Bisphenol A

Bisphenol A
The risk of some toxic substances is that they do not biodegrade once more into the ecosystem. Although, there are many modern pesticides that are
now made to degrade into their original elements and molecules so that they are no longer toxic, but other substances such as plastics and other
manmade chemicals do not biodegrade. These nonbiodegradable compounds are called persistent organic pollutants (POPs), for example, Bisphenol A
(BPA); as such compounds can cause long–term effects to the environment due to their longevity (Spooner, 2012). The degradability of any organic
compound depends on the elemental characteristics of that compound and the environmental properties of the ecosystem receiving the compound.
Strategies that monitor the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some organisms may react to the pollutants more than others and some could be exposed to the pollutants in higher doses, for example, fish in
areas of polluted water (Spooner, 2012). Pollution has many forms, for example, air, soil, water, noise and light. Water pollution is a result of
industrial waste products being released into rivers, lakes and other water bodies and as a result of this it has made some marine environments no
longer habitable. Acid rain, fertilisers and polluted water can result in soil pollution and as a result, for example, this can lead to bad crops. Soil
pollution occurs when chemicals are released by spill or underground storage tank leakage and this releases heavy contaminants into the soil, such as
heavy metals, hydrocarbons and pesticides. Air pollution is one of the most harmful types of pollution to the environment. Air pollution is caused by
harmful smoke that is produced by vehicles and factories. Evidence of an increase in air pollution is seen in lung cancer, asthma and allergies, along
with serious and irreparable damage to fauna and flora. Also, this has affected the migratory pattern of birds as severe air pollution can prevent them
from reaching their seasonal metropolitan destinations of centuries (UCCEE, 2006). The impact that pollutants have on the environment is vast and
detrimental, as excessive levels of pollution can cause a great amount of damage to the
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Environmental Pollution
Let have a critical look at our environment as a complex system with many different interaction between its different components making life possible
on earth. Unfortunately, human activities over the years have adversely affected the chemical, biological, physical and social component of the natural
environment leading to environmental pollution and climatic change. In the United Kingdom for example, the 'Great Smog of 1952' cannot be forgotten
in history when we talk about environmental pollution and it effect on human. The great smog of 1952 which was formed from steady smog missed
with soot and sulphur dioxide from coal burning occurred killed 12,000 people in the United Kingdom killed (Fullerton 2016). This in addition to other
serious environmental pollution and their effect on the environment and human has greatly affected policies and control of emissions into the
environment. (Dunnings, ND)
In other to control further pollution to the environment, environmental modelling has been a crucial tool in predicting the short and long term effects
of human activities and pollutant in the environment. "EPA.gov (2017) define modelling as a simplification of reality that is constructed to gain
insights into select attributes of a physical, biological, economic, or social system. A formal representation of the behaviour of system processes, often
in mathematical or statistical terms. The basis can also be physical or conceptual."
Scientists have developed quiet a number of

Chemical Pollutants Affecting Marine Mammals
Today there are hundreds of people all over the world whom specialize in marine mammal toxicology and ecology. These people have devoted their
time and efforts towards trying to determine how humanly integrated chemical pollutants are affecting marine mammals. The issue of the impact of
chemical pollution on marine mammals has not recently surfaced. This issue has been a big concern to scientists ever since analytical techniques
improved and tissue levels of known highly toxic compounds were found in marine mammal species. The source of these toxins have been traced back
primarily to industrial chemicals and pesticides. Since the mid–1940's large numbers of these chemicals and pesticides have been released into the
environment, all making their way to their final resting place, the ocean. These toxic pesticides are primarily dispersed through the environment and
into the ocean by rain water. For whenever it rains it washes off chemicals from not only agricultural farm lands (for instance DDT), but also from
human... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These are complex compounds where once they are integrated into the living food chain many of the substances can accumulate to ever–higher
concentrations in the tissues of the animals that consume them. Therefore, most marine mammals are affected by these chemicals through the food
that they consume. Methodology In order to determine chemical pollution and its effects on marine mammals many scientists have collected and
reviewed current levels of pollutants all across the world, long–term trends, and biological effects upon marine mammals at the individual and
population level. Particularly in Australia there have been studies that have been trying to investigate temporal trends of organochlorine pesticides such
as OCPs, aldrin, chlordance, dieldrin, heptachlor, hexachlorbenzene, DDT and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sewage sludge. In terms of

Toxic : Garbage Island And The Marine Environment
Among the many types of ocean pollution, microplastic in the ocean is also a huge concern not only for the environment, but also for all marine life.
TOXIC: Garbage Island is a documentary that focuses on microplastic in the ocean. The research team took a seven day voyage to the North Pacific
Gyre which is the ocean's "dump." Most of the trash that sails with the waves in the ocean is plastic, plastic that never fully disintegrates. Overtime,
the plastic will break into individual polymers less than or equal to five millimeters in diameter (microplastic) that still floats in the ocean. The
problem with this is the pieces of plastic photograde to polymers and can be accidentally ingested by marine animals. These polymers then make their
way up the food chain and eventually back to us. "Microplastics as vectors for bioaccumulation of hydrophobic organic chemicals in the marine
environment: A state–of–the–science review" is a scholarly article that also focuses on the impact of microplastics on the aquatic life by presenting
many laboratory studies. "Props 65 and 67: Stop profiteering from polluting the Golden State" is an editorial by "Los Angeles Times" that talks about
the ban on plastic bags in the state of California because of the harm to the sea creatures. "Flotsam and fashion: recycler of 'ghost ' fishing nets makes
marine litter trendy" is another article by "The Guardian" that talks about how fishing nets that are floating in the ocean are turned into apparel for

The United Nations Forum On Forests
8.What is the UNFF? UNFF is the United Nations Forum on Forests. The UN Economic and Social Council created the UNFF in 2000 with the goal to
promote "the management, conservation and sustainable development of the world's forests, and to strengthen long–term political commitment to this
end" Basically, the idea was to get the worlds to agree to a long term plan to help preserve the world's forests. Unfortunately, the first talks tanked
and discussion of a forests convention really did not resume until UNFF5 in 2005. Many of the proponents for a global convention already conceded
it was probably not possible to get all the world's nations to agree on this matter. Canada, the EU and Malaysia played the role of lead states during the
negotiations, while developing countries were split as to the need for an international convention, but united in a call for industrialized countries to
implement financial assistance and technology transfer. In the end it was recognized no treaty was possible without the support of two key players in
the veto coalition – the US (largest timber industry) and Brazil (largest tropical forest). It wasn't until UNFF6 that the UN finally secured the next step
in regime strengthening by developing a voluntary instrument to be followed. Here, delegates agreed on four global objectives on forests; reversing
the loss of forest cover and increasing efforts to prevent forest degradation, enhancing forest benefits and their contribution to international

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Aops
In most of the AOPs a combination of these oxidation effects occur. In FentonВґs reagent for example; Fe(II) is used as a catalyst, in the process Fe(II)
is brought to the other oxidation state of Fe(III), in this process OH* radicals are formed that are able to completely mineralize organic compounds. It
is clear from the standard redox potential data that hydroxyl radical is the strongest known oxidant (2.06 V), second to fluorine (2.23 V) (Table 1).
Therefore, the complete mineralization of most of the organic matters is possible, when the hydroxyl radicals are the main oxidizing species in the
solution. This is one of the major advantages of AOPs, since other chemical oxidation processes mostly lead to partial oxidation of the target
compounds, ant thus, the generation of new hazardous compounds is possible. The other advantage of AOPs is the generation of neglible amounts of
residues and their applicability, in case of very low ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The use of ultrasound technology is shown to be very promising for the degradation of persistent organic compounds in wastewater as it is proven to be
an effective method for degrading organic effluent into less toxic compounds. The advantages of this technology include potential chemical–free and
simultaneous oxidation, thermolysis, shear degradation, enhanced mass–transfer processes together etc. Overall, sonochemical oxidation uses
ultrasound to produce cavitation phenomena, which is defined as the phenomena of the formation, growth and subsequent collapse of microbubbles,
releasing large magnitude of energy, and induces localized extreme conditions. The sonochemical destruction of pollutants in aqueous phase generally
involves several reaction pathways such as pyrolysis inside the bubble and hydroxyl radical–mediated reactions at the bubble–liquid interface and/or in
the liquid

Benzopyrene: A Persistent Organic Pollutant
The most important environmental impact of benzopyrene is its significant accumulation in organisms exposed to it. Aquatic and marine organisms
will also concentrate it. In water, benzopyrene attaches strongly to sediments and any other solid matter. Then it is released to soils and tends to bind
very strongly to the soils particles, but only small amounts can leach to groundwaters. Benzopyrene is stable and can remain and move in the
environment for a long period of time. it is a Persistent Organic Pollutant (POP). Release of Benzopyrene therefore causes concern at a global
environmental level as well as on a local scale. How might exposure to it affect human health? Benzopyrene can enter the body by many ways as
inhalation of air containing

Organic Farming The Eco System Super Hero
Organic Farming the Eco System Super Hero The agriculture farming industry needs to wake up and see the harm that conventional farming is
doing to our beloved planet earth and realize that organic farming could be our planets superhero. Conventional farming uses a high level of nitrogen
to help crops grow in mass production. These fertilizers sometimes get into the normal irrigation and eventually end up in rivers and oceans. A 2004
United Nations article estimated that "most of the 160 million tons of nitrogen used as fertilizer annually ends up in the sea"(Conventional
Farming...). Why is this bad? The fertilizer that ends up in the ocean creates algal blooms which have neurotoxins in them that suck the oxygen out
of the water creating dead zones. These are places in the ocean where no animal or plant can survive due to the lack of oxygen. This is why society
needs to move away from conventional farming and start focusing on organic farming because it can reduce the negative effects that our food choices
have on the planets health; ultimately organic farming helps by creating a healthier environment for the planet to keep surviving. One of the ways that
organic farming helps the planet is by lowering the pesticides that are being used on crops. One of the organic compounds that is used in organic
farming is pyrethrin. Pyrethrin is a natural occurring effect that comes from daisy like flowers called Chrysanthemum flowers. Pyrethrin is considered
to be an organic

The Pollution Of Water Pollution
Sea Water Pollution
I.Title
Water pollution has many different meanings, in most cases it is when one or more material builds up in the water causing a problem for people and
/ or animals. Water pollution is one of the world's largest problems that we are facing today. Everyone in this world is affect by the earth's water. Some
are affected differently than others but we are still affected in one way or another.Water pollution doesn't only threaten humans; it threatens plants and
animals as well as sea creatures. Hazardous dumping of toxins and other dangerous materials is one of the most serious problems of sea pollution.
Pollution of the sea can kill human beings as well as the animals. This paper will analyze the cause / detection of sea pollution, what methods are used
in measuring sea pollution, the areas that are most affected, some of the most recent and current water pollution activities, and the ways that water
pollution can possibly be eliminated.
II.Background Information
There are many different types of water pollution. These types of pollutants in the rivers and lakes will kill the fishes and other sea animals. Some
types of pollution are Runoffs, Oil pollution, Sewage, and Organic. Sea pollution is not bad for everyone; the water companies make more money
when there is more pollution in the water. On the other end many corporations depend on unpolluted water for their fishing industries. Sea water
pollution causes many different problems in the world. In

Halogenated Organic Compounds Used as Flame Retardants
Among all the different types of flame retardants, halogenated organic compounds are most commonly used in flame retardant industry. These
halogenated organic compounds contain bromine or chlorine attached to their carbon atoms. Major uses of theses flame retardants by volume in United
States are():
пѓ Electronics
пѓ Building Insulation
пѓ Polyurethane Foam
пѓ Wires and Cables
Out of all the flame retardants, the brominated flame retardants are used extensively used in the market because of their high performance efficiency
and low cost(). There are 75 different types of brominated flame retardants which are recognized commercially. On the basis of highest production
volume, the five major brominated flame retardants with their properties are classified as:
A) Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBA) Chemical Structure:
It is mainly used as a reactive in products such as printed circuit boards, but could be also found as an reactive in several polymers. It is highly
lipophilic and therefore has a low water solubility. Most of the Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBA) is excreted in bile with little retained in tissues().
Health effects of Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBA):
пѓ The oral lethal dose LD50 is approximately 5g/kg in rats and therefore it has low acute toxicity().
пѓ It inhibits the activation of T cells which directly affects immune system. Therefore, it is considered as immunotoxic.
пѓ It is hepatotoxic as it destroys mitochondria by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation. Additionally,

Causes And Remedies Of Water Pollution
CAUSES OF WATER POLLUTION AND EFFECTS AND REMEDIES
ABSTRACT
Water is one of the necessities for existence of mankind. It is also one of the most abundantly available resources. But indifference of mankind and its
abuse of the plentiful resource made water scarcity a problem for many nations around the globe. Water pollution is one major problem that demands
utmost attention to deal with emerging water crisis. This paper is an attempt to describe various causes and remedies for water pollution.
INTRODUCTION
As stated by Wikipedia, Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers and groundwater). Water pollution
occurs when pollutants are directly or indirectly discharged into water bodies ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The movement of the plume, called a plume front, may be analyzed through a hydrological transport model or groundwater model. Analysis of
groundwater contamination may focus on the soil characteristics and site geology, hydrogeology, hydrology, and the nature of the contaminants. A
number of contaminants are responsible for ground water contamination including a wide variety of chemicals and pathogens. Most these lead to
reduction in normal oxygen content in water and hence make it unfit for consumption.
Many areas of groundwater and surface water are now contaminated with heavy metals, POPs (persistent organic pollutants), and nutrients that have an
adverse affect on health. Water–borne diseases and water–caused health problems are mostly due to inadequate and incompetent management of water
resources. Safe water for all can only be assured when access, sustainability, and equity can be guaranteed. Access can be defined as the number of
people who are guaranteed safe drinking water and sufficient quantities of it. There has to be an effort to sustain it, and there has to be a fair and
equal distribution of water to all segments of the society. Urban areas generally have a higher coverage of safe water than the rural areas. Even
within an area there is variation: areas that can pay for the services have access to safe water whereas areas that cannot pay for the services have to
make do with water

Chemical Pollution In New York And Arkansas: An...
Currently, the environmental pollution is becoming a significant issue which caused by factories waste and nuclear waste. This pollution has increased
around the world since the wide application of nuclear energy in 20th century. The harmful substances in factories wastes like toxic materials can
dissolve easily in water and this leads to negative effects on lives. There are many resources of these substances such as persistent organic pollutants
(POPs), which contain hydrogen, carbon and chlorine, pesticides, ammonium and dioxins. According to Mole (2015) many researchers found that
ammonium and iodide have high levels in many waste water sample in the New York and Arkansas. The most popular process used to remove toxic
metals from wastewater

Nitrogen as a Fertilizer, Nutrient, or Pollutant Essay
Nitrogen as a Fertilizer, Nutrient, or Pollutant
Nitrogen can always be a fertilizer, nutrient, or pollutant depending on the circumstances and the environment it is in. As a fertilizer, nitrogen can be
extremely useful in aiding the growth of many plants. As a nutrient, nitrogen is essential to many plants growth and survival. As a pollutant,nitrogen
can not only affect the plant at the given time but be very detrimental many years down the road. No matter where you go nitrogen will always be
either a fertilizer, nutrient, or pollutant.
Nitrogen can be considered as both a fertilizer and nutrient under the right constraints. I will use citrus plants as one of my examples. For citrus
growers applying nitrogen to plants ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Research has shown that nitrogen deficiencies this severe in oranges will result in considerable yield losses.
As you can see from this quote nitrogen is not only a needed nutrient but also a valuable fertilizer. Citrus plants constantly need nitrogen to promote
optimal growth and yield. Nitrogen is often readily available in well or ground water. Nitrogen can also be accessible through organic matter. You
have to be careful though because some organic matter can actually be low in nitrogen. "Nitrogen stored in the soil or present in organic
amendments can substitute for chemical sources. However, some organic amendments can be sufficiently low in nitrogen (as those derived from
yard waste), that their microbial degradation can actually induce a temporary nitrogen deficiency in a grove that would otherwise have sufficient
nitrogen." There are also several ways nitrogen can be applied that many people may not think of. When most farmers or people think of fertilizing
they think of a tractor pulling a sprayer with wet fertilizer, or a truck spreading dry fertilizer. But with citrus plants you can't really pull a sprayer or
drive a truck through your crop. You have to use more non conventional methods of application. The two most commonly used forms of application are
by plane and through there irrigation systems. They apply nitrogen year round because it is such a useful fertilizer and nutrient and takes such a large
amount to keep the

Environmental Effects Of Organic Pollution And Its Effects...
Organic pollutants normally originate from numerous human activities which include manufacturing, managing storing, and disposal of chemicals.
Industrial places are a contributor of the contaminations that besiege our environment and this does not stop there as the oil refineries on their own in
some countries cause unquantifiable damages to their land and water bodies. Agricultural activities which involve use of pesticides and insecticide also
contribute, not to talk of households generally.
THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
This is another instance within the feel, commonly due to the fact their waste is known to pollute waste streams. In real sense, the waste discharge
from chemical industry at the moment are adequately managed and treated earlier than being launched into the environment. There were no facilities to
effect this treatment in the past and so there is a considerable level of damages which has already struck the water bodies due to this waste disposal by
industries. Even though efforts have commenced to beat to the barest minimum this sort of pollutants, its impact continues have not totally vanished.
HOUSEHOLD CHEMICALS
There are release of substances which are products of chemical organics that not only affects the environment but takes decades for it to decompose. We
use most of these products in our environment and though not many know the harms it because they are largely disastrous to the environment. There
are massive campaigns against the use of polythene bags as well as pet bottles because of the harms which their accumulation causes to the water
bodies and animals in the sea. Chemical substances which contaminate the environment would not out rightly present themselves as contaminants
because some are useful environ to man. This leads to the detergent we use in our laundry, the constituent of this detergents are not only beneficial but
they are also in turn return devastating characteristics to land. An examination of the labels of a detergent will present to us the ingredient which is
typically unsafe chemical compounds.
TYPES OF ORGANIC POLLUTION
**DDT
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, DDT, is an insecticide that acts as soon as extensively used on agricultural vegetation to tackle bugs

Definition of Air Pollution
1. Definition of air pollution
Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living
organisms, or cause damage to the natural environment or built environment, into the atmosphere.
The atmosphere is a complex dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential to support life on planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air
pollution has long been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the Earth's ecosystems.
Indoor air pollution and urban air quality are listed as two of the world's worst pollution problems in the 2008 Blacksmith Institute World's Worst
Polluted Places report.[1]
Define Air pollutants
Pollutants
Main ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Within the NMVOCs, the aromatic compounds benzene, toluene and xylene are suspected carcinogens and may lead to leukemia through prolonged
exposure. 1,3–butadiene is another dangerous compound which is often associated with industrial uses. * Particulate matter – Particulates, alternatively
referred to as particulate matter (PM) or fine particles, are tiny particles of solid or liquid suspended in a gas. In contrast, aerosol refers to particles
and the gas together. Sources of particulate matter can be man made or natural. Some particulates occur naturally, originating from volcanoes, dust
storms, forest and grassland fires, living vegetation, and sea spray. Human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels in vehicles, power plants and
various industrial processes also generate significant amounts of aerosols. Averaged over the globe, anthropogenic aerosols–those made by human
activities–currently account for about 10 percent of the total amount of aerosols in our atmosphere. Increased levels of fine particles in the air are
linked to health hazards such as heart disease,[3] altered lung function and lung cancer. * Persistent free radicals connected to airborne fine particles
could cause cardiopulmonary disease.[4][5] * Toxic metals, such as lead, cadmium and copper. * Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)– harmful to the ozone
layer emitted from products currently banned from use. * Ammonia (NH3) – emitted from agricultural processes. Ammonia is a compound

Advantages And Disadvantages Of E-Waste
The microorganisms are most essential part of the soil and also works as the indicators of the soil quality as their presence highly affected by the any
contamination to the soil (Andreni et al., 2004; Abd Elsalam et al., 2006). Microorganisms play very important roles in maintain soil fertility and
primary production through organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling. E–waste contains the harmful pollutants and chemicals that amended
to the soil and generates harmful effects to the microbes living in soil. Elevated concentrations of the toxic metals and compounds are known to affect
soil microbial populations and their associated activities. It is generally accepted that accumulated heavy metals reduce the amount of soil microbial ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The complete combustion of e–waste takes place here and residue left in the form of ash that can be disposed easily. Therefore incineration process has
advantage in reduction of waste volume with the utilization of combustible waste that also supports in burning in incinerators. The main disadvantage
of this process is the emissions generated during incinerations that are the most harmful pollutants like furons and dioxins. Besides this, incineration
process do not degrade the metals present in the e–waste which are emitted into the atmosphere and are transferred into slag and exhaust gas residues
which can re enter the environment on

Urban Population Of Ethiopia And Its Socio Economic And...
Today's world society is rapidly becoming urbanite and such rapid urbanization comes up with its multi variant socio economic and environmental
consequences. Among many variables characterizing urbanization in the century, the most prominent one is population growth rate. World urban
growth population rate is about 1.8% where as that of Africa and Ethiopia is 4.4% and 5% respectively (UN– Habitat 2004/2005; PASDEP 2006).
Though Ethiopia is one of the least urbanized countries where about 83.8% of population lives in the rural areas, it is one of the countries where high
urbanization process taking place. Currently, urban population of Ethiopia is about 11.7 million. Studies show that the figure will increase to 17.8
million in 2015 and 22 million by 2020, with annual growth rate of 5% (yewoynishet, 2007; PASDEP, 2006).
Over the years, rising population has led to unsustainable exploitation of natural resources for the consumption of environmental good and services.
Unplanned economic growth, industrialization and vehicular emission could also affect urban environment. The effect of these problems might
include degradation and pollution of environment like ground water, soil, river bank, air and other urban ecosystem (Cobbett, 2006; National Urban
Planning Institute of Ethiopia, NUPI, 2003).
Regarding to this, the 1960s were the milestone that marked the birth of the environmental movement. The publication of the book "silent spring" by
Rachel carson in 1962 in the USA took

Plastic Pollution Essay
Background
The overuse of plastics in today's society has become major environmental issue for our oceans. Plastic pollution is the dumping, littering, or disposing
of any type of man–made plastic that has been produced and has ended up in our ocean and has not been recycled.
History of Plastic
"Plastic" entered the world through chemistry in 1909 and was originally coined to describe Bakelite, the first fully synthetic resin. What make's
plastic so unique is when it is heated it can be molded but it retained its shape when cooled (Reddy, 2010). The modern plastic bag was not possible
until the accidental discovery of the first industrially practical method of polyethylene synthesis in 1933. Fast forward to today, the use and ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Web. 28 Mar 2012.
overwhelmed by excessive rain, then those floating objects can float right out to sea. This is precisely what happened on the New York and New
Jersey beaches in 1988, when medical waste was floating up onshore. That year had a extremely dry spring, as litter began accumulating on the streets
and in storm sewers, heavy rains arrived in mid–summer and overloaded the sewer system. After floating out to sea, the debris was blown back onto
the shores from tides and currents.
Effects on Marine Animals
These seals often play with fragments of plastic netting or packing straps, and end up catching their necks in the webbing. The plastic harness can
constrict the seal's movements, killing the seal through starvation, exhaustion, or infection from deep wounds caused by the tightening material.
While diving for food, both seals and whales can get caught in transparent nets and drown. In the fall of 1982, a humpback whale was tangled in
50 to 100 feet of net and washed up on a Cape Cod beach. (Wohi, 1994) It was starving and its ribs were showing, the whale died within a couple of
hours. Along Florida's coasts, brown pelicans diving for fish sometimes dive for the bait on a fisherman's line. Cutting the bird loose only makes the
problem worse, as the pelican gets its wings and feet tangled in "Plastics in Our Oceans." Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (1994): n.pag. Web.
28 Mar 2012.
the line, or gets snagged onto a tree. Plastic soda rings,

Organochlorines
Effects of Organochlorines on Dolphins Organochlorines (OC) are made of chlorine components and synthetic compounds to form a pesticide; they are
highly lipophilic and remain in the environment for long periods of time. Organochlorines come in an array of different forms:
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) among many more. Studies that have been done show that areas where
concentration levels were taken vary even if they are within close range of each other. All of the chemicals can be predominantly found in the adipose
tissue (blubber) of the dolphins with PCB at times having the highest concentration among the organochlorines. The presence of the chemicals causes
the dolphins to have harmful health effects that range and vary by age and sex of the dolphin.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As stated earlier these pollutants are highly lipophilic due to the chlorines and carbons having a strong chemical attraction. Due to them being in a state
of hydrophobic the OCs are highly attracted to the blubber of the dolphins which ensues a rate of high bioaccumulation through it for the dolphins. In a
study done by Aguilar et al (1994) they found that in the Mediterranean Sea the striped dolphin (Stenella coeuleoalba) had accumulated higher levels of
organochlorines compared to other dolphins in the area. The accumulation of the pesticides comes from consumption of food (all articles?). PCBs are
among the most commonly found in dolphins due its high presence in the environment and its capacity to harm dolphins' immune systems (Aguilar et.
All 1994). This chemical is predominantly found in the blubber of the dolphins at high concentrations, but at times they exceed the threshold levels and
are then categorized under state of toxicological hazard (Storelli et al 2012). Once this chemical has been accumulated by the dolphin it causes great

A Pilot Study Of Polybrominated Flame Retardents On...
Abstract
This paper reports the results of a pilot study of polybrominated flame retardents in household dust collected for a small sample of households in
Plymouth. It finds significant levels of pentaBDE especially in bedrooms. The most likely cause is the continued use of pentaBDE within polyurethane
foam in mattresses and other bedroom furniture, in spite of the ban by the European Court of Justice in 2004. Further work is called for in order to
examine whether this reflects the widespread continued use of mattresses and furniture bought before 2004. A larger sample size is envisaged,
including more detail on the nature and age of furniture and upholstery in households.
Introduction
The indoor environment is where human beings spend most of their time, whether at home or at work, resulting in a high level of exposure to dust. Dust
is a heterogeneous assortment of particles derived from differing sources which include trace metals and chemical congeners. In 2004 Polybrominated
diphenyl ether (PBDEs) pentaBDE and octaBDE were banned by the European court of Justice. Although decaBDE is still used in the North American
market in residential upholstered furniture and mattresses. (Chao, et. al. 2014) Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDEs) have been extensively used as
flame retardants for highly flammable consumer goods throughout homes, cars and workplaces. (Webster, et. al. 2015) PBDEs are a class of
brominated flame retardants that have been found in humans and wildlife

Chemical Weapons : The Use Of Chemical Weapons In War
Chemical weapons have been used throughout history to gain tactical advantages over enemies in armed conflicts. There is evidence that civilizations
up to thousands of years ago engaged in the poisoning of water supplies or the use of toxic smoke in sieges. More recently, with the rise of
industrialization and formalized scientific study, chemicals were developed with the intention of using them in war. The development of chemical
weapons was already of international concern in 1899, when a peace conference at The Hague resulted in a treaty prohibiting the use of "asphyxiating
and deleterious gases." The international ban on chemical weapons was disregarded in World War 1, with various chloride containing compounds being
attached to grenades and artillery shells. While the immediate effects of exposure to many chemical weapons are severe, few chemical weapons have
been used that cause a lasting environmental impact. Nerve agents, for instance, have the potential to leak into the environment, but low–dose exposure
by civilians in areas isolated from combat is rare. One of the most widely used classes of chemical weapons is a set of herbicides nicknamed the
"Rainbow Herbicides." These herbicides have been shown to have caused widespread ecological damage, and the health effects of their use can still
be measured today. The US military engaged in Operation Ranch Hand between 1962 and 1971 in an attempt to deprive Vietnamese fighters of foliage
cover and reduce enemy

Cause Of Air Pollution Essay
Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living
organisms, or cause damage to the natural environment or built environment, into the atmosphere.
The atmosphere is a complex dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential to support life on planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletiondue to air
pollution has long been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the Earth's ecosystems.
Indoor air pollution and urban air quality are listed as two of the world's worst pollution problems in the 2008 Blacksmith Institute World's Worst
Polluted Places report.[1]
An air pollutant is known as a substance in the air that can cause harm to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Smog is a kind of air pollution; the word "smog" is a portmanteau of smoke and fog. Classic smog results from large amounts of coal burning in an
area caused by a mixture of smoke and sulfur dioxide. Modern smog does not usually come from coal but from vehicular and industrial emissions that
are acted on in the atmosphere by ultraviolet light from the sun to form secondary pollutants that also combine with the primary emissions to form
photochemical smog.
п‚§Ground level ozone (O3) formed from NOx and VOCs. Ozone (O3) is a key constituent of the troposphere (it is also an important constituent of
certain regions of the stratosphere commonly known as the Ozone layer). Photochemical and chemical reactions involving it drive many of the
chemical processes that occur in the atmosphere by day and by night. At abnormally high concentrations brought about by human activities (largely the
combustion of fossil fuel), it is a pollutant, and a constituent of smog.
п‚§Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN)– similarly formed from NOx and VOCs.
Minor air pollutants include:
п‚§A large number of minor hazardous air pollutants. Some of these are regulated in USA under the Clean Air Act and in Europe under the Air
Framework Directive.
п‚§A variety of persistent organic pollutants, which can attach to particulate matter.
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are organic compounds that are resistant to

Is Dichlorvos A Pollutant
1– To examine the possibility of Dichlorvos being persistent and undergoing long range transport across the globe , several physical properties were
brought into perspective to make these conclusions. The vapor pressure for dichlorvos was found to be 0.012 mm Hg (1.6 x 10–3 kPa) at 20 В°C.(1)
(2) The vapour pressure tells us that Dichlorvos is volatile thus increasing the possibility of it being a global pollutant. The Octanol water partition
coeffcient (log P) was found to be 1.47.(3) The half–life of dichlorvos in water varies between 20 to 80 hours at pH between 4–9 .(4) (5) Dichlorvos
doesn't accumulate in animals or plants, and almost all of the Dichlorvos applied in greenhouses and food storage areas is broken down in 3 to 6 hours.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The studies conducted showed that Nitrile gloves have showed more resistance to these types of chemicals than Latex.(11) Bibliography
1–International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans:
Some Halogenated Hydrocarbons. Volume 20. World Health Organization, Lyon. 1979. 2
–2– The Merck Index. An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs,
and Biologicals. 11th ed. Ed. S. Budavari. Merck and Co. Inc., Rahway, NJ. 1989. 3–Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR).
Toxicological Profile for Dichlorvos. Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA. 1997 4–Howard, P.H. (ed.).
1989. Handbook of Environmental Fate and Exposure Data for Organic Chemicals, Vol. III: Pesticides. Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI. 5–The Pesticide
Manual. 8th Ed. Ed. by C.R. Worthing. British Crop Protection Council. 1987. 6–Monographs.iarc.fr, 'IARC Monographs– Monographs available in
PDF format', 2015. [Online]. Available: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol51/. [Accessed: 19– Jul– 2015]. (IARC,

Electronic Waste
Don't Be Haste to E–Waste
Electronic–waste (e–waste) has emerged as a critical global environmental health issue in both developed and developing nations. The Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) refers to e–waste as "electronic products that are discarded by consumers." More specifically, e–waste is a generic term that
encompasses various forms of electrical and electronic equipment that may be old, might have reached end–of–life and most importantly cease to be of
any value to their present owners. These electronics include computers, printers, television sets, mobile phones, video game consoles, and VCR and
DVD players, among other products. As the demand for newer, more effective and efficient technology increases, the life span of... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
As a matter of fact, throughout the course of my own life, I have owned a total of eleven phones. From phones breaking, to wanting newer models, I,
like most people in the US, did not think twice about the consequences that result from such carelessness. In fact, the average cell phone can contain up
to or more than forty elements from the periodic table (UNEP 2009), which when disposed of cause harm to the environment. Overall, current
consumption patterns are unsustainable and inequitable. Change is needed to fix this disaster.
Therefore, in order to reduce the amount of e–waste in present day, it is up to individual consumers to begin to realize that their actions have
consequences to them. However it is not just up to consumers to be responsible, but it is also up to producers to provide some extended responsibility.
That is, people seldom have any incentive to do good in that environmentally conscious owners who want to do the right thing in disposing of their
outdate electronics usually must reach into their own pockets to make sure that these machines either find new homes or are recycled properly.
Therefore, companies should engage in what Leonard calls, "Producer Takeback," in which a product and waste management system is created to take
responsibility for the safe management of their products when they are no longer useful or discarded. Since the companies have made the product, it
should be their responsibility to

Research Paper On Polar Bears
Polars bears are top predators in the Arctic and are therefore exposed to high levels of pollutants through their food. The popular belief that polar
bears live in a pure frozen wilderness is a fantasy. The food chain in the Arctic contains high levels of toxic chemicals. Bears who have high levels of
persistent organic pollutants have low levels of vitamin A, Thyroid hormones, and some antibodies. These are important for a wide range of biological
functions, such as growth, reproduction, and the ability to fight off diseases (2016, WWF). Female polar bears with partially–developed male sexual
organs have be seen in around 1.5% of the polar bears observed in Svalbard in recent years, it is believed this could be the result of long–range
pollutants

The Negative Effects of Persistent Organic Pollutants
As newly synthesized chemicals are constantly being created, whether for pharmaceutical purposes, agricultural growth or just for the use of
commercial products, their adverse effects on the environment, especially in remote places, are often overlooked. Such has been seen with the
production of persistent organic pollutants in the mid 1900s, a series of chemicals that were commonly manufactured for the intended uses in
agriculture, yet have been found to negatively affect many other sectors in both nature and human health (EPA, 2009). Due to the 'grasshopping' effect,
the past production of persistent organic pollutants in North America, Europe and Asia have contributed to adverse health effects andbiomagnification
present in the Arctic regions today.
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are chemical substances that resist degradation and continue to persist in the environment. Such chemicals pose a
threat to humans, biodiversity and the environment due to their ability to bio–accumulate in organisms as well as biologically magnify through levels
of the food chain (UNIDO, n.d.). POPs are also classified as long–range transport pollutants as they are able to travel far distances from the source of
contamination by natural means such as water, wind and atmospheric cycles. For this reason, such pollutants are being found in the Arctic, despite
these regions not being the source of producing such chemical contaminants (Ma, et al, 2011). As listed by the Stockholm Convention,

Studies on the Effect of Municipal Solid Waste Dump Sites...
An Epidemiological approach in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the award of OD (Doctor of Optometry).
By Nwogwugwu Chioma Peace
Mat. No.: 04/8131
Department of Optometry,
Imo state University, Owerri.
Supervised by: Dr. Onome Okereke
December, 2009
Table Of content
Page
1.0Introduction3
2.0About The study4
3.0The Owerri municipal waste dumping site6
4.0Environmental pollution and impact of exposure7
5.0The study findings9
6.0Conclusion10
7.0References11

1. Introduction
Over the last three decades there has been increasing global concern over the public health impacts attributed to environmental pollution, in particular,
the global burden of disease. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Owerri Municipal Waste Dumping Site
The Ekeonuwa market waste dumping site is located right in front of it, along Douglas Road, in Owerri, Imo state. It is the main dumping site for most
of the solid waste generated from the market and its environs.
Surrounding the dump are traders, school children, passerby, bus drivers and its occupants, road side hawkers just by the dump, etc.
Over 10 Tonnes of waste is generated from the

The Pros And Cons Of DDT
DDT is dichloro–diphenyl–trichloroethane a synthetic insecticide .This insecticide save the lives of hundreds of millions of people.It also damaged
the environment in a way.The short answer is that it is an insecticide that did good but also had bad effects due to its use.Many people owe their lives
to this insecticide but where it did good it also did its damage.
It was developed as one of the first modern synthetic insecticides in the 1940.It was initially use to combat insect borne human diseases such as malaria
,typhus,and many others in both military and civilian populations.It was also found to be effective for insect control for crop and livestock
production,institution,homes,and gardens.Due to it quick success as a pesticide and board

Water Pollution Is the Contamination of Water Bodies
Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans and groundwater).
Water pollution affects plants and organisms living in these bodies of water; and, in almost all cases the effect is damaging not only to individual
species and populations, but also to the natural biological communities.
Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful
compounds.
Contents
[hide]
1 Introduction
2 Water pollution categories o 2.1 Point source pollution o 2.2 Non–point source pollution
3 Groundwater pollution
4 Causes of water pollution o 4.1 Pathogens o 4.2 Chemical and other contaminants o 4.3 Thermal pollution
5 Transport ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However where such water is not channeled and drains directly to ground it is a non–point source.
[edit] Groundwater pollution
See also: Hydrogeology
Interactions between groundwater and surface water are complex. Consequently, groundwater pollution, sometimes referred to as groundwater
contamination, is not as easily classified as surface water pollution.[7] By its very nature, groundwater aquifers are susceptible to contamination from
sources that may not directly affect surface water bodies, and the distinction of point vs. non–point source may be irrelevant. A spill or ongoing releases
of chemical or radionuclide contaminants into soil (located away from a surface water body) may not create point source or non–point source
pollution, but can contaminate the aquifer below, defined as a toxin plume. The movement of the plume, a plume front, can be part of a Hydrological
transport model or Groundwater model. Analysis of groundwater contamination may focus on the soil characteristics and site geology, hydrogeology,
hydrology, and the nature of the contaminants.
[edit] Causes of water pollution
The specific contaminants leading to pollution in water include a wide spectrum of chemicals, pathogens, and physical or sensory changes such as
elevated temperature and discoloration. While many of the chemicals and substances that are regulated may be naturally occurring (calcium, sodium,
iron, manganese,

The Environmental Legacy of Rachel Carson Essay
Every year millions of American's purchase chemicals intended to clean their home, remove weeds from lawns, and promise to eradicate various
insects and other household pests. It is a deadly love affair with scientific advancements to create larger crops, more appealing food items and the
promise of cleaner environments. Yet until recent years and the noticeable focus on organic and natural foods, very few have questioned these
advancements. Rachel Carson was one of the people who had the courage and determination to stand up and question just how healthy these new
advancements truly were for living creatures. Mrs. Carson's effort to bring these things to light in her most well–known book, Silver Spring, a book
that exposed just how ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rachel Carson's love of nature, determination to expose the truth would eventually pay off. Her life however was not easy, and her pursuit of a
higher education was hampered in many ways; primarily her family's financial instability. Her incredible scholastic performance earned Carson a
$100 scholarship to her tuition at Pennsylvania College for Women and through the college dean Cora Helen Coolidge was granted the kindness of
benefactors who were impressed by her abilities. She finished her freshman year, with honors, something that only 1/10 students accomplish. During
her sophomore year, Carson switched her major into a science major from a writing major; after being influenced by one of the professors that other
students avoided, Mary Scott Skinker. Skinker is attributed to changing the course of Rachel's life, shared a love of nature and later throughout her
educational career would be her support system and encouragement. Maria Carson's support of her daughter was paramount to her education and fully
expected that as parents, she and her husband would take on the burden of her education so she could focus on her studies; insisting that Carson not
work while in college (Lear, Rachel Carson: Witness for Nature, 1997). Surely without the multiple women who played active roles in Carson's life,
she would not have completed even her

The Benefits Of An Organic Diet
The Benefits of an Organic Diet In the last 15 years there has been a steady rise in consumer demand and preference for organic food. Organic foods
are now available in nearly three out of four conventional grocery stores. If you cannot find what you are looking for at a conventional grocery store,
there are also grocery stores that are dedicated primarily to eating an organic diet. The organic food market has been on a growth trend since 2000.
Organic and natural foods are the fastest–growing sector of the American food marketplace. This growth is evident by the availability of organic foods
in not only grocery stores but also department stores like Target and Walmart. The organic market makes up over four percent of total food... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The bottom line is that more and more consumers perceive organic to be superior to conventional food.
Defining Organic The difference between "conventional" food and "organic" food comes down to how the foods are produced. The term Organic is
defined as organic produce and other ingredients that are grown without the use of pesticides, synthetic fertilizers, sewage sludge, genetically modified
organisms, or ionizing radiation. Animals that produce meat, poultry, eggs, and dairy products do not take antibiotics or growth hormones ("What
Does Organic Mean?").
Regulation
Regulation is handled by the United States Department of Agriculture knows as the USDA. The USDA determines what can be labeled or defined as
Organic. The USDA National Organic Program (NOP) defines organic as follows: Organic food is produced by farmers who emphasize the use of
renewable resources and the conservation of soil and water to enhance environmental quality for future generations. Organic meat, poultry, eggs, and
dairy products come from animals that are given no antibiotics or growth hormones. Organic food is produced without using most conventional
pesticides; fertilizers made with synthetic ingredients or sewage sludge; bioengineering; or ionizing radiation. Before a product can be labeled
"organic," a Government–approved certifier inspects the farm where the food is

What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Bioremediation?
Abstract:
Bioremediation is the technology which is used to clean up the environmental pollutants. Bioremediation can be introduced as an efficient and cost
effective method for the cleanup of contaminated waste water. Waste water contains heavy metals like Cadmium,Chromium, Nickel, Lead,
Selenium,Arsenic, and Zinc.These metals are poisonous to the human body system. These metals can be removed using this technique. Currently
microorganisms are widely used in Bioremediation process, generally in waste water treatments. Microorganisms are used for bioremediation process
because they synthesize enzymes to use environmental contaminations as foods. Also microorganisms are very small so they are able to contact
contaminations easily.Microbial bioremediation ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Disadvantages of Bioremediation Bioremediation will produce high mobile toxic bi products by breaking down the organic contaminants ,if the
process is controlled .The toxicity level and the environmental conditions in the ground are sensitive to bioremediation e.g.–these conditions are useful
for microbial activities ,by considering the factors like temperature , alkalinity ,pH
It is advised that field monitoring to break the rate of biodegradation of organic contaminants. It will be difficult to control the volatile organic
compounds (VOC s), if the process is used in an ex–situ condition. This treatment time is longer than other remediation technologies. Only the
biodegradable compounds are used to treat effectively in the range of contaminants. Leaves residual levels that can be highly toxic and persistent
.because there is not defined level of "clean site" it is difficult for the performance evaluations. So they have performance criteria regulations.
.Conclusion:
Bio remediation is a low cost, less hardworking, massively applicable process that is able to remove toxic and unnecessary chemicals, organisms from
the environment for the benefit of mankind. This is applicable for the use of both animals and plants. But, it's main advantage is for human. Also, there
is a need of having a short treatment time to reduce

How has the Great Pacific Garbage Patch affected marine...
Recently, it has been said that an eighth continent has formed, but this is no ordinary landmass, instead it is made entirely out of manmade trash. In
the Pacific Ocean, between the coast of California and the Hawaiian Islands, lies a so–called "patch" of waste, mainly consisting of plastic
(Transoceanic Trash). It is called the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, also known as the Pacific Trash Vortex. The patch extends over a vast area in the
North Pacific Ocean, its true size today is still considered undetermined because it estimates vary greatly, no estimates are exact due to the changing
wind and ocean currents, as well as the growing volume of debris (Great Pacific Garbage Patch). The trash that makes up this mass, comes from all
over the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These plastic bits are so small it is almost impossible for fish and other marine life to distinguish them between plankton, which many fish and
other larger animals such as whales eat (Great Pacific Garbage Patch). Many animals are consuming this trash ultimately leading to their death. For
example loggerhead sea turtles it is common for them to mistake plastic grocery bags as their favorite food, which is jellyfish (Great Pacific
Garbage Patch). Many other larger mammals and water birds have been strangled in plastic rings that holds canned drinks together (Great Pacific
Garbage Patch). Many birds will commonly fly over the Pacific Garbage Patch, including the albatross, and unfortunately many mistake the garbage
as food (The Great Pacific Garbage). A shocking number of 200,000 to 500,000 chicks that were born died, many of them having trash in their
stomachs, not only plastics but also bottle caps and various items were found (The Great Pacific Garbage). It has been predicted that about 100,000
marine mammals will die from trash–related deaths per year, many pieces of plastic and garbage has been found in deceased animals' digestive
systems (Great Pacific Garbage Patch). Rusty Brainard, working for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Environmental Pollution Of The Dandora Municipal Waste...
Introduction to the Dandora Municipal Waste dumping site
Over the last three decades, public health states that there has been a growing global distress that attributed to environmental pollution, in specific, the
global burden disease. This problem is increasing slowly. According to the World Health Organization about a quarter of the disease facing mankind
today occur due to persistent exposure to environmental pollution. Several of these environment–related diseases are hard to detect and may have been
developed as a child and progress later in adulthood. One of the main problems that cause environmental pollution and degradation in many cities, and
mainly in developing countries is the improper management of solid waste. Municipal waste dumping site is entitled places for waste disposal.
Depending on a city's level of waste management, waste can be literally dumped, separated for recycling purposes, or simply burnt. Poor waste
management poses an enormous challenge to the health of city residents, especially those who live near the dump sites. The waste can potentially
pollute water, food sources, land, air and vegetation. Poorly dumping waste can lead to environmental degradation, destruction of the ecosystem, and
risks to the public health.
Environmental pollution & Impacts of Exposure
Heavy metals are metallic elements that exist in environments both natural and contaminated environments. In natural environments, they occur at low
concentrations, while in

The Biological Effects Of Cellular Respiration On...
Introduction Cellular respiration is a complex but fundamental process of life. This process is vital to all living organisms, whether they are
autotrophs or heterotrophs, plants or animals. All biotic life requires their food to be converted into energy to carry out their basic functions and
processes. Cells use oxygen to transform a simple sugar like glucose into energy, such as Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP). Glucose is a carbohydrate,
which acts as a reactant just like oxygen and water. The products yield carbon dioxide, water and ATP, which is the opposite for photosynthesis.Cellular
respiration can be divided into three parts: glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and electron transport chain. Many pollutants can disrupt this biological process
and effect organisms and ecosystems. "Dioxin is a very toxic compound usually produced as a byproduct from industrial waste sometimes in the form
of pesticides or herbicide, which was used in Vietnam. TCDD is a commonly studied dioxin that is a mixture of chemicals found in the environment.
Studies have found that humans cannot metabolize this mixture, which causes several different, harmful biological reactions. TCDD is a direct side
product of burning organic materials. It is also a persistent organic pollutant that inhibits the mitochondria from supplying energy including ATP and
NAD(P)H. This organelle is where cellular respiration is synthesized in animals and humans. These toxins directly affect the electron chain, which will

Polar Bears Research Paper
Polar Bears Polar bears are endangered species in Arctic area's. They are carnivorous bears that are white and furry. Eight of the nine polar bear
populations decreased. Polar bears have black skin under their fur and have fat that measures to 4.5 inches thick. They have long necks which is
beneficial for them because it helps them swim and when they catch their prey in the tiny holes. Polar bears are said to be as smart as apes. They
usually weigh from 350 to 700 kg. There is an estimated amount of 20,000 to 25,000 polar bears still living today.
The Great White polar bear is the largest of the world's bear species. Two–thirds of polar bears are predicted to be extinct by 2050. Polar bears are
carnivores. They eat mainly ringed seals and fish. The amount of humans today in the world are the reason why polar bears are going ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Which means they are connected to the arctic fox, musk ox, and caibou. The nutrient cycle in the Arctic Sea contains of carbon and nitrogen. There is
more than one way the nutrient cycle works. One way is the carbon cycle can start off with phytoplankton and algae taking up carbon dioxide from
sea water and transforms it into the organic carbon of their tissue. Even the consumers prey in the ecosystem that "converts their prey's carbon into
their own tissue oro into shrinking fecal pellets". Decomposers return the nutrients back into the soil in the arctic, but the consumers capable of
helping put carbon back into the ecosystem by breathing or respiring. The nitrogen makes up 79 percent of the atmosphere so when there is snowfall
in the tundra, the snow of the nitrogen is rich and eventually deposits back into the soil. Animals are only able to benefit from the nitrogen after the
plants use it to make more proteins and nucleic acid. It starts with algae and then moves onto shrimp, cod fish, seals, and polar

Air Water Soil Noise Pollution
Pollution
Introduction
Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into an environment that causes instability, disorder, harm or discomfort to the ecosystem i.e. physical
systems or living organisms. Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat, or light. Pollutants, the elements of
pollution, can be foreign substances or energies, or naturally occurring; when naturally occurring, they are considered contaminants when they exceed
natural levels.
Pollution became a popular issue after World War II, due to radioactive fallout from atomic warfare and testing. Then a non
–nuclear event, The Great
Smog of 1952 in London, killed at least 4000 people.This prompted some of the first major modern environmental ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Ground level ozone (O3) formed from NOx and VOCs. Ozone (O3) is a key constituent of the troposphere (it is also an important constituent of certain
regions of the stratosphere commonly known as the Ozone layer). Photochemical and chemical reactions involving it drive many of the chemical
processes that occur in the atmosphere by day and by night. At abnormally high concentrations brought about by human activities (largely the
combustion of fossil fuel), it is a pollutant, and a constituent of smog.
Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) – similarly formed from NOx and VOCs.
Minor air pollutants include:
A large number of minor hazardous air pollutants. Some of these are regulated in USA under the Clean Air Act and in Europe under the Air
Framework Directive.
A variety of persistent organic pollutants, which can attach to particulate matter.
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are organic compounds that are resistant to environmental degradation through chemical, biological, and
photolytic processes. Because of this, they have been observed to persist in the environment, to be capable of long–range transport, bioaccumulate in
human and animal tissue, biomagnify in food chains, and to have potential significant impacts on human health and the environment.
Health effects of Air Pollution:
The World Health Organization states that 2.4 million people die each year from causes directly attributable to air pollution, with 1.5 million of these
deaths attributable to indoor air

Organic Farming : The Eco System Super Hero
Organic Farming: The Eco System Super Hero
The agriculture farming industry needs to wake up and see the harm that conventional farming is doing to our beloved planet earth and realize that
organic farming could be our planets superhero. Conventional farming uses a high level of nitrogen to help crops grow in mass production. These
fertilizers sometimes get into the normal irrigation and eventually end up in rivers and oceans. A 2004 United Nations article estimated that "most of
the 160 million tons of nitrogen used as fertilizer annually ends up in the sea"("Conventional Farming"). Why is this bad? The fertilizer that ends up in
the ocean creates algal blooms which have neurotoxins in them that suck the oxygen out of the water, creating ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Pyrethrin is also used because it is biodegradable and can quickly be metabolized by birds and most mammals. The Organic Trade Association notes
that if every farmer in the U.S. converted to organic production, we could eliminate 500 million pounds of persistent and harmful pesticides from
entering the environment annually. Some of these harmful pesticides are called POPs short for Persistent Organic Pollutants. These pollutants are not
only harming the planet, but they are also harmful to consumers. POPs are organic compounds that are able to survive in any form of the environment
by living in other organisms. One of these pollutants is called Chlordane. In an article written by Dr. Edward Group titled "Health Dangers of
Chlordane," he explains how the chemical Chlordane is a man–made chemical that was used as a pesticide in the late 1940s and later banned in the
late 1980s. The pesticide that conventional farmers in the U.S. we're using on crops was also being used to control termites in houses. This pesticide,
even though banned over 20 years ago, is still a problem in today's society. Geological surveys have found that this pesticide is still in soil samples
located in Yosemite National Park. This affects the fish and wildlife that live in these areas because they drink or live in the water that has the
contaminated soil. Once the wildlife in the area is contaminated and migrates, they spread the pesticide to other animals that may eat them.

Chemical Contamination In Marine Mammals
Abstract Dating back to the 1970s when people began to realize the toxic effects pollutants like PCBs and DDT were having on all kinds of organisms,
marine mammals came into focus as particularly vulnerable and at risk for adverse health effects with exposure to these contaminants. Since then
researchers have worked to determine exactly what harm these animals are succumbing to. The chemical properties of persistent organic pollutants
along with the biomagnification of organochlorines through the trophic levels and the bioaccumulation of these chemicals in the blubber of marine
mammals, explain why these animals are significantly affected by these hazardous chemicals. Bioaccumulation can also explain important trends in
PCBs and DDT concentrations... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Marine mammals can live for decades and have large blubber layers that attract and store fat soluble chemicals. They also feed at the top levels of
long food chains and therefore act as and end point for much of the accumulation in food webs (O'Shea, 1999). This concept encompasses two major
principles of contamination in marine mammals: bioaccumulation and biomagnification. The latter is described as the tendency of organochlorines to
concentrate as they are moved up the trophic levels (O'Shea, 1999). An evaluation of the chemical contaminants found in marine mammals from
Washington state found that PCB concentrations in seal blubber were 110 times higher than levels found in their fish prey in the Puget Sound, and
56 times higher than their fish prey in Hood Canal (Calambokidis et al., 1984). Calambokidis et al. (1984) concludes there was a significant
percentage of organochlorines in fish prey being absorbed and stored by adult male seals. Biomagnification relates to the various diets of marine
mammals at different levels in a food chain. Odontocetes and pinnipeds who feed on higher trophic levels such as fish, invertebrates, squid, and other
marine mammals, tend to have higher organochlorine concentrations than Mysticetes or low trophic level feeders (O'Shea, 1999). A prime example of
this is comparing two eco–types of Orcinus orca, transient and resident, from the Kenai Fjords/Prince William Sound, AK region (Ylitalo et al., 2001).
Although there are many distinctions between these two groups such as habitat use, the main one is that transient killer whales are marine mammal
eaters and resident killer whales are fish eaters. This difference causes much higher concentrations of organochlorines in transient killer whales than in
resident groups, indicating species who feed in higher trophic levels collect more organochlorines (Ylitalo et al., 2001). O'Shea (1999) had

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