This document discusses the patentability of live organisms. It begins by explaining what patents are and the criteria for patentability. It then discusses how traditionally only inventions could be patented, but now living things like cells, bacteria, and extracts from plants have also been patented. The US initially only allowed patents on microorganisms, but later expanded this to include animals and modified life forms. Several controversial patents have been granted, such as on the OncoMouse and human genes. While many see issues with patenting life, proponents argue it encourages innovation. The document reviews patenting scenarios in countries like the US, India, and under international agreements.
LEGAL , SOCIAL AND ETHICAL ASPECTS OF BIOTECHNOLOGYpriti pandey
This document discusses the legal, social, and ethical aspects of biotechnology. Legally, the Indian government has established committees like the Genetic Engineering Approval Committee and rules around importation and commercialization of transgenic crops. Socially, there needs to be open dialogue around benefits and risks, as well as access to results. Ethically, there are debates around using biotechnology for good or evil, as seen in cases like inserting monkey genes or humanizing cow milk, which some argue go too far.
The document discusses the patentability of microorganisms. It notes that prior to 1980, microorganisms were not considered patentable as they were natural products. However, in 1980 the Supreme Court ruled in the case of Chakrabarty v. General Electric that genetically modified microorganisms could be patented. The ruling established that microorganisms created through human manipulation with an industrial use could be patented. This opened the door for biotechnology to become a major industry. The document also discusses India's stance on patenting microorganisms and other biological materials.
Biotechnology is a field that uses living organisms in engineering, technology, medicine, and other applications. It involves techniques like genetic engineering, cell and tissue culture. Some areas of biotechnology include microbiology, molecular genetics, biochemistry, biophysics, plant biotechnology, medical biotechnology, and agricultural biotechnology. Bio robotics loosely covers fields like cybernetics, bionics, and genetic engineering as applied to robots. It involves making biological organisms components of robots or as manipulable and functional as robots. Bio robotics is still developing and sometimes called synthetic biology or bionanotechnology.
This document discusses synthetic biology and its potential applications. It defines synthetic biology as the technology that programs organisms by manipulating their DNA sequences. The document outlines the history of synthetic biology dating back to the 1950s and its growth with advances in genomics and systems biology. Potential uses of synthetic biology mentioned include producing rare foods, organs for transplantation, customized humans with desired traits, and drugs. The document also references sources of further information on synthetic biology and its ethical implications.
The document discusses the scope of careers in biotechnology in India and Madhya Pradesh. It outlines that biotechnology combines biology and technology to solve human problems. The key sectors within biotechnology include biopharma, bioservices, bioagriculture, bioindustrial, and bioinformatics. While biotechnology showed early promise, its achievements were limited due to a lack of career choices and focus, an oversupply of labor, and poor skill quality. Singh Biotech LLP aims to address these issues through career consultation, skill development training programs, and research focused on environment and agriculture.
The document discusses intellectual property rights (IPR) and provides information on various types of IPR including patents, trademarks, copyright, and industrial designs. It explains that IPR allow creators to benefit from their work and provides incentives for innovation. The document also summarizes India's IPR laws and international agreements on IPR. It notes that India is signatory to several treaties and has enacted laws to be compliant with international standards on patents, copyright, trademarks and other forms of intellectual property.
Role of IPR in creativity and knowledge economy vinay & kathirVinay Prajapati
Intellectual property rights play an important role in creativity and knowledge economy in three key ways:
1) IPR provides incentives for individuals and organizations to invest time and resources into developing innovative products, technologies, and expanding knowledge by allowing them to benefit financially from their innovations.
2) IPR protects creators' work by preventing others from copying or unfairly profiting from their creative works and innovations without permission.
3) Strong IPR protections are essential for knowledge economy companies and industries that rely on developing and commercializing new knowledge, as it allows them to protect their valuable intellectual assets and recoup investments in research and development.
This document discusses the patentability of live organisms. It begins by explaining what patents are and the criteria for patentability. It then discusses how traditionally only inventions could be patented, but now living things like cells, bacteria, and extracts from plants have also been patented. The US initially only allowed patents on microorganisms, but later expanded this to include animals and modified life forms. Several controversial patents have been granted, such as on the OncoMouse and human genes. While many see issues with patenting life, proponents argue it encourages innovation. The document reviews patenting scenarios in countries like the US, India, and under international agreements.
LEGAL , SOCIAL AND ETHICAL ASPECTS OF BIOTECHNOLOGYpriti pandey
This document discusses the legal, social, and ethical aspects of biotechnology. Legally, the Indian government has established committees like the Genetic Engineering Approval Committee and rules around importation and commercialization of transgenic crops. Socially, there needs to be open dialogue around benefits and risks, as well as access to results. Ethically, there are debates around using biotechnology for good or evil, as seen in cases like inserting monkey genes or humanizing cow milk, which some argue go too far.
The document discusses the patentability of microorganisms. It notes that prior to 1980, microorganisms were not considered patentable as they were natural products. However, in 1980 the Supreme Court ruled in the case of Chakrabarty v. General Electric that genetically modified microorganisms could be patented. The ruling established that microorganisms created through human manipulation with an industrial use could be patented. This opened the door for biotechnology to become a major industry. The document also discusses India's stance on patenting microorganisms and other biological materials.
Biotechnology is a field that uses living organisms in engineering, technology, medicine, and other applications. It involves techniques like genetic engineering, cell and tissue culture. Some areas of biotechnology include microbiology, molecular genetics, biochemistry, biophysics, plant biotechnology, medical biotechnology, and agricultural biotechnology. Bio robotics loosely covers fields like cybernetics, bionics, and genetic engineering as applied to robots. It involves making biological organisms components of robots or as manipulable and functional as robots. Bio robotics is still developing and sometimes called synthetic biology or bionanotechnology.
This document discusses synthetic biology and its potential applications. It defines synthetic biology as the technology that programs organisms by manipulating their DNA sequences. The document outlines the history of synthetic biology dating back to the 1950s and its growth with advances in genomics and systems biology. Potential uses of synthetic biology mentioned include producing rare foods, organs for transplantation, customized humans with desired traits, and drugs. The document also references sources of further information on synthetic biology and its ethical implications.
The document discusses the scope of careers in biotechnology in India and Madhya Pradesh. It outlines that biotechnology combines biology and technology to solve human problems. The key sectors within biotechnology include biopharma, bioservices, bioagriculture, bioindustrial, and bioinformatics. While biotechnology showed early promise, its achievements were limited due to a lack of career choices and focus, an oversupply of labor, and poor skill quality. Singh Biotech LLP aims to address these issues through career consultation, skill development training programs, and research focused on environment and agriculture.
The document discusses intellectual property rights (IPR) and provides information on various types of IPR including patents, trademarks, copyright, and industrial designs. It explains that IPR allow creators to benefit from their work and provides incentives for innovation. The document also summarizes India's IPR laws and international agreements on IPR. It notes that India is signatory to several treaties and has enacted laws to be compliant with international standards on patents, copyright, trademarks and other forms of intellectual property.
Role of IPR in creativity and knowledge economy vinay & kathirVinay Prajapati
Intellectual property rights play an important role in creativity and knowledge economy in three key ways:
1) IPR provides incentives for individuals and organizations to invest time and resources into developing innovative products, technologies, and expanding knowledge by allowing them to benefit financially from their innovations.
2) IPR protects creators' work by preventing others from copying or unfairly profiting from their creative works and innovations without permission.
3) Strong IPR protections are essential for knowledge economy companies and industries that rely on developing and commercializing new knowledge, as it allows them to protect their valuable intellectual assets and recoup investments in research and development.
Impact of ipr in biological research in indiaSwaraj Prasad
IPR means Intellectual Property Rights, how really IPR boosts the different sectors in India viz; agriculture, molecular biology, Biotechnology,Pharmaceutical industry,etc.
Please, also read my ppt "Negative Impact of IPR on Biodiversity.
The document discusses the changing landscape of intellectual property rights (IPRs) for agricultural technologies and crop germplasm over the past few decades. It outlines IRRI's adjustments to its IPR policies to comply with new international agreements and allow continued access for developing country partners. Examples are provided of both public and private sector organizations developing and licensing technologies in ways that could benefit small-scale farmers.
Biopiracy refers to the collection and commercialization of biological resources without consent. It threatens biodiversity by altering the environment and causing depletion. Approximately 90% of biodiversity is located in developing countries like Brazil, India, and Indonesia. While bioprospecting searches for biological resources legally, biopiracy facilitates illegal patenting like the neem tree pesticide by W.R. Grace. Companies prefer biopiracy over bioprospecting due to competitive pressures to be first to patent. This has created a "gene rush" as genes become the raw material of biotechnology. Biopiracy depletes biodiversity and affects food security, health, clean water and social relations.
The Biodiversity Act of 2002 was enacted to protect India's rich biodiversity and ensure equitable sharing of benefits from use of biological resources and traditional knowledge. Key aspects of the Act include regulating access to biological resources by foreigners, requiring approval from the National Biodiversity Authority for intellectual property rights involving Indian genetic material, establishing Biodiversity Management Committees to conserve biodiversity at the local level, and requiring benefit sharing for commercial use of resources. The Act aims to conserve biodiversity, ensure its sustainable use, and combat biopiracy of India's genetic wealth and traditional knowledge.
The document summarizes the current state of the biotechnology sector in India, including its challenges and future potential. It notes that while India has over 300 biotech companies, the sector is still nascent. Key challenges include a lack of collaboration between research and industry, limited venture capital funding, and an inefficient patent system. However, India has strengths like human resources, biodiversity, and a large domestic market that could support future growth if these challenges are addressed. The future of Indian biotech may involve strengthening international partnerships and regulatory frameworks to better compete globally.
Plant Breeding.
Research Ethics and Shared Values in Scientific Research.
Elements of Ethics in Plant Breeding Research.
Protecting the Creator or Inventor [Intellectual Property (IP) also known as Intellectual Property (IPR)].
Plant Breeders' Rights (PBR), also known as Plant Variety Rights (PVR).
Farmers’ Rights.
Summary of Ethical Concerns in Breeding Research.
the slide include all aspects of IPR in india.
-Basics of IPR
-IPR regime in Indian Constitution
-procedure of application
-Current issues related to IPR
-India's Changing IPR and Effects
-Personalities of Indian IPR
Patent & other IPR concerns in Pharma, Chemical, Biotech etcPankaj Kumar
This document discusses intellectual property rights (IPR) concerns regarding pharmaceutical and biotechnological research. It provides an overview of the development of biotechnology and areas of patenting. Key points include: pharmaceuticals, chemicals and biotechnology are major areas where Indian organizations have obtained patents. The criteria for an invention to be patentable in India are that it must be novel, involve an inventive step, and be capable of industrial application. Some subjects are not patentable, including methods of treatment, plants, and essentially biological processes. The document also discusses issues like evergreening, compulsory licensing, and the Indian patent office's examination of biotechnological patents.
This document discusses plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). It begins by defining PGPR as beneficial bacteria that colonize plant roots and promote plant growth. It then covers the classification, characteristics, and mechanisms of action of PGPR, including direct mechanisms like nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, and phytohormone production as well as indirect mechanisms like siderophore production and induced systemic resistance. The document also discusses the roles, commercialization, and importance of PGPR as biofertilizers for sustainable agriculture.
The document discusses intellectual property rights (IPR) and the TRIPS and TRIMS agreements. It provides an overview of the history of IPR treaties and organizations like WIPO. It describes the different types of IPR like patents, copyrights, trademarks. It discusses why IPR is needed and outlines some of the key provisions and standards in TRIPS, including national treatment, enforcement procedures, and dispute settlement.
Introduction to Intellectual Property RightsJamil AlKhatib
The document discusses different types of intellectual property rights (IPR) including copyright, patents, and trademarks. It provides details on what can be copyrighted or patented, such as literary works, inventions, or designs. The summary also explains that copyright and patents provide exclusive control over an work/invention for a certain period of time to prevent others from copying or using it without permission. The document advises checking for existing inventions or intellectual property before filing applications to the appropriate intellectual property offices.
This document provides an overview of intellectual property rights from an Indian perspective. It defines intellectual property as creations of the mind used in commerce. The main types of intellectual property rights covered are patents, trademarks, industrial designs, copyright, and geographical indications. Case studies show some examples of intellectual property infringement in India. The conclusion emphasizes that intellectual property rights reward creativity and protect innovations, outlining steps taken by the Indian government to strengthen these protections.
Intellectual Property Rights In India: Patents Trademarks And Copyrights JRA & Associates
Intellectual property (IP) refers to creations of the mind, such as inventions; literary and artistic works; designs; and symbols, names and images used in commerce.
IP is protected in law by, for example, patents, copyright and trademarks, which enable people to earn recognition or financial benefit from what they invent or create. By striking the right balance between the interests of innovators and the wider public interest, the IP system aims to foster an environment in which creativity and innovation can flourish.
Let us try and understand the basics of these intellectual property rights, how they can be applied for in India and understand how and why they are litigated so fiercely.
Vaccines provide immunity to diseases and contain agents that stimulate the immune system. There are several types including whole organism vaccines using killed or attenuated microbes, purified components like toxoids and polysaccharides, recombinant and DNA vaccines. Vaccines work by inducing both antibody and cellular immune responses. While effective, they also carry small risks like adverse reactions that researchers continue working to understand and improve safety.
This document provides an overview of intellectual property (IP) including the types of IP (patents, trademarks, copyright), governing bodies and laws, and key concepts around IP rights.
1. It discusses the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) which promotes IP protection worldwide and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.
2. The major types of IP are outlined as functional/technical inventions protected by patents, artistic works protected by copyright, and symbols/logos protected by trademarks.
3. The rights provided by patents, copyright, and trademarks are territorial in nature and regulated by country-specific laws, though international treaties allow cross-border cooperation on IP issues.
Biotechnology is the use of living organisms or biological processes to develop or modify products. It has been used for thousands of years through selective breeding but new technologies now allow direct manipulation of DNA. There are several applications of biotechnology like artificial selection, genetic engineering, and cloning. Genetic engineering involves modifying an organism's DNA by isolating and changing a DNA segment or transferring DNA between organisms. Cloning creates genetically identical copies of DNA, cells, or organisms. Biotechnology raises ethical issues that society must consider regarding how and when to use these technologies.
This document discusses biotechnology and its applications. It defines biotechnology as the use of living things and biological processes, including techniques like artificial selection, genetic engineering, and cloning. It notes that while biotechnology has modern applications like genetic engineering, humans have used biotechnology for thousands of years by selectively breeding plants and animals. The document also discusses issues like using biotechnology to clone animals or modify plant and animal DNA.
Biotechnology is the application of biological processes and systems to solve problems or make useful products. It includes techniques like genetic engineering, cloning, and cell fusion. India has emerged as a major player in biotechnology, with several top companies and research institutions. The future of biotechnology looks promising, with potential applications in medicine, agriculture, and more.
Biotechnology is the application of biological processes and systems to solve problems or make useful products. It includes techniques like genetic engineering, cloning, and cell fusion. India has emerged as a major player in biotechnology, with several biotech clusters and top companies located in cities like Bangalore, Hyderabad, and New Delhi. The Indian government has supported biotechnology growth through agencies and funding. Biotechnology is applied in diverse fields like healthcare, agriculture, industry, and environment.
Biotechnology: Basic concepts, Principles and ScopeDrShriramKunjam1
This document provides an overview of biotechnology, including its definition, history, concepts, and applications. It discusses how biotechnology has evolved from early domestication of plants and animals, to modern applications using genetic engineering and recombinant DNA techniques. Key events highlighted include Mendel's work on inheritance in the 1800s, and the discoveries of DNA structure and recombinant DNA techniques in the 1950s-70s which formed the basis of modern biotechnology. The document also outlines various branches and applications of biotechnology in areas like agriculture, medicine, industry, and environment.
This document discusses synthetic biology and its potential applications. It defines synthetic biology as the technology that programs organisms by manipulating their DNA sequences. The document outlines the history of synthetic biology dating back to the 1950s and its growth with advances in genomics and systems biology. Potential uses of synthetic biology mentioned include producing rare foods, organs for transplantation, customized humans with desired traits, and drugs. The document also references sources of further information on synthetic biology and its ethical implications.
This document discusses synthetic biology and its potential applications. It defines synthetic biology as the technology that programs organisms by manipulating their DNA sequences. The document outlines the history of synthetic biology dating back to the 1950s and its growth with advances in genomics and systems biology. Potential uses of synthetic biology mentioned include producing rare foods, organs for transplantation, customized humans with desired traits, and drugs. The document also references sources of further information on synthetic biology and its ethical implications.
Impact of ipr in biological research in indiaSwaraj Prasad
IPR means Intellectual Property Rights, how really IPR boosts the different sectors in India viz; agriculture, molecular biology, Biotechnology,Pharmaceutical industry,etc.
Please, also read my ppt "Negative Impact of IPR on Biodiversity.
The document discusses the changing landscape of intellectual property rights (IPRs) for agricultural technologies and crop germplasm over the past few decades. It outlines IRRI's adjustments to its IPR policies to comply with new international agreements and allow continued access for developing country partners. Examples are provided of both public and private sector organizations developing and licensing technologies in ways that could benefit small-scale farmers.
Biopiracy refers to the collection and commercialization of biological resources without consent. It threatens biodiversity by altering the environment and causing depletion. Approximately 90% of biodiversity is located in developing countries like Brazil, India, and Indonesia. While bioprospecting searches for biological resources legally, biopiracy facilitates illegal patenting like the neem tree pesticide by W.R. Grace. Companies prefer biopiracy over bioprospecting due to competitive pressures to be first to patent. This has created a "gene rush" as genes become the raw material of biotechnology. Biopiracy depletes biodiversity and affects food security, health, clean water and social relations.
The Biodiversity Act of 2002 was enacted to protect India's rich biodiversity and ensure equitable sharing of benefits from use of biological resources and traditional knowledge. Key aspects of the Act include regulating access to biological resources by foreigners, requiring approval from the National Biodiversity Authority for intellectual property rights involving Indian genetic material, establishing Biodiversity Management Committees to conserve biodiversity at the local level, and requiring benefit sharing for commercial use of resources. The Act aims to conserve biodiversity, ensure its sustainable use, and combat biopiracy of India's genetic wealth and traditional knowledge.
The document summarizes the current state of the biotechnology sector in India, including its challenges and future potential. It notes that while India has over 300 biotech companies, the sector is still nascent. Key challenges include a lack of collaboration between research and industry, limited venture capital funding, and an inefficient patent system. However, India has strengths like human resources, biodiversity, and a large domestic market that could support future growth if these challenges are addressed. The future of Indian biotech may involve strengthening international partnerships and regulatory frameworks to better compete globally.
Plant Breeding.
Research Ethics and Shared Values in Scientific Research.
Elements of Ethics in Plant Breeding Research.
Protecting the Creator or Inventor [Intellectual Property (IP) also known as Intellectual Property (IPR)].
Plant Breeders' Rights (PBR), also known as Plant Variety Rights (PVR).
Farmers’ Rights.
Summary of Ethical Concerns in Breeding Research.
the slide include all aspects of IPR in india.
-Basics of IPR
-IPR regime in Indian Constitution
-procedure of application
-Current issues related to IPR
-India's Changing IPR and Effects
-Personalities of Indian IPR
Patent & other IPR concerns in Pharma, Chemical, Biotech etcPankaj Kumar
This document discusses intellectual property rights (IPR) concerns regarding pharmaceutical and biotechnological research. It provides an overview of the development of biotechnology and areas of patenting. Key points include: pharmaceuticals, chemicals and biotechnology are major areas where Indian organizations have obtained patents. The criteria for an invention to be patentable in India are that it must be novel, involve an inventive step, and be capable of industrial application. Some subjects are not patentable, including methods of treatment, plants, and essentially biological processes. The document also discusses issues like evergreening, compulsory licensing, and the Indian patent office's examination of biotechnological patents.
This document discusses plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). It begins by defining PGPR as beneficial bacteria that colonize plant roots and promote plant growth. It then covers the classification, characteristics, and mechanisms of action of PGPR, including direct mechanisms like nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, and phytohormone production as well as indirect mechanisms like siderophore production and induced systemic resistance. The document also discusses the roles, commercialization, and importance of PGPR as biofertilizers for sustainable agriculture.
The document discusses intellectual property rights (IPR) and the TRIPS and TRIMS agreements. It provides an overview of the history of IPR treaties and organizations like WIPO. It describes the different types of IPR like patents, copyrights, trademarks. It discusses why IPR is needed and outlines some of the key provisions and standards in TRIPS, including national treatment, enforcement procedures, and dispute settlement.
Introduction to Intellectual Property RightsJamil AlKhatib
The document discusses different types of intellectual property rights (IPR) including copyright, patents, and trademarks. It provides details on what can be copyrighted or patented, such as literary works, inventions, or designs. The summary also explains that copyright and patents provide exclusive control over an work/invention for a certain period of time to prevent others from copying or using it without permission. The document advises checking for existing inventions or intellectual property before filing applications to the appropriate intellectual property offices.
This document provides an overview of intellectual property rights from an Indian perspective. It defines intellectual property as creations of the mind used in commerce. The main types of intellectual property rights covered are patents, trademarks, industrial designs, copyright, and geographical indications. Case studies show some examples of intellectual property infringement in India. The conclusion emphasizes that intellectual property rights reward creativity and protect innovations, outlining steps taken by the Indian government to strengthen these protections.
Intellectual Property Rights In India: Patents Trademarks And Copyrights JRA & Associates
Intellectual property (IP) refers to creations of the mind, such as inventions; literary and artistic works; designs; and symbols, names and images used in commerce.
IP is protected in law by, for example, patents, copyright and trademarks, which enable people to earn recognition or financial benefit from what they invent or create. By striking the right balance between the interests of innovators and the wider public interest, the IP system aims to foster an environment in which creativity and innovation can flourish.
Let us try and understand the basics of these intellectual property rights, how they can be applied for in India and understand how and why they are litigated so fiercely.
Vaccines provide immunity to diseases and contain agents that stimulate the immune system. There are several types including whole organism vaccines using killed or attenuated microbes, purified components like toxoids and polysaccharides, recombinant and DNA vaccines. Vaccines work by inducing both antibody and cellular immune responses. While effective, they also carry small risks like adverse reactions that researchers continue working to understand and improve safety.
This document provides an overview of intellectual property (IP) including the types of IP (patents, trademarks, copyright), governing bodies and laws, and key concepts around IP rights.
1. It discusses the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) which promotes IP protection worldwide and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.
2. The major types of IP are outlined as functional/technical inventions protected by patents, artistic works protected by copyright, and symbols/logos protected by trademarks.
3. The rights provided by patents, copyright, and trademarks are territorial in nature and regulated by country-specific laws, though international treaties allow cross-border cooperation on IP issues.
Biotechnology is the use of living organisms or biological processes to develop or modify products. It has been used for thousands of years through selective breeding but new technologies now allow direct manipulation of DNA. There are several applications of biotechnology like artificial selection, genetic engineering, and cloning. Genetic engineering involves modifying an organism's DNA by isolating and changing a DNA segment or transferring DNA between organisms. Cloning creates genetically identical copies of DNA, cells, or organisms. Biotechnology raises ethical issues that society must consider regarding how and when to use these technologies.
This document discusses biotechnology and its applications. It defines biotechnology as the use of living things and biological processes, including techniques like artificial selection, genetic engineering, and cloning. It notes that while biotechnology has modern applications like genetic engineering, humans have used biotechnology for thousands of years by selectively breeding plants and animals. The document also discusses issues like using biotechnology to clone animals or modify plant and animal DNA.
Biotechnology is the application of biological processes and systems to solve problems or make useful products. It includes techniques like genetic engineering, cloning, and cell fusion. India has emerged as a major player in biotechnology, with several top companies and research institutions. The future of biotechnology looks promising, with potential applications in medicine, agriculture, and more.
Biotechnology is the application of biological processes and systems to solve problems or make useful products. It includes techniques like genetic engineering, cloning, and cell fusion. India has emerged as a major player in biotechnology, with several biotech clusters and top companies located in cities like Bangalore, Hyderabad, and New Delhi. The Indian government has supported biotechnology growth through agencies and funding. Biotechnology is applied in diverse fields like healthcare, agriculture, industry, and environment.
Biotechnology: Basic concepts, Principles and ScopeDrShriramKunjam1
This document provides an overview of biotechnology, including its definition, history, concepts, and applications. It discusses how biotechnology has evolved from early domestication of plants and animals, to modern applications using genetic engineering and recombinant DNA techniques. Key events highlighted include Mendel's work on inheritance in the 1800s, and the discoveries of DNA structure and recombinant DNA techniques in the 1950s-70s which formed the basis of modern biotechnology. The document also outlines various branches and applications of biotechnology in areas like agriculture, medicine, industry, and environment.
This document discusses synthetic biology and its potential applications. It defines synthetic biology as the technology that programs organisms by manipulating their DNA sequences. The document outlines the history of synthetic biology dating back to the 1950s and its growth with advances in genomics and systems biology. Potential uses of synthetic biology mentioned include producing rare foods, organs for transplantation, customized humans with desired traits, and drugs. The document also references sources of further information on synthetic biology and its ethical implications.
This document discusses synthetic biology and its potential applications. It defines synthetic biology as the technology that programs organisms by manipulating their DNA sequences. The document outlines the history of synthetic biology dating back to the 1950s and its growth with advances in genomics and systems biology. Potential uses of synthetic biology mentioned include producing rare foods, organs for transplantation, customized humans with desired traits, and drugs. The document also references sources of further information on synthetic biology and its ethical implications.
The document provides an overview of biotechnology, including:
1. Biotechnology is defined as technology based on biology and involves working at the micro level with cells and biomolecules, rather than macro level practices like crop breeding.
2. The applications of biotechnology include health care through diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines; agriculture through crop biotechnology, forest biotechnology, and animal biotechnology; industry through food processing and safety testing; and the environment through green plastics and environmental biotechnology.
3. The merits of biotechnology are that it can improve health and reduce hunger, create flexibility in the food chain, offer medical advancement opportunities, allow preservation of resources, help minimize waste, and
This document provides an introduction to biotechnology. It defines biotechnology as the use of living organisms to develop or modify products and processes. Biotechnology is divided into several fields, including medical, agricultural, industrial, and environmental biotechnology. A key process in biotechnology is genetic engineering, which involves transferring or modifying genes within or between organisms. The development of biotechnology progressed from ancient uses related to food and shelter to modern applications of genetic manipulation. Biotechnology provides benefits such as meeting human needs through processes like fermentation and selective breeding, as well as producing useful products through techniques like gene cloning and genetic engineering.
This document provides an overview of the conjunction between biotechnology and patent law, specifically regarding the patenting of living forms. It discusses how biotechnology inventions have become patentable subject matter under international agreements like TRIPS. It summarizes how Indian patent law was amended to comply with TRIPS, allowing for the patenting of biotechnological inventions involving genes, DNA sequences, and other living materials. The document outlines some of the debates around considering certain biotech discoveries as inventions that are eligible for patent protection.
This document discusses the ethical issues surrounding modern biotechnology. It begins with an introduction to biotechnology and bioethics. It then discusses the various categories of ethical issues, including socio-economic issues, cultural issues, environmental issues, legal issues, religious issues, and the demerits of biotechnology tools and products. Specifically, it outlines concerns regarding animal biotechnology such as risks to human and animal welfare, and concerns regarding plant biotechnology such as potentially reducing biological diversity and disrupting ecosystems.
Bioethics associated with transgenic animals.pptxKaurKawaljeet
There are many ethical issues that are needed to be considered while scientifically handling and creating transgenic animals. This presentation the bioethics which are related to the transgenic animals.
Creating or discovering a new life form by the use of genetic engineering sounds interesting.. but is it actually possible to patent life forms?
Watch out to know.
Biotechnology is the use of living organisms and their products for health, social, or economic purposes through various technologies applied to living cells and genes. It involves fields like microbiology, biochemistry, genetics, and engineering. Key developments include DNA structure discovery enabling gene cloning and genetic engineering. This allows desirable changes to organisms' genes, like combining animal genes into plants. Genetically modified foods are now common, with little evidence of health issues. Cloning led to Dolly the sheep, and chips may one day diagnose diseases. Biotechnology has wide applications in agriculture, industry, medicine, and more.
Biotechnology has a long history dating back thousands of years to early practices like brewing beer and wine, but emerged as a modern science in the late 20th century. Key developments included the discovery of DNA's structure in 1953 and the first genetic engineering experiments in the 1970s. The field advanced significantly in the 1980s when the Supreme Court ruled engineered organisms could be patented, fueling growth of the biotech industry. Today biotechnology draws on chemistry, physics and biology and has widespread applications in medicine, agriculture, and more. It plays a crucial role in developing treatments and vaccines.
Future of biotechnology and its benefits for pakistanJanat3691
- Biotechnology can be highly beneficial for Pakistan by increasing agricultural production and reducing post-harvest losses, which are currently major problems. It can help crops better resist viruses, diseases, and climate impacts.
- Pakistan has started working on biotechnology projects and held its first national conference on agricultural biotechnology in 2015 to develop salt tolerant, drought resistant, and virus resistant varieties.
- These biotech projects have the potential to help Pakistan solve issues like yield and quality reductions from pests and inadequate water supply. Biotechnology is poised to play an important role in Pakistan's future medical, agricultural, environmental, food, and industrial development.
DNA replication is the process by which a cell makes an identical copy of its DNA when it divides. It involves unwinding the DNA double helix structure, forming a replication fork, and using DNA polymerases to add complementary nucleotides to each strand, forming two new double helix DNA molecules each with one original strand and one newly synthesized strand. Key enzymes that aid in replication include DNA helicase, DNA primase, DNA polymerase, and DNA ligase. Precise DNA replication is essential for accurate cell division and the transmission of genetic information from parent cells to daughter cells.
Patent awareness particularly in Bio-science related inventionsPankaj Kumar
The document discusses various topics related to life science patents and intellectual property rights (IPR) issues. It provides an overview of what constitutes a patent, patentable subject matter, and things that are not patentable. It also discusses various types of intellectual property, international bodies related to IPR, patent databases for prior art searches, components of a patent specification including claims, the patenting procedure, and considerations for drafting patent applications for biotechnological inventions and chemical patents.
The Proposed Trade Marks (1st Amendment) Rules, 2024BananaIP Counsels
Deadline for Public Comments on New Trade Mark Draft Rules 2024 Ends Today, February 9th, 2024
The Ministry of Commerce and Industry, through its Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade, issued a notification on January 2nd, 2024, regarding the draft rules to amend the Trade Marks Rules, 2017. Published in the Gazette of India, this notification invites public feedback and suggestions on the proposed changes.
Read more: https://www.bananaip.com/ip-news-center/trade-marks-1st-amendment-rules-2024-comments-deadline/
Generative AI (GenAI), Business and Intellectual PropertyBananaIP Counsels
The extent of protectability and enforceability of inventions and creations of Generative (Gen) AI is today the subject of discussions and debates among professional and academic circles. While Courts in some countries have decided on protectability of Gen AI, and the role of human intervention required for such protection, several questions remain unanswered. The enforceability of Gen AI also raises several questions at various levels. Read more - https://www.bananaip.com/ip-news-center/generative-ai-genai-business-and-intellectual-property/
If you have any questions, speak with an IP expert/attorney – contact@bananaip.com or 91-80-26860414/24/34.
Guidelines on Film Accessibility in India: Comments and SuggestionsBananaIP Counsels
On 8th January 2024, the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (MoIB) published a draft of the Guidelines of Accessibility Standards in the Public Exhibition of Feature Films in Cinema Theatres for Persons with hearing and visual impairments (hereinafter “Guidelines”). These Guidelines are expected to be applicable for those feature films that are certified by the Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC) for public exhibition in cinema halls/movie theatres for commercial purposes. The Guidelines were made available for public scrutiny on 8th January 2024, seeking comments and suggestions by 31st January 2024. In response, the accessibility law attorney team at BananaIP Counsels (“BananaIP”) is hereby submitting comments and suggestions for the MoIB’s consideration. The comments and suggestions submitted herein are based on our ground-level experience of facilitating and implementing accessibility standards and are being submitted with the bonafide intent of enabling the MoIB to improve the guidelines based on implementation level feedback.
The views expressed in the submissions are those of the authors and do not reflect the views of BananaIP, other attorneys in the firm, or its clients.
Indian Design Statistics for 2023 By BananaIP CounselsBananaIP Counsels
The Indian Design Statistics Report for the year 2023 has been prepared by BananaIP Counsels as a part of its knowledge dissemination initiatives. The report is based on the information and data available on the Indian Intellectual Property (IP) Office website and databases and is accurate to the extent of data publication, availability, and searchability.
For the latest IP news updates visit: www.bananaip.com
Email: contact@bananaip.com
Indian Patent Statistics for 2023 by BananaIP CounselsBananaIP Counsels
BananaIP is pleased to release the 2023 Patent Statistics Report. This document offers a comprehensive overview of patent activities in India, including publications, examinations, grants, and refusals. It compares data from 2019 to 2023 and includes city-wise patent statistics and performance metrics of various patent offices.
The Draft Indian Patent Rules 2024 has been released for public review. This document primarily addresses the adjudication process for penalties in patent-related matters. It introduces specific roles such as 'Adjudicating Officer' and 'Appellate Authority', clarifying their functions in the patent adjudication process. The draft also details procedures for filing and appealing complaints in cases of patent contraventions.
These updates are part of an ongoing effort to enhance the clarity and efficiency of the patent process in India. Stakeholders are encouraged to submit their feedback by February 1st, 2024.
If you have any questions, speak with a Patent expert/attorney – contact@bananaip.com or 91-80-26860414/24/34.
Patent Examination and Pre-Grant Opposition are independent processes, says t...BananaIP Counsels
In an appeal filed by Novartis from the decision of a Single Judge, the Division Bench of the Delhi High Court considered if a pre-grant opponent would have the right to participate and get a hearing with respect to amendments made by the patent applicant based on directions of the Controller of Patents. The pre-grant oppositions in the case were filed by NATCO and several others, and the Single Judge held that pre-grant opponents have to be heard with respect to all amendments as the patent examination and pre-grant opposition processes merge once a representation is accepted by the Controller. Disagreeing with the Single Judge, the Division Bench held that patent examination and pre-grant opposition are independent and separate processes.
If you have any questions, speak with a Patent expert/attorney – contact@bananaip.com or 91-80-26860414/24/34.
In the case of Huhtamaki Oyj And Anr Vs Controller Of Patents at the Delhi High Court, a significant development has transpired. The focus was on a Polymer Technology patent application titled “An Essentially Biobased Thermoformable Composition And Containers Formed Thereof”.
The application had encountered objections concerning its inventive step and non-patentability. The Court highlighted the need for a thorough examination in the decision-making process.
After detailed reconsideration, it's confirmed that the patent was granted on 26th July 2023. This case emphasizes the critical role of comprehensive examination in the patent granting process and the resilience necessary from applicants.
#BananaIP #PatentLaw #DelhiHighCourt #InnovationProtection #PolymerTechnology #PatentGranted #IntellectualProperty
IP For Business - Presentation by Dr. Kalyan at IIM - Bangalore (2023 Class o...BananaIP Counsels
On August 3rd, 2023, Dr. Kalyan from BananaIP shared insights on 'IP for Business' with the 2023 EPGP class at IIMB. As we continue our journey, we appreciate your interest and engagement with our ongoing efforts.
www.bananaip.com
#BananaIP #DrKalyan #IPforBusiness #IIMBangalore #EPGP2023 #IntellectualProperty #IPInsights #BusinessStrategy #EducationInitiative #KnowledgeSharing
This document discusses accessibility and disability rights. It notes the right to accessibility in physical environments, transportation, and information and communication technologies. It provides examples of lack of accessibility in restaurants, hotels, and public transportation. Specifically, it finds that few restaurants and hotels have accessibility features like ramps or accessible menus and restrooms. For transportation, it discusses draft accessibility guidelines for roads, railways, and air travel. It also discusses accessibility standards for digital screens and apps. The document presents a hypothetical scenario of residents in an apartment complex requesting accessibility improvements and the divided views of the owner's association board in response.
Use of Music in Marriage ceremonies – Prof. Arul Scaria’s report to The Delhi...BananaIP Counsels
This document contains the submissions of an expert appointed by the Delhi High Court to provide an analysis of Section 52(1)(za) of the Indian Copyright Act, which provides an exception for use of copyrighted sound recordings at marriage ceremonies and related social events.
The expert summarizes that international treaties provide flexibility for countries to determine exceptions based on local needs, and Section 52(1)(za) falls within the scope of permitted exceptions. The expert argues for a broad reading of the section in light of the importance of marriage in Indian society and the need to limit overreach of copyright owners' rights in this context. The expert also notes that without facilitators, most users would not be able to exercise their rights under this
Indian Intellectual Property Cases Report, 2021.pdfBananaIP Counsels
BananaIP is happy to launch the IP Cases Report for the year 2021. This report covers cases related to intellectual property decided by Courts in India, in the form of case notes. These case notes cover important decisions on critical questions of law and fact with respect to various species of intellectual property.
INDIAN INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY STATISTICS REPORT, 2021BananaIP Counsels
BananaIP is happy to launch the IP statistics report for the year 2021. This report covers Patent, Trademark, Design, Copyright and Geographical Indication (GI) statistics based on information available on the website of the Indian IP Office. Wherever relevant, a comparative review with previous years has been presented in the report.
Findings and Conclusions
At a general level, intellectual property activity before the IP Office increased notably in 2021 compared to the previous year. While Patent, Copyright, Trademark, and GI filings saw an increase in numbers, the number of Design filings dropped during the year.
The conclusion of the report reads as follows:
"To conclude, we observed an overall increase in the IP Statistics in 2021. In the year 2021 number of patents published increased by 2%, the number of trademarks filed increased by 13.78%, the number of copyrights filed increased by 29.71% and the number of geographical indications filed increased by 49.01%. We also observed that the number of patents granted increased by 15.66%, trademarks registered increased by 33.96%, and geographical indications registered increased by 560% in 2021. However, the number of designs registered decreased by 17.54%."
Statistics as Indicators
Intellectual Property statistics have since long been used as indicators of intellectual activity, and the findings of this report signify an increase in innovative and creative activity in India despite the pandemic. The numbers also indicate the importance being given to IP protection in the Indian market by both Indian and foreign organisations.
Talking about the report, Dr. Kalyan C. Kankanala stated, "IP filings in India have been steadily increasing since 2014, and the increase in 2021 is not surprising. What is interesting is the fact that patent, trademark, and other IP filings increased despite the negative consequences of COVID-19.
The increase in numbers is in sync with increased enforcement, licensing, and litigation.
Over the last decade, we have seen a significant transformation in the IP ecosystem in India, and I can today state with confidence that we are no longer a nation that views IP with circumspection."
Attribution
The report was the result of contributions from consulting/strategy, patent, copyright, and trademark departments of BananaIP Counsels.
This document presents intellectual property statistics for India for the years 2019-2021. It summarizes that in 2021:
- Patent applications published and patents granted both increased by around 2% compared to 2020.
- Design registrations decreased by 17.54% from 2020.
- Trademark applications filed and registered increased by 13.78% and 33.96% respectively from 2020.
- Copyright filings increased by 29.71% from 2020.
- Geographical indication applications filed increased by 560% and registrations by 50% from 2020.
Prof. AB develops a product called "STUNOOPER", a pen capable of assessing student participation in class based on facial expressions, gestures, etc. and providing proposed grades. He tests it from 2019-2021, when he finalizes the design and uses it to grade students. Prof. AB writes the integrating code himself while using open source algorithms and libraries, and keeps his expanding training data secret. It is unclear if this is a good idea or product.
Dr. Kalyan Kankanala, Senior Partner, BananaIP Counsels, delivered a class on {inset Slide title}, for National Law School of India University, Bangalore.
Dr. Kalyan Kankanala, Senior Partner, BananaIP Counsels, delivered a class on {inset Slide title}, for National Law School of India University, Bangalore.
Dr. Kalyan Kankanala, Senior Partner, BananaIP Counsels, delivered a class on {inset Slide title}, for National Law School of India University, Bangalore.
Dr. Kalyan Kankanala, Senior Partner, BananaIP Counsels, delivered a class on {inset Slide title}, for National Law School of India University, Bangalore.
Dr. Kalyan Kankanala, Senior Partner, BananaIP Counsels, delivered a class on {inset Slide title}, for National Law School of India University, Bangalore.
Receivership and liquidation Accounts
Being a Paper Presented at Business Recovery and Insolvency Practitioners Association of Nigeria (BRIPAN) on Friday, August 18, 2023.
Business law for the students of undergraduate level. The presentation contains the summary of all the chapters under the syllabus of State University, Contract Act, Sale of Goods Act, Negotiable Instrument Act, Partnership Act, Limited Liability Act, Consumer Protection Act.
Safeguarding Against Financial Crime: AML Compliance Regulations DemystifiedPROF. PAUL ALLIEU KAMARA
To ensure the integrity of financial systems and combat illicit financial activities, understanding AML (Anti-Money Laundering) compliance regulations is crucial for financial institutions and businesses. AML compliance regulations are designed to prevent money laundering and the financing of terrorist activities by imposing specific requirements on financial institutions, including customer due diligence, monitoring, and reporting of suspicious activities (GitHub Docs).
Integrating Advocacy and Legal Tactics to Tackle Online Consumer Complaintsseoglobal20
Our company bridges the gap between registered users and experienced advocates, offering a user-friendly online platform for seamless interaction. This platform empowers users to voice their grievances, particularly regarding online consumer issues. We streamline support by utilizing our team of expert advocates to provide consultancy services and initiate appropriate legal actions.
Our Online Consumer Legal Forum offers comprehensive guidance to individuals and businesses facing consumer complaints. With a dedicated team, round-the-clock support, and efficient complaint management, we are the preferred solution for addressing consumer grievances.
Our intuitive online interface allows individuals to register complaints, seek legal advice, and pursue justice conveniently. Users can submit complaints via mobile devices and send legal notices to companies directly through our portal.
Genocide in International Criminal Law.pptxMasoudZamani13
Excited to share insights from my recent presentation on genocide! 💡 In light of ongoing debates, it's crucial to delve into the nuances of this grave crime.
Corporate Governance : Scope and Legal Frameworkdevaki57
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
MEANING
Corporate Governance refers to the way in which companies are governed and to what purpose. It identifies who has power and accountability, and who makes decisions. It is, in essence, a toolkit that enables management and the board to deal more effectively with the challenges of running a company.
The Future of Criminal Defense Lawyer in India.pdfveteranlegal
https://veteranlegal.in/defense-lawyer-in-india/ | Criminal defense Lawyer in India has always been a vital aspect of the country's legal system. As defenders of justice, criminal Defense Lawyer play a critical role in ensuring that individuals accused of crimes receive a fair trial and that their constitutional rights are protected. As India evolves socially, economically, and technologically, the role and future of criminal Defense Lawyer are also undergoing significant changes. This comprehensive blog explores the current landscape, challenges, technological advancements, and prospects for criminal Defense Lawyer in India.
सुप्रीम कोर्ट ने यह भी माना था कि मजिस्ट्रेट का यह कर्तव्य है कि वह सुनिश्चित करे कि अधिकारी पीएमएलए के तहत निर्धारित प्रक्रिया के साथ-साथ संवैधानिक सुरक्षा उपायों का भी उचित रूप से पालन करें।
4. What is Biotechnology?
The World Intellectual Property
Organization (WIPO) defines
biotechnology as any technology
using living entities, in particular
animals, plants, or microorganisms,
5. What is Biotechnology?
Any technology that uses living
organisms to make or modify a
product, to improve plants or
animals, or to develop
microorganisms for specific uses.
Office of Technology, U. S. Congress
6. What is Biotechnology?
"The application of science and
technology to living organisms as
well as parts, products and models
thereof, to alter living or non-living
materials for the production of
knowledge, goods and services."
(OECD).
9. Arguments
Intellectual Property protection must not be
afforded to biotechnology inventions
involving living organisms because
The modification may cause harm to them;
The results of such inventions may prove to
be harmful to human beings; and
Man does not have the right to play god by
modifying living organisms.
10. Arguments
Biotechnology inventions and creations
must be protected under the IP regime
because research in the field requires
very high investment and takes a long
time.
11. Arguments
Biotechnology inventions must not be
protected under the IP regime because
their protection would stifle research
and prevent access to medical
treatment.