Birth Of Athena Essay

Birth Of Athena Essay
The Birth of Athena, is an artwork from ancient Greece. More specifically, this is an ancient Greek
amphora. The overall context, style, and subject directly relates to Ancient Greek art, and the
craftsmanship of this amphora is astounding.
To begin, the context of this art work is from Ancient Greece. At first glance there is no specific
purpose to this artwork, common people would just look at it and notice a vase; however, the
amphora was very typical to the archaic period and existed regularity within Greek society. An
amphora is a two handle pot that was typically used to store dry or wet goods, mostly stored wine.
Such amphora's and other storage vases date back to the Neolithic period, but the unique style of
this artwork directly relates ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This amphora tells the story of her birth. Just plainly looking at The Birth of Athena, you see a large
man seated in a chair with soldiers surrounding him and a smaller figure coming out of the largest
figures head. The amphora very clearly displays the mythological story of the Birth of Athena.
Athena is the daughter of Zeus, and on this amphora, Zeus is accurately displayed in hierarchy of
scale compared to the rest of the figures. The Greek mythology behind this birth is that Athena was
born right out of her Fathers head, which makes sense considering she is the goddess of intelligence,
fully grown without a mother. Along with Sues and Athena, all of the other important gods within
Greek mythology are depicted. Such as, Poseidon, Apollo, and Amphitrite. You can tell which god is
which due to what symbols hey are surrounded with and how each subject is placed on this
amphora. For example, Zeus is the largest and also is holding a lightning bolt. This story was
important to Greek society because they worshiped these gods, and thus they painted them on
amphora's such as these to honor and respect the gods. Overall, the subject and context of this
artwork is unarguably Greek, and along with subject and context, the style is Greek as
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Ancient Greek Sculpture During The Archaic Period
Greek Sculptures
The Greeks are known to have taken the art of sculpture making to a whole new level of precision,
intricacy and proportion, especially in the human anatomy field. They gained their first inspiration
from commemorative art of Ancient Egypt, some Middle Eastern Countries, and Persia.
They tended to use bronze and clay in the early ages, but after the 6th century BCE, marble was
used as their main material for sculptures, as it has high workability and ability to be refined and
altered.
Archaic Period
During this period, major alterations took place in ancient Greek. The culture itself was affected,
and Greek art took a different turn – instead of abstract and geometrical shapes, more realistic art
was starting to take place. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As it was because of him that the name of a small town in Greece, became a worldwide term for a
type of long–distance running race.
Ever since, Classical Greece ascended during the Golden Age, bringing with it a more advanced
form of Art.
The Golden Age
The Golden Aged rose, and with it came a more refined approach to the art of Sculpting, specifically
in the deception of the human body.
The subject matter of these sculptures was mainly the portrayal of religion, mythological creatures,
and legends or important people in society. This was because the Greeks relayed more on their art to
document their present.
The sculptures featured more flexibility – unlike the stiffly positioned Archaic ones –, accurate
human proportions, and paid more attention to small details in the body such as muscles, veins, skin
flaws, etc. This helped create much more smooth and realistic interpretations.
Bronze sculptures took a rise for a while, as bronze had much more flexibility than marble, and
allowed the sculptor to create more body positions. Unfortunately, bronze was majorily used at that
time for weapon–creation and was quickly cancelled

Herakles Research Paper
The myth of Herakles was popular to the Greeks for a number of reasons. Part of the myths
attraction was due the many themes and morals in the story such as heroism/pathos, feminism,
colonialism. Herakles has been a lasting influence to the cultures across the world, and they have
depicted Herakles in three different time periods: 5th Century Greece, 17th Century Baroque and
21st Century New Zealand. Herakles was a multifaceted figure with contradictory characteristics,
which enabled later artists and writers such as Euphronius, Peter Paul Ruben's and Marian Maguire
to pick and choose how to represent him. Hercules was of this category, a mortal apotheosised upon
death, sired by the highest divinity, Zeus, but of a human mother, Alcmene. Herakles ... Show more
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Maguire's observation that Herakles functions in her series as a cultural cipher, malleable and
familiar, even in this unfamiliar setting. The unexpected blending of his life–story with the
distinctive mythology of New Zealand provides a disconcerting perspective on these stories. By
giving Herakles, the familiar foreigner who never seems quite at home, the task of colonising New
Zealand, Maguire achieves an element of intellectual distance. This figure, "...with its established
symbolic baggage, seems at first glance to simplify, even do away with, the complex and messy
dynamics of colonisation."(Marian.M). In fact, Herakles' mythological remoteness allows,
paradoxically, a closer engagement with the difficult realities of colonial history; his translocation to
the South Pacific enacts in the most dramatic way the collision of worldview which comprises the
origins of New Zealand as a modern

Iron Age Hoplite Warfare and Democracy
Iron Age Hoplite Warfare brings about the First Democratic Societies in Archaic Age Greece,
Following the Role of Monarchy, Feudalism and the Aristocracy
As per the coverage in our course, in the Persian War, a Greek force from Athens set out to meet the
invading Persian army at Marathon, and set them running. They were outnumbered by the Persians
two to one, and the Persian army had been the biggest force the Greeks had ever seen. The majority
of the killing took place while the Persians were hastily retreating to their ships. With only 192 dead,
the Greeks reduced the Persian force by 7,000 men; however, the remaining 13,000 soldiers were
still a sizable threat if they should sail down and enter Athens proper, and so the Greek army ...
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They accomplished this by dividing up the remaining powers of the king, such as leading the
military, and acting as Chief Judge. The aristocracy clearly ran things at this time, for although they
restricted each other from gaining too much power by limiting offices to one year terms, it was only
the nobles who could participate in this system. There were those in the Mesoi who in fact had more
money than many nobles, and yet they did not have a political voice. Aristocratic control reigned
Supreme for the first centuries of the Archaic Age. It was at this time that we have the insights of
ancient sources, written by Hesiod, who's father dug himself out of being poor by becoming a
merchant. Able to buy a piece of land, the wealth in land that was left to Hesiod and his brother,
making them representative of the common man found in Greece at the time. His "Works and Days"
not only shares the details of being a farmer, it also reveals the strife between classes at the time: the
"bitterness [felt] for the [bribe–swallowing] nobility that was in charge of

The History of Greek Architecture Essays
The History of Greek Architecture
The architecture of ancient Greece is represented by buildings in the sanctuaries and cities of
mainland Greece, the Aegean islands, southern
Italy and Sicily, and the Ionian coast of Turkey. Monumental Greek architecture began in the archaic
period, flourished through the classical and Hellenistic periods, and saw the first of many revivals
during the
Roman Empire. The roots of Greek architecture lie in the tradition of local
Bronze Age house and palaces. The following paper will cover the basic forms of Greek
architecture.
One of the many types of Greek building structures was Sacred
Architecture. The Greeks conceived of their gods in human form, as
anthropomorphic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This era brought about the introduction of both the Doric and Ionic Orders.
The Doric Order, which originated around 400 BCE brought rise to a whole new type of building
technique and style. In the archaic temples, stone gradually started to replace wood, and some of the
structural details of the early buildings appear to have been copied in stone. At Thermon, in
northwestern Greece, a succession of buildings from the Last Bronze Age throughout the sixth
century BCE show the evolution of the Doric temple from a hall shaped like a hairpin to a long
rectangular building with a porch at either end and surrounded by columns. The temple of Hera at
Olympia, built about 600 BCE, had wooden columns that were gradually replaced by stone ones,
probably as votive gifts. The variety of column and capital shapes illustrates the evolution of the
Doric order. The earliest columns had a heavy, bulging profile, and their capitals were broad and
low.
During the archaic period, limestone became the standard building material for foundations, steps,
walls, columns, and Doric entablature. Building such as the famous Temple of Aphaia on Aegina
illustrate the dramatic influence of the Doric order.
White the Doric order became the standard for mainland Greece, the
Ionian colonies in the eastern Aegean were developing a very different system of columns and
entablature based on Egyptian and Near Eastern architecture. The tall slender columns, low
entablature, and

The Heroism, Divine Support, and Greek Unity Displayed in...
In early fifth century BC Greece, the Greeks consistently suffered from the threat of being
conquered by the Persian Empire. Between the years 500–479 BC, the Greeks and the Persians
fought two wars. Although the Persian power vastly surpassed the Greeks, the Greeks unexpectedly
triumphed. In this Goliath versus David scenario, the Greeks as the underdog, defeated the Persians
due to their heroic action, divine support, and Greek unity. The threat of the Persian Empire's
expansion into Greece and the imminent possibility that they would lose their freedom and become
subservient to the Persians, so horrified the Greeks that they united together and risked their lives in
order to preserve the one thing they all shared in common, their ... Show more content on
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The first battle of the Persian War, the Battle of Marathon, took place in 490 BC. King Darius sent
troops to Greece which stopped at each Greek island along the way demanding "earth and water,"
which both literally and symbolically represented submission to the Persian empire. The Battle of
Marathon exemplifies the heroic action of the Greeks. The Athenians, led by one of their ten
generals, Miltiades, unflinchingly faced the Persians, an army over twice the size of theirs, and
triumphed. The Athenians won the Battle of Marathon because they employed superior military
strategy. There are some discrepancies, however, between different literary sources about how the
Greeks fought the Battle of Marathon. For instance, Herodotus claims that the ten Athenian generals
could not decide whether to go into battle. He writes that Miltiades talked the other generals into
fighting. Herodotus writes that they waited for days for Miltiades to lead the army, and then they
went into battle (Hdt. 6.110–111.2). According to Nancy Demand, however, Herodotus, unaware of
the right of the polemarch to make all final decisions, wrote that Miltiades decided when to lead the
men into battle, because the longer they delayed the battle, the better chance the Athenians had that
the Spartans would make it in time to help. Regardless of any conflict between sources, the heroism
of the Athenians cannot be denied. Marathon represents "the victory of a small contingent of men
fighting

Adversity, Beauty, Diversity And Beauty In Greece
"The light of Greece opened my eyes, penetrated my pores, expanded my whole being." – Henry
Miller. Most Greeks describe their country as "panemorfi". This word means beautiful in Greece,
and that is most definitely what this country is. Greece is an amazing place filled with diversity and
beauty.
Greece has a special natural environment, and the geography of this amazing country plays a huge
role. Imagine waking up in a beautiful place, surrounded by sparkling ocean waters and blue
rooftops adorning the horizon. This place is Greece. Located in Southern–Eastern Europe, Greece is
a peninsular and mountainous country. The rocky headlands and peninsulas gravitate outward
towards the sea, where there are many island arches and archipelagos. Archipelagos are clusters of
islands, usually residing on the sea or a stretch of water. Greece has more than 2,000 islands, and of
those 2,000 only 170 islands are inhabited. Due to its numerous islands, Greece has the largest
coastline in Europe(13,676km). Some examples would be the island of Crete, Cyclades,
Dodecanese, Ionian, Sporades, Saronic, and the Eastern Aegean Islands. When you can manage to
look past the islands, there is also the mainland. Sterea(Central Greece), Peloponnese, Thessaly(East
Central), Epirus(North West), Macedonia(North), and Thrace(North West), are all of the regions of
the Greece mainland. Along with the many regions, there are also many famous landmarks. Some of
these famous landmarks include

The Importance Of Architecture In Ancient Greek Architecture
Classical Architecture spans over a vast amount of time, although the main period Classical
Architecture is said to have started is during the Archaic Period in Ancient Greece. Greece during
these times wasn't a unified nation, but many independently governed city states. They all varied in
power, forces, defenses, economy, etc. Even though these city states remained separated throughout
Ancient Greece there was a unifying force. Greek mythology was an ideology that had been
supported all throughout Ancient Greece. A polytheistic religion that had various gods, as well as
many forms of the same god specific to certain areas. The King of the Gods was Zeus, and the next
two most influential Gods were Hera, and Athena. The importance of ... Show more content on
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Although the Ionic order was much slender and was based on the proportions of a women. It was
based out of the Aegean Islands of Greece. The Ionic also differed because it had a base and a
sculpted frieze, and was also topped with a cornice and a pediment. What visually set the Ionic order
apart from the other orders although was the volutes on the capitals. Lastly, the last order invented
by the Greeks was the Corinthian order. This column was the slenderest of all the columns and the
tallest. It was built to the proportions of a young women and came out of the Greek Islands. The top
just like the others housed a pediment, but the entablature only had dentils. What really sets the
Corinthian order apart although is the sculpted capital in the shape of acanthus leaves. This order
was the most ornate and wasn't built until Hellenistic times in Ancient Greece. Nevertheless, the
Greek orders were intended for the religious temples that made the Greeks well known.
Many Greek Temples shared very common floor plans, a central cella housing a shrine to the
corresponding god the temple is for. As well as periptural columns, that wrapped around the exterior
of the building. Greek floor plans were inspired by the megaron plan, which led to symmetry being
a key element in the construction of temples as well. Greeks also were known for using limestone
and marble for temples. But during the end of the Archaic period in Ancient Greece

Patera Essay
The explicit journey through the history of Patera The Patera found in Greek South of Italy during
the Archaic period c. 500 BC. Was a shallow pan made from bronze with a Kourous figure as it
handle. This research essay will work to prove how the form of the Patera served a greater purpose
to it functions through its significance journey through the craftsmanship of bronze, superior status
of the Kouros and multipurpose usage it served. The bronze material which the Patera was crafted
from is a valuable resource to the Greek and Romans. It is primarily used in Greek and Roman art
because of its tensile strength, thus validating as to why the Greek and Romans were possessive
over the material. Furthermore, its unique handle of the nude Kourous ... Show more content on
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It started out as a cup to pour libations and eat out of during dinners or at religious ceremonies.
(Wonderlich, Silvia A 165). However, it was different from other drinking vessels. It was used as a
piece of weaponry or armour prop by King Pterelas during his comedic plays (Polt, Christopher
233). The verb potirara means to drink which plays off the word Pater. (Polt, Christopher 233). The
connection between potirara and Patera had an influence on how the audience had looked at King
Pterelas, he was portrayed as a drunk (Polt, Christopher 233). Pterelas was not a king who merely
drank, but one who drank continuously (Polt, Christopher 233). King Pterelas was not the first to
use the Patera as a prop. On Corinthian coin of Augustus, Octavia is represented seated holding a
scepter and a Patera (Frazer, J.G 23). It only makes sense to have a goddess pose with something
just as valuable as she is. When the Patera was not being used as prop it was used as a form of
sacrifice (Walker, J). The blood of the victim would go into the Patera has poured into the sea by the
way of libation (Walker, J). Most religious people would abstain from eating or drinking from the
Patera because of the sacrifices that were being done (Smith, William and Anthon, Charles 738).
The Pateras function meant a lot to people either in a form of entrainment, status role or religious
purpose. It was not taken for

Greek Social Structure
Regarding the Greek polis, I believe it plays an important role in the forming of competiting but not
necessarily incompatible Greek cultures and identities as well as how social organization and
political structure evolved. The mountainous area of Greece lead to the division of Greece based on
the available flat lands (The Ohio State University, n.d.). Several settlements in a region would have
merged together (or subjugated by others in the same region) throughout the Archaic period,
followed by urbanization (The Saylor Foundation, n.d.). We can see the evidence of this in Sparta's
dual kingship (Brand, n.d.). Early in the period, subsistence based farming might have been
practiced, but as the polis developed, social order also evolved and ... Show more content on
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The Mediterranean sea offers transport and communication routes between different poleis as well
as Asia and Africa and the mountaineous regions did not necessarily make land transport impossible
(The Ohio State University, n.d.). In the Iliad, the Greeks are referred to as Danaans or Archaeans or
Argives, implying a sense of shared identity (Homer, trans. 2017). However, underlying the shared
identity is a sense of identities based on geographical regions that one come from. In the Catalogue
of Ships, we can see examples of this through lines such as "And those who held Athens, well
founded city...........And their leader was Menestheus, son of Peteoos" (Homer, trans. 2017) or "And
those that dwel in Lacedaemon, lying low among the hills, Pharis, Sparta, with...........these were
lead by Menelaos of the loud battle–cry" (Homer, trans.). Religion and culture formed a context for
developing the shared pan–Hellenic identity as well as the identity of the poleis. Thus the City
Dionysia festival in Athens (MacLennan, 2014) might have created a sense of solidarity for the
Athenians and the Carneia became an important festival for Sparta (Schmitz, 1875), while Pan–
Hellenic rituals and religions such as the Eleusinian mysteries provided a shared sense

Greek Art Research Paper
The Ancient Greek Era in a whole was a exotic and refreshing time for art and human sophistication.
As we take a ride to the Aegean sea and the Mediterranean sea, the Cycladic islands invite us to
explore the abstract sculptured art that reminds us of our modern times. The
Crete and Minoan civilization gifted us with alluring architecture to include appealing palaces.
Additionally, Mycenaean art period embraced more schematic art on their sculptures and pottery.
The Aegean period set the grounds for the forthcoming rest of the Greek art period. Of course, with
the destruction of the Mycenaean palaces and citadels the legend says the
Mycenaean civilization moved on further up north during the "Greek Dark Ages". This caused the
Geometric and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For that reason this sculpture was quite scandalous but the civilization ended up approving it. Again
more of a natural pose of Praxtiles, unlike male sculptures this one was softer and radiant in the
flesh.
Finally, the Hellenistic period came around and the most important event was the death of Alexander
the Great. His empire is broken in to pieces, the art in the Hellenistic period is quite dramatic due to
the circumstances at the time. The Altar of Zeus and Athena at Pergamon both were the most
significant art piece of this time. In this piece we encounter and feel the drama of the battle between
that of the giants against the Gods. In Athena at Pergamon she looks in control and victorious over
her enemies. In the Altar of Zeus, he also seems composed and triumphant. Both pieces have a sense
of heroism and fearfulness together, it is a symbol to the
Greek period of greatness and golden ages.
All together the Ancient greek period from the Aegean period all the way to the
Hellenistic period was an awfully amazing and thought–provoking era for us art enthusiasts. The
most meaningful artifact in all of the era of the Greeks is the Kritious boy sculpture, it was the
beginning of natural standing, a art. Without this artifact and movement the following art in

How Did Roman Culture Influence Greek Art
In 450 BC, Athens the greek general decided to boast his power and athens prestige by supporting
the cities artist and builders. This created some of the most famous greek building and staches,
Many of which were destroyed because they were made of stone or melted if they were metal. This
heavily influenced many cultures around the world, Including the roman empire, Europe, And our
culture.
Most of the ancient greek statues were naked because greeks saw perfection in the naked human
body. Early statues were called kuros() were upright and unrealed looking. Over time this changed
to them being in a more relaxed position. The majority of these were destroyed over time but many
still remain.
The greeks also painted, however the majority of these ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most of the building were destroyed in war, By earthquakes, or were looted. The paintings were
made on wood and were destroyed after they were no longer protected. Most marble statues were
burned into lime and the bronze statues were melted for metal after metal shortages.
Much of greek work that survived is pottery, mostly because it was produced in huge quantities and
was more resilient than other forms of art. Most of these were drinking cups. After a while greek
pottery was less of an art and more of an industry which significantly reduced their quality and
made them easily distinguishable from early pottery.
The majority of art that survived is in the form of sculpture. Sculptures of humans were viewed as
the most important art form in ancient greece. Many male sculptures were nude, But sculptures of
nude females were only made after 400 BC. The greeks also saw their gods in human form.
Sculptures, however, were not just for artistic reasons. They were used for memorials, offerings for
temples, and markers for graves. In archaic periods sculptures were not made to be depictions of
actual individuals but for depictions of ideals. In the classical period sculptures become more natural
looking. From about 500 BC sculptures started showing real

Herakles And Athena Attic Analysis
The piece of art that I selected was Herakles and Athena Attic Red Figure made during 490–470 BC,
during the Greek Archaic Period which is from 800–479 BC. Therefore, the art arose during the Late
Archaic Time Period and Greeks started to shift more to the Classical Period. During the Archaic
Period, there was a vast change in Greek language, society, art, architecture, and politics due to
trade. Dates vary by every historian and there is some flexibility with the time periods. Even though
the pottery was made in the Late Archaic Period, the civilization began to change and because of
that, many believe that the Greek mythology played an important role between both time periods.
The Classical Period is more well–known due to "tragedies, comedies, histories, legal cases and
more surviving in the form of literary and epigraphic sources." ... Show more content on
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They were scholars "who taught courses in various topics, including rhetoric, a useful skill in
Athens." (Violatti) Due to people being charged to go to a Sophists' school, only high class citizens
could attend. Due to the economical and political changes throughout this time, the Sophists
represented a new political era because of their educational understandings. Another philosophical
character, Socrates, who were among the Sophists, however, they did not charge. Philosophers
usually focus on the physical world and the nature of it. Whereas, Socrates focused on moral and
psychological questions. "His methodology sought to define key questions such as: what is virtue?
what is patriotism? what do you mean by mortality?." Basically, instead of focusing on the world
around them, he started to focus on people and their understandings. Due to his questioning of life,
he was put on trial several times and was offered an escape or a poison. He chose the poison and
ended his life. Socrates left behind his philosophy with others who added onto the future
philosophical

How Did Religion Influence Ancient Greek Culture
You've all heard the tales of Greek mythology, been exposed to their Gods, like Zeus, Athena or
Hades and seen the countless blockbuster movies based upon these very myths. These myths, were
once very tightly linked to the religion of the ancient Greeks. Although unfortunately, religious
practise wasn't as dramatic as moviemakers and authors like to depict, but rather, from the beginning
of Greek civilisation, religion was an integral aspect within everyday life as it sought to provide an
explanation for the occurrences in their world, control the lives of the citizens and regulate all codes
of conduct. In order to delve into the world of ancient Greece and understand the culture and daily
life more fully, the historical context of the emergence of Greek ... Show more content on
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Between 2200BC and 1450BC the Minoans who lived on the nearby island Crete pioneered the first
great Greek civilisation (Bbc.co.uk, 2016). After the Minoans came the Mycenaean civilisation,
from approximately 1900–1100 BCE, whom are constantly acknowledged as the foundation of
Greek culture. They were the Indo–European ancestors of later Greeks whose chief deity was the
sky god Zeus (Gagarin and Fantham, 2010). The Mycenaean's were greatly influenced by the
Minoans, particularly in their worship of earth goddesses and sky gods, which in turn, became the
classical pantheon of ancient Greece (Ancient History Encyclopedia, 2016). Oral tradition passed
down deities' names such as Zeus, Poseidon, Hera, Athena and many more, from late Mycenaean
times to the eighth century BC. Homer, a famous Greek author and his works allude to the
Olympian gods, and also in another ancient Greek authors work History of the Gods by Hesiod
(Gagarin and Fantham, 2010). After 1100 BC, approximately when the Mycenaean age concluded,
Greece entered a dark age that lasted from 1200–800 BCE. Greece became

How Did Religion Influence Ancient Greek Culture
During the Archaic Age, Greeks explored the natural world. In the Near Eastern countries, religious
beliefs grew and played a huge role in history. In the Olympian religion, it was believed that their
gods were very human like and shared human–like qualities. They worshiped several gods and
goddesses that had their own personalities and responsibilities. Towns were allegedly built and
created by the gods. Monuments and temple were built for them in cities and towns. The people of
Ancient Greece glorified these supernatural beings. Religion became more of a life style rather than
religion, shaping the everyday lives of Greeks as well as their history. The gods and goddesses were
not role models like any other religious deities. Because these

Compare And Contrast Two Works Of Art
ARTW 101 – Society and Visual Art
University of Redlands
Compare and Contrast Two Works Of Art
Greek culture is the source from which many of the characteristic elements of Western culture
derive. Their explorations and innovations in art have both fascinated and inspired other
civilizations for centuries. For this assignment I chose two Greek sculptures viewed at the Getty
Museum. The first is Kouros circa 530 B.C. made of Dolomitic marble from Thasos and is
approximately 200 cm (80 in) in height. The second is Cult Statue of a Goddess, (most likely
Aphrodite) South Italy, 425 – 400 B.C. made of Limestone and marble. It stands at a height of 220
cm (86 5/8 in). There is some dispute to the authenticity of the Getty Kouros ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The overall all renditions are block–like and sculpted with geometric reduction of details. The
anatomy is made up of planes, completely symmetrical. The hair, ears, and eyes have been reduced
to simple shapes – again, all identically symmetrical. Kouros is depicted nude, symbolic of Archaic
Greece's emphasis on the ideal individual male and autonomous Greek citizen. In contrast,
Aphrodite is a considerably large female (7 feet tall and substantially wider than the Kouros). Given
the larger than real–life scale, this statue probably served as a cult image in a temple. The statue's
excellent state of conservation also suggests that it was kept indoors. It is free standing but also in an
anatomical, not just mechanical sense. The pose is full and rounded, not solely frontal. You get a
sense of the body being relaxed, with one hand extended in a gesture that gives a sense of it moving
forward.
One foot is also forward with Aphrodite but with the pelvis at an angle to the ground plane creating
the position known as contrapposto, the position of a human figure in painting or sculpture in which
the hips and legs are turned in a different direction from that of the shoulders and head; the twisting
of a figure on its own vertical axis. Additionally, no geometric reduction and arrangement of
separate parts occurs with Aphrodite. You have a complete human face with each

Pueblo I-III Material
When Prof. Green wrote his conclusion in his March 1969 report, he proposed that there was
evidence for Pueblo I–III periods and postulated that Basketmaker II & III materials should be
found in the same area with more survey efforts. All the stone implements I catalogued and analyzed
were given the provenience of "surface" (Green 1969, 1970). Huckell (1996) theorizes that in an
archaic setting when the materials are all on the surface, or shallowly buried, that it is an indication
that there were "many multicomponent occupations mixed and then exposed". These were brought
to the surface either by a natural event: erosion, sandstorm, landslide, rockslide, flashflood, etc. Or,
possibly the people didn't have enough time to bury their goods. ... Show more content on
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As Cordell (1979:419) pointed out, "generally...people do not causally intensify production, do not
more invest labor in obtaining food without a substantial need to do so" and then noted the increase
in the Puebloan populations. What Cordell also highlights is that in the particular climate being
discussed, agriculture could not have been sustained long term. This would make the people great
adapters in order to survive (Cordell 1979:409). Thus, while they may have been semi–sedentary,
these people knew that eventually they would probably need to move. Cordell (1979:410) reminds
us that this was a normal way of life. Consequently, while the clan or tribe may have been growing,
and they were able to stop for a time and do some minor agriculture, they were not necessarily
attached to it. The one–hand mano then, possibly, could be indicative of a psychology that the
people knew they were going to keep moving. It could be that they preferred the one hand method,
and conceivably what was the point of switching to two–hand if they were not looking to produce
on a mass scale – even if they had to grind more corn and seeds than

The Cupbearer
The Enigma of the 'Cupbearer' is a short video in which the narrator introduces viewers to the
Cycladic figurine 'Cup–Bearer.' It is a rare figure type, and the only intact seated 'Cup–bearer' from
Cycladic art. The figure is thought to be male because it is in action, and females were often shown
standing with their arms crossed over their chests. In the 'Cup–Bearer' the "male" is made of marble,
and is sitting on a stool made from the same piece of marble. He is holding a cup in his right hand,
and is poised as though getting ready to take a drink, make a toast, or offer a libation to the gods.
The meaning of this figurine, and others from this time, is unclear, but it is historically important
since it marks an artistic milestone. According

The Temple Of Artemis At Ephesus
THE TEMPLE OF ARTEMIS AT EPHESUS
Molli Layton
Art History 201
Dr. James Swenson
June 2, 2017
The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus is a complex building with a complex history. Located in East
Greece, the building underwent many changes, as did the surrounding Greek society. This paper will
discuss the history, architecture, historical context, and sculptures of the temple. An analysis of it's
evolution will also be provided.
The temple was built in mid sixth century BCE. The exact date of construction is unknown.
However, a date of around 525 BCE has been suggested based on the column reliefs found. They are
comparable to the frieze of the Siphnian Treasury building. Sculptures have also been found that
were of the style ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The new temple had the same general layout, but the columns were now higher and thicker, with
enlarged bases. It became known as one of the Seven Wonders of the ancient world. The temple
experienced further devastation in 263 AD when a group of Ostrogoths attacked it, destroying it
almost completely. This time, the temple was not rebuilt. Later, some of the columns were reused in
the building of a palace at Constantinople and other buildings of later centuries. Very little remains
on the temple site today (fig. 2). It has been suggested by John Wood that a church may have been
built after the temple was destroyed, based on dotted lines found in the natural soil, indicating
support walls of a church. No other evidence exists to support this claim. What we do have,
however, is many archaic fragments of sculpture and architecture obtained from the site through
careful excavation. Every significant fragment that was found on the site of the temple has been
transported to the British Museum. A single column still remains on the site of the temple in
Ephesus, which was built in modern times for remembrance. Because of the discoveries of John
Wood, information about the architecture of the Temple of Artemis has become available. It was
constructed primarily of marble. The design was likely not of the typical rectangular proportions of
the time in Greece, but a combination of Near–Eastern design and Classic Greek. Both the earlier
and later temples had

The Standing Male Figure At The Los Angeles Art Museum
The Standing Male Figure stands in an enclosed glass case in the Los Angeles Art Museum. Not a
very descriptive name for an artifact with very minimalistic information about it. The display only
described it as the Standing Male Figure from 700–600 BCE made of limestone and found in the
small island country of Cyprus. Cyprus at the time was ruled by the Assyrian Empire until its fall in
609 BCE. The piece is estimated to be during the Greek Geometric Period and the Greek Archaic
Period, but can be compared to some Greek art during the Greek Archaic Period, like the Kouros.
The Standing Male Figure of the 7th to 8th Century could be the Cypriot take on Archaic Greek Art.
The statue itself appears to be an official due to how he's dressed in a robe and that he is posing for
the sculptor with his right arm lifted to his solar plexus. The statue is made of limestone, which is a
soft rock that can be easily scratched and damaged. The artifact seems to be very well preserved
based off its appearance and material with a few noticeable scratches on the left shoulder. The hands
and feet are clearly seen to be sculpted to represent them. Compared to the Kouros, the feet are more
unnatural on the Cypriot statue. When people think of the Kouros, they think of the Archaic smile
where emotions were first brought into carved statues. The Cypriot statue doesn't have the Archaic
smile, it has a more serious look to its face as if it's standing in an environment where it requires one
to be

Research Paper On Ancient Greek Civilization
The Ancient Greek Civilization were around for many, they have been civilization from twelve
hundred B.C. to thirty B.C. The ancient Greek civilization has always been greatly influential since
it has been created. The Greeks have been very influential within; literature, philosophy, music, the
visual arts, and architecture. They are one of very few who believed that the quality of human life.
The Greeks art, literature, and religious believe revolve human interests and concerns. Furthermore,
they were called the one of the first humanists civilizations in the ancient world. There were many
Greek Gods and each of them having different qualities. Some of the most famous Gods are; Zeus,
Ares, and Poseidon. Every one of these gods have special ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
They have made paintings, sculptures, and architecture that has amazed humans for centuries. Most
of the Greek wall paintings has disappeared so our main source of these paintings are vases. During
the first three hundred years of Greek art, they painted with geometric patterns this was commonly
called the geometric period. By the archaic period, the Greeks drew about everyday life and about
scene from mythology. One of the last periods was the classical period, instead of using black
figured style the Greeks used real human bodies. Sculptures in the archaic period to honor important
people specially to honor the victors of the athletic games They were not as realistic but were made
to look perfect. But in the classical period turn the sculptures into more regular positioning of the
human body. The classical Greek architecture were made for the living and not for the dead. They
were temples for them to worship their gods, they had Greek theaters to celebrate life. Both were
used public areas for them so they can all meet together. They also had music and dance, it was
believed it was magical and spiritual. Furthermore, the Greeks made many pieces of literature that
we still read today. Some of their most famous pieces are The Odyssey, Oresteia, and

Greek Architecture Essay
Characteristics of Greek Architecture:–
INTRODUCTION:–
Instead of covering nearly every bit of space with ornament, as the Egyptians did, the Greeks
selected only the best places for it, and thus gave it its proper effect. The decorations, especially the
sculptures, were one of the chief features of a Greek temple. Besides their temples the Greeks built
many theaters which may be studied from their ruins, but of their dwelling–houses almost nothing
remains to us.
The Greek style is noted for the repose, harmony, and proportion of its effect. These are terms we
might use in speaking of a painting, but they relate to the composition of a building which is, in
many respects, similar to the composition of a picture. In selecting his ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The most important of the Ionic temples left to us is the Erechtheum at Athens. It differs from other
temples in its irregularity. This makes it doubly interesting for it shows that although the Greeks
nearly always adhered to one simple form, they could dispense with it when they wished. In the
Erechtheum, they wished to provide for several shrines in one building, and under one roof. The
irregularity they have made so beautiful and interesting that it is a wonder they did not repeat the
idea many times in other structures. Its two colonnades of different designs, its remarkable north
doorway, and the famous caryatid porch to the south are unsurpassed. Another temple, that of
Artemis (Diana) at Ephesus, was known as one of the seven wonders of the ancient world.
THE GREEK CORINTHIAN ORDER:–
This is the most ornate of the classical orders, and the most slender in its proportions. The capital is
shaped somewhat like a bell inverted, and is adorned with rows of acanthus leaves. A great example
of the, third, or Corinthian order is the monument of Lysicrates at Athens.
"Straight is the line of duty."
"Curved is the line of beauty"
"Follow the one and it shall be; The other shall always follow thee."
For such reasons, Greek architecture was called "Intellectual".
"Where on the Aegean shore a city stands,
Built nobly, pure the air and light the soil;
Athens, the eye of Greece, mother of arts and

How Did Athens Influence Greek Politics
Two poleis of ancient Greece known as Athens, patron of Athena goddess of wisdom and the
birthplace of democracy, and Sparta, renowned for their prowess in war and the legendary status of
their warriors, left a variety of impactful and resounding effects in the spheres of politics, the
military, societal and cultural changes, and economics. Indeed, Athens and Sparta proved themselves
to be powerful rivals as well as the predominant powers of Ancient Greece despite their, or perhaps
because of these, respective differences. These contrasts played a central role in shaping these
societies and have since served as templates for many other civilizations that have followed. Within
the realm of politics, the governments of Athens and Sparta ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Beginning in Athens circa 800–700 B.C.E, the population expanded at an unusual pace alongside
rapidly improving economic conditions. It was this, "early development of a large middle class,"
that allowed them to begin exploring the then novel concept of a democratic system (Hunt, 68). As
early as the seventh century B.C.E, the Archaic Athenian government had begun to represent a
democracy in its fledgling stages as a direct result of the success of the entrepreneurial middle class;
with, "all freeborn adult Athenian male citizens," reserving the right to vote on public matters by
means of assembly. One such example of this newfound solidarity occurred around 632 B.C.E, with
the common masses' triumphant rally in opposition to an attempt to install an elite Athenian tyrant.
After the likes of the harsh legislator Draco in 621 B.C.E, the reforms of Solon by 594 B.C.E, the
tyrant rule of Peisistratus in 546 B.C.E, and alight upon the reforms of Cleisthenes in 508 B.C.E, for
it was here that true democracy began to take root and would remain and grow as a result of all that
had come and been done before. In 461 B.C.E, Athenian radical democracy took the following and
final form of

Mycenaean's To The Dark Ages
The period we call Ancient Greece dates from 3000BC – 1 BC. Ancient Greece is divided into six
different periods. The Bronze Age 3000BC – 2200 BC, Mycenaean Period 2200BC – 1100BC, The
Dark Ages 1100BC – 800BC, The Archaic Period 800BC – 500BC, The Classical Age 500BC–
336BC, and the Hellenistic Period 336BC – 30BC. Some historians refer to to the time period from
3000BC – 1100BC as the Helladic Period. My research is about the Dark Ages, so we will focus on
the fall of the Mycenaean's to the Dark Ages to the beginnings of the Archaic Period. The Dark Ages
is considered an interesting time period, because we have no artifacts or knowledge about it. The
Fall of the Mycenaean's
The Mycenaean's were an alluring and powerful civilization that ruled most of Southern and Central
Greece during the Mycenaean period. The Mycenaean civilization developed around 1600 BCE
from what seems like nothing. The Mycenaean civilization sprouted to great heights and became one
of the most supreme civilizations for hundreds of years. The Minoans have been recognized with the
fast growth of the Mycenaean's. Trade between the two civilizations allowed them to flourish. ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Mycenaean's embraced the Minoan writing system Linear B, their city–state model, as well as
their architecture. The similarities between the civilizations are so prominent, that previous
historians had thought it was just one civilization that had conquered another and made it its own.
The Mycenaean civilization reached its peak around 1300 BCE and was most likely the dominant
empire for the Aegean

Ancient Greece Research Paper
For this report, I will write a reflection concerning society in ancient Greece. I will include
information pertaining to the lives of those who lived in ancient Greece and what their daily lives
consisted of. Social issues and political philosophy will also be discussed along with other material
that is considered significant to ancient Greek society. This concludes my introduction. When did
Ancient Greece exactly flourish and how? The civilization known as Ancient Greece was a part of
the history of Greece that took place from the Archaic period during the 8th until about the 6th
centuries BCE up until what is known as the end of antiquity 600 CE (wikipedia.org/Ancient
Greece). Shortly after the previous period, the early ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A question that could have been asked is; should sovereignty lie in the rule of law, the constitution,
or the citizens? Not agreeing on definitive answers to these questions, the government in ancient
Greece, took remarkably various structures and, across distinctive city–states and over numerous
years, political power could rest in the hands of one individual. What we know of the political
systems of ancient Greece originates from a significant amount of sources. When discussing Athens,
it is quite possible to identify a mostly complete history. Only an incomplete image of the systems in
most city–states and many details of how the political apparatus actually functioned are missing. So
what exactly is known from this period? There are at least over a hundred political speeches and
inscriptions which include about five hundred decrees and around ten laws. Sources which discuss
government and politics include Aristotle's Politics and the works of Xenophon and Herodotus
(Ancient history encyclopedia/Greek government). The Greeks had many kinds of governments due
to the fact that there were a number of different city–states in ancient Greece which each had their
own form of government. As a result of this, ideas about what made a government good varied from
time to time. For example, in the Republic, Plato

Ancient Greece And Western Civilization
Ancient Greece has contributed many ideas to help shape western civilization. Through their social
ideas, Ancient Greece created established social classes which formed the foundation for social
classes that are still used today. Politically, Ancient Greece contributed democracy and the idea of
shared power. Through their culture, Ancient Greece shared their architectural ideas, which are still
seen in many buildings today. All of these ideas have been passed down through generation and are
still seen today. Socially, politically, and through their culture, Ancient Greece has helped lay the
foundation for the development of Western Civilization The first true Greeks were known as the
Mycenaean civilization. The Mycenaean people arrived on the Peloponnesian peninsula around
8000 B.C. After the Mycenaean age ended, Greece entered a dark age known as the Archaic period.
The people of the Mycenaean civilization lost all of their writing and their heritage was only kept
alive by oral tradition. During Archaic Greece, many large city states such as Sparta, Thebes,
Athens, and Corinth arose. These cities built up a military and designed a government and laws for
their city to be keep in order. After the Archaic period, Greece entered into a Golden Age. The
Golden Age began with the Persian Wars in 499 BC. Greece. Athens and Sparta became allies and
fought against the Persians for the sake of Greece and were victorious. After the Persian wars,
Greece was split into the

Tyranny Research Paper
In this essay I will attempt to prove that a 'typical tyrant' does not exist as each have their own
ambitions. The issue with asking whether there is such thing as a typical tyrant arises from the fact
that we must consider what the word 'tyrant' actually means. The Oxford Classical Dictionary states,
"Tyranny was not a special form of constitution, or necessarily a reign of terror; the tyrant might
either rule directly or retain the existing political institutions but exercise a preponderant influence
over their working, and his rule might be benevolent or malevolent." , clearly tyranny is not as
simple as the modern connotation of a power–hungry despot. In comparison, the Cambridge
Dictionary Online defines tyranny as, "government by a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Contrary to the modern view of a tyrant as a warlord, some were actually quite invested in the arts
and in building projects. Herodotos records that the same bloodthirsty Periander also supported the
poet Arion in his invention of the dithyramb . This suggests another facet to Periander's character
(he is not just bloodthirsty, he is political too) which makes it harder to state that there is such a
thing as a common tyrant. Pausanias (AD 110–c.180) comments on Theagenes' fountain–house at
Megara which was, "remarkable for its size, beauty and the number of pillars" ; this show of
euergetism and munificence would make a tyrant seem important, powerful and remind the people
that he is their leader. Interestingly, the tyrant of Samos, Polykrates paid the poet Ibykos to glorify
himself with the quotation, "...and you Polykrates will have undying renown" which is a
contribution to the arts and a means of building his own prestige. Thus we see that some tyrants
follow a more political and shrewd concept of governance which actually comes into conflict with
Plato and Aristotle's views that a tyrants' rule is barbaric in nature as these same tyrants use wisdom
to craft their personae.
In conclusion, there is no such thing as a typical tyrant as ambitions vary between each tyrant. Thus,
a leader such as Pittakos is defined by Aristotle as an aisymnetes which is an elected tyrant whose
rule is tyrant–like and non–ancestral meaning that it is not inherited like the Kypselid tyranny. This
illustrates the point that 'tyrant' is just a label used to depict one–man rule and therefore it is difficult
to speak of a common tyrant as they each their own

Greek Art Research Paper
– Sculptures are by far the most important form of ancient Greek art, but only a small amount of
sculptures have actually survived the years
– The first statue/ sculpture was from c. 630BC.
– Greece was the first ever country in Europe to have made sculptures
– Greek art was based off of many different cultures such as Japan and Egypt
– Early greek sculptures were very block shaped during the Archaic period (480–333BC)
– Greek sculptures are mainly divided into 3 different time periods – Mycenaean Art, Archaic,
Classical and Hellenistic.
– Mycenaean art (1550 BC–1200 BC) is the first era that we find surviving examples of Greek art.
– During the Hellenistic period (330–300 BC), sculptures were mostly based off of ordinary people
and events.
– ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They had no characteristics that would suggest that the gods/ godesses were greater or more
powerful than ordinary humans
– You may think that all these statues would last well, being made mostly out of stone and
limestone. But:
– Not many classical statues or sculptures survived until today. (Stone statues can break easily and
metal ones were often melted to be re–used for making other things. Limestone can also be melted
to make lime. Lime is an ingredient used in cement)
– Greeks were very skilled at working with metal.
– Most statues/ sculptures were made out of marble, bronze, wood, limestone and terracotta because
they were abundant in Greece
– Sculptures were
– Bronze sculptures were usually rare because there was a huge risk there would be holes and cracks
in the metal as it cools
– Some of the famous Greek sculptors were Praxiteles, Lysippus and Myron.
– Phidias was one of the creators of the sculptures on the Parthenon
– Sculptures were usually based out of humans, gods and goddesses.
– Some of the well known Greek sculptors were Praxiteles, Lysippus and Myron.
– Phidias was one of the many creators of the sculptures on the Parthenon which was built in c.

What Are The Similarities Between Ancient Greece And Rome
Two great civilizations from Europe, ancient Greece and ancient Rome, are now most famous for
their political, cultural, and religious influence. Their influences are both equally impactful to the
world, but it doesn't necessarily mean that they had the same ideas and contributions as each other.
They all had some differences in lifestyle and economy.
For starters, Rome and Greece had opposite terrains. City states that were in Greece were separated
by giant hill borders, whereas in Rome, most areas were situated in the interior of Italy. Greece had
local resources like the many surrounding bodies of water to rely on. Rome had to rely on some
different things. The article, "Greece and Rome (Differences & Similarities)" states that, "In Italy,
around Naples, Mt. Vesuvius produced fertile land by blanketing the soil with tephra which aged
into rich soil". This rich soil is fertile enough for the Romans to farm and raise crops from. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Greek artists focused on creating artistic pieces, regardless of how accurately real that it was. Since
Greek Art had a variety of art, they were separated into three categories: Mycenaean, geometric,
archaic, and the Hellenistic period. Roman artists focused on realism and portrait making. Art was
valued in Roman households as aesthetically pleasing decorative objects.
Greece and Rome's economy both relied on agriculture, mining, and slaves. Both of the places also
used coin currency. Greece had many self–farmers, though, which caused some trouble. "Greeks
ideally lived on small self–sufficient wheat–producing farms," the article explains, "but bad
agricultural practices made many households incapable of feeding themselves". Romans took
business seriously. They were involved in trading, dominating the agricultural world with their olive
oil and wine, and shipped their wheat. Greece did not favor trading, as they viewed that profession
very

Comparing The Greek And Greek Statues Of The Archaic Period
Something that jumped out at me from the reading was the subtle differences between the kore and
kouros statues of the Archaic period and those of the Early Classical Period. The Archaic Period
lasted from around 600 to 480 BCE. The kore and kouros statues of this time period obviously show
how they are older than the Early Classical statues because they resemble Egyptian sculpture more.
In Art: a Brief History by Marilyn Stokstad and Michael W. Cothren, the Anavysos Kouros, stands
with his fists clenched, arms at the side, one leg in front of the other, and the famous Archaic smile
on his face (107). The idea that clenched fists and one leg forward symbolizes power is interesting
to me, but I can see why they do it because it seems to symbolize

Ancient Greece: Monarchy, Oligarchy And Democracy
Ancient Greece underwent many political changes and therefore experienced various forms of
government including monarchy, aristocracy, tyranny, oligarchy and democracy. First, I will be
defining each form of government. Then, I will explain how Athens alone was affected by each of
these.
A monarchy could be compared to a kingdom, in which one person has the sole leadership through
birth to the royal family (Cartwright, 2018). Depending on the monarch, political power may have
been shared with the state's citizens (Cartwright, 2018). The political power within an aristocracy
was reserved for the state's most fortunate by succession (through birth), who shared most of a
state's wealth, and who were known to be well–spoken (Brand, n.d.). Tyranny ... Show more content
An aristocracy existed before its democratic reform in the archaic period (Brand, n.d.). Athens was
ruled by the wealthy landowners, which was the cause of slavery due to the growing debt of the less
privileged (Brand, n.d.). Athens even experienced a Tyranny, by Pesisistratos, at a time when
democracy first appeared in the archaic period of Greece (Cartwright, 2018). While he did not
murder the prior ruler, he convinced the Athenian citizen that he should hold the sole power through
the direct, of course false, approval of the goddess Athena (Greek Boston, 2018). Since he received
his power from Athens' citizen, the attention shifted further from the aristocrats to the poorer citizen
(Greek Boston, 2018). Athens' democracy developed thereafter and ensured all citizens had equal
rights and political involvement if they chose to, particularly through the people's assembly (Brand,
n.d.). Finally, after the Peloponnesian War, Athens' democracy was disrupted by a weakened
economy, which caused an oligarchy enforced by the Spartans (Planeaux,

External Factors Affecting Ancient Greek Art
The origins and evolution of ancient Greek art were vastly influenced by a myriad of external and
internal factors. External factors affecting ancient Greece, namely its contact with other civilisations
through trade and conflict, had a particularly extensive influence on Greek art. Although its internal
influences had a considerably smaller impact, ancient Greece's political climate and prevalent
societal ideologies were often reflected within its art. This is discernible through an assessment of
the external and internal factors which developed ancient Greek art, as well as the how the
civilisation subsequently influenced a multitude of other civilisations.
The interactions ancient Greece sustained with the Minoan–Mycenaean civilisations ... Show more
Ensuing a period of prolonged recovery, ancient Greece re–established its maritime trade
associations during the 8th century BCE and, as accurately articulated by Hemingway, began to
regain its former prosperity and facilitate an upsurge of Greek culture. An exchange network was
devised between the Greek mainland and various regions surrounding the Mediterranean and Black
Seas, most prominently Egypt, Asia Minor and the Levant (Hellenic Foundation, 2011). Through
international trade, Greek domestic markets were exposed to a voluminous collection of artistic
styles and methods from surrounding territories, which, as Guisepi asserts, considerably impacted
on its art during these formative years. From Greece's renewed Eastern contacts emerged a notable
Oriental influence, which resulted in the formation of the Archaic Period (Biers, 2015). From the
beginning of the 7th century BCE, ancient Greek art rapidly developed a new style which
amalgamated its old geometric approach and the recent Eastern influences – with a focus on the
portrayal of the human figure. This Archaic style manifested itself predominantly through
freestanding Daedalic sculptural works, which were heavily based on Egyptian sculpture and Syrian
techniques (Boardman, 1965). Archaic Greek art was dominated by two stereotypical figures: the

How Did Phoenician Culture Influence Ancient Greek Art
According to Soltes (2011), the first Olympics drew the various Greek city–states together in
competitions during the time Greek culture began its emergence during the ninth, eighth, and
seventh centuries. It is around this time in Greek history, art assumes its own status, not just an
instrumental tool for religion and politics. Greece's earlier geometric period begins its evolution into
what would eventually be referred to as classical Greek art. During the same time, Greece became
colonists as well as cultural and commercial adventurers, making contact with Egypt and Phoenicia
which would influence the new evolved Greek temple structure by the eighth and seventh centuries.
The Phoenicians influenced the development of an alphabetic writing system, "enabling them to
harness the great oral literature of prior centuries, to create what would inspire so many of the works
of art in the centuries to follow" (Soltes, L3, ____). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Greek architecture displays certain structural influences of Egyptian and Phoenician cultures.
Egyptians popularly used colonnades for architectural support in temples which symbolized trees
within a perfect eternal forest. The Phoenicians temples were designed in a longhouse structure with
longer than wide configuration in which entryways were framed with columns on either side. The
Greek Parthenon was designed with these two influences at work; the structure of the longhouse
reminiscent of Phoenician temples and the columns on either side of the doorway which began
continuous colonnades along each length of the structure reminiscent of Egyptian

Polykrates: The Use Of Tyranny In Archaic Greece
The Oxford English Dictionary defines tyranny as, "cruel and oppressive government or rule." In
Archaic Greece, however, tyranny held a different meaning, i.e. rule by an absolute leader. A
prominent Classicist Antony Andrewes elaborated on the characteristics of tyrannies and set up
some ground requirements for a regime to be labelled a tyrannical one: existing aristocracy, rise of
an outsider to power, reliance on physical force and so forth. Polykrates is the absolute head of
Samos, he came to power after an insurrection, he waged wars with many Greek city states and
enforced an oppressive regime. However, Polykrates also developed infrastructure, promoted the
arts and established friendly relationship with some Greek city states and fought ... Show more
Andrewes mentions "connections with other tyrants" as one of his characteristics of tyranny and in
Herodotus we can find several evidences to support this claim. Polykrates is friends with Amasis,
the king of Egypt and with Cambyses of Cyrus. Cambyses was already waging war with Egypt
when Amasis and Polykrates were friends (Hdt. P. 224). After Amasis and Polykrates cease being
friends, Polykrates supports Cambyses' mission against Egypt. Cambyses, in return helps Polykrates
by sending troops to fight against the Samian exiles. Hence, once the relationship between Amasis
and Polykrates turns sour, it is natural for Polykrates to help Cambyses' mission against Egypt in
retribution. Herodotus' accounts of Polykrates' friendship with other tyrants is credible because
tyrants come into power through force and it would be sensible for tyrants to establish friendly
relationship with other tyrants and kings for help during political uprising and colonizing

The Archaic Period: The Growth And Development In Ancient...
"The Archaic Period" During the Greek Archaic Period, (c. 750–480 BC), there are a variety of
reasons for the growth and development in the Greek world such as polis, synoecism, Greek
colonization, hoplite, and lyric poetry are just a few. Although each one benefits in some way, they
also lead to unwanted confrontation. The social characteristics and political organization for the
Greeks was known as Polis, aka city–sate (Pom., pg. 105). The early meaning of polis was "city" or
"town", however now it is known as "city–state" (Pom., pg 105). Throughout the Archaic Greece
Period there was a constant change in polis and which really changed during the expansion of Greek
colonies. Polis really grew by the political unification and unified polies were stronger and more
powerful then those who were not (Pom., pg. 108). For ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
124). However, the armor weighed about seventy pounds and it was insufferably hot inside the
armor, also vision through the helmet was not that great do to the amount of dust in the air (Pom.,
pg. 125). The hoplite played a key part in the some of the transformation of a polis, such as the
switch from democracy to oligarchy (and vice versa), which happened so much that a major
phenomenon happened called tyranny (Pom., pg.126). Tyrannies did not last long, however this did
lead to the Greeks forming alliances with other Greek states (Pom., pg. 149). Lyric poetry where like
epic poetry, they were sung and performed and sometimes had some type of instrument played with
it. Lyric poetry was performed mostly for specific occasions such as weddings, funerals, fables, and
so on. Sappho's, a poet, reflects upon the state–of–affairs and political deals and betrayals, which
made some aristocracy realize that they were losing their privileges, and started to cause problem's
that lead into the fifth century (Pom., pg.

Attic Vases In Greek Art
The starting point for Mythical Narrative Art was around 700 BC. This was when the Attic vases
began to appear with depictions of myths on the vases. Around 323 BC is when Attic vases used to
depict myths stopped being produced. With the discontinuing of the vases it is said to be the end of
the Greek Narrative Art. The vases are not the only reason 323 BC is the ending period of Greek
Narrative Art. Alexzander the Great's death also signified the end of the Classical period which was
the last period of Greek Mythical Narrative Art. There are three different terms that are used to
describe the periods of Greek art. This three terms are Geometric, Archaic and Classical. The
Geometric period commenced after the dark ages. The art in this period ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Artists would manipulate the antagonist in a way that was abnormal or unnatural. The optimal
example to use is the scene of Theseus and the Minotaur depicted on an attic vase. The Minotaur
was a being with the head of a bull and the body of a man or known as being part man and part bull.
Because the character of the Minotaur is so outstanding it aids in the telling of the story. The fourth
way to make sure a myth was portrayed correctly was to include an abnormal set of circumstances
that provoked an unforgettable scene. An example of this technique is in a section of the Odyssey.
This is when Odysseus is grasping hold of the under bellow of a ram to escape the cyclops,
Polyphemus. This unusual scene helps this "myth" become very much unforgettable. The finale
artistry that was used was the clarifications through a mythological series. With this method the
artist would need to illustrate other actions or adventures the character had completed. The
clarifications through mythological cycle can be seen by observing, "The deeds of Theseus". This is
a large cup that depicts the significant actions Theseus preformed throughout his

Greek Comparison Essay
The most significant difference between the Archaic Age Greece and Golden Age Greece include:
the Greek city–states, slavery, life for women, and marriage. These two different ages, although not
far in time, differ a lot from one another. The Archaic Age of Greece was led on by the Greek Dark
Age. The Archaic Age of Greece was from 750 BCE to 500 BCE. During this time, the creation of
the Greek city–states, known as the polis, began. As defined by The Making of the West, a polis is
an independent community of citizens not ruled by a king. The Greek city–state began and
flourished during the Archaic Age which is one of the differences that the Archaic Age holds from
the Golden Age of Greece. Another difference is slavery. With the expansion ... Show more content
The Greek city–states were beginning to see issues arise. Issues with the Persians caused struggle.
The Athenians eventually had the confidence to take on the Spartans for the leadership of Greece,
which led to the Athenian Empire. Slavery within the Golden Age of Greece were lacking common
rights and were considered outsiders. Slaves made up a large amount of the city–states and did most
of the work throughout the city–state. Slaves would do many different types of work, including
working in homes, in shops, and on farms. Life for women during the Golden Age could be coined
as "traditional." Women would did not have much freedom within the public. Women were expected
to spend their time either alone in the house or with other women. There were some women who
were known as "witty and attractive woman who charged fees to entertain at symposium" (Hunt,
91). This woman were called hetaira. These women had certain freedoms that the normal women did
not. Marriage was a large deal within the Golden Age of Greece. Having children was the main duty
of the wife in the marriage. Once women had had children, they would earn a certain status as child
bearing was seen as a necessity, obviously. The Golden Age was brought to an end by a war that was
between Athens and Sparta that had lasted a generation

How Did Ancient Greek Influence American Government
The Greek influences inform modern American culture through their complex system of
government, and from their advanced conceptual practices of modern–day mathematics. Also, the
revolutionary progresses of this ancient era have impacted societies as a whole, from some of their
ingenious inventions which have been innovated and modified into the most recognized designs of
latter–day civilizations. Besides from informing, the Greeks not only continue to inspire American
culture from their successes, but also, many other cultures of the world, and their artists, in
distinction to the perceptive ancient art, poetry, and literature of that time.
Based on the readings of the geography of Ancient Greece, I believe that the largest cities were
located ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Archaic government of Ancient Greece and the Democratic government of the modern–day
United States are very similar, for democracy originated from the Ancient Greek Archaic
government; yet, their differences are quite note–worthy. To begin, we should recognize how the
populace of the United States is considerably larger than that of Ancient Greece. Regardless, in
Ancient Greece and in the United States, citizens were/are allowed to vote, although in Ancient
Greece, but male citizens could vote; while unlike the United States, who lets all citizens over the
age of 18 vote. In Ancient Greece the eligible were all treated equally, and had direct participation in
government, which meant that their single vote could either serve as deciding a new law, if they
should go to war, or any other issue at the time. Furthermore, in Ancient Greece, citizens could act
as judges, or even address new laws, freely, without consent. In contrast, the United States' voters all
have elected participation in the government, which means that they elect like–minded
representatives who decide on matters for them. In the United States' democracy voters cannot
decide on issues, they let their elected leaders which comprise of three individual branches to

Birth Of Athena Essay

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