles in memory consolidation and spatial navigation. It notes that humans and other mammals have two hippocampi, one in each side of the brain. It then details the various subregions of the hippocampus, including the Cornu Ammonis regions CA1-CA4 and the dentate gyrus. It provides information on the characteristic cell layers and connections within and between these subregions.
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary body functions like heart rate, respiration, digestion and more. It has two divisions:
The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for "fight or flight" through responses like increased heart rate and dilated pupils. It uses norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter.
The parasympathetic nervous system helps the body "rest and digest" with functions like digestion, salivation and pupil constriction. It uses acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter.
Together these two divisions work to maintain homeostasis and control internal organs through a two-neuron pathway, with cell bodies located in the spinal cord or brainstem and ganglia between pre- and postganglionic neurons.
Corpus callosum with disconnection syndromes
This document discusses the anatomy and functions of the corpus callosum. It describes the corpus callosum as the wide bundle of neural fibers beneath the cortex that connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres. It summarizes that the corpus callosum is divided into five regions - the splenium, body, genu, rostrum, and isthmus. It also briefly discusses the blood supply, development, and functions of the different regions of the corpus callosum.
CSF physiology
This document discusses cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) physiology and summarizes a presentation given by Dr. Kaushal Deep Singh. It outlines the history of CSF discovery. CSF is formed primarily by the choroid plexuses in the ventricles and circulates through the ventricles and subarachnoid spaces before being reabsorbed into the venous sinuses. The composition, circulation, and factors regulating CSF formation and reabsorption are described. Alterations in CSF dynamics can occur in various pathologies.
Blood supply of the brain
The brain receives its arterial blood supply from the internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries. The internal carotid artery enters the cranium and gives off branches including the anterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery. The vertebral arteries join to form the basilar artery which splits into the posterior cerebral arteries. These arteries anastomose to form the Circle of Willis, which provides an alternative blood supply if one of the arteries is occluded. Occlusion of specific arteries can cause deficits in regions supplied by that artery.
Anatomy of cerebellum
The cerebellum has three main parts - the vermis, two hemispheres, and four lobes. It receives sensory input from the spinal cord, brainstem, and cerebral cortex. There are three layers in the cerebellar cortex - molecular layer, purkinje cell layer, and granular layer. The cerebellum is connected to the brainstem via three cerebellar peduncles and plays a role in motor coordination and balance.
Meninges
The document summarizes the meninges and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It describes the three meningeal layers that protect the brain - the outer dura mater, middle arachnoid mater, and inner pia mater. CSF fills the subarachnoid space between the arachnoid and pia mater, acting as a water cushion. It provides details on the layers, including that the dura mater has two layers, the arachnoid mater loosely surrounds the brain and forms arachnoid villi that absorb CSF, and the pia mater dips into brain sulci and folds to form structures like the choroid plexus. The subarachnoid space contains CSF
Basal ganglia
The basal ganglia are a group of subcortical nuclei that receive input from and send output back to the cerebral cortex to assist with motor control and learning. They include the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. The basal ganglia help control skilled movements through circuits involving the putamen, globus pallidus, thalamus, and motor cortex. Damage to parts of these circuits can cause movement disorders like chorea, hemiballismus, and athetosis. Parkinson's disease results from degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra, leading to rigidity, tremors, and akinesia
Cerebellum-Connections and Functions
The document discusses the anatomy and functions of the cerebellum. It describes the cerebellum's connections to other parts of the brain and its divisions. The cerebellum receives input from various pathways and sends output through several nuclei to control muscle tone, coordinate movement, balance, equilibrium, and speech. It plays an important role in motor learning and planning sequential movements.
NEUROANATOMY OF BRAINSTEM
BRAINSTEM
The Brainstem lies at the base of the brain and the top of the spinal cord.
The brainstem is located in the posterior cranial fossa.
The brainstem is the structure that connects the cerebrum of the brain to the spinal cord and cerebellum.
Provides a pathway for tracts running between higher and lower neural centers.
Divided into 3 major divisions:
midbrain,
pons, and
medulla oblongata.
It is responsible for many vital functions of life, such as breathing, consciousness, blood pressure, heart rate, and sleep.
It contains many critical collections of white and grey matter.
The grey matter within the brainstem consists of nerve cell bodies and form many important brainstem nuclei. Ten of the twelve cranial nerves arise from their cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem.
The white matter tracts of the brainstem include axons of nerves traversing their course to different structures. These tracts travel both to the brain (afferent) and from the brain (efferent) such as the somatosensory pathways and the corticospinal tracts, respectively.
Mid Brain
The midbrain is continuous with the cerebral hemisphere.
The upper posterior (i.e. rear) portion of the midbrain is called the tectum, which means "roof."
The surface of the tectum is covered with four bumps representing two paired structures: the superior and inferior colliculi.
The superior colliculi are involved in eye movements and visual processing, while the inferior colliculi are involved in auditory processing.
Another important nucleus, the substantia nigra, is located here.
The substantia nigra is rich in dopamine neurons and is considered part of the basal ganglia.
Pons
An important pathway for tracts that run from the cerebrum down to the medulla and spinal cord, as well as for tracts that travel up into the brain.
It also forms important connections with the cerebellum via fibre bundles known as the cerebellar peduncles.
Posteriorly, the pons and medulla are separated from the cerebellum by the fourth ventricle.
Home to several nuclei for cranial nerves.
Medulla
The point where the brainstem connects to the spinal cord.
Contains a nucleus called the nucleus of the solitary tract that is crucial for our survival (receives information about blood flow, along with information about levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood, from the heart and major blood vessels).
When this information suggests a discordance with bodily needs (e.g. blood pressure is too low), there are reflexive actions initiated in the nucleus of the solitary tract to bring things back to within the desired range.
Blood Supply
The brain stem receives its blood supply exclusively from the posterior circulation, including the vertebrae and basilar artery.
The medulla receives its blood supply from the vertebral via medial and lateral perforating arteries.
The pons and midbrain receive their blood from the basilar via the medial and lateral perforating arteries.
Thalamus
The thalamus is a midline paired structure in the brain that relays sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex. It contains several nuclei that subserve different functions. The ventral posterior nuclei relay sensory information from the body and face. The ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei are major motor relay nuclei. The medial geniculate and lateral geniculate bodies relay auditory and visual information respectively. Damage to specific nuclei causes localized neurological deficits, while more widespread damage can impact functions like arousal, memory and behavior.
Blood supply of brain
The document summarizes the cerebral blood supply system. It describes that the brain receives blood from two main arterial systems - the internal carotid and vertebral arteries. These arteries are connected via the circle of Willis, which allows for collateral blood flow if one artery is blocked. It then proceeds to describe each of the major arteries in detail, including their branches and the brain regions they supply.
cerebellum
1. The document describes the histological structure of the cerebellum including its three layers - molecular layer, Purkinje cell layer, and granular layer.
2. It lists the afferent and efferent nerve fibers of the three cerebellar peduncles - superior, middle, and inferior. The superior cerebellar peduncle has dentato-rubral tract and dentatothalamic tract as efferents.
3. The physiological functions of the three divisions of the cerebellum are described. The spinocerebellum regulates muscle tone and posture. The cerebrocerebellum is involved in skilled movement and cognitive functions. The vestibulocerebellum
Cerebral circulation & csf formation
Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the choroid plexuses in the ventricles of the brain. It circulates through the ventricles and surrounding subarachnoid space, providing protection and nutrients to the brain and spinal cord. CSF is absorbed back into the bloodstream through arachnoid villi. The rate of CSF production and absorption is carefully regulated to maintain proper pressure and circulation.
Anatomy of meninges, ventricles, cerebrospinal fluid
The document discusses the meninges, ventricles, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood supply of the brain. It describes the three layers of the meninges - the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. It explains the structure and functions of the dura mater septa including the falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli, and diaphragma sellae. It also describes the ventricles, cerebrospinal fluid formation and circulation, as well as the blood supply and drainage of the dura mater.
Thalamus and hypothalamus
The document discusses the thalamus and hypothalamus. It provides details on the anatomy, internal structure, nuclei, connections and blood supply of the thalamus. It describes the relations, boundaries, nuclei and connections of the hypothalamus. The thalamus acts as a relay station and integrative center for sensory information to the cortex. The hypothalamus regulates the autonomic nervous system, endocrine system and limbic system through its nuclei and connections. Lesions of the thalamus can cause sensory loss, involuntary movements and effects on motor control through disruption of thalamic circuits.
NEURO-ANATOMY OF BASAL GANGLIA AND ITS CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
The document provides information on the basal ganglia including its history, neuroanatomy, pathways, connections, and related disorders. It describes the major structures of the basal ganglia such as the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra. It explains the direct and indirect pathways within the basal ganglia and how they regulate movement. Disorders associated with basal ganglia damage or pathology include Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and Wilson's disease.
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2019 PATTERN.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Nucleic Acid-its structural and functional complexity.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
原版制作(carleton毕业证书)卡尔顿大学毕业证硕士文凭原版一模一样
原版纸张【微信：741003700 】【(carleton毕业证书)卡尔顿大学毕业证】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Shallowest Oil Discovery of Turkiye.pptx
The Petroleum System of the Çukurova Field - the Shallowest Oil Discovery of Türkiye, Adana
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless ReproducibilityUniversity of Rennes, INSA Rennes, Inria/IRISA, CNRS
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
如何办理(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证本科学位证书原版一模一样
原版纸张【微信：741003700 】【(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
3D Particle-In-Cell (PIC) algorithm,
Plasma expansion in the dipole magnetic field.
Bob Reedy - Nitrate in Texas Groundwater.pdf
Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business Meeting
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
Bordettela is a gram negative cocobacilli spread by air born drop let
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptx
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvement
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
BREEDING METHODS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE.pptx
Plant breeding for disease resistance is a strategy to reduce crop losses caused by disease. Plants have an innate immune system that allows them to recognize pathogens and provide resistance. However, breeding for long-lasting resistance often involves combining multiple resistance genes
Recently uploaded (20)
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
Nucleic Acid-its structural and functional complexity.
Nucleic Acid-its structural and functional complexity.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...
bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
mô tả các thí nghiệm về đánh giá tác động dòng khí hóa sau đốt
mô tả các thí nghiệm về đánh giá tác động dòng khí hóa sau đốt
Blood brain barrier
- 2. First described by scientist paul ehlrick in 1882.
- 4. STRUCTURE
- 7. FUNCTIONS 1. protection – BBB protects the microenvironment or extracellular environment of CNS from extra fluctuation of blood. • Also protect CNS from toxins.
- 8. 2. Stabilizer – it stabilize the internal environment of CNS including blood and brain. 3. Holder – it holds the neurotransmitter within CNS.
- 10. DISEASES • Meningitis • Brain abscess • Epilepsy • Multiple sclerosis • Neuromyelitis optica • Alzheimer's disease etc…
- 11. Irfan khan