A unique class of perfluorocycloalkenyl (PFCA) aryl ether monomers was synthesized from commercially available perfluorocycloalkenes (PFCAs) and bisphenols in good yields. This facile one pot reaction of per- fluorocycloalkenes, namely, octafluorocyclopentene (OFCP), and decafluorocyclohexene (DFCH), with bisphenols occurs at room temperature via an addition–elimination reaction in the presence of a base. The synthesis of PFCA monomers and their condensation with bisphenols lead to perfluorocycloalkenyl (PFCA) aryl ether homopolymers and copolymers with random and/or alternating polymer architectures.
Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Bis-perfluorocycloalkenyl (PFCA) aryl ether monomers towards a versatile clas...Babloo Sharma, Ph.D.
A unique class of perfluorocycloalkenyl (PFCA) aryl ether monomers was synthesized from commercially available perfluorocycloalkenes (PFCAs) and bisphenols in good yields. This facile one pot reaction of perfluorocycloalkenes, namely, octafluorocyclopentene (OFCP), and decafluorocyclohexene (DFCH), with bisphenols occurs at room temperature via an addition–elimination reaction in the presence of a base. The synthesis of PFCA monomers and their condensation with bisphenols lead to perfluorocycloalkenyl (PFCA) aryl ether homopolymers and copolymers with random and/or alternating polymer architectures.
Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons whose carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds. The general formula for alkanes is CnH2n+2. The first ten alkanes are methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane and decane. Alkanes undergo combustion reactions and halogenation reactions when exposed to halogens like chlorine in the presence of UV light or heat. Haloalkanes are named according to IUPAC rules by identifying the parent alkane, halogen prefix, and halogen position number.
The document provides information about organic chemistry nomenclature. It discusses the need for systematic nomenclature given the large number of known organic compounds. It introduces IUPAC nomenclature rules which allow any complex organic compound to be systematically named. The key aspects covered are:
- Root words, primary suffixes to indicate saturation/unsaturation, and secondary suffixes to indicate functional groups are used to systematically name compounds.
- Prefixes are used to indicate substituents.
- Examples demonstrate how to apply nomenclature rules to arrive at IUPAC systematic names for various organic structures.
IUPAC NOMENCLATURE_ORGANIC_for JEE(MAIN)-JEE(ADVANCED)-NEETSupratim Das
This document discusses IUPAC nomenclature rules for naming organic compounds. It begins by listing common names and IUPAC names for some simple organic molecules. It then describes the system for naming hydrocarbons based on identifying the parent chain, numbering carbons, and indicating substituents. Rules are provided for naming saturated and unsaturated compounds, cyclic compounds, branched compounds, and compounds containing common functional groups like alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, acids, and others. Substituted benzene compounds are also discussed. The goal is to systematically name compounds to identify parent structures and functional groups.
This document provides an introduction to organic chemistry for A-level students. It begins with an overview of organic chemistry and the special properties of carbon that allow for the vast number of carbon compounds. It then discusses specific topics like functional groups, isomers, naming conventions (IUPAC), and more. The document is intended to help students understand key concepts in organic chemistry.
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry concepts including:
1. Organic compounds are found in materials like fuels, polymers, dyes and medicines. Their structures can be represented using Lewis structures, condensed formulas, and bond line drawings.
2. Organic molecules can be classified as acyclic, alicyclic, or aromatic. Nomenclature systems like IUPAC are used to systematically name organic compounds to correlate names with structures.
3. Isomerism, including chain, position, functional group, and metamerism can occur when compounds have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas.
APEX INSTITUTE was conceptualized in May 2008, keeping in view the dreams of young students by the vision & toil of Er. Shahid Iqbal. We had a very humble beginning as an institute for IIT-JEE / Medical, with a vision to provide an ideal launch pad for serious JEE students . We actually started to make a difference in the way students think and approach problems. We started to develop ways to enhance students IQ. We started to leave an indelible mark on the students who have undergone APEX training. That is why APEX INSTITUTE is very well known of its quality of education
Bis-perfluorocycloalkenyl (PFCA) aryl ether monomers towards a versatile clas...Babloo Sharma, Ph.D.
A unique class of perfluorocycloalkenyl (PFCA) aryl ether monomers was synthesized from commercially available perfluorocycloalkenes (PFCAs) and bisphenols in good yields. This facile one pot reaction of perfluorocycloalkenes, namely, octafluorocyclopentene (OFCP), and decafluorocyclohexene (DFCH), with bisphenols occurs at room temperature via an addition–elimination reaction in the presence of a base. The synthesis of PFCA monomers and their condensation with bisphenols lead to perfluorocycloalkenyl (PFCA) aryl ether homopolymers and copolymers with random and/or alternating polymer architectures.
Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons whose carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds. The general formula for alkanes is CnH2n+2. The first ten alkanes are methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane and decane. Alkanes undergo combustion reactions and halogenation reactions when exposed to halogens like chlorine in the presence of UV light or heat. Haloalkanes are named according to IUPAC rules by identifying the parent alkane, halogen prefix, and halogen position number.
The document provides information about organic chemistry nomenclature. It discusses the need for systematic nomenclature given the large number of known organic compounds. It introduces IUPAC nomenclature rules which allow any complex organic compound to be systematically named. The key aspects covered are:
- Root words, primary suffixes to indicate saturation/unsaturation, and secondary suffixes to indicate functional groups are used to systematically name compounds.
- Prefixes are used to indicate substituents.
- Examples demonstrate how to apply nomenclature rules to arrive at IUPAC systematic names for various organic structures.
IUPAC NOMENCLATURE_ORGANIC_for JEE(MAIN)-JEE(ADVANCED)-NEETSupratim Das
This document discusses IUPAC nomenclature rules for naming organic compounds. It begins by listing common names and IUPAC names for some simple organic molecules. It then describes the system for naming hydrocarbons based on identifying the parent chain, numbering carbons, and indicating substituents. Rules are provided for naming saturated and unsaturated compounds, cyclic compounds, branched compounds, and compounds containing common functional groups like alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, acids, and others. Substituted benzene compounds are also discussed. The goal is to systematically name compounds to identify parent structures and functional groups.
This document provides an introduction to organic chemistry for A-level students. It begins with an overview of organic chemistry and the special properties of carbon that allow for the vast number of carbon compounds. It then discusses specific topics like functional groups, isomers, naming conventions (IUPAC), and more. The document is intended to help students understand key concepts in organic chemistry.
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry concepts including:
1. Organic compounds are found in materials like fuels, polymers, dyes and medicines. Their structures can be represented using Lewis structures, condensed formulas, and bond line drawings.
2. Organic molecules can be classified as acyclic, alicyclic, or aromatic. Nomenclature systems like IUPAC are used to systematically name organic compounds to correlate names with structures.
3. Isomerism, including chain, position, functional group, and metamerism can occur when compounds have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas.
APEX INSTITUTE was conceptualized in May 2008, keeping in view the dreams of young students by the vision & toil of Er. Shahid Iqbal. We had a very humble beginning as an institute for IIT-JEE / Medical, with a vision to provide an ideal launch pad for serious JEE students . We actually started to make a difference in the way students think and approach problems. We started to develop ways to enhance students IQ. We started to leave an indelible mark on the students who have undergone APEX training. That is why APEX INSTITUTE is very well known of its quality of education
The document discusses the nomenclature and naming conventions of organic compounds. It begins by explaining how early organic chemists assigned names based on properties or origins, but as more compounds were discovered a standardized system was needed. The body then defines different types of isomers and provides examples. It also outlines IUPAC naming rules such as identifying the parent chain, numbering substituents, and listing them alphabetically. Examples are given to demonstrate writing names and formulas. The conclusion states that understanding naming is important as many current issues involve organic compounds.
This document reviews the structure and function of various heme peroxidases, catalases, and catalase-peroxidases. It focuses on yeast cytochrome c peroxidase (CcP) as the most well-studied class I peroxidase. CcP catalyzes the reduction of cytochrome c using hydrogen peroxide. The crystal structures of CcP and its intermediates have provided insights into key active site residues and conformational changes important for catalysis. Recent high-resolution structures show the Fe-O bond in CcP compound I is longer than previously thought, indicating weaker single bond character important for its function.
Classification, Nomenclature and structural isomerism of organic compound Ganesh Mote
Classification of organic compound, Nomenclature of alkane, alkene, alkyne, alcohol, alkyl halide, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid and its derivatives, amines, ethers, polyfunctional groups and structural isomerism of organic compounds
The lecture is devoted to newbies in chemistry eager to learn the basics of nomenclature. The tips given re easy and can be practiced to get perfection.
Basic principles in organic chemistry --exercise with solutionssuresh gdvm
Basic principles in organic chemistry. basics of organic chemistry, types of organic compounds, effects in organic compounds such as inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance, hyperconjugation, IUPAC nomenclature
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon-containing compounds. The document discusses various types of organic compounds including:
1) Aliphatic compounds which contain open chains of carbon atoms.
2) Saturated and unsaturated compounds which contain single or multiple carbon bonds.
3) Aromatic compounds like benzene which have ring structures.
It also introduces IUPAC nomenclature which systematically names organic compounds based on parent chains, functional groups, and substituents using prefixes, root words, and suffixes in a standardized manner.
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry structure and nomenclature. It discusses various ways of representing organic molecules, including 3D formulas, skeletal formulas, and structural formulas. Skeletal formulas are emphasized as they make organic structures easier to understand. The document also covers IUPAC nomenclature rules for naming organic compounds based on functional groups and carbon chain length and structure. Finally, it discusses different types of isomerism that can occur in organic molecules, including structural isomers, stereoisomers (cis-trans and optical), and functional group isomers.
Studies of transition metal ion - 5- Sulphosalicylic acid doped PolyanilinesIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study on transition metal ion-5-sulphosalicylic acid complexes used as dopants for polyaniline. Polyaniline was doped with various transition metal carbonates both with and without 5-sulphosalicylic acid. The doped polyanilines were characterized through various tests. Conductivity was found to increase with increasing acid concentration in the doping solution. Magnetic susceptibility measurements showed paramagnetic behavior for transition metal-doped polyanilines and diamagnetic behavior for polyaniline doped with only 5-sulphosalicylic acid. The polymers were found to be amorphous by XRD. SEM showed small
This document provides an overview of organic compound nomenclature systems. It discusses:
- The need for systematic naming to deal with the large number of organic compounds and isomers
- Common trivial names that were historically used but lack systematic principles
- The IUPAC system which provides logical rules to systematically name compounds based on molecular structure
- General features of IUPAC names including the compound root, functional group suffixes, and substituent names
- Specific nomenclature rules for naming alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and benzene derivatives
Monovalent Cations Mediate Formation of Native Tertiary Structure of Tetrahym...Keiji Takamoto
Monovalent cations like sodium ions can induce the formation of native tertiary structure in the Tetrahymena thermophila ribozyme in the absence of divalent ions like magnesium. Using hydroxyl radical footprinting and analytical ultracentrifugation, the researchers monitored the formation of individual tertiary contacts and global compaction of the ribozyme as a function of sodium ion concentration. They found that most native tertiary contacts form at high sodium ion concentrations, though a few contacts near where divalent ions bind require magnesium. Both native and non-native tertiary contacts can form at low sodium ion concentrations. The results suggest that monovalent ions can push the ribozyme into the native folded state by forming native
1. The document discusses the nomenclature and classification of organic compounds including hydrocarbons, alcohols, phenols, ethers, thiols, carbonyl compounds, and carboxylic acids.
2. It describes the IUPAC principles for systematic naming including functional, substitutive, conjunctive, additive, subtractive, and replacement names.
3. The main reactions discussed are substitutions and additions for alkenes, aromaticity and electrophilic substitutions for arenes.
Organic chemistry is the study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation of carbon-containing compounds, which include not only hydrocarbons but also compounds with any number of other elements, including hydrogen (most compounds contain at least one carbon–hydrogen bond), nitrogen, oxygen,
This document discusses the classification and properties of solids, solutions and colligative properties, chemical thermodynamics and energetics, electrochemistry, chemical kinetics, isolation of elements, p-block elements, and corrosion. Key points include the different types of unit cells and packing efficiency in crystalline solids, concentration units for solutions, lowering of vapor pressure and freezing point depression as colligative properties, spontaneity of reactions based on Gibbs free energy, electrode potentials and cells, temperature dependence of reaction rates by the Arrhenius equation, extraction of metals like zinc and iron from their ores, and properties of p-block elements.
Nomenclature and introduction of major functional groupssuresh gdvm
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry concepts for an A-Level chemistry book. It introduces the major families of organic compounds, including hydrocarbons such as alkanes, alkenes and alkynes. It discusses the classification, nomenclature and isomerism of these compounds, with examples of naming various straight-chain, branched, cyclic and unsaturated hydrocarbons. It also covers the different types of isomerism including structural, stereoisomerism and geometrical isomerism.
Nomenclature of Organic Compounds (IUPAC)Lexter Supnet
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry nomenclature. It begins by discussing the early history of organic chemistry and defining key terms. The main sections cover naming conventions for alkane hydrocarbons using IUPAC rules and identifying isomers based on skeletal structure and substituent position. Examples are provided to demonstrate naming organic compounds and writing structural formulas. Common functional groups such as alcohols, aldehydes, and aromatics are defined along with their IUPAC nomenclature.
Organic chemistry requires consistent study of concepts that build on each other. Students should work problems step-by-step and explain concepts to peers. Hydrogen bonding between polar molecules leads to higher boiling points than non-polar molecules due to stronger intermolecular forces. Van der Waals forces also influence boiling points based on molecular size and mass.
BUILD UP Skills Finland - 3 Rakenteiden kuivattaminenMotiva
Energiatehokkaan rakentamisen parhaat käytännöt: Monimutkaiset ja hitaasti kuivuvat rakenteet sekä kosteuden aiheuttamat muodonmuutokset vaikuttavat rakenteiden kuivumiseen. Oikea tuuletus, ilmanvaihto ja kuivaimet sekä suunnittelu takaavat hyvän lopputuloksen.
The document discusses the nomenclature and naming conventions of organic compounds. It begins by explaining how early organic chemists assigned names based on properties or origins, but as more compounds were discovered a standardized system was needed. The body then defines different types of isomers and provides examples. It also outlines IUPAC naming rules such as identifying the parent chain, numbering substituents, and listing them alphabetically. Examples are given to demonstrate writing names and formulas. The conclusion states that understanding naming is important as many current issues involve organic compounds.
This document reviews the structure and function of various heme peroxidases, catalases, and catalase-peroxidases. It focuses on yeast cytochrome c peroxidase (CcP) as the most well-studied class I peroxidase. CcP catalyzes the reduction of cytochrome c using hydrogen peroxide. The crystal structures of CcP and its intermediates have provided insights into key active site residues and conformational changes important for catalysis. Recent high-resolution structures show the Fe-O bond in CcP compound I is longer than previously thought, indicating weaker single bond character important for its function.
Classification, Nomenclature and structural isomerism of organic compound Ganesh Mote
Classification of organic compound, Nomenclature of alkane, alkene, alkyne, alcohol, alkyl halide, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid and its derivatives, amines, ethers, polyfunctional groups and structural isomerism of organic compounds
The lecture is devoted to newbies in chemistry eager to learn the basics of nomenclature. The tips given re easy and can be practiced to get perfection.
Basic principles in organic chemistry --exercise with solutionssuresh gdvm
Basic principles in organic chemistry. basics of organic chemistry, types of organic compounds, effects in organic compounds such as inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance, hyperconjugation, IUPAC nomenclature
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon-containing compounds. The document discusses various types of organic compounds including:
1) Aliphatic compounds which contain open chains of carbon atoms.
2) Saturated and unsaturated compounds which contain single or multiple carbon bonds.
3) Aromatic compounds like benzene which have ring structures.
It also introduces IUPAC nomenclature which systematically names organic compounds based on parent chains, functional groups, and substituents using prefixes, root words, and suffixes in a standardized manner.
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry structure and nomenclature. It discusses various ways of representing organic molecules, including 3D formulas, skeletal formulas, and structural formulas. Skeletal formulas are emphasized as they make organic structures easier to understand. The document also covers IUPAC nomenclature rules for naming organic compounds based on functional groups and carbon chain length and structure. Finally, it discusses different types of isomerism that can occur in organic molecules, including structural isomers, stereoisomers (cis-trans and optical), and functional group isomers.
Studies of transition metal ion - 5- Sulphosalicylic acid doped PolyanilinesIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study on transition metal ion-5-sulphosalicylic acid complexes used as dopants for polyaniline. Polyaniline was doped with various transition metal carbonates both with and without 5-sulphosalicylic acid. The doped polyanilines were characterized through various tests. Conductivity was found to increase with increasing acid concentration in the doping solution. Magnetic susceptibility measurements showed paramagnetic behavior for transition metal-doped polyanilines and diamagnetic behavior for polyaniline doped with only 5-sulphosalicylic acid. The polymers were found to be amorphous by XRD. SEM showed small
This document provides an overview of organic compound nomenclature systems. It discusses:
- The need for systematic naming to deal with the large number of organic compounds and isomers
- Common trivial names that were historically used but lack systematic principles
- The IUPAC system which provides logical rules to systematically name compounds based on molecular structure
- General features of IUPAC names including the compound root, functional group suffixes, and substituent names
- Specific nomenclature rules for naming alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and benzene derivatives
Monovalent Cations Mediate Formation of Native Tertiary Structure of Tetrahym...Keiji Takamoto
Monovalent cations like sodium ions can induce the formation of native tertiary structure in the Tetrahymena thermophila ribozyme in the absence of divalent ions like magnesium. Using hydroxyl radical footprinting and analytical ultracentrifugation, the researchers monitored the formation of individual tertiary contacts and global compaction of the ribozyme as a function of sodium ion concentration. They found that most native tertiary contacts form at high sodium ion concentrations, though a few contacts near where divalent ions bind require magnesium. Both native and non-native tertiary contacts can form at low sodium ion concentrations. The results suggest that monovalent ions can push the ribozyme into the native folded state by forming native
1. The document discusses the nomenclature and classification of organic compounds including hydrocarbons, alcohols, phenols, ethers, thiols, carbonyl compounds, and carboxylic acids.
2. It describes the IUPAC principles for systematic naming including functional, substitutive, conjunctive, additive, subtractive, and replacement names.
3. The main reactions discussed are substitutions and additions for alkenes, aromaticity and electrophilic substitutions for arenes.
Organic chemistry is the study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation of carbon-containing compounds, which include not only hydrocarbons but also compounds with any number of other elements, including hydrogen (most compounds contain at least one carbon–hydrogen bond), nitrogen, oxygen,
This document discusses the classification and properties of solids, solutions and colligative properties, chemical thermodynamics and energetics, electrochemistry, chemical kinetics, isolation of elements, p-block elements, and corrosion. Key points include the different types of unit cells and packing efficiency in crystalline solids, concentration units for solutions, lowering of vapor pressure and freezing point depression as colligative properties, spontaneity of reactions based on Gibbs free energy, electrode potentials and cells, temperature dependence of reaction rates by the Arrhenius equation, extraction of metals like zinc and iron from their ores, and properties of p-block elements.
Nomenclature and introduction of major functional groupssuresh gdvm
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry concepts for an A-Level chemistry book. It introduces the major families of organic compounds, including hydrocarbons such as alkanes, alkenes and alkynes. It discusses the classification, nomenclature and isomerism of these compounds, with examples of naming various straight-chain, branched, cyclic and unsaturated hydrocarbons. It also covers the different types of isomerism including structural, stereoisomerism and geometrical isomerism.
Nomenclature of Organic Compounds (IUPAC)Lexter Supnet
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry nomenclature. It begins by discussing the early history of organic chemistry and defining key terms. The main sections cover naming conventions for alkane hydrocarbons using IUPAC rules and identifying isomers based on skeletal structure and substituent position. Examples are provided to demonstrate naming organic compounds and writing structural formulas. Common functional groups such as alcohols, aldehydes, and aromatics are defined along with their IUPAC nomenclature.
Organic chemistry requires consistent study of concepts that build on each other. Students should work problems step-by-step and explain concepts to peers. Hydrogen bonding between polar molecules leads to higher boiling points than non-polar molecules due to stronger intermolecular forces. Van der Waals forces also influence boiling points based on molecular size and mass.
BUILD UP Skills Finland - 3 Rakenteiden kuivattaminenMotiva
Energiatehokkaan rakentamisen parhaat käytännöt: Monimutkaiset ja hitaasti kuivuvat rakenteet sekä kosteuden aiheuttamat muodonmuutokset vaikuttavat rakenteiden kuivumiseen. Oikea tuuletus, ilmanvaihto ja kuivaimet sekä suunnittelu takaavat hyvän lopputuloksen.
This document discusses different ways to say "because" in English and provides examples. It notes that "because" can be substituted with structures like "as", "in view of the fact that", and "inasmuch as". However, "inasmuch as" always goes at the beginning of the reason clause. Examples are given of sentences using "since", "as", and "inasmuch as". The document concludes with guidelines on comma usage when the subordinator is at the beginning or end of the sentence.
This document provides a summary of a loan proposal for a gym project. It includes details on the objectives, scope, limitations and assumptions of the project. It then provides information on the bank profile, research methodology used to collect primary and secondary data, and the process for submitting a loan proposal. The financial details include investment costs, capital structure, annual expenditures, revenue projections for 5 years, loan repayment schedule including EMI calculations for the first two years. Overall, the document outlines all the key financial and operational aspects of the proposed gym project seeking a bank loan.
Um camponês chinês ensina seu filho que nem tudo é bom ou ruim como parece inicialmente. Quando seu cavalo foge e retorna com uma égua, e quando o filho quebra a perna após montar o novo cavalo, o pai diz que só o tempo dirá se esses eventos trarão sorte ou desgraça. Quando recrutadores do exército poupam o filho ferido, ele compreende a lição do pai de que a vida reserva muitas reviravoltas.
Dr Jammie Penm's talk from the Australian Agricultural & Resource Economics Society's event "Reframing the Food Agenda: Setting the Scene for Australia" held August 19, 2011
Este documento proporciona instrucciones para recuperar la información de usuario y contraseña olvidada en el portal del SENIAT. Indica que el usuario debe ingresar a la página web del SENIAT, seleccionar la opción de persona natural, ingresar su número de cédula o RIF y fecha de nacimiento, y solicitar que se envíe un correo electrónico con su información de acceso.
This document discusses software documentation testing. It notes that documentation has become a major part of software systems and testers must cover both code and documentation. Different types of documentation are described, from user manuals to help systems. The document provides a checklist for documentation testing, including checking that content is appropriate, terminology is suitable, and examples work as intended. It also discusses using tools to auto-generate documentation from source code comments.
Mechanism of labour and use of partogramPave Medicine
This document discusses the mechanism of labour and use of the partogram. It defines labour as painful, regular uterine contractions that progressively efface and dilate the cervix, causing descent and rotation of the fetal head. The three stages of labour are also described: 1) cervical dilation from 0-10cm, 2) baby being born, 3) delivery of placenta. Key components that aid delivery are contractions of the uterus, the bony pelvis and soft tissues as passages, and the fetus. Progress of labour is tracked using a partogram to monitor cervical dilation and identify any issues requiring action.
El documento resume la situación actual del cáncer en Perú y Lambayeque. Explica que el cáncer es un importante problema de salud pública a nivel mundial y en Perú es la segunda causa de muerte. Sin embargo, la información sobre la carga de la enfermedad a nivel local es limitada. Presenta datos sobre incidencia, mortalidad y supervivencia de varios tipos de cáncer en Lambayeque entre 2000-2014.
Perfluorocyclopentenyl (PFCP) Aryl Ether Polymers via Polycondensation of Oct...aaaa zzzz
ABSTRACT: A unique class of aromatic ether polymers
containing perfluorocyclopentenyl (PFCP) enchainment was
prepared from the simple step growth polycondensation of
commercial bisphenols and octafluorocyclopentene (OFCP)
in the presence of triethylamine. Model studies indicate that
the second addition/elimination on OFCP is fast and poly-
condensation results in linear homopolymers and copolymers
without side products. The synthesis of bis(heptafluoro-
cyclopentenyl) aryl ether monomers and their condensation
with bisphenols further led to PFCP copolymers with alternating structures. This new class of semifluorinated polymers exhibit surprisingly high crystallinity in some cases and excellent thermal stability.
Perfluorocyclopentenyl (PFCP) Aryl Ether Polymers via Polycondensation of Oct...Babloo Sharma, Ph.D.
A unique class of aromatic ether polymers
containing perfluorocyclopentenyl (PFCP) enchainment was
prepared from the simple step growth polycondensation of
commercial bisphenols and octafluorocyclopentene (OFCP)
in the presence of triethylamine. Model studies indicate that
the second addition/elimination on OFCP is fast and poly-
condensation results in linear homopolymers and copolymers
without side products. The synthesis of bis(heptafluoro-
cyclopentenyl) aryl ether monomers and their condensation
with bisphenols further led to PFCP copolymers with alternating structures. This new class of semifluorinated polymers exhibit surprisingly high crystallinity in some cases and excellent thermal stability.
Organic inorganic hybrid cobalt phthalocyanine/polyaniline as efficient catal...Pawan Kumar
Organic inorganic hybrid catalyst synthesized by doping of cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc) on polyaniline
support (CoPc/PANI) exhibited higher activity for the oxidation of various alcohols to the corresponding
carbonyl compounds in high to excellent yield using molecular oxygen as oxidant and isobutyraldehyde
as a sacrificial agent. Notably, the synthesized catalyst was found to be truly heterogeneous in nature and
could be easily recovered, recycled for several recycling runs without loss of catalytic activity
Mechanistic Aspects of Oxidation of P-Bromoacetophen one by Hexacyanoferrate ...IJERA Editor
The kinetics of oxidation of p-bromoacetophenone by hexacyanoferrate (III) has been studied in alkaline
medium. The order of reaction with respect of both acetophenone and hexacynoferrate (III) has been found to be
unity. The rate of reaction increases with increase in the concentration of sodium hydroxide.On addition of
neutral KCl, reaction rate increases. The effects of solvent and temperature have been also studied. The product
p-bromophenyl glyoxal have been characterized by IR studies.
This document describes the synthesis and characterization of a calcium phosphonate framework material (Ca-PiPhtA) and its derivatives for proton conductivity applications. The parent framework Ca-PiPhtA-I was synthesized from calcium chloride and the ligand 5-(dihydroxyphosphoryl)isophthalic acid under acidic aqueous conditions, producing a structure with 1D channels and high water content. Upon heating or exposure to ammonia vapors, it undergoes partial dehydration or structural transformations to form new derivatives Ca-PiPhtA-II and Ca-PiPhtA-NH3 respectively, as characterized through methods such as X-ray diffraction and thermal analysis. Proton conductivity measurements found the materials conduct
This lab report summarizes a Diels-Alder reaction experiment where a diene and dienophile were reacted to produce a cycloaddition product. The product was analyzed using melting point determination, IR spectroscopy, and NMR spectroscopy. A low yield of 17.34% was obtained, which could be due to impurities as indicated by the wide melting point range of the product. The IR spectrum confirmed the presence of structural units expected in the product. While NMR analysis was unsuccessful, the evidence suggests the desired Diels-Alder reaction occurred between the diene and dienophile.
This document discusses studies of technetium speciation using NMR and EXAFS/XANES spectroscopy during pyrometallurgical reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel. Technetium can form various oxides, oxychlorides, and chlorides of varying volatility depending on processing conditions. NMR was used to characterize technetium metal and EXAFS was used to study technetium halides and complexes. Preliminary results showed EXAFS could distinguish Tc(IV) bromide but further work is needed to characterize lower oxidation states and clusters. The goal is to understand technetium behavior to prevent accumulation and gas releases during reprocessing.
The document summarizes research on adding BaTiO3 nanoparticles to a PVdF/PMMA polymer blend electrolyte to improve its ionic conductivity. Key findings:
1) The addition of 15 wt% BaTiO3 nanoparticles resulted in the highest ionic conductivity of 1.335 x 10-3 S/cm, compared to other ratios tested.
2) XRD and FTIR analysis showed the BaTiO3 disrupted polymer crystallization and formed an amorphous complex with the polymers.
3) Conductivity increased with temperature for all compositions and followed the Vogel–Tamman–Fulcher relationship.
4) The composite with 15 wt% BaTiO3 was stable up
This document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of two single-strapped 21-thia-tetraphenylporphyrins. The two adjacent phenyl groups at the meso position of 21-thia-tetraphenylporphyrin were linked by either a rigid aromatic group or a flexible alkyl chain. NMR, absorption, and fluorescence studies indicated that the rigid aromatic group induced more nonplanarity in the porphyrin ring compared to the flexible alkyl chain. The synthesis involved condensing thiophene diol, dialdehyde, and pyrrole to form a mixture of porphyrins, which were then separated via chromatography. Characterization confirmed the structures and indicated the rigid strap caused more distortion of the porph
This document summarizes research on synthesizing copper sulfide compounds Cu1.8S and CuS from copper-thiourea precursors containing different counteranions (Cl-, NO3-, SO42-). When reacted in ethylene glycol, [Cu4(tu)9](NO3)4 always yielded CuS regardless of conditions. [Cu(tu)3]Cl yielded only Cu1.8S in air or argon, but a mixture of Cu1.8S and CuS under solvothermal conditions. [Cu2(tu)6]SO4 produced a mixture of CuS and Cu1.8S under all conditions tested. The counteranion's oxidizing power
This document reports on the synthesis and characterization of new phosphorescent blue emitters based on iridium complexes with 5-aryl-4H-1,2,4-triazole ligands. When the ligands are unsymmetrically substituted, they exhibit atropisomerism upon complexation with iridium, forming mixtures of up to four possible diastereomers. The individual diastereomers have been separated and structurally characterized. All complexes show high quantum efficiencies above 95% and emit in the sky blue range. The emission properties vary slightly between diastereomers. These complexes represent some of the most efficient phosphorescent blue emitters reported to date.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
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Bis-perfluorocycloalkenyl (PFCA) aryl ether monomers towards a versatile class of semi-fluorinated aryl ether polymers
1. Bis-perfluorocycloalkenyl (PFCA) aryl ether monomers towards a
versatile class of semi-fluorinated aryl ether polymers
Babloo Sharma a
, Donald G. VanDerveer b
, Shawna M. Liff c
, Dennis W. Smith Jr. a,⇑
a
Department of Chemistry and The Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, The University of Texas, 800 West Campbell Rd., BE 26, Ricahrdson, TX 75080, USA
b
Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631, USA
c
Intel Corporation, Chandler, AZ 85226, USA
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 7 March 2013
Revised 17 April 2013
Accepted 19 April 2013
Available online 27 April 2013
Keywords:
Perfluoro and semifluorinated polymers
Perfluorocycloalkenes
Addition–elimination reaction
Polycondensation
a b s t r a c t
A unique class of perfluorocycloalkenyl (PFCA) aryl ether monomers was synthesized from commercially
available perfluorocycloalkenes (PFCAs) and bisphenols in good yields. This facile one pot reaction of per-
fluorocycloalkenes, namely, octafluorocyclopentene (OFCP), and decafluorocyclohexene (DFCH), with
bisphenols occurs at room temperature via an addition–elimination reaction in the presence of a base.
The synthesis of PFCA monomers and their condensation with bisphenols lead to perfluorocycloalkenyl
(PFCA) aryl ether homopolymers and copolymers with random and/or alternating polymer architectures.
Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Perfluorinated and semi-fluorinated polymers are continually
sought due to their profound and exclusive properties in applied
chemistry and biochemistry.1–4
Innovative and efficient methods
are highly desired to strategically incorporate fluorine into molecu-
lar architectures with outstanding and specifically designed perfor-
mance. Incorporation of fluorine into polymeric systems results in a
unique combination of properties such as excellent thermal stabil-
ity, chemical inertness, unique surface properties, low refractive in-
dex, low dielectric constant, and low optical loss in telecom
wavelength.1,2,5–10
Such materials are potentially suitable as matri-
ces for non-linear optics (NLO) or electro-optics (EO) applications as
demonstrated by Iacono et al, and many other research groups
including ours with perfluorocyclobutyl (PFCB) aryl ether polymers
and other fluorinated vinylene derived polymers.8–11
Perfluorocycloalkenes (PFCA) are a general class of compounds
comprising many commercially available perfluorocyclo-olefins
including octafluorocyclopentene (OFCP) and decafluorocyclohex-
ene (DFCH) (Fig. 1). As expected, PFCAs react with various nucleo-
philes including phenoxides,12–15
alkoxide,16–18
organometallic,19–
21
amines,22–25
thiols,26
azoles27
and phosphonium ylides.28
PFCA
derivatives have thus shown a variety of applications including
photochromic small molecules,29–33
nonlinear optical activity,34
lubricants,21
and etching agents.35
Herein we extend our recently
published initial discovery of perfluorocyclopentenyl (PFCP) aryl
ether polymers5
––a new step growth Polycondensation and report
the synthesis of bis-perfluorocycloalkenyl (PFCA) aryl ether mono-
mers from perfluorocyclo-olefins, namely, OFCP and DFCH and
bisphenols via an addition–elimination reaction in the presence
of a base (Scheme 1).
Table 1 denotes the bisphenol and PFCA starting materials,
monomers there from (M1–M6), and isolated yield of the conden-
sation reaction. Further, the X-ray crystal structures of M1 (Fig. 2)
and M6 (Fig. S22) were also solved.
With few exceptions such as, fluorinated vinylene derived Tef-
lon, perfluorocyclco-olefins, in general, do not undergo homopoly-
merization via free radical mechanism.36
Recently, we have
0040-4039/$ - see front matter Published by Elsevier Ltd.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.04.087
⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +001 972 883 2915; fax: +001 972 883 2925.
E-mail address: dwsmith@utdallas.edu (D.W. Smith).
FF
F
F
F
F F
F
F
F
FF
F
F
F F
F
F
(a) (b)
Figure 1. Commercially available perfluorocycloalkenes (a) OFCP and (b) DFCH.
HO R OH
CF2
x
F F
CF2
x
O F
CF2
x
F O R
+
NEt3
DMF
R = / C(CH3)2 C(CF3)2
x = 3 , 4
Scheme 1. Perfluorocycloalkenyl (PFCA) aryl ether monomer synthesis.
Tetrahedron Letters 54 (2013) 3609–3612
Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect
Tetrahedron Letters
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/tetlet
2. published the first polymerization of PFCAs using a novel step
growth condensation with bisphenols.5
PFCA aryl ether polymers
are highly thermally stable and show variable thermal properties
depending upon the functional spacer group, R (Scheme 2).
Due to the volatility of perfluorocycloalkenes, the stochiometry
ratio is difficult to sustain during polymerization. However, bis-
PFCA aryl ether monomers reported here, not only precludes the
stochiometry ratio issue, but also provides a new synthetic versa-
tility which can afford a variety of random and/or alternating
copolymers with specific design control to be published elsewhere
(Scheme 2).5
These monomers also provide the option of synthesiz-
ing copolymers containing both, OFCP and DFCP moieties.
Attack of the nucleophile on the PFCA double bond generates a
carbanion which can eliminate fluoride resulting in vinyl substi-
tuted and allyl substituted products (Scheme 3). The ratio of vinylic
to allylic products depends on the ring size, reaction conditions
and nucleophile.26
The vinylic product would be the major product
unless the allyl position has a more favored leaving group.26
The
allylic product was noticeable in case of DFCH (M3–M6) as evident
by three signals with identical molecular weight in the GC–MS
spectra (Fig. S23). Allyl substitution was not observed in case of
OFCP (M1–M3) as evidenced by NMR and GC–MS. The presence
of allylic products for M4–M6 also explains the unaccounted sig-
nals in the 1
H, 19
F and 13
C NMR (Figs. 3 and S13–S20). Interestingly,
there were no other addition products, as has previously been
reported with fluorinated arylene vinylene ether (FAVE)
polymers.37,38
13
Carbon (19
F-coupled) NMR has been proved to be a very help-
ful technique to determine structural properties of M1–M6. 19
Fluo-
rine coupled 13
Carbon NMR of perfluorocycloalkenes and their
products show short range as well as long range coupling, and each
carbon of PFCA ring shows a splitting pattern due to each fluorine
atom present on the ring. For example, in OFCP the b carbon, a,
with two fluorine atoms shows a tquint.t with J = 1375.0, 120.0,
25.4 Hz, and the a carbon, b, shows a tqm, J = 1287.5, 116.8 Hz
(Fig. S2). As expected, DFCH and its products show a more compli-
cated and unresolved splitting pattern in their 13
C NMR spectra
due to the higher number of fluorine atoms (Figs. S4, S15, S18
and S20).
In the case of M1, the 1
H NMR spectrum (Fig. S5) shows a dou-
blet of doublet (at 7.41 and 7.67 with J = 8.2 Hz), representing a
symmetric environment. The 19
F NMR (Fig. S6) shows well inte-
grated four fluorine peaks, where peak at À150.45 ppm represents
the terminal vinyl fluorine indicating the addition–elimination
reaction product. The 13
C NMR (19
F coupled) spectrum (Fig. 4)
shows singlets for the phenylene carbons whereas PFCP ring car-
bon signals undergo short range as well as long range coupling
and therefore a complex pattern is observed. For example, the
allylic carbon, f, shows ttd with J = 1032.1, 98.5, 27.7 Hz whereas
the b carbon, e, shows a broad splitting pattern overlapping with
adjacent carbon, g’s, signals.
To further establish the structures and understand the solid-
state nature of these monomers, X-ray analysis was conducted.
Bis-PFCA monomers were purified using column chromatography
with hexanes as the eluent. The purified monomers, M1, M4 and
M6 were obtained as white crystalline solids, while other mono-
mers were highly viscous clear liquids. Attempts to crystallize
M1, M4 and M6 from a multitude of polar and non-polar solvents
were unsuccessful. Finally, recrystallization of M1 and M6 from
chlorobenzene and a mixture of toluene and bromobenzene,
respectively, with a slow evaporation, resulted in the afforded X-
ray quality crystalline solids. Crystal structures for M1 and M6
are shown in Figures 2 and S22, and selected crystal properties
including dihedral bond angles (°) for M1 and M6 are reported in
Tables 2 and S1, respectively.
Figure 2 shows the ORTEP representation for M1. Crystal struc-
ture measurements were carried out at 193 K. The crystal shows
the monoclinic, P21/n space group with no sign of thermal atomic
displacement. Both PFCP rings show a presence of a double bond
(C1–C2 and C18–C19) with a bond length of 1.32 Å. Two phenyl
rings stand with a torsion angle (C8-C9-C12-C13) of 30.8°. The
PFCP ring (with higher numbered carbon) inclined to the phenyl
ring with 90.3°, but the other PFCP ring inclined with 56.6° to
the corresponding phenyl ring. Interestingly, the former PFCP ring
is almost planar, but PFCP ring (with lowered numbered carbon)
shows an envelope conformation with the flap atom, C4.
Figure S22 shows the ORTEP representations for molecule A and
molecule B, two conformation structures of M6 crystal. Crystal
data were recorded at 188 K. The crystal shows triclinic, P-1 space
group and a significant amount of thermal displacements, resulting
in the asymmetry in molecules. M6 crystal properties are very dif-
ferent from M1 crystal structural properties because of two extra
trifluoromethyl groups and a bigger PFCA rings. Both molecules A
and B show the C@@C bond length of 1.32 Å in PFCH rings as we
CF2 x
O F
CF2 x
F O R + HO R' OH
NEt3, DMF
80 °C
CF2 x
O
CF2 x
O RO R' O
n
Scheme 2. General synthesis of PFCA aryl ether polymers from PFCA aryl ether
monomers.
F F
CF2
x
F
F
F
F
+ Nu-
Nu F
CF2
x
F
F
F
F
+
Nu F
CF2
x
F
F
F
vinyl substitution allyl substitutionx = 1, 2
F
Scheme 3. General reaction representation for addition–elimination reactions on
perfluorocycloalkenes.
Figure 2. ORTEP representation of M1 crystal structure.
Table 1
Reaction of bisphenols with perfluorocycloalkenes
Entry Bisphenol PFCA Yielda
(%)
M1 Biphenol OFCP 76
M2 Bisphenol-A OFCP 71
M3 Bisphenol-AF OFCP 72
M4 Biphenol DFCH 69
M5 Bisphenol-A DFCH 63
M6 Bisphenol-AF DFCH 62
a
Based on isolated product.
3610 B. Sharma et al. / Tetrahedron Letters 54 (2013) 3609–3612
3. see in M1 crystal. The PFCH rings inclined to the corresponding
phenyl rings with an angle ranging from 62° to 74°. In molecule
A the high numbered PFCH rings shows half chair geometry with
no sign of atomic displacement whereas the low numbered PFCH
ring shows distorted chair to distorted half chair conformation
with atom C14 distorted over two sites (C14 and C14A), and con-
comitant disorder of F atoms on the ring. In molecule B, both PFCH
rings show the half chair conformation; with the high numbered
PFCH ring showing the atomic thermal displacement (F230
and
F23B).
These PFCA monomers (M1–M6) were also characterized with
ATR-FTIR. Figures 5 and S21 show the IR spectrum for monomers
M1–M6. A strong peak at 830 cmÀ1
represents the typical, out of
plane, aromatic C–H bending mode.39
These spectra show the char-
acteristic bands from 1080 to 1285 cmÀ1
due to CF2 and C–O–C
asymmetric stretching.35,40
Peaks at 1499 and 1600 cmÀ1
(strong
and medium intensities respectively) are associated with C@C
stretching for the aromatic rings in these spectra. Figures 5 and
Figure 3. 19
F NMR of monomer M6. Minor peaks represent the allyl substituted products.
Figure 4. 13
C NMR (19
F-coupled) of monomer M1. Insets: expanded signals of PFCP ring carbons.
Table 2
Selected crystal data and structure refinements for monomer M1
Parameters M1 (°)
C8-C9-C12-C13 30.8
C1-O1-C6-C11 56.6
C18-O2-C15-C14 90.3
C2-C1-C5-C4 10.2
C18-C19-C20-C21 À1.5
B. Sharma et al. / Tetrahedron Letters 54 (2013) 3609–3612 3611
4. S21 show C@C stretching peaks of the PFCP and PFCH rings at 1724
and 1707 cmÀ1
, respectively.18,41
Also Figure 5 shows a small peak
at 1747 cmÀ1
(easily visible for M4 and M6) which belongs to char-
acteristic C@C stretching for a allylic substituted PFCH ring (minor
products).18
Further, the GC–MS and elemental analyses showed
the expected molecular weight and elemental composition for all
the products M1–M6.
In conclusion, we have developed a new class of PFCA aryl ether
monomers from commercially available feedstocks via an addi-
tion–elimination reaction, in a good isolated yield. These mono-
mers are a substantial step for the synthesis of a wide range of
PFCA homo and copolymers of variable randomness or blockiness.
Acknowledgments
The authors want to express their gratitude to Intel Corporation
(Grant #4606175), Welch Foundation (Grant #AT-0041), NSF-
IUCRC sponsored Center for Energy Harvesting Materials and Sys-
tems (CEHMS) (Grant #IIP-1035024) and the University of Texas
at Dallas for their financial support.
Supplementary data
Supplementary data (crystallographic data for the structures re-
ported in this Letter have been deposited with the Cambridge Crys-
tallographic Data Centre as supplementary publications CCDC
927350 (1) and 927351 (2). Copies of the data can be obtained free
of charge on application to CCDC, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2
1EZ, UK (fax: +44 1233 336 033: e-mail: deposit@ccdc.cam.ac.uk).
A list of detailed experimental procedures, instrumentation and
characterization data (NMR, IR, GC/MS) for all the new compounds)
associated with this article can be found, in the online version, at
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.04.087.
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Figure 5. FTIR-IR spectra for M4–M6.
3612 B. Sharma et al. / Tetrahedron Letters 54 (2013) 3609–3612