Controlling Rice Stem Borers with IPM

www.ricepluss.com
ISSN:2311-3804
March, 2014 Volume 6-Issue 1
www.ricepluss.com
 Implementation of Integrated Pest Management Tac-
tics for Controlling of Rice Stem Borers
 Impact of Climate Change on Rice Production
 Rice Trade Forecast 2013 and 2014
 Importance of Rice Blast and Their Management
Strategies
 Global Rice Trade
 Rice: Role in Global Warming
 Understanding Rural Farmers’ Information Behaviour
 Call for Paper
 Fighting Hunger Worldwide
 India: Forecast to Remain World’s Largest Rice Ex-
porter in 2014
 Marketing Problems of Rice in Pakistan
Inside the Magazine:
Summary in Brief …pg 19.

2
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Contents Pg
Implementation of Integrated Pest Management Tactics in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) for
Controlling of Rice Stem Borers (Insecta: Lepidoptera)
Dr. Muhammad Sarwar
4-5
Impact of Climate Change on Rice Production
Muhammad Mohsin Raza, Muhammad Aslam Khan, Zeeshan Sattar and Asim Ali
6-7
Rice Trade Forecast 2013 and 2014 8-9
Importance of Rice Blast and Their Management Strategies
Zeeshan Sattar, Dr. Muhammad Aslam Khan, Iqra Ashfaq and M. Mohsin Raza
10-11
Global Rice Trade
International Rice Research
11
Rice: Role in Global Warming
Dr. Muhammad Tahir and Neelam Yasin
12
Understanding Rural Farmers’ Information Behaviour
Muhammad Asif Naveed
13-14
Call for Paper
3rd
International Conference on Agricultural & Horticultural Sciences
14
Fighting Hunger Worldwide
World Food Programme
15-16
India: Forecast to Remain World’s Largest Rice Exporter in 2014 17
Marketing Problems of Rice in Pakistan
Dr. Muhammad Tahir and Memoona Shehzadi
18
3rd Invention to Innovation Summit 2014 19

4
Implementation of Integrated Pest Management Tactics
in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) for Controlling of
Rice Stem Borers (Insecta: Lepidoptera)
Dr. Muhammad Sarwar*
P
akistan produces sufficient amount of superior quality rice (Oryza sativa L.) to fulfill both
domestic and foreign demands to adequately feed peoples globally. Generally, there are differ-
ent types of rice including short-grain rice (very starchy and cooks up soft and sticky), long-
grain rice (less starch so the cooked grains are drier and more separate), basmati (long-grain
varieties cultivated to bring out distinctive flavor profiles) and brown rice (available in long and short
grains, is a lot chewier and heartier than white rice). Mainly, two categories of rice dominate in the national
market, for example, Basmati, which is mostly grown in Punjab, and IRRI that is generally produced in
Punjab and Sindh provinces. The various types of rice provide different textures, tastes and nutritional
value. The gross composition of rice and its various milling fractions show that rice is rich in energy and a
good source of protein. The rice contains a reasonable amount of thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin E and
other nutrients. It is one of the principal sources of energy, protein, iron, calcium, thiamine, riboflavin and
niacin in human diets.
Insect Pests of Rice Specially Rice Stem Borers:
The greater rice paddy production occurs in the irrigated areas, where certain varieties can express their
high yield potential. Mean farm yields of irrigated rice in many localities are still lower due to presence of
pests and diseases. Insect pests are major problems in the rice production; particularly where rice monocul-
ture is practiced, and because plant hosts are continuously present in the environment. The major insect
pests are the rice stem borers, which may start attacking the plants in the nursery especially after transplant-
ing in the fields.
 The yellow stem borer Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker), striped stem borer Chilo suppressalis (Walker)
 The pink stem borer Sesamia inferens (Walker) are the mostinjurious insectpests of rice.
Their caterpillars enter the stem and feed on the internal tissue, the tillers may get affected at different
stages, and associated yield losses and costs of control have reached the highest recorded levels. In the
vegetative stage, dead hearts (central shoot dries up) can be seen in the affected tillers, and in the reproduc-
tive stage; whiteear (earheads become chaffy) may be seen. The final instar larvae make an exit hole and
pupate within the larval tunnel at the base of the plant in a silken cocoon.
Integrated Management of Rice Stem Borers:
The approach, known as integrated pest management (IPM), in the rice is referred to as a broad ecologi-
cal attack combining several tactics including biological, chemical, cultural control methods and insect re-
sistant rice varieties, for the economic control and management of pest populations.
Components of the current integrated management approach include;
 Ploughing and irrigating the fallow rice paddy in early spring to kill overwintering larvae and pupae
 Postponing and synchronizing seeding and transplanting dates of rice to reduce the opportunity of oviPosition by over-
wintered moths
 Use of stem borer mid-resistant varieties of rice
 Use of pheromone and highly effective light traps to trap and kill moths
 Provide better communication and information to farmers for using pestcontrol techniques properly
More than one hundred species of parasitoids, predators and insect pathogens attack rice stem bor-
ers. Borers are most vulnerable to natural enemies at the egg, neonate larval and adult stages. Parasitism
and predation of stem borer eggs are usually very high and are important population regulating factors.
Three groups of egg parasitoids, Telenomus (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), Tetrastichus (Hymenoptera: Eulo-
phidae) and Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) are the most dominating and important.
* The author is Principal Scientist in Plant Protection Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB),
Faisalabad, Pakistan.

5
The two most important egg predators are, meadow grasshopper Conocephalus longipennis
(Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) and cricket Metioche vittataicollis (Orthoptera: Gryllidae).
 There are white fungi Beauveria, Cordyceps and Nomuraea which infect stem borers and in high moisture fungal
spores germinate and invade the soft tissue and body fluids of borers.
Chemical Control Measures in nursery by soil application of granules or foliar application after 3 weeks
of sowing can be taken based on one moth or egg mass per square meter economic threshold level. Within
field application of the insecticides to control stem borers can be taken based on consistently increasing
trend of moths in light trap or 1 egg mass or 5 percent dead hearts economic threshold level. However, it is
imperative that researchers and farmers should explore and implement alternative approaches to least rely-
ing on insecticides.
The New and Modern Rice Varieties have been developed and these germplasms have erect leaves,
heavy tillering and low photoperiod sensitivity. Their plant architectures allow them to absorb nutrients
without lodging and allow sunlight to penetrate the leaf canopy. Growth duration is shorter in the modern
varieties and is about close to hundred days from seedling to maturity, which at low input levels of insecti-
cides and fertilizers outperform better comparably to traditional varieties. The yield potentials of the new
and modern varieties are better, but they also show improved resistance to insect pests and diseases and
increased tolerance to environmental stresses. Nevertheless, their increased resistances are single-gene
characteristics which can be overcome by the pests after a few years. Insect resurgence has been docu-
mented in which insecticide spraying increased the insect population instead of reducing it. Alternative ap-
proaches of horizontal or multilane resistance are considered necessary, as there is a rapid breakdown of
resistance to the borers because of the appearance of new insect biotypes. Certain sources of resistance have
been identified in cultivated wild species of rice and these are being introduced through wide crosses to O.
sativa.
Use of Biotechnology:
Few recent advances in biotechnology are providing the possi-
bility of solving some of the constraints that have limited the practi-
cal use of genetic resistance to insects in pest management pro-
grams. Biotechnology provides new possibilities of manipulating
germplasm wide hybridization, which is a plant breeding tool for
the incorporation of alien genetic variation from wild species of
Oryza into commercially useful cultivars. Wild rice species are rich
source of R genes and are used in breeding programs for insect re-
sistance. Wide genetic transformation, scientists are incorporating
novel genes for resistance into rice through transformation. Genes,
such as the Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) gene coding for toxic pro-
teins, inhibitors of digestive enzymes such as protease inhibitors,
and ribosome inactivating genes are being transferred to rice.
The availability of rice varieties with multiple resistance to
insects and diseases can stabilize yields, increase farmer income,
minimize the need for pesticides and it can promote the adoption of
IPM practices. The IPM approaches are very promising and if im-
plemented on an area-wide basis will lead to much improved control
of the stem borers by keeping their density below economic injury
thresholds, through protecting the rural environment and the health of farmers.
IPM is a part of Integrated Crop Management(ICM),
a system which encompasses all aspects of crop
management. ICM supports the appropriate integra-
tion of IPM to farming practices.
http://www.ecpa.eu
BiotechnologyCrop Life Cycle
http://www.croplife.org

6
Impact of Climate Change on Rice Production
Muhammad Mohsin Raza, Muhammad Aslam Khan, Zeeshan Sattar and Asim Ali (*)
R
ice is an essential component of the diet and the most important staple food crop of
about 3.23 billion people of the world’s population especially in Asia. More than 90%
of the world’s rice is grown and consumed in Asia, where 60% of the world’s popula-
tion lives. It has important implications for food security because, among other things, it
makes up approximately one third of the caloric intake of third world populations. Rice trade (which is
dominated by Asian countries) is modest only 17 percent of the global trade of other cereals because these
countries aim to be self-sufficient in future. Over 150 million hectares of rice is planted annually, covering
around 10% of the world’s arable land. With the world population estimated to increase from 6.2 billion in
the year 2000 to about 8.2 billion in the year 2030, the global rice demand will rise to about 765 million
tons, or 533 million tons of milled rice.
Yet, the challenge for rice production is twofold: coping with population growth while also facing
climate change. Climate is an important factor for agricultural productivity. It plays a key role in the pro-
duction of crops. From the last few years a new term named “Climate Change” is emerging which is hang-
ing all over the world. It is an enormous challenge for societies worldwide. It is caused by the release of
‘greenhouse’ gases into the atmosphere. These gases accumulate in the atmosphere, which result in global
warming. Many plant species are temperature sensitive; predicted increases in global temperatures will
have adverse effects on our environment and put increasing stress on agriculture. Large number of people
in the world still without access to adequate food, ensuring global food security continues to be a big chal-
lenge.
Unforeseen changes associated with global
warming temperature, carbon dioxide and rainfall
are expected to influence rice production.
The immediate impacts of climate change
on rice production systems and food security will
be felt in the form of adverse effects of extreme
weather changes on rice production. Studies have
shown that increase temperature, due to climate
change, adversely affects rice crop physiology ulti-
mately decreasing crop yields and grain quality. A
comprehensive simulation research revealed that past climate change since 1960s decreased rice yield by
12.4%, but with largest contribution coming from lowering radiation. Statistical analysis between climate
variables and observed
yield also demonstrated
positive and negative
yield response in differ-
e n t r e g i o n s .
Changes in
mean temperatures, in-
creasing weather vari-
ability, and sea level
rising predicted less but
possibly even more
significant effect on rice
production. As carbon
dioxide is an essential
component in photosyn-
thesis, increased atmos-
pheric concentration of
carbon dioxide is
expected to increases
plant growth and conse-
quently rice yields. Uncertainty associated particularly in projected precipitation spatial and temporal
* Authors belong to the Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan.
‘Pakistan worst affected by climate change’
http://www.dailytimes.com.pk, January 26,2014
Chinese rice production increase sub-
stantially under climate change due
to technology progress as changes of
rice area from south to North regions
plays significant roles in past yield
promotion.

7
Seedetailsat:http://www.danforthcenter.org
patterns caused by climate change, make it difficult to predict the full effect of intensified frequency of
floods and severe droughts. It is important to note, that in regions with more radiation rice production re-
sults in higher grain yields. Generally, scholars believe that climate change has a beneficial effect on rice
grain yield. The effects of carbon dioxide increase have been found to be abolished by the effects of in-
crease in temperature.
However, multiple sources of bias have estimated that the impact climate change on rice production
is uncertain. The magnitude of the bias is estimated to range between 1 to 32 percent. This statement illus-
trates the uncertainty in estimating the effects of climate change on rice production. Uncertainty in projec-
tions results from climate models, spatial resolution, crop models, and to add an additional level of com-
plexity. Rice cultivation strongly depends on farmers’ management skills.
Chinese rice production increased substantially under climate change due to technology progress as
changes of rice area from south to North regions plays significant roles in past yield promotion. The key
challenges for rice production in the future are diminishing agricultural water availability, larger
climate variability, and increasing pest/diseases yield losses. An integrated impact (direct and in-
direct) is still unclear so far; need more researches, particularly through international cooperation.
Finally, adaptation is needed urgently like rice production has to increase 30% in next ten or twenty
years to feed the increasing population. Intensifying rice production in Northeast regions along with spread-
ing hybrid rice (super grain14ton/ha) planting is needed. Research and demonstration of genetically modi-
fied rice will aid to alleviate the issue of food security under changing climate. Additionally, disaster alle-
viation for rice production and water saving in rice production should be focused. In the infrastructure
modification, up land irrigated rice to replace paddy rice should be promoted and new irrigation operation
schedule should be planed and adopted. Last but not the least, new resistant cultivars having resistance
against diseases, pests and heat should be distributed to farmers to save the crop from these biotic and
abiotic threats.
Global water issues and the relationship to global agriculture. Water consumption rate, by 2024
two of every three people will live in water stressed conditions.
Water Availability and its Impact
on Global Agriculture…..DRIP, DRIP, GONE

8
Rice Trade Forecast
2013 and 2014
T
he year 2014 forecast global rice trade at a record 40.2 million tons, up 0.4 million tons from the
previous forecast and 1.9 million tons above 2013. Global trade in 2014 is projected to be driven
mainly by strong purchases by China and West Africa. India is projected to again be the largest
exporter, with Thailand and Vietnam expected to increase exports.
Only one 2014 export forecast was revised this month: Pakistan’s 2014 export forecast was raised 0.4
million tons to 3.4 million tons based on a
larger crop and recommendations from the
U.S. Agricultural Office in Islamabad. The
only country-specific import revision for
2014 was a 0.2-million ton increase in Phil-
ippines’ import forecast to 1.4 million tons
based on information from the U.S. Agricultural Office in Manila indicating the Government wants to in-
crease its buffer stocks.
The 2013 total global rice trade forecast was lowered 0.1 million tons to 38.3 million, 2 percent below a
year earlier. The only upward revision on the 2013 export side was a 0.3-million ton increase in Pakistan’s
exports to 3.3 million, based on a much larger crop, shipment pace, and recommendations from the U.S.
Agricultural Office in Islamabad. This increase was offset by three downward revisions. First, Thailand’s
2013 export forecast was lowered 0.3 million tons to 6.7 million tons based on pace to date and recommen-
dations from the U.S. Agricultural Office in Bangkok. These are the smallest exports for Thailand since
2000. Second, the U.S. 2013 export forecast was lowered 50,000 tons to 3.2 million tons based on pace to
date. Finally, Kazakhstan’s 2013 export forecast was lowered 10,000 tons to 40,000 tons, also based on
shipment pace.
There were four significant 2013 import revisions this month. First, Indonesia’s 2013 import forecast
was lowered 350,000 tons to 650,000 tons based on pace to date and recommendations from the U.S. Agri-
cultural Office in Jakarta. Specialty rice accounts for the bulk of the imported rice. These are the lowest
imports for Indonesia since 2009. In nearby Malaysia, 2013 imports were lowered 150,000 tons to 900,000
based on shipment data. In the Western Hemisphere, Cuba’s 2013 imports were lowered 125,000 tons to
400,000 tons based on pace to date. Finally, Oman’s 2013 import forecast was raised 75,000 tons to
250,000 tons, also based on trade data.
Global rice production for 2013/14 is forecast at a record 471.1 million tons (milled basis), up 0.5 mil-
lion tons from last month’s forecast and up 1.6 million cwt from a year earlier. On a year-to-year basis, both
East Asia and
Southeast Asia are
projected to pro-
duce record rice
crops.
T h e b u mp er
global crop is the
result of expanded area in 2013/14. At a record 160.1 million hectares, global rice area in 2013/14 is up 2.7
million hectares from a year earlier. Burma, Cambodia, China, India, Nigeria, and Pakistan account for
most of the year-to-year area increase. Much of this area expansion is driven by higher Government support
prices. The average global yield, forecast at 4.39 tons per hectare (on a rough-rice basis), is about 1 percent
below the 2012/13 record. The yield decline is partly due to adverse weather in China and India, the
world’s two largest rice producing countries.
There were three significant upward revisions to 2013/14 crop forecasts this month. First, Pakistan’s
2013/14 production forecast was raised 0.4 million tons to 6.4 million tons based on information from the
U.S. Agricultural Office in Islamabad indicating better than expected monsoon rains and higher yields from
the hybrid varieties. The crop is still below the 2008/09 record of 6.9 million tons. Second, the U.S.
2013/14 crop estimate was raised 154,000 tons to 6.05 million tons due to slightly higher area and yield
estimates reported by the USDA’s National Agricultural Statistics Service. And third, Brazil’s 2013/14 rice
crop was raised 100,000 tons to 8.3 million tons based on data from the Government’s statistical agency
Pakistan’s 2013 and 2014 Export
Forecasts are Raised
International Outlook
Production Forecasts for 2013/14 Raised for Brazil,
Pakistan, and the United States
Source with Thanks; http://www.thecropsite.com/reports/?id=3323

9
reporting slightly larger area
and an even higher record
yield. There were small up-
ward revisions to production
forecasts this month for both
Spain and Kazakhstan.
Global rice production in
2012/13 is estimated at 469.5
million tons, up 0.5 million
tons from last month’s esti-
mate and 1 percent larger than
a year earlier. Pakistan ac-
counted for the bulk of this
month’s upward revision in
2012/13 production. Paki-
stan’s 2012/13 production
estimate was raised 0.4 mil-
lion tons to 5.8 million tons
based on information from the
U.S. Agricultural Office in
Islamabad indicating a higher
yield resulting from less than
expected flood damage. Ar-
gentina’s 2012/13 crop esti-
mate was raised 104,000 tons
to 1.014 million based on a
higher area estimate reported
by the Ministry of Agricul-
ture. Finally, Ecuador’s
2012/13 production estimate
was raised 25,000 tons to
800,000 tons based on data
and information from FAO.
More rice was harvested than
expected, and yields were
higher than expected due to more favorable weather conditions that helped the crop during grain fill.
Global rice use (including a residual component) for 2013/14 is projected at a record of 473.1 million
tons, upto 0.2 million from the previous forecast and more than 1 percent larger than a year earlier. On an
annual basis, Bangladesh, Brazil, Cambodia, China, Egypt, India, Indonesia, and Vietnam account for most
of the projected increase in global consumption in 2013/14. In contrast, consumption (including a residual
component) is projected to decline in 2013/14 in Japan and South Korea. Consumption has declined for
several decades in both Japan and South Korea due to diet diversification.
Global ending stocks for 2013/14 are projected at 105.2 million tons, up 0.9 million tons from the pre-
vious forecast but down 1.9 million tons from a year earlier. This is the first decline since 2006/07 in global
ending stocks. Pakistan, Philippines, and Thailand account for most of this month’s upward revision in
global ending stocks. On a year-to-year basis, Thailand is projected to carry higher ending stocks in
2013/14, estimated at a record 14.7 million tons, while China, India, Indonesia, the United States, and Viet-
nam are projected to have smaller ending stocks. The global stocks-to-use ratio for 2013/14 is calculated at
22.2 percent, down slightly from a year earlier.
Note: The 2014 outlook rice market has been analyzed based on the latest projections contained
USDA's World Agricultural Supply Estimates report. For detailed statistics, Please visit; http://
www.ers.usda.gov/publications/rcs-rice-outlook/rcs-14a.aspx#.UxXOylfxrlc

10
Importance of Rice Blast and Their
Management Strategies
Zeeshan Sattar*, Dr. Muhammad Aslam Khan**, Iqra Ashfaq* and M. Mohsin Raza**
R
ice is one of the leading food crops of the world, an important staple food and cash crop of Paki-
stan. About 438m ton rice is produced in the world whereas Pakistan produces 6.16 million ton
rice annually. A spokesman for the agriculture department told that Pakistan was exporting
3.75m ton rice every year. He pointed out that more than 4,198,456 acre land was brought under
rice cultivation in Punjab last year which produced 3,460,123 ton
rice. It contributes 15 percent to the foreign exchange earnings. The
rice crop is subjected to more than forty diseases, which are one of
the factors for low yields of rice in the world (including Pakistan).
The diseases may appear at any stage of the growth and development
of plant, attacking the seed sown, root system, foliage, stalk, leaf
sheath, inflorescence and even the developing grain according to the
environmental conditions. These all diseases are injurious to rice pro-
ductivity but Rice Blast) is serious threat to rice crop which can re-
duce the growth at any stage.
Causal Organism
Rice blast is caused by the Ascomycete fungus, Pyricularia Oryzae
(Pyriculariagrisea). The fungus is able to infect and produce lesions on all organs of the rice plant except
the roots. Sometimes this disease refers as Pyrricularia blight or rotten neck, generally spread where ever
rice is grown.
Symptoms
 Leaf Blast: When the
fungus attacks a young
leaf, purple spots can be
observed after an incu-
bation period, changing
into a spindle shape
which has a gray center
with a purple-to-brown
boarder and then sur-
rounded by a yellow
zone as time passes.
Brown spots appear only
on the older leaves or leaves of resistant cultivars.
 Neck Rot and Panicle Blast: Infection to the neck node produces triangular purplish lesions, followed by le-
sion elongation to both sides of the neck node. These symptoms are very serious for grain development
of rice plant. When young neck nodes are invaded, the panicles become white in colour the so-called
‘white head’ that is sometimes misinterpreted as insect damage. Later infection causes incomplete grain
filling, and poor grain quality. Panicle branches and glumes may also be infected. Spikelet attacked by the
fungus change to white in color from the top and produce many conidia, which become the inoculum
source after heading.
 Collar Rot: Infection at the junction of the leaf blade and the leaf sheath, i.e. the collar, readily occurs and
causes browning of the tissues and withering of the leaves.
 Node Blast: During heading, the stem nodes which appeared from the leaf sheaths are attacked and some-
times cause lodging. Diseased nodes are brown or black in color.
Control Measures
 Burning or Composting of Diseased Tissues: Diseased straw and stubble must be burned or composted; other
Importance of the Disease
Rice Blast Disease (RBD) is
spreading all over the world includ-
ing Pakistan where the rice plant is
cultivated, in both paddy and up-
land conditions. While the destruc-
tion is very much predisposed by
environmental factors, this disease
is one of the most serious diseases
of the rice plant in Pakistan.
* Authors are Research Fellows of (M.sc Hon’s) in Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture, Fais-
alabad, Pakistan
** Authors are Professor in Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

11
wise they can become inoculum
sources for the next crop season.
 Healthy Seed: To obtain healthy seeds,
the seeds must be collected from the
field located under unfavorable condi-
tions for the pathogen, and fungicide
must be applied if necessary. Gravity
separation methods for seeds are use-
ful. Salt solution, 200 g l–1, or ammo-
nium sulfate solution, 230 g l–1, is
used to separate sufficiently matured
seeds, followed by chemical treatment
for seed disinfection against a range of
pathogens.
 Fertilizer Management: Nitrogen and
phosphorus content in the plants af-
fects disease proneness. Excess
nitrogen fertilizer encourages disease
development, while silica application
reduces disease development. There-
fore the amount and type of fertilizer
must be carefully decided according
to the cultivar used, soil condition,
climatic conditions and disease risk.
 Cultural Systems: Sowing into water
eliminates disease transmission from
seeds to seedlings because of the an-
aerobic condition that is unfavorable
to the pathogen. On the contrary, sow-
ing on wet soil allows seed transmis-
sion. Shade affects disease occurrence
because of the longer wet condition.
 Chemical Control: Many fungicides are
used against blast disease, including
benomyl, fthalide, edifenphos, ipro-
benfos, tricyclazole, isopro-thiolane,
probenazole, pyroquilon, felimzone(=
meferimzone), diclocymet, carpropa-
mid, fenoxanil and metominostrobin,
and antibiotics such as blasticidin and
kasugamycin. Systemic fungicides are
widely used to protect against leaf
blast by seedling application and also
to protect against panicle blast when
applied more than 20 days before
heading.
 Resistant Cultivars: Race-specific and
race-nonspecific resistant cultivars
have been bred all over the world.
Based on the information of distribu-
tion of races, these cultivars can be
selected.
 Forecasting Systems: Forecasting sys-
tems have been developed in some
countries and being used effectively.
Global Rice Trade to Recover 4% in
2014 to 38.6 Million Tons, IGC Says
IGC says global rice trade will receive a boost in 2014
due to higher shipments to Far East Asia (mainly China, Indo-
nesia, the Philippines, South Korea, Bangla-
desh, Japan, and Malaysia). Rice exports to
Far East Asia are forecast to increase around
15% y/y to about 11.5 million tons in 2014,
up from around 11 million tons in the previ-
ous year. IGC says, China is expected to buy
around 2.6 million tons in 2014 (up from 2.5
million in 2013) and double the prior five-
year average of 1.3 million tons. Indonesia’s
rice imports are forecast to increase by
500,000 tons or about 71% to around 1.2 mil-
lion tons in 2014 mainly due to government
efforts to build rice reserves. In the Philip-
pines, rice imports are projected to reach around 1.6 million
tons in 2014, up about 128% from around 700,000 tons of rice
imports last year.
Among exporters, India is likely to be the top rice ex-
porter again in 2014, but shipments are expected to decline to
around 9.3 million tons, down about 10% from an estimated
10.4 million tons in 2013 mainly due to the introduction of the
National Food Security Act. Vietnam’s rice exports in 2014 are
expected to recover to around 7.3 million tons in 2014, up about
9% from around 6.7 million tons in 2013. Thailand’s rice ex-
ports are expected to recover by more than 20% y/y in 2014 to
around
8.2 mil-
lion tons,
compared
to around
6.7 mil-
lion tons
in 2013.
Pakistan’s
rice ex-
ports are
unlikely
to change
from
2013 lev-
els of around 3.2 million tons, while U.S. rice exports are ex-
pected to increase by around 200,000 tons y/y to around 3.4
million tons, IGC says.
Global rice production is expected to reach around 470
million tons in 2014, slightly more than the previous year’s
469.4 million tons, while global rice consumption in 2014 is
forecast at 471.4 million tons, up about 1% from an estimated
467 million tons in 2013. Ending stocks in 2014 are expected to
reach around 107.9 million tons, down about 1.5% from begin-
ning stocks of around 109.5 million tons.
After a 3% decline in
2013, global rice trade
is expected to re-
bound to around 38.6
million tons in 2014,
up about 1.3 million
tons or 4% from the
previous year’s 37.3
million tons, according
to the London-based
International Grains
Council (IGC).
Source with Thanks: http://oryza.com/tags/international-grains-council-igc

12
Rice: Role in Global Warming
Dr. Muhammad Tahir* and Neelam Yasin**
I
t is evident that rice is the most vital waterlogged staple crop all over the world, and demand to
grow more rice is increasing to feed the growing population. During the past 40 years the world’s
rice harvested area increased from 41% to 304%. Rice contributes to feed a huge population.
Pakistan is the world’s fourth largest rice producer. On the other hand it contributes in global
warming , wetland rice fields have been considered as major source of atmospheric methane emissions.
Methane is most imperative green house gas and accounting for 15 percent of the total enhanced global
warming. Methane is colorless and odorless natural gas. Rice crop knows as manmade methane source.
Higher the temperature, more carbon dioxide concentration and waterlogged rice paddies give ideal condi-
tion for methogenesis.
Methogenesis is the biological formation of methane that occurs in all anaerobic environments in which
organic matters under goes any decay. Van kessel and his colleagues are evident that waterlogged rice be-
come less climate friendly. Rice plant grows more rapidly as more carbon dioxide enters the environment.
This growth accelerates the metabolism of methane producer microscope organisms that live near the root
zone of rice paddies. Van kessel revealed that increased carbon dioxide in the environment boosted rice
yields by 24.5% and methane emissions by 42.2%.
How Methane Transfer from Soil to Environment
Paddy field produce methane and releases it into environment by rice plant. Methane diffused in to the
cortex of roots from the rhizosphere of waterlogged soil and release to atmosphere with the help of micro
pores in the leaf sheath. Wang et al. revealed that about 50 percent of the methane was emitted from the leaf
blades before shoot elongation.
Methods for Minimizing the Methane Releasing
The production, oxidation and transport of methane from soil to environment can be controlled by
adopting possible methods for minimizing methane emission. Methane releasing varies with water avail-
ability. Water management promoting mid season aeration by short term drainage is most important method
for minimizing methane releasing. Sulphate containing fertilizer such as ammonium sulphate and gypsum
contribute to reducing the methane emission because sulphate reducing bacteria can outcompete methane
producing bacteria and reduced the methane emission.
Addition of Organic matters to flooded rice field increase the production of methane. So the application
of fermented manure like biogas slurry minimizes methane emission. The application of fermented organic
manure into waterlogged rice fields reduces 60% methane emission than application of unfermented or-
ganic manure.
The methane emission can be mitigated by the use of low emitting rice varieties. The rice varieties with
few unproductive tillers, small root system, high root oxidative activity and high harvest index are good for
minimizing methane emission from rice wetland cultivated field. Heat tolerant varieties that can be grown
successfully in dry condition without any loss of yield should be introduced because these varieties contrib-
ute in less methane emission.
Such technologies need to be assessed for non-target effects and cost-effective feasibilities.
* Author is Assistant Professor in Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
** Co-author is Research Fellow in Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2294560/The-great-green-1-The-hard-proof-finally-shows-
global-warming-forecasts-costing-billions-WRONG-along.html

13
UNDERSTANDING RURAL FARMERS’
INFORMATION BEHAVIOUR
Muhammad Asif Naveed*
I
ndeed, farmers have an inevitable need for information to perform their daily farming activities
efficiently and effectively. The information concerning improved agro-technologies created by
agricultural scientists should be disseminated in a way that is compatible with, and results in the
farmers’ satisfaction. Agricultural production in Pakistan is quite lower than its potential in spite
of the hectic struggle by the agriculture departments and other allied agencies. It may have various reasons.
Farmers’ lack of awareness of the current agricultural information and technologies is one of the major rea-
sons for low agricultural productivity.
For consistent growth in agric-production, it is indis-
pensable to equip farmers with need-based, focused, accu-
rate, reliable, and timely information. The dream of ad-
vancement in agric-production cannot come true until
timely access to the information that farmers need is as-
sured. The consideration of farmers’ information needs
and information seeking behaviour is an important ele-
ment while designing need-based, focused, and user-
oriented information delivery system that can provide
more relevant, accurate, and timely information to its us-
ers. Effective information communication is known to be
the key to optimal agricultural productivity. Conducting
research on farmers’ information behaviour would be an
important first step in the design of need-based, focused,
and farmers-oriented agricultural information policy and
information infrastructure.
The research examining Pakistani farmers’ information
behavior is meager and narrow in focus. Naveed and Anwar
(2012) provided a critical review of published research examining farmers’ information seeking behavior.
They identified that majority of Pakistani farmers relied mainly on “interpersonal relationships with friends,
neighbors, relatives, co-farmers or progressive farmers, followed by mass media (radio and television only”
in obtaining information they need (p. 6). The main modes of information transfer were personal contacts
and observation. The findings of Naveed,
(2011, 2013) and Naveed and Anwar (2013) also support that
farmers residing in Saleempur village depend mainly on their personal experience, informal information
networks (e.g. co-farmers, progressive farmers, sales agent, and pesticide dealers) and mass media. The role
of printed materials especially newspapers, agricultural extension agents, formal information sources were
almost non-existent for obtaining agricultural advice. There seems a very weak contact between the rural
farmers and Agricultural departments.
These results did not confirm whether farmers’ dependability on informal communication for meeting
information needs indicated a real preference or a compromise due to the lack of quality formal information
infrastructure. If the preference for interpersonal relationships was real, then the question of information
reliability arose because farmers might be misguided by those who are not trained in information selection
and dissemination. The role of individuals providing information in the rural setting was also questionable
because these individuals were not professionals. Furthermore, obtaining information through interpersonal
relationships and informal social networks raises questions about accuracy, relevancy, and currency of in-
formation. Also, these information sources could not always provide timely, accurate, relevant, and current
information.
Farmers’ information sources were mainly social in nature and related to the facility available at home
or somewhere near indicating that farming community was locality-oriented in Pakistan. It implies that
farmers’ intention to seek information about new innovations outside community was very low which
means that Pakistani farmers were still using conventional methods that yielded lower production per acre.
Moreover, the role of mass media is not very effective, especially the newspapers and agricultural extension
agents as source of information.
* Author is a PhD fellow in University of the Punjab and serves in Learning Resource Center, University of Manage-
ment and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan.
- Our farmer needs user-oriented
information delivery system that
can provide more relevant, accu-
rate, and timely information.
- Our farmer looks for need-based,
focused, and farmers-oriented agri-
cultural information policy and in-
f o r m a t i o n i n f r a s t r u c t u r e .
- Printed and digital media have
very weak contact between the ru-
ral farmers and Agricultural de-
partments.

14
The Agriculture Department spent a lot of money on advertising agricultural information in newspapers
but the rural farmers were unaware and did not have access
to newspapers. It indicates that a lot of precious resources
are in danger for being wasted on the information sources
that were not fit for the rural community. Therefore, there
is a need for redesigning the existing information support
system for farmers by considering their information be-
havior.
References:
1.Naveed, M. A., Anwar, M. A., & Bano, S. (2012). In-
formation seeking by Pakistani farmers: A review of
published research. Pakistan Journal of Library & In-
formation Science, 13. p. 8
2.Naveed, M. A. (2013). Information needs of rural
Pakistani farmers: An exploratory study in Saleempur
village. Germany: Lambert Academic Publishing. p.
105.
3.Naveed, M. A. (2011). Information needs of Pakistani
farmers: an exploratory study of adult male farmers in
a village of Punjab. M. Phil thesis, DLIS, University of
the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
4.Naveed, M. A. and Anwar, M. A. (2013). Agricultural
information needs of Pakistani farmers. Malaysian
Journal of Library & Information Science, 2013. 18(3),
13 – 23, 11p.
Concluding Remarks: In view to the
mentioned results and implications, there is a
need for critical and comprehensive examina-
tion of the existing agricultural information in-
frastructure and services in order to prepare a
detailed plan to improve them. This exercise will
only be meaningful if extensive information be-
havior research is carried out, especially focus-
ing on agricultural scientists and researchers,
information providing agencies and specific
groups of farmers. The efforts should be made
to develop and provide integrated information
services at the community level which cover
socio-economic development, agriculture,
health, and education. Such a service will lead to
improved farmers’ life and make them better
informed and more productive.
3rd International Conference on Agricultural & Horticultural Sciences, will be organized around the
theme "Novel Strategies & Innovations in Agricultural & Horticultural Sciences."
Agri-2014 is comprised of 12 tracks and 0 sessions designed to offer comprehensive sessions that
address current issues in the fields of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences.
Submit your abstract to any of the following tracks.
Conference Secretariat:
OMICS Group Conferences: 5716 Corsa Ave., Suite 110, Westlake, Los Angeles, CA 91362-7354, USA
Tel: 1-650-268-9744 Fax: 1-650-618-1414 Toll free: 1-800-216-6499 (USA & Canada), 1-800-651-097
(Australia)Email: agri2014@omicsgroup.net | agri2014@omicsonline.us | agri2014@omicsonline.net
http://omicsgroup.com/conferences/agricultural-horticultural-2014/cfa.php
Track 1: Agronomy and Soil Sciences Track 7: Spices, Herbs and Medicinal Plants
Track 2: Horticulture, Floriculture & Forestry Track 8: Tissue Culture and Plant Biotechnology
Track 3: Agricultural Extension Track 9: Agricultural Engineering and Technology
Track 4: Plant Biochemistry and Physiology Track 10: Agricultural Risk Management
Track 5: Crop Breeding and Gnetics Track 11: Sustainable Practices for Agriculture
Track 6: Crop Protection and Management Track 12: Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness
Call for Paper

15
Fighting Hunger Worldwide
M
ost of the
world’s hun-
gry live in
developing
countries. According to the
latest Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO) statis-
tics from 2013, there are
842 million hungry people
in the world and 98 percent
of them are in developing
countries. The huger ratio
is shown in figure.
Do you know!!!
 842 million people in the world do not have enough to
eat. This number has fallen by 17 percent since 1990.
 The vast majority of hungry people (827 million) live in
developing countries, where 14.3 percent of the population
is undernourished.
 Asia has the largest number of hungry people (over
500 million) but Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest preva-
lence (24.8 percent of population).
 If women farmers had the same access to resources as
men, the number of hungry in the world could be reduced
by up to 150 million.
 Poor nutrition causes nearly half (45%) of deaths in
children under five - 3.1 million children each year.
 One out of six children -- roughly 100 million -- in de-
veloping countries is underweight.
 One in four of the world's children are stunted. In developing countries the proportion can rise to one
in three.
 80 percent of the world's stunted children live in just 20 countries.
 66 million primary school-age children attend classes hungry across the developing world, with 23
million in Africa alone.
 WFP calculates that US$3.2 billion is needed per year to reach all 66 million hungry school-age chil-
dren.
Why does hun-
ger exist?
The world produces enough to feed
the entire global population of 7 bil-
lion people. And yet, one person in
eight on the planet goes to bed hun-
gry each night. In some countries,
one child in three is underweight.
There are many reasons for the pres-
ence of hunger in the world and they
are often interconnected.
Here are six that we think are impor-
tant.
1. Poverty Trap
2. Lack of Investment in Agriculture
3. Climate and Weather
4. War and Displacement
5. Unstable Markets
6. Food Wastage
Who are the hungry?
The World Food Programme is the world's largest humanitarian agency fighting hun-
ger worldwide. WFP is part of the United Nations system and is voluntarily funded. On
average, WFP reaches more than 90 million people with food assistance in 80 countries
each year. About 13,500 people work for the organization, most of them in remote areas,
directly serving the hungry people.
http://www.wfp.org/
We Acknowledge Source of this Information with Thanks;

16
There are 842 million undernourished people in the world today. It means that one in eight people
do not get enough food to be healthy and lead an active life. Hunger and malnutrition are in fact the number
one risk to health worldwide — greater than AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis combined. The good news,
however is that hunger is entirely solvable. There is enough food in the world to feed everyone and no sci-
entific breakthroughs are needed. Today’s knowledge, tools and policies, combined with political will, can
solve the problem.
Solving hunger is a “best buy” in today’s tough economy. When nations work together to solve
hunger and invest in good nutrition, they increase productivity and create economic opportunities. Con-
versely, studies have shown that countries lose millions of dollars in economic output as a result of child
under nutrition.
Solving hunger is also a contribution to peace and stability. When governments can no longer guar-
antee adequate food supplies, states are prone to fall. Volatility on food markets can quickly translate into
volatility on the streets.
Finally, solving hunger lays the foundation for progress in many other areas of development, in-
cluding health and education. Well-nourished women have healthier, heavier babies whose immune sys-
tems are stronger for life. A healthy, well-fed child is also more likely to attend school.
Good progress was made in reducing chronic hunger in the 1980s and the 1990s, but progress be-
gan to level off between 2000 and 2010. All of us – citizens, employers, corporate leaders and governments
– must work together to end hunger.

17
India: Forecast to Remain World’s Largest
Rice Exporter in 2014
I
ndia is expected to remain the world’s largest rice exporter for the third consecutive year in calen-
dar year 2014 based on adequate supplies and continued demand in Iran, the USDA says in its
latest report.
India exported around 10.25 million tons in 2012, ahead of the previous leader Thailand, which
exported about 6.94 million tons of rice, and Vietnam which exported about 7.7 million tons of rice in the
year. India’s rice exports in 2013 were earlier forecast at around 9.7 million tons, but the USDA raised it by
around 3% or 300,000 tons
to about 10 million tons
based on strong sales to
Iran.
In its September 2013
report, the USDA also in-
creased India’s rice export
forecast for 2014 to around
9.3 million tons, up about
3.3% from around 9 mil-
lion tons forecast in August
2013. The USDA says that
India will be the largest
global rice exporter in 2014
due to adequate supplies
and expected continued
strong sales to Iran. The
USDA has increased Iran’s
import forecast by around
300,000 tons for 2013 and
2014 each to around 1.8
million tons and 1.75 mil-
lion tons respectively.
In comparison, Vietnam’s rice exports in 2013 are forecast at around 7.4 million tons (unchanged from
previous forecast), and about 7.8 million tons in 2014 (unchanged from previous forecast). Thailand’s rice
exports in 2013 are forecast at around 7 million tons (unchanged from previous forecast), and about 8 mil-
lion tons in 2014 (unchanged from previous forecast). However, rice exports by the U.S. are forecast at
around 3.15 million tons in 2014, up about 50,000 tons from last month’s forecast due to larger expected
area and yield, the USDA says.
Total calendar year 2014
global rice trade is ex-
pected to increase to
around 39 million tons, up
about 350,000 tons from
last month’s forecast and
almost 700,000 million
tons above 2013’s 38.3
million tons.
USDA Projections 2013
Source with Thanks: http://www.oryza.com/news/rice-news/

18
Marketing Problems of Rice in Pakistan
Dr. Muhammad Tahir* and Memoona Shehzadi**
Rice is a valuable cash crop of Pakistan regarding its export. Rice production consists of 40 % fine
(basmati) types and 60 % coarse types. It occupies second position among the staple food grain crop in
Pakistan. Rice contributes 2.7 percent of the value added in agriculture and 0.6 percent of GDP. In past,
area and production related issues regarding rice remain under consideration in Pakistan, while marketing
related issues were neglected. It is the need of the hour to give emphasis on marketing problems of rice
being faced by the rice growers in Pakistan as;
Monopoly of Middle Man:
This is the prime issue re-
garding the rice marketing
problems. Since the mar-
kets are situated in urban
areas, thus to avoid the
transportation and other
costs, farmers mostly try to
sell their produce near their
farm gate. As a result, they
ultimately depend on com-
mission agents, who get
benefit of this. Sometime
they paid low price of the
produce at the spot to the
farmer or make promise to
pay remaining money within
a short period of time. They
pay less money to the farm-
ers as compared to market
price of the produce by
deducting more charges of
the carriage, handling and
transportation facilities
provided by them.
Poor Transportation
Facilities:
Some of the rice growers
who agreed to sell their
produce at market have to
face a lot of problems re-
lated to poor transportation.
They also bear high cost of
fuels and rented vehicles in
moving their produce from
their farm to the market in
urban areas.
Lack of Storage Facilities:
This is also a big issue re-
lated to rice growers in the
country. The Government
has not provided storage
facilities for rice at the
farmers’ level. Thus the
farmers have no way to
protect their produce from
post harvest losses but to
sell their produce as early
as possible.
Lack of Awareness about
Market Price:
As the farmer belongs to
rural areas, due to lack of
awareness they don’t have
up to date information about
the market price of their
produce. In such cases mo-
nopoly of middle men
causes variation in prices.
Marketing problems of rice growers, Survey 2013
Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Health Care
Vol.3, No.16, 2013 , page 7
A salute to farmer for his courage.....
Agriculture farming is very difficult for Pakistani farmers at
small scale because agricultural inputs like fertilizers, fuel
prices, Agri machinery, Chemical pesticides are so much expan-
sive and lease rates are also very high. During irrigation days,
canal water does not reach to the land of small farmer. It is
mostly stolen by landlords. It becomes difficult for him to oper-
ate tube well because of electricity crisis in the country, also be-
cause of permit problems and low market rate of his products.
Inspite of facing all difficulties and hurdles he remains com-
mitted for sowing crops for the society....
* The data has been taken from the blog of Engineer Mazhar Hussain/facebook.
* Author is Assistant Professor in Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
** Co-author is Research Fellow in Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
78.33
62.5
40
49.16
%

19
3rd Invention to Innovation Summit 2014
www.irp.edu.pk
T
he 3rd
Invention to Innovation Summit 2014 was jointly organized by University of the
Punjab, Pakistan Science Foundation and Institute of Research Promotion on March 19-
20, 2014. Innovation is a joint effort of academia and industry which exemplified in the
innovation summit annually. There were 12 technical sessions where industry and acade-
mia shared that how to develop technologies of commercial importance. There were 60 stalls of various
technologies displayed by 30 industries and 30 universities. There were 30 general technology awards for
students and scientists and 15 innovation awards for commercially proven technologies. Around 500+ pro-
jects to solve industry problems of Pakistan were displayed also. The Summit was graced by the presence
of industry speakers, academicians, and government officials.
Federal Minister and Deputy Chairman Planning Commission Prof. Ahsan Iqbal emphasized upon
the Research and Development (R & D) institutes to take lessons from the contemporary world and accord-
ingly plan their strategies of R&D work to compete with them. The Federal Minister appreciated the efforts
for organizing this event and pledged to extend every help for the support of applied aspects of Science &
Technology. He emphasized that today is the time of knowledge revolution and the whole scenario of com-
petition is linked with scientific knowledge. He advised universities to go ahead with inter-disciplinary ap-
proach where a doctor and engineer could know about each others' knowledge as they can no longer be suc-
cessful working in isolation.
Rector UMT Dr. Hasan Sohaib Murad was keynote speaker of the summit. He shared how nations
are developed through application of new knowledge and research. He proposed technology parks to be set
up by government where industry and academia can work together for application of research. He also pro-
posed that focus and budget allocation for innovation to be increased.
Chairman PSF Prof. Dr. Khalil Ahmed Ibupoto also highlighted the collaborations PSF has made in
past through its different programmes bridging gaps between industry & academia. He emphasized that the
strong collaboration between Industry and R&D organizations is pre-requisite to pass on the research re-
sults to end users. He explained about
other initiatives like "Inquiry Based
Education" to create originality and
individuality in the students, so that,
their potential could be harnessed by
the industry people.
Vice Chancellor, University of
the Punjab Dr Mujahid Kamran speak-
ing on the occasion emphasized on
providing more financial funds and
support to education from different
organs of the state.
CEO, Institute for Research Pro-
motion (IRP) Abid Sherwani intro-
duced about the whole event and pro-
vided a brief of the activities jointly
taken up by PSF and IRP.
The innovation summit was supported by universities like NUST, Quad-i-Azam University, Univer-
sity of Management and Technology, College of Pharmacy, Punjab University, Public Sector like PASTIC,
and Industry like Shafi Reso Chemicals and other.
More than 300 technologies engrossed with local R&D were invited to put up to show their ideas
through physical prototypes, posters presentations and documentaries etc. The industries and academia per-
sonals also presented their innovative products and research experiences. A total of 60 stalls were in place
from public and private sector organizations from across the country.
Workshop sessions of industry and academia experts have been arranged in this summit from differ-
ent technology sectors like Processing Technologies for Industrial Chemicals, Horticulture Sector, Technol-
ogy Workshop, Biotechnology, Corporate Sessions at Networking Dinner, Patenting Intellectual Property
Rights, Solar Energy & Renewables, Technologies for Mineral Processing, Accelerating Industry Driven
Technologies and the Technologies for Medical Textiles.
Glimpse of Innovation Summit 2014

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