Birth of modern america chapter 3
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The document discusses the development of the American West in the late 19th century. It notes that while most felt the Great Plains could not be farmed, they were well suited for cattle grazing. This led to the establishment of vast cattle drives to transport Texas longhorns to railroads further north. The railroads, which saw significant expansion in the 1860s-70s, helped open up the Plains to farming through land grants and new technologies like barbed wire. However, this westward expansion displaced Native Americans and led to conflicts over land and assimilationist policies.
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Westward expansion
This document discusses the settlement of the American West in the late 19th century. It covers three main topics: the growth of the cattle industry following the Civil War, fueled by demand from cities and the expansion of railroads; the movement of farmers and homesteaders onto the Great Plains, encouraged by policies like the Homestead Act and railroad construction; and the emergence of the Populist movement among farmers in response to economic hardships and difficult conditions.
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The document summarizes the economic and social differences between the Northern and Southern states in antebellum America that contributed to growing tensions between them. The North's economy was based on manufacturing, industry and wage labor while the South relied on slave labor to produce cash crops like cotton. These diverging economies led to conflicts over the expansion of slavery into new territories and states that increased regional tensions until the country erupted into the Civil War.
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The document provides information on the economic, social, and political differences between the North and South in antebellum America that contributed to growing tensions between the regions. It notes that the North's economy was based on manufacturing, industry, and free labor while the South relied on slave labor to support its agricultural plantation economy focused on cash crops like cotton. It describes the rise of urbanization and industrialization in the North compared to the rural society of the South, and how these diverging economic models affected factors like transportation, social classes, cities, and labor practices in each region, ultimately leading Americans to turn to civil war to resolve their disagreements.
Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution began in the United States in 1791 with Samuel Slater establishing the first cotton spinning factory. Eli Whitney then invented the cotton gin in 1793, which was 50 times more effective at separating cotton seeds from fibers than handpicking. This made cotton highly profitable and renewed demand for slave labor. By 1860 over 400 million pounds of southern cotton was poured into over 1,000 textile mills, mostly in New England. Other innovations like interchangeable parts and inventions like the telegraph and sewing machine transformed manufacturing.
The columbianexchange
Columbus accidentally discovered the Americas while seeking a route to China. This discovery led to an exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and peoples between the Old World and the New that profoundly impacted both, known as the Columbian Exchange. Crops like potatoes from South America and sugar cane in the Americas grown by African slaves became dietary staples and drove economic and population changes in Europe and Africa. The introduction of new diseases and crops also devastated indigenous populations in the Americas. When the Irish potato crop was affected by blight in the 1840s, over a million Irish fled to North America in the ensuing famine.
9 History - Movement of people - Agricultural Revolution
The Agricultural Revolution caused many small farmers in Britain to lose their land as large farms became more common through practices like enclosure of common lands. This led to many rural people migrating to towns and cities to find work. New farming techniques such as crop rotation and selective breeding, as well as machinery like the seed drill and threshing machine, increased agricultural production but reduced the need for farm labor, contributing to rural population shifts. The overcrowding of cities and prisons in Britain was partly addressed through the transportation of convicts to American colonies and later Australia.
Cattle Industry
The document discusses the development of the cattle industry on the Great Plains in the late 19th century. It was driven by several key factors: the end of the Civil War increased demand for beef in the East, while the Plains Indians wars and reservations opened new markets for cattle suppliers. The building of the Transcontinental Railroad allowed cattle to be transported profitably from Texas to eastern cities, fueling the establishment of cow towns at railheads. Enterprising cattle barons like Goodnight and Loving helped establish the first cattle drives and trails, marking the rise of open range ranching and the need for cowboys to herd the cattle.
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Westward expansion
This document discusses the settlement of the American West in the late 19th century. It covers three main topics: the growth of the cattle industry following the Civil War, fueled by demand from cities and the expansion of railroads; the movement of farmers and homesteaders onto the Great Plains, encouraged by policies like the Homestead Act and railroad construction; and the emergence of the Populist movement among farmers in response to economic hardships and difficult conditions.
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The document provides information on the economic, social, and political differences between the North and South in antebellum America that contributed to growing tensions between the regions. It notes that the North's economy was based on manufacturing, industry, and free labor while the South relied on slave labor to support its agricultural plantation economy focused on cash crops like cotton. It describes the rise of urbanization and industrialization in the North compared to the rural society of the South, and how these diverging economic models affected factors like transportation, social classes, cities, and labor practices in each region, ultimately leading Americans to turn to civil war to resolve their disagreements.
Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution began in the United States in 1791 with Samuel Slater establishing the first cotton spinning factory. Eli Whitney then invented the cotton gin in 1793, which was 50 times more effective at separating cotton seeds from fibers than handpicking. This made cotton highly profitable and renewed demand for slave labor. By 1860 over 400 million pounds of southern cotton was poured into over 1,000 textile mills, mostly in New England. Other innovations like interchangeable parts and inventions like the telegraph and sewing machine transformed manufacturing.
The columbianexchange
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9 History - Movement of people - Agricultural Revolution
The Agricultural Revolution caused many small farmers in Britain to lose their land as large farms became more common through practices like enclosure of common lands. This led to many rural people migrating to towns and cities to find work. New farming techniques such as crop rotation and selective breeding, as well as machinery like the seed drill and threshing machine, increased agricultural production but reduced the need for farm labor, contributing to rural population shifts. The overcrowding of cities and prisons in Britain was partly addressed through the transportation of convicts to American colonies and later Australia.
Cattle Industry
The document discusses the development of the cattle industry on the Great Plains in the late 19th century. It was driven by several key factors: the end of the Civil War increased demand for beef in the East, while the Plains Indians wars and reservations opened new markets for cattle suppliers. The building of the Transcontinental Railroad allowed cattle to be transported profitably from Texas to eastern cities, fueling the establishment of cow towns at railheads. Enterprising cattle barons like Goodnight and Loving helped establish the first cattle drives and trails, marking the rise of open range ranching and the need for cowboys to herd the cattle.
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The document summarizes the founding and early history of the Jamestown colony, the first permanent English settlement in North America. It details how the colony struggled at first due to a lack of preparation and farming skills among the colonists. Disease and conflict with the local Powhatan Confederacy led to many deaths in the early years. The colony became more successful after John Smith took control and instituted new rules. The introduction of tobacco as a cash crop by John Rolfe helped the colony become profitable. However, the headright system of rewarding land for transporting colonists led to the rise of indentured servitude and later slavery to meet the need for labor on the large plantations.
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The document discusses the history of agriculture in America from early Native American practices through 1877. It describes how Native Americans cultivated the three sisters of corn, beans, and squash and introduced many important crops. As colonists arrived, they relied on the Native Americans' agricultural knowledge and adopted their farming techniques. Over time, new technologies and inventions transformed American agriculture, increasing productivity and reducing labor needs. By the late 1800s, agriculture had become a major industry in the US.
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During the Industrial Revolution in Britain:
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The agricultural revolution in Britain sought to increase food production through enclosure, new machinery, and selective breeding. Enclosure involved dividing open fields and common land into privately owned small fields enclosed by hedges and fences, which benefited wealthy landowners but displaced many small farmers. New machinery like seed drills and horse plows, as well as ideas like crop rotation, also increased yields. Selective breeding through farmers like Robert Bakewell led to larger, stronger livestock. While innovations transformed farming, the enclosure movement was also socially disruptive, leading to unemployment and poverty as many lost access to land.
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Slaves on plantations were forced to work in harsh conditions, often barefoot in the cotton fields under the control of slave owners. While slaves initially increased in population through childbirth on plantations, slave owners determined slaves' daily working lives and treated them poorly even when not working. Though violence was sometimes used, plantation slavery also functioned through persuading slaves to work by giving them small plots of land to cultivate for themselves. While most Southern whites did not own slaves, the institution of slavery provided social and economic hierarchy that poorer white farmers could feel superior in by not being black slaves themselves.
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1) The expansion of industry and growth of big businesses like Standard Oil and U.S. Steel transformed the economy, while new inventions in transportation and communication modernized society.
2) Workers organized unions like the Knights of Labor to demand better treatment from employers, going on strikes, but often faced resistance from companies and legal hurdles.
3) Large numbers of immigrants arrived in America's growing cities during this time of industrialization, bringing both opportunities and challenges of cultural assimilation and urbanization.
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The document discusses the rapid industrialization of the United States between 1865-1900. Key factors contributing to industrialization included abundant natural resources, labor supply, new technologies, capital investment, and business-friendly government policies. Mass production techniques like assembly lines and scientific management principles increased efficiency. The railroad industry expanded greatly and helped open up new markets. While proponents argued industrialists were self-made men and capitalism expanded opportunities, there was growing unrest over extreme wealth inequality and poor conditions for many workers. As monopolies consolidated power, the socialist movement gained some influence in response to the social problems of the late industrial era.
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The document summarizes the founding and early history of the Jamestown colony, the first permanent English settlement in North America. It details how the colony struggled at first due to a lack of preparation and farming skills among the colonists. Disease and conflict with the local Powhatan Confederacy led to many deaths in the early years. The colony became more successful after John Smith took control and instituted new rules. The introduction of tobacco as a cash crop by John Rolfe helped the colony become profitable. However, the headright system of rewarding land for transporting colonists led to the rise of indentured servitude and later slavery to meet the need for labor on the large plantations.
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The document summarizes the key events and impacts of the Industrial Revolution. It began in Europe in the 1700s as the population grew and demanded more efficient ways of production to meet needs. New inventions like the spinning jenny and steam engine automated manufacturing. This led many to move from rural to urban areas to work in the new city-based factories. While some American leaders opposed industrialization, it eventually spread to the U.S. where new infrastructure like railroads and policies to promote inventions accelerated industrial development, transforming the economy.
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The document discusses the history of agriculture in America from early Native American practices through 1877. It describes how Native Americans cultivated the three sisters of corn, beans, and squash and introduced many important crops. As colonists arrived, they relied on the Native Americans' agricultural knowledge and adopted their farming techniques. Over time, new technologies and inventions transformed American agriculture, increasing productivity and reducing labor needs. By the late 1800s, agriculture had become a major industry in the US.
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During the Industrial Revolution in Britain:
1. Workers had long hours in factories with little free time for leisure activities.
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The agricultural revolution in Britain sought to increase food production through enclosure, new machinery, and selective breeding. Enclosure involved dividing open fields and common land into privately owned small fields enclosed by hedges and fences, which benefited wealthy landowners but displaced many small farmers. New machinery like seed drills and horse plows, as well as ideas like crop rotation, also increased yields. Selective breeding through farmers like Robert Bakewell led to larger, stronger livestock. While innovations transformed farming, the enclosure movement was also socially disruptive, leading to unemployment and poverty as many lost access to land.
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The document provides an overview of the agricultural revolution in the United States between 1865-1890, including the displacement of Native Americans, western expansion, development of farming and cattle ranching, and economic hardships faced by farmers. It discusses factors such as the Homestead Act, drought, the rise of mechanized agriculture, and the formation of groups like the Grange to politically advocate for farmers' interests in the face of debt, deflation, and railroad monopolies.
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Slaves on plantations were forced to work in harsh conditions, often barefoot in the cotton fields under the control of slave owners. While slaves initially increased in population through childbirth on plantations, slave owners determined slaves' daily working lives and treated them poorly even when not working. Though violence was sometimes used, plantation slavery also functioned through persuading slaves to work by giving them small plots of land to cultivate for themselves. While most Southern whites did not own slaves, the institution of slavery provided social and economic hierarchy that poorer white farmers could feel superior in by not being black slaves themselves.
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1. A mining boom brought growth to western towns, though mining was dangerous work.
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Capitalism- The American experience 1907-1941.pptx
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Chapter 16 big business, organized labor, financial panic, populist movement
Chapter 16 big business, organized labor, financial panic, populist movement
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Ush chapter 4
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Birth of modern america chapter 3
- 1. *
- 3. *Most felt the Plains could not be farmed. *It was suited for cattle. *Vast OPEN RANGE of grasses. *Long Horns well adapted to dry plains. * *Why the cattle drives? *Had to get cattle from Texas to rail roads further north. *Many RXR’s built in the 1860’s & 70’s.
- 5. *
- 8. *1850’s and RXR’s given 28 million acres of public land. *This helped them finance the RXR’s. *By the 1860’s and 1870’s this public Land Grant Program had given away 120 million acres. *This equals the size of all the New England states, New York and Pennsylvania! *
- 10. *T.C. RXR.
- 11. *Homestead Act-160 acres. *RXR’s provided new inroads to the Plains. *New “Dry” farming methods. *These farms will make America a huge exporter of grains. *New farming methods will lead to Dust Bowl. *
- 15. * Native peoples were killed and put on Federal reservations. * Armed conflicts with N.A. occurred as Americans pushed westward. * N.A’s resented reservations and would leave. * Many Americans wanted to absorb and ASSIMALATE the N.A. * Many N.A. children sent east to boarding schools to become “Americans.” * They were forbidden to speak their native language or practice their customs. *
- 18. *Industrial Revolution takes off after Civil War. *South not able to stop northern polices to industrialize. *
- 20. *Natural resources. *Large semi skilled work force. *Free enterprise/Laissez-Faire. *English capital/money. *
- 21. *Rail Roads. *Telegraphs. *Telephones. Alexander Graham Bell. *Light bulb. Edison. *Phonograph. Edison. *Electric generator. Edison. *Battery. Edison. *Motion Picture. Edison. *Ice Machine. *Standardization. *
- 22. *
- 25. *Wealthy RXR tycoons had a bad reputation as being looters of the system and swindlers of the government and taxpayers. *Corporations grew to gigantic sizes. *Many corporations had monoplies OR oligopolies. *
- 27. * Conditions for workers: *Twelve hour day. *Seven hour workday. *Unsafe work places. *Child labor. *
- 32. *Anti American. “Pull yourself by your own bootstraps.” *Yellow Dog Contracts. *Lock outs. *Black lists. *Government anti union. *The use of violent strike breakers O.K. *
- 36. *Founder: Samual Gompers. “More!” *Pushed for CLOSED SHOP. Now illegal. *Goals for unions: *Eight hour day. *40 hour week. *Safer working conditions. *End child labor. *
- 37. *Push - Pull Theory. *U.S. Open Door policy. *Industrial Revolution needed unlimited low paying jobs. *Resurgence of Nativism. *American cities explode in population. *“Americanization.” Melting pot v. tossed salad. *
- 42. *Why did social critics call it the “Gilded Age?” *“Rugged “Individualism.” No matter how humble your start. you can become wealthy. *Herbert Spencer and “Social Darwinism. *Darwin HATED this idea! *S.D. and Spencer gave capitalism and its bad social conditions legitimacy. Social Darwinism *
- 44. *Plessy v. Freguson. 1896. *“Separate but equal.” *Legitimized Jim Crow laws for the next 50 years. *Poll tax or literacy test to vote. *80% of all racial lynchings occurred in South. *Feds REFUSED to pass laws against it. *
- 50. *Ida B. Wells. Organized crusade against lynchings. *Booker T. Washington. Promoted education and vocational traning. *W.E.B. Du Bois. Fought for full civil rights. *