ABSTRACT
Human gait, which is a new biometric aimed to recognize individuals by the way they walk have come to play an increasingly important role in visual surveillance applications. In this paper a novel hybrid holistic approach is proposed to show how behavioural walking characteristics can be used to recognize unauthorized and suspicious persons when they enter a surveillance area. Initially background is modelled from the input video captured from cameras deployed for security and the foreground moving object in the individual frames are segmented using the background subtraction algorithm. Then gait representing spatial, temporal and wavelet components are extracted and fused for training and testing multi class support vector machine models (SVM). The proposed system is evaluated using side view videos of NLPR database. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system achieves a pleasing recognition rate and also the results indicate that the classification ability of SVM with Radial Basis Function (RBF) is better than with other kernel functions.
Principal component analysis for human gait recognition systemjournalBEEI
This paper represents a method for Human Recognition system using Principal Component Analysis. Human Gait recognition works on the gait of walking subjects to identify people without them knowing or without their permission. The initial step in this kind of system is to generate silhouette frames of walking human. A number of features couldb be exytacted from these frames such as centriod ratio, heifht, width and orientation. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is used for the extracted features to condense the information and produces the main components that can represent the gait sequences for each waiking human. In the testing phase, the generated gait sequences are recognized by using a minimum distance classifier based on eluclidean distance matched with the one that already exist in the database used to identify walking subject
Gait is the style of walking or limb movement of a
person. Gait recognition is a biometric technology that is based
on behavioral features of human. It finds applications in different
areas such as banks, military, airports, and many other areas for
threat detection and security purposes. Biometric gait recognition
is a popular area of research as it is an unobtrusive process to
recognize a person. In the current paper we review several
approaches of gait recognition, discuss their advantages and
disadvantages and then show directions for future research.
Robust Human Tracking Method Based on Apperance and Geometrical Features in N...csandit
This paper proposes a robust tracking method which concatenates appearance and geometrical
features to re-identify human in non-overlapping views. A uniformly-partitioning method is
proposed to extract local HSV(Hue, Saturation, Value) color features in upper and lower
portion of clothing. Then adaptive principal view selecting algorithm is presented to locate
principal view which contains maximum appearance feature dimensions captured from different
visual angles. For each appearance feature dimension in principal view, all its inner frames get
involved in training a support vector machine (SVM). In matching process, human candidate
filtering is first operated with an integrated geometrical feature which connects height estimate
with gait feature. The appearance features of the remaining human candidates are later tested
by SVMs to determine the object’s existence in new cameras. Experimental results show the
feasibility and effectiveness of this proposal and demonstrate the real-time in appearance
feature extraction and robustness to illumination and visual angle change.
To identify the person using gait knn based approacheSAT Journals
Abstract In human identification, the process of identifying the person by their gait is an emerging research trend in the field of visual surveillance. Gait is a new biometrics, has been recently used to recognize a person via style of his walking. While person walking variation becomes take place in different parts of body. On the basis of these variations, proposed method is evaluated on CASIA gait database by using K-nearest Neighbor classifier. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method has an encouraging recognition performance also the results indicate that the classification ability of KNN with correlation measure perform better than with other type of distance measure functions. Keywords: Gait biometrics, KNN, visual surveillance, CASIA, silhouette.
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis seen in aged or older populations. It is caused
because of a degeneration of articular cartilage, which functions as shock absorption cushion in knee joint. OA
also leads sliding of bones together, cause swelling, pain, eventually and loss of motion. Nowadays, magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI) technique is widely used in the progression of osteoarthritis diagnosis due to the ability
to display the contrast between bone and cartilage. Usually, analysis of MRI image is done manually by a
physician which is very unpredictable, subjective and time consuming. Hence, there is need to develop automated
system to reduce the processing time. In this paper, a new automatic knee OA detection system based on feature
extraction and artificial neural network is developed. The different features viz GLCM texture, statistical, shape
etc. is extracted by using different image processing algorithms. This detection system consists of 4 stages, which
are pre-processing with ROI cropping, segmentation, feature extraction, and classification by neural network. This
technique results 98.5% of classification accuracy at training stage and 92% at testing stage.
Keywords — Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM),Knee
Joint, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Osteoarthritis(OA).
Principal component analysis for human gait recognition systemjournalBEEI
This paper represents a method for Human Recognition system using Principal Component Analysis. Human Gait recognition works on the gait of walking subjects to identify people without them knowing or without their permission. The initial step in this kind of system is to generate silhouette frames of walking human. A number of features couldb be exytacted from these frames such as centriod ratio, heifht, width and orientation. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is used for the extracted features to condense the information and produces the main components that can represent the gait sequences for each waiking human. In the testing phase, the generated gait sequences are recognized by using a minimum distance classifier based on eluclidean distance matched with the one that already exist in the database used to identify walking subject
Gait is the style of walking or limb movement of a
person. Gait recognition is a biometric technology that is based
on behavioral features of human. It finds applications in different
areas such as banks, military, airports, and many other areas for
threat detection and security purposes. Biometric gait recognition
is a popular area of research as it is an unobtrusive process to
recognize a person. In the current paper we review several
approaches of gait recognition, discuss their advantages and
disadvantages and then show directions for future research.
Robust Human Tracking Method Based on Apperance and Geometrical Features in N...csandit
This paper proposes a robust tracking method which concatenates appearance and geometrical
features to re-identify human in non-overlapping views. A uniformly-partitioning method is
proposed to extract local HSV(Hue, Saturation, Value) color features in upper and lower
portion of clothing. Then adaptive principal view selecting algorithm is presented to locate
principal view which contains maximum appearance feature dimensions captured from different
visual angles. For each appearance feature dimension in principal view, all its inner frames get
involved in training a support vector machine (SVM). In matching process, human candidate
filtering is first operated with an integrated geometrical feature which connects height estimate
with gait feature. The appearance features of the remaining human candidates are later tested
by SVMs to determine the object’s existence in new cameras. Experimental results show the
feasibility and effectiveness of this proposal and demonstrate the real-time in appearance
feature extraction and robustness to illumination and visual angle change.
To identify the person using gait knn based approacheSAT Journals
Abstract In human identification, the process of identifying the person by their gait is an emerging research trend in the field of visual surveillance. Gait is a new biometrics, has been recently used to recognize a person via style of his walking. While person walking variation becomes take place in different parts of body. On the basis of these variations, proposed method is evaluated on CASIA gait database by using K-nearest Neighbor classifier. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method has an encouraging recognition performance also the results indicate that the classification ability of KNN with correlation measure perform better than with other type of distance measure functions. Keywords: Gait biometrics, KNN, visual surveillance, CASIA, silhouette.
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis seen in aged or older populations. It is caused
because of a degeneration of articular cartilage, which functions as shock absorption cushion in knee joint. OA
also leads sliding of bones together, cause swelling, pain, eventually and loss of motion. Nowadays, magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI) technique is widely used in the progression of osteoarthritis diagnosis due to the ability
to display the contrast between bone and cartilage. Usually, analysis of MRI image is done manually by a
physician which is very unpredictable, subjective and time consuming. Hence, there is need to develop automated
system to reduce the processing time. In this paper, a new automatic knee OA detection system based on feature
extraction and artificial neural network is developed. The different features viz GLCM texture, statistical, shape
etc. is extracted by using different image processing algorithms. This detection system consists of 4 stages, which
are pre-processing with ROI cropping, segmentation, feature extraction, and classification by neural network. This
technique results 98.5% of classification accuracy at training stage and 92% at testing stage.
Keywords — Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM),Knee
Joint, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Osteoarthritis(OA).
Comparison Analysis of Gait Classification for Human Motion Identification Us...IJECEIAES
In this paper, it will be discussed about comparison between two kinds of classification methods in order to improve security system based of human gait. Gait is one of biometric methods which can be used to identify person. K-Nearest Neighbour has parallelly implemented with Support Vector Machine for classifying human gait in same basic system. Generally, system has been built using Histogram and Principal Component Analysis for gait detection and its feature extraction. Then, the result of the simulation showed that K-Nearest Neighbour is slower in processing and less accurate than Support Vector Machine in gait classification.
Gait Recognition using MDA, LDA, BPNN and SVMIJEEE
Recognition of any individual is a task to identify the human beings. Human identification using Gait is method to identify an individual by the way he walk or manner of moving on foot of humans. Gait recognition is a type of biometric recognition and related to the behavioral characteristics of biometric recognition. Gait offers ability of distance recognition or at low resolution. In this paper it will present the review of gait recognition system where different approaches and classification categories of Gait recognition like model free and model based approach, MDA, BPNN, LDA, and SVM.
Analysis of Different Techniques for Person Re-Identification: An Assessmentijtsrd
In investigation, person re identification is also a tough task of matching persons determined from utterly completely different camera views. It is necessary applications in AI, threat detection, human trailing and activity analysis. Person re identification is also a tough analysis topic as a result of partial occlusions, low resolution images and massive illumination changes. Also, person determined from utterly completely different camera views has very important variations on poses and viewpoints. This paper summarises the challenges related to the person re identification jointly discuss varied techniques utilized person re identification. Richa Jain | Prof. Seema Shukla "Analysis of Different Techniques for Person Re-Identification: An Assessment" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29630.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/29630/analysis-of-different-techniques-for-person-re-identification-an-assessment/richa-jain
A Parametric Approach to Gait Signature Extraction for Human Motion Identific...CSCJournals
The extraction and analysis of human gait characteristics using image sequences are currently an intense area of research. Identifying individuals using biometric methods has recently gained growing interest from computer vision researchers for security purposes at places like airport, banks etc. Gait recognition aims essentially to address this problem by identifying people at a distance based on the way they walk i.e., by tracking a number of feature points or gait signatures. We describe a new model-based feature extraction analysis is presented using Hough transform technique that helps to read the essential parameters used to generate gait signatures that automatically extracts and describes human gait for recognition. In the preprocessing steps, the picture frames taken from video sequences are given as input to Canny edge detection algorithm which helps to detect edges of the image by extracting foreground from background also it reduces the noise using Gaussian filter. The output from edge detection is given as input to the Hough transform. Using the Hough transform image, a clear line based model is designed to extract gait signatures. A major difficulty of the existing gait signature extraction methods are the good tracking the requisite feature points. In the proposed work, we have used five parameters to successfully extract the gait signatures. It is observed that when the camera is placed at 90 and 270 degrees, all the parameters used in the proposed work are clearly visible. The efficiency of the model is tested on a variety of body position and stride parameters recovered in different viewing conditions on a database consisting of 20 subjects walking at both an angled and frontal-parallel view with respect to the camera, both indoors and outdoors and find the method to be highly successful. The test results show good clarity rates, with a high level of confidence and it is suggested that the algorithm reported here could form the basis of a robust system for monitoring of gait.
This paper represents a survey of various methods of video surveillance system which improves the security. The aim of this paper is to review of various moving object detection technics. This paper focuses on detection of moving objects in video surveillance system. Moving body detection is first important task for any video surveillance system. Detection of moving object is a challenging task. Tracking is required in higher level applications that require the location and shape of object in every frame. In this survey,paper described about optical flow method, Background subtraction, frame differencing to detect moving object. It also described tracking method based on Morphology technique.
Keywords -- Frame separation, Pre-processing, Object detection using frame difference, Optical flow,
Temporal Differencing and background subtraction. Object tracking
Gait Recognition for Person Identification using Statistics of SURFijtsrd
In recent years, the use of gait for human identification is a new biometric technology intended to play an increasingly important role in visual surveillance applications. Gait is a less unobtrusive biometric recognition that it identifies people from a distance without any interaction or cooperation with the subject. However, the effects of "covariates factors" such as changes in viewing angles, shoe styles, walking surfaces, carrying conditions, and elapsed time make gait recognition problems more challenging for research. Therefore, discriminative features extraction process from video frame sequences is challenging. This system proposes statistical gait features on Speeded Up Robust Features SURF to represent the biometric gait feature for human identification. This system chooses the most suitable gait features to diminish the effects of "covariate factors" so human identification accuracy is effectiveness. Support Vector Machine SVM classifier evaluated the discriminatory ability of gait pattern classification on CASIA B Multi view Gait Dataset . Khaing Zarchi Htun | Sai Maung Maung Zaw "Gait Recognition for Person Identification using Statistics of SURF" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26609.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/26609/gait-recognition-for-person-identification-using-statistics-of-surf/khaing-zarchi-htun
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
During past few years, brain tumor segmentation in CT has become an emergent research area in the field of medical imaging system. Brain tumor detection helps in finding the exact size and location of tumor. An efficient algorithm is proposed in this project for tumor detection based on segmentation and morphological operators. Firstly quality of scanned image is enhanced and then morphological operators are applied to detect the tumor in the scanned image. The problem with biopsy is that the patient has to be hospitalized and also the results (around 15%) give false negative. Scan images are read by radiologist but it's a subjective analysis which requires more experience. In the proposed work we segment the renal region and then classify the tumors as benign or malignant by using ANFIS, which is a non-invasive automated process. This approach reduces the waiting time of the patient.
Biometric Iris Recognition Based on Hybrid Techniqueijsc
Iris Recognition is one of the important biometric recognition systems that identify people based on their eyes and iris. In this paper the iris recognition algorithm is implemented via histogram equalization and wavelet techniques. In this paper the iris recognition approach is implemented via many steps, these steps are concentrated on image capturing, enhancement and identification. Different types of edge detection mechanisms; Canny scheme, Prewitt scheme, Roberts scheme and Sobel scheme are used to detect iris boundaries in the eyes digital image. The implemented system gives adequate results via different types of iris images.
Robust Motion Detection and Tracking of Moving Objects using HOG Feature and ...CSCJournals
Detection and tracking of moving objects has gained significant importance due to intense technological progress in the field of computer science dealing with video surveillance systems. Human motion is generally nonlinear and non-Gaussian and thus many algorithms are not suitable for tracking. One of the applications to maintain universal security is crowd control. The main problem of video surveillance is continuous monitoring with regard to crime prevention. For security monitoring of live surveillance systems, target identification and tracking strategies can automatically send warnings to monitoring officers. In this paper, we propose a robust tracking of a specified person using the individuals' feature. The proposed method to determine automatic detection and tracking combines Histogram of Oriented Gradient (HOG) feature detection with a particle filter. The Histogram oriented Gradient features are applied to single detection window for the identification of human area, after we use particle filters for robust specific people tracking using color and skin color based on the characteristics of a target individual. We have been improving the implementation, evaluation system of our proposed methods. In our systems, for experiments, we choose structured crowded scenes. From our experimental results, we have achieved high accuracy detection rates and robust motion tracking for specific targets.
ROBUST HUMAN TRACKING METHOD BASED ON APPEARANCE AND GEOMETRICAL FEATURES IN ...cscpconf
This paper proposes a robust tracking method which concatenates appearance and geometrical
features to re-identify human in non-overlapping views. A uniformly-partitioning method is
proposed to extract local HSV(Hue, Saturation, Value) color features in upper and lower
portion of clothing. Then adaptive principal view selecting algorithm is presented to locate
principal view which contains maximum appearance feature dimensions captured from different
visual angles. For each appearance feature dimension in principal view, all its inner frames get
involved in training a support vector machine (SVM). In matching process, human candidate
filtering is first operated with an integrated geometrical feature which connects height estimate
with gait feature. The appearance features of the remaining human candidates are later tested
by SVMs to determine the object’s existence in new cameras. Experimental results show the
feasibility and effectiveness of this proposal and demonstrate the real-time in appearance
feature extraction and robustness to illumination and visual angle change.
Comparison Analysis of Gait Classification for Human Motion Identification Us...IJECEIAES
In this paper, it will be discussed about comparison between two kinds of classification methods in order to improve security system based of human gait. Gait is one of biometric methods which can be used to identify person. K-Nearest Neighbour has parallelly implemented with Support Vector Machine for classifying human gait in same basic system. Generally, system has been built using Histogram and Principal Component Analysis for gait detection and its feature extraction. Then, the result of the simulation showed that K-Nearest Neighbour is slower in processing and less accurate than Support Vector Machine in gait classification.
Gait Recognition using MDA, LDA, BPNN and SVMIJEEE
Recognition of any individual is a task to identify the human beings. Human identification using Gait is method to identify an individual by the way he walk or manner of moving on foot of humans. Gait recognition is a type of biometric recognition and related to the behavioral characteristics of biometric recognition. Gait offers ability of distance recognition or at low resolution. In this paper it will present the review of gait recognition system where different approaches and classification categories of Gait recognition like model free and model based approach, MDA, BPNN, LDA, and SVM.
Analysis of Different Techniques for Person Re-Identification: An Assessmentijtsrd
In investigation, person re identification is also a tough task of matching persons determined from utterly completely different camera views. It is necessary applications in AI, threat detection, human trailing and activity analysis. Person re identification is also a tough analysis topic as a result of partial occlusions, low resolution images and massive illumination changes. Also, person determined from utterly completely different camera views has very important variations on poses and viewpoints. This paper summarises the challenges related to the person re identification jointly discuss varied techniques utilized person re identification. Richa Jain | Prof. Seema Shukla "Analysis of Different Techniques for Person Re-Identification: An Assessment" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29630.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/29630/analysis-of-different-techniques-for-person-re-identification-an-assessment/richa-jain
A Parametric Approach to Gait Signature Extraction for Human Motion Identific...CSCJournals
The extraction and analysis of human gait characteristics using image sequences are currently an intense area of research. Identifying individuals using biometric methods has recently gained growing interest from computer vision researchers for security purposes at places like airport, banks etc. Gait recognition aims essentially to address this problem by identifying people at a distance based on the way they walk i.e., by tracking a number of feature points or gait signatures. We describe a new model-based feature extraction analysis is presented using Hough transform technique that helps to read the essential parameters used to generate gait signatures that automatically extracts and describes human gait for recognition. In the preprocessing steps, the picture frames taken from video sequences are given as input to Canny edge detection algorithm which helps to detect edges of the image by extracting foreground from background also it reduces the noise using Gaussian filter. The output from edge detection is given as input to the Hough transform. Using the Hough transform image, a clear line based model is designed to extract gait signatures. A major difficulty of the existing gait signature extraction methods are the good tracking the requisite feature points. In the proposed work, we have used five parameters to successfully extract the gait signatures. It is observed that when the camera is placed at 90 and 270 degrees, all the parameters used in the proposed work are clearly visible. The efficiency of the model is tested on a variety of body position and stride parameters recovered in different viewing conditions on a database consisting of 20 subjects walking at both an angled and frontal-parallel view with respect to the camera, both indoors and outdoors and find the method to be highly successful. The test results show good clarity rates, with a high level of confidence and it is suggested that the algorithm reported here could form the basis of a robust system for monitoring of gait.
This paper represents a survey of various methods of video surveillance system which improves the security. The aim of this paper is to review of various moving object detection technics. This paper focuses on detection of moving objects in video surveillance system. Moving body detection is first important task for any video surveillance system. Detection of moving object is a challenging task. Tracking is required in higher level applications that require the location and shape of object in every frame. In this survey,paper described about optical flow method, Background subtraction, frame differencing to detect moving object. It also described tracking method based on Morphology technique.
Keywords -- Frame separation, Pre-processing, Object detection using frame difference, Optical flow,
Temporal Differencing and background subtraction. Object tracking
Gait Recognition for Person Identification using Statistics of SURFijtsrd
In recent years, the use of gait for human identification is a new biometric technology intended to play an increasingly important role in visual surveillance applications. Gait is a less unobtrusive biometric recognition that it identifies people from a distance without any interaction or cooperation with the subject. However, the effects of "covariates factors" such as changes in viewing angles, shoe styles, walking surfaces, carrying conditions, and elapsed time make gait recognition problems more challenging for research. Therefore, discriminative features extraction process from video frame sequences is challenging. This system proposes statistical gait features on Speeded Up Robust Features SURF to represent the biometric gait feature for human identification. This system chooses the most suitable gait features to diminish the effects of "covariate factors" so human identification accuracy is effectiveness. Support Vector Machine SVM classifier evaluated the discriminatory ability of gait pattern classification on CASIA B Multi view Gait Dataset . Khaing Zarchi Htun | Sai Maung Maung Zaw "Gait Recognition for Person Identification using Statistics of SURF" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26609.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/26609/gait-recognition-for-person-identification-using-statistics-of-surf/khaing-zarchi-htun
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
During past few years, brain tumor segmentation in CT has become an emergent research area in the field of medical imaging system. Brain tumor detection helps in finding the exact size and location of tumor. An efficient algorithm is proposed in this project for tumor detection based on segmentation and morphological operators. Firstly quality of scanned image is enhanced and then morphological operators are applied to detect the tumor in the scanned image. The problem with biopsy is that the patient has to be hospitalized and also the results (around 15%) give false negative. Scan images are read by radiologist but it's a subjective analysis which requires more experience. In the proposed work we segment the renal region and then classify the tumors as benign or malignant by using ANFIS, which is a non-invasive automated process. This approach reduces the waiting time of the patient.
Biometric Iris Recognition Based on Hybrid Techniqueijsc
Iris Recognition is one of the important biometric recognition systems that identify people based on their eyes and iris. In this paper the iris recognition algorithm is implemented via histogram equalization and wavelet techniques. In this paper the iris recognition approach is implemented via many steps, these steps are concentrated on image capturing, enhancement and identification. Different types of edge detection mechanisms; Canny scheme, Prewitt scheme, Roberts scheme and Sobel scheme are used to detect iris boundaries in the eyes digital image. The implemented system gives adequate results via different types of iris images.
Robust Motion Detection and Tracking of Moving Objects using HOG Feature and ...CSCJournals
Detection and tracking of moving objects has gained significant importance due to intense technological progress in the field of computer science dealing with video surveillance systems. Human motion is generally nonlinear and non-Gaussian and thus many algorithms are not suitable for tracking. One of the applications to maintain universal security is crowd control. The main problem of video surveillance is continuous monitoring with regard to crime prevention. For security monitoring of live surveillance systems, target identification and tracking strategies can automatically send warnings to monitoring officers. In this paper, we propose a robust tracking of a specified person using the individuals' feature. The proposed method to determine automatic detection and tracking combines Histogram of Oriented Gradient (HOG) feature detection with a particle filter. The Histogram oriented Gradient features are applied to single detection window for the identification of human area, after we use particle filters for robust specific people tracking using color and skin color based on the characteristics of a target individual. We have been improving the implementation, evaluation system of our proposed methods. In our systems, for experiments, we choose structured crowded scenes. From our experimental results, we have achieved high accuracy detection rates and robust motion tracking for specific targets.
ROBUST HUMAN TRACKING METHOD BASED ON APPEARANCE AND GEOMETRICAL FEATURES IN ...cscpconf
This paper proposes a robust tracking method which concatenates appearance and geometrical
features to re-identify human in non-overlapping views. A uniformly-partitioning method is
proposed to extract local HSV(Hue, Saturation, Value) color features in upper and lower
portion of clothing. Then adaptive principal view selecting algorithm is presented to locate
principal view which contains maximum appearance feature dimensions captured from different
visual angles. For each appearance feature dimension in principal view, all its inner frames get
involved in training a support vector machine (SVM). In matching process, human candidate
filtering is first operated with an integrated geometrical feature which connects height estimate
with gait feature. The appearance features of the remaining human candidates are later tested
by SVMs to determine the object’s existence in new cameras. Experimental results show the
feasibility and effectiveness of this proposal and demonstrate the real-time in appearance
feature extraction and robustness to illumination and visual angle change.
Human gait recognition using preprocessing and classification techniques IJECEIAES
Biometric recognition systems have been attracted numerous researchers since they attempt to overcome the problems and factors weakening these systems including problems of obtaining images indeed not appearing the resolution or the object completely. In this work, the object movement reliance was considered to distinguish the human through his/her gait. Some losing features probably weaken the system’s capability in recognizing the people, hence, we propose using all data recorded by the Kinect sensor with no employing the feature extraction methods based on the literature. In these studies, coordinates of 20 points are recorded for each person in various genders and ages, walking with various directions and speeds, creating 8404 constraints. Moreover, pre-processing methods are utilized to measure its influences on the system efficiency through testing on six types of classifiers. Within the proposed approach, a noteworthy recognition rate was obtained reaching 91% without examining the descriptors.
A novel enhanced algorithm for efficient human trackingIJICTJOURNAL
Tracking moving objects has been an issue in recent years of computer vision and image processing and human tracking makes it a more significant challenge. This category has various aspects and wide applications, such as autonomous deriving, human-robot interactions, and human movement analysis. One of the issues that have always made tracking algorithms difficult is their interaction with goal recognition methods, the mutable appearance of variable aims, and simultaneous tracking of multiple goals. In this paper, a method with high efficiency and higher accuracy was compared to the previous methods for tracking just objects using imaging with the fixed camera is introduced. The proposed algorithm operates in four steps in such a way as to identify a fixed background and remove noise from that. This background is used to subtract from movable objects. After that, while the image is being filtered, the shadows and noises of the filmed image are removed, and finally, using the bubble routing method, the mobile object will be separated and tracked. Experimental results indicated that the proposed model for detecting and tracking mobile objects works well and can improve the motion and trajectory estimation of objects in terms of speed and accuracy to a desirable level up to in terms of accuracy compared with previous methods.
The complete human body or the various limb postures are involved in human action. These days,
Abnormal Human Activity Recognition (Abnormal HAR) is highly well noticed and surveyed in many
studies. However, because of complicated difficulties such as sensor movement, positioning, and so on,
as well as how individuals carry out their activities, it continues to be a difficult process. Identifying
particular activities benefits human-centric applications such as postoperative trauma recovery, gesture
detection, exercise, fitness, and home care help. The HAR system has the ability to automate or
simplify most of the people’s everyday chores. HAR systems often use supervised or unsupervised
learning as their foundation. Unsupervised systems operate according to a set of rules, whereas
supervised systems need to be trained beforehand using specific datasets. This study conducts detailed
literature reviews on the development of various activity identification techniques currently being used.
The three methods—wearable device-based, pose-based, and smartphone sensor—are examined in this
inquiry for identifying abnormal acts (AAD). The sensors in wearable devices collect data, whereas the
gyroscopes and accelerometers in smartphones provide input to the sensors in wearable devices. To
categorize activities, pose estimation uses a neural network. The Anomalous Action Detection Dataset
(Ano-AAD) is created and improved using several methods. The study examines fresh datasets and
innovative models, including UCF-Crime. A new pattern in anomalous HAR systems has emerged,
linking anomalous HAR tasks to computer vision applications including security, video surveillance,
and home monitoring. In terms of issues and potential solutions, the survey looks at visionbased HAR.
CHARACTERIZING HUMAN BEHAVIOURS USING STATISTICAL MOTION DESCRIPTORsipij
Identifying human behaviors is a challenging research problem due to the complexity and variation of
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address the problem of human behavior identification by introducing a novel motion descriptor based on
statistical features. The method first divide the video into N number of temporal segments. Then for each
segment, we compute dense optical flow, which provides instantaneous velocity information for all the
pixels. We then compute Histogram of Optical Flow (HOOF) weighted by the norm and quantized into 32
bins. We then compute statistical features from the obtained HOOF forming a descriptor vector of 192- dimensions. We then train a non-linear multi-class SVM that classify dif erent human behaviors with the
accuracy of 72.1%. We evaluate our method by using publicly available human action data set. Experimental results shows that our proposed method out performs state of the art methods.
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Recently, the demand for surveillance system is increasing in real time application to enhance the security system. These surveillance systems are mainly used in crowded places such as shopping malls, sports stadium etc. In order to support enhance the security system, crowd behavior analysis has been proven a significant technique which is used for crowd monitoring, visual surveillance etc. For crowd behavior analysis, motion analysis is a crucial task which can be achieved with the help of trajectories and tracking of objects. Various approaches have been proposed for crowd behavior analysis which has limitation for densely crowded scenarios, a new object entering the scene etc. In this work, we propose a new approach for abnormal crowd behavior detection. Proposed approach is a motion based spatio-temporal feature analysis technique which is capable of obtaining trajectories of each detected object. We also present a technique to carry out the evaluation of individual object and group of objects by considering relational descriptors based on their environmental context. Finally, a classification is carried out for detection of abnormal or normal crowd behavior by following patch based process. In the results, we have reported that proposed model is able to achieve better performance when compared to existing techniques in terms of classification accuracy, true positive rate, and false positive rate.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
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BIOMETRIC AUTHORIZATION SYSTEM USING GAIT BIOMETRY
1. International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Applications (IJCSEA) Vol.1, No.4, August 2011
DOI : 10.5121/ijcsea.2011.1401 1
BIOMETRIC AUTHORIZATION SYSTEM USING
GAIT BIOMETRY
L.R Sudha1
, Dr. R. Bhavani2
Department of CSE, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, TamilNadu, India
1
sudhaselvin@ymail.com,2
shahana_1992@yahoo.co.in
ABSTRACT
Human gait, which is a new biometric aimed to recognize individuals by the way they walk have come to
play an increasingly important role in visual surveillance applications. In this paper a novel hybrid holistic
approach is proposed to show how behavioural walking characteristics can be used to recognize
unauthorized and suspicious persons when they enter a surveillance area. Initially background is modelled
from the input video captured from cameras deployed for security and the foreground moving object in the
individual frames are segmented using the background subtraction algorithm. Then gait representing
spatial, temporal and wavelet components are extracted and fused for training and testing multi class
support vector machine models (SVM). The proposed system is evaluated using side view videos of NLPR
database. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system achieves a pleasing recognition
rate and also the results indicate that the classification ability of SVM with Radial Basis Function (RBF) is
better than with other kernel functions.
KEYWORDS
Biometrics, Gait recognition, Silhouette images, Spatial, Temporal, Video Surveillance.
1. INTRODUCTION
A wide variety of systems requires reliable personal recognition schemes to either confirm or
determine the identity of an individual requesting their services. The purpose of such schemes is
to ensure that the rendered services are accessed only by a legitimate user and no one else. Some
examples of such applications include secure access to buildings, computer systems, and ATMs.
In the absence of robust personal recognition schemes, these systems are vulnerable to the wiles
of an impostor. Biometric recognition or, simply, biometrics refers to the automatic recognition of
individuals based on their physiological and/or behavioural characteristics. By using biometrics,
it is possible to confirm or establish an individual’s identity based on “who she is” rather than by
“what she possesses” (e.g., an ID card) or “what she remembers” (e.g., a password).
The interest in gait as a biometric is strongly motivated by the need for an automated recognition
system for visual surveillance and monitoring applications. Recently the deployment of gait as a
biometric for people identification in surveillance applications has attracted researches from
computer vision. The development in this research area is being propelled by the increased
availability of inexpensive computing power and image sensors. The suitability of gait
recognition for surveillance systems emerge from the fact that gait can be perceived from a
distance as well as its non-invasive nature. Although gait recognition is still a new biometric, it
overcomes most of the limitation that other biometrics suffer from such as face, fingerprints and
iris recognition which can be obscured in most situations where serious crimes are involved. As
stated above, gait has many advantages, especially unobtrusive identification at a distance, so that
unauthorized and suspicious persons can be recognized when they enter a surveillance area, and
2. International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Applications (IJCSEA) Vol.1, No.4, August 2011
2
night vision capability which is an important component in surveillance. This makes gait a very
attractive biometric for real time monitoring as well as for access control at sites of high risk.
Current gait recognition methods may be mainly classified into two major categories, namely
model-based and motion-based methods. Usually, in the model-based methods, the human body
structure or motion is modelled first, and then the image features are extracted by the measure of
structural components of models or by the motion trajectories of body parts [1, 2,3,4]. Most
existing motion-based approaches can be further divided into two main classes, state-space
methods and spatiotemporal methods [5,6,7,8]. The state-space methods consider gait motion to
be composed of a sequence of static body poses, and recognize it by considering temporal
variations observations with respect to those static pose. The spatiotemporal method characterizes
the spatiotemporal distribution by collapsing the entire 3D spatiotemporal (XYT) data over an
entire sequence into a terse 1D or 2D signal(s).
In [9] a baseline algorithm using raw silhouette for human identification was proposed. In [10],
the authors used outer contour and unwrapped it into a distance signal to recognize a person.
Yang et al. [11] obtained the dynamic region in gait energy image (GEI) which reflects the
walking manner of an individual, called enhanced GEI. In [12], Hong et al. extracted a gait
feature called mass vector from the number of pixels with nonzero value in a given row of the
binary silhouette. They used dynamic time-warping approach to match gait templates formed by
the mass vectors. Xu et al. applied Marginal Fisher Analysis (MFA) for dimensionality reduction
to achieve a compact gait representation in [13]. They also modified the MFA to matrix based
version to process 2-D input directly in the form of gray-level averaged images. In [14] an
angular transform was introduced and was shown to achieve very encouraging results. In [15] a
new system based on radon transform and LDA was proposed. In [16], the authors used a vector
data scanned in horizontal, vertical and diagonal direction to represent the gait. Guo and Nixon
[17] presented an efficient solution based on mutual information (MI) to select important features
for gait recognition. These early results further confirm that gait has a rich potential for human
identification. Based on these considerations a new gait representation scheme is proposed and
is described in the next section.
2. PROPOSED APPROACH
There are many properties of gait that might serve as recognition features. Early medical studies
suggest that there are 24 different components to human gait and if all movements are considered,
gait is unique [18]. However from a computational perspective, it is quite difficult to accurately
extract some of the components such as angular displacements of thigh, leg and foot using current
computer vision system, and some others are not consistent over time for the same person. So
precise extraction of body parts and joint angles in real visual imagery is a very cumbersome task
as non-rigid human motion encompasses a wide range of possible motion transformations due to
the highly flexible structure of the human body and to self occlusion. Furthermore clothing type,
segmentation errors and different viewpoints post a substantial challenge for accurate joint
localization. Hence, the problem of representing and recognizing gait turns out to be a
challenging one. In this paper we developed a hybrid holistic approach which is computationally
affordable for real-time applications.
In this paper we are concerned with only side view videos and normal gait. This is because gait of
a person is easily recognizable when extracted from side view of the person and majority of the
people have normal walk. A careful analysis of gait reveals that it has two important components,
a structural component which captures the physical build of a person and a dynamic component
which captures the transitions that the body undergoes, during a walk cycle. We categorize them
as spatial components, temporal components and wavelet features.
3. International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Applications (IJCSEA) Vol.1, No.4, August 2011
3
Figure 1. Human Gait Recognition System
Our Biometric Authorization system is schematically shown in Figure 1. The input to our system
is a gait video sequence captured by a static camera. Once the video is captured, binary
silhouettes of the walker are generated by using a background subtraction process which includes
two important steps background modelling and foreground extraction. Then the features are
extracted as numerical information. All the above steps are repeated for multiple video sequences
and mean of feature values are stored in the database along with the identity of the walker. Then
pattern recognition classifiers are trained with the created database in training phase. During
testing phase, binary silhouette of the test video is generated as in training phase and the
individual is recognized by comparing the obtained features with the ones previously stored in the
database by the classifier.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section 3 describes the modules of our
system, section 4 provides experimental results and section 5 contains conclusion.
3. MODULES DESCRIPTION
Our algorithm consists of five basic modules Background Modelling, Foreground Extraction,
Silhouette Generation, Feature extraction and Recognition which are described in the subsections
below.
3.1 Background Modelling
Extracting moving objects from a video sequence captured using a static camera is a fundamental
and critical task in visual surveillance. A common approach to this critical task is to first perform
background modelling to yield a reference model. By using the sequence of frames obtained from
video, background can be modelled which can be later used to visualise moving objects in the
video. Much research has been devoted to develop a background model that is robust and
sensitive enough to identify moving object of interest.
In our implementation, for background modelling we make the fundamental assumption that the
background will remain stationary. This necessitates that the camera be fixed and that lighting
4. International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Applications (IJCSEA) Vol.1, No.4, August 2011
4
does not change suddenly. It is also possible to achieve accurate segmentation without this
assumption, but such generality would require more computationally expensive algorithms.
We have compared three different background modelling techniques which are widely used in
many works, namely Change Detection Mask (CDM), Using median value, and Histogram based
in order to choose simple but efficient technique. These three techniques are discussed briefly
below and the experimental results are tabulated.
3.1.1 Change Detection Mask technique (CDM)
A basic change detection algorithm takes image sequence as input and generates a new image
called a change mask that identifies changed regions [19]. Let Ii(x,y) represent a sequence
including N images, i represents the frame index ranging from 1~N. The value of CDM can be
computed by
.
,0
,
),(
>=
=
else
Tdifd
yxCDMi (1)
.),(),(1
yxIyxId ii −= +
(2)
Where T is the threshold value determined through adaptive thresholding. CDMi (x,y) represents
the value of the brightness change in pixel position along the time axis. The value in pixel point
(x,y) is estimated by the value of median frame of the longest labelled section in the same pixel
point (x,y).
3.1.2. Using Median value
An estimate of the background image can be obtained by computing the median value for each
pixel in the whole sequence [20]. Let B(x, y) is the background value for a pixel location (x, y),
med represents the median value, [I(x, y, t),….I(x, y, t+n)] represents a sequence of frames.
[ ].),,(),...,,(),( ntyxItyxImedyxB += (3)
Use of the median relies on an assumption that the background at every pixel will be visible more
than fifty percent of the time during the training sequence. The output of this typically will
contain large errors when this assumption is false. The advantage of using median is that it avoids
blending pixel values.
3.1.3. Histogram Based Background Modeling
In this type of modeling, background value for each pixel position is based on the dominant bins
intensity value based on histogram analysis. Illumination changes and camera jitter will greatly
affect the performance of the algorithm.
Figure.2 and Table I shows the generated background models and the modelling time by the
above mentioned three techniques. We found that though histogram based computation is
comparatively faster than others, it does not model the background clearly for the second and
third input, Gait video2 and Gait video3. As median value calculation is less complex and takes
very less time when compared with CDM, in our biometric system we used median value to
model the background.
5. International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Applications (IJCSEA) Vol.1, No.4, August 2011
5
Background Model Gait
Video 1
Gait
Video 2
Gait
Video 3
Change Detection
Method
9.1878 177.5332 35.8499
Median value 1.0361 19.0566 6.0849
Histogram based 0.4894 4.7969 1.1254
Table 1 Processing Time For Background Modelling Techniques In Seconds
Figure 2. (a) Input Videos (b), (c) and (d) background models generated through CDM, Median
and Histogram based techniques respectively.
3.2. Foreground Extraction
After background modelling, identifying moving objects from a video sequence is a fundamental
and critical task in many computer–vision applications. In this paper performance of popular
foreground extraction technique namely Frame difference is tested with the background models
generated by the three background modelling techniques discussed above.
Frame Difference Method is a very simple method with only one operation, a image subtraction.
In this method a pixel is marked as foreground if
TyxByxIi >− ),(),( (4)
where T is adaptive threshold. From the performance results shown in Table 2, it is evident that
frame difference with median value is better than others.
6. International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Applications (IJCSEA) Vol.1, No.4, August 2011
6
Table 2.
Processing time for Frame Difference technique with three different background models
in seconds
Background Model Gait Video1 Gait Video 2 Gait Video3
Change Detection
Method
13.7881 233.3640 41.2510
Median value 5.1341 31.9462 10.7328
Histogram based 4.2081 17.1799 6.7801
3.3. Silhouette Generation
In order to be robust to changes of clothing and illumination it is reasonable to consider the
binarized silhouette of the object as shown in Figure 3. This can be obtained by thresholding the
foreground image with a suitable threshold value T.
.
1
),(0
),(
>
=
elseForeground
TyxFGifBackground
yxFG k
k
(5)
The primary assumption made here is that the camera is static, and the only moving object in
video sequences is the walker.
Figure 3. Silhouette Image in a) CDM b) Median c) Histogram based .
3.4. Feature Extraction
Before the process of feature extraction, we first place a bounding box around the binary
silhouette to estimate the gait cycle and thereby to estimate the number of frames in a gait cycle.
Knowing the number of frames in a gait cycle, the sequence of binary silhouettes is divided into
sub sequences of gait cycle length. We then consider frames in two gait cycles in order to extract
the characteristic feature vector. This reduces the processing time considerably. The process of
gait cycle estimation is briefly described below.
7. International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Applications (IJCSEA) Vol.1, No.4, August 2011
7
3.4.1. Gait Cycle Estimation
Human gait is treated as a periodic activity within each gait cycle. A single gait cycle can be
regarded as the time between two identical events during the human walking and usually
measured from heel strike to heel strike of one leg. To estimate the gait cycle the aspect ratio of
the silhouettes bounding box is used in [21]. In our method width of the bounding box is used as
it is periodic and the bounding box will be larger and shorter when the legs are farthest apart and
thinner and longer when the legs are together.
3.4.2 Spatial Component Computation
Bounding rectangle’s mean height, mean width, mean angle and mean aspect ratio are considered
as spatial components. Bounding rectangle’s mean height H is the representative height value for
a person [22]. It is obtained by averaging the difference between upper and bottom points on y
axis at each time instant t given by
N
tYtY
H
N
i
ibpup∑=
−
= 1
)]()([
(6)
where Yup is the upper point on y axis, Ybp is the bottom point on y axis and N is the number of
frames in the gait cycle. Similarly Bounding rectangle’s mean width W is the representative
width value of a person. It is obtained by averaging the difference between right and left points on
axis x at each time instant t.
Bounding rectangle’s mean angle A is the representative diagonal value of a person. It is obtained
by averaging the difference in degrees between axis x and the diagonal at each time instant t and
aspect ratio AR can be obtained by dividing Height H by Width W .
3.4.3. Temporal Component Computation
Stride length, Step length, Cadence and Velocity are considered as temporal components. Stride
length is the distance travelled by a person during one stride(or cycle) and can be measured as the
length between the heels from one heel strike to the next heel strike on the same side. Two step
lengths (left plus right) make one stride length. Step length and stride lengths are computed by
finding the number of frames in a step and stride. Cadence is number of steps /minute and
velocity is calculated by the equation given below.
cadencethstridelengVelocity 5.0×= (7)
3.4.4. Wavelet Energy Component Computation
Studies have shown that human gait is quasi periodic and there are slight changes in the
fundamental frequency and amplitude over time. Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) [23] is used
to perform such analysis due to its robustness against rotation, translation and scaling.
Among the various wavelet bases, the Haar wavelet is the shortest and simplest and it provides
satisfactory localization of signal characteristics in time domain. Therefore, Haar wavelet was
chosen as the mother wavelet in this work. The silhouette area of each frame is decomposed by 2-
D DWT using Haar wavelet kernel. From the low frequency subband we got one coefficient and
from the detailed frequency subband we got two coefficients. Then mean and standard deviation
is calculated as in eq. 8 and eq. 9 for all energy coefficients of each subband. Therefore the
dimension of wavelet feature is six.
8. International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Applications (IJCSEA) Vol.1, No.4, August 2011
8
.
1
1
∑=
=
N
i
ia
N
µ (8)
.)(
1
1
1
2
∑=
−
−
=
N
i
ia
N
µσ (9)
where µ is mean, σ is standard deviation, N is number of frames in the gait cycle, and ai
represents the different wavelet coefficients.
3.5. Human Recognition
Gait Recognition is a traditional pattern classification problem which can be solved by calculating
the similarities between instances in the training database and test database. Let the spatial feature
vector be S, the temporal feature vector be T and the wavelet feature vector be W. By fusing all
these features at feature level, the feature vector H is represented as in eq. 10.
[ ].,, WTSH = (10)
This H is used to train SVM models to classify human gait.
Recently, Support Vector Machines (SVM), proposed by Cortes and Vapnik [25] in 1995 has
emerged as a powerful supervised learning tool for general purpose pattern recognition. It has
been applied to classification and regression problems with exceptionally good performance on a
range of binary classification tasks [24]. The primary advantage of SVM is its ability to minimize
both structural and empirical risk leading to better generalization for new data classification even
when the dimension of input data is high with limited training dataset. SVM can be trained both
as a binary classifier and multi-class classifier.
4.EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
We have used strong computing software called Matlab to develop our work because Matlab
provides image Acquisition and Image Processing Toolboxes which facilitate us in creating a
good GUI and an excellent code.
4.1. Data Acquisition
The experimentation of the proposed gait recognition system is performed with images publicly
available in the National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition gait database. It contains 240
sequences from 20 different subjects and four sequences per subjects in three different views. The
properties of the images are: 24-bit full colour, capturing rate of 25 frames per second and the
original resolution is 352 × 240. The length of each sequence varies with the time each person
takes to traverse the field of view.
4.2. Results and analysis
For each side view videos of NLPR gait database, we first generate silhouette images using
background subtraction algorithm and then spatial, temporal and wavelet features are extracted in
the manner described in section 3. Then we trained SVM classifier by the feature vector H, and
the gaits are classified by the trained models at last.
We first compare the performance rate (Accuracy) of spatial, temporal & wavelet features
separately. Then the performance of different combinations of features types is compared. We see
that in our experiments, the recognition rate is found to be increased when all the three feature
types are fused together and it is shown in Table 3 and Figure 4. We also found that though
9. International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Applications (IJCSEA) Vol.1, No.4, August 2011
9
temporal features gives poor performance while using separately, improves performance rate
when fused with other features.
Table 3
Performance Comparison of Different Feature Types
72.91
31.25
91.66
79.17 85.43
97.91
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
A B C D E F
Feature Types
PerformanceRates
Figure 4. Performance rate of all feature types
In SVM, experiments were conducted with three kernel types for various values of regularization
parameter (c) and other parameters such as degree of polynomial (d) in Polynomial Kernel and
width of RBF function (σ). We found that classification performance of SVM depends on the
selection of regularization parameter because it is the penalty parameter for misclassification. So
it has to be carefully selected to achieve maximum classification accuracy. When compared
across different kernels with various parameter values, Radial Basis Function (RBF) was found to
perform the best in recognizing gait patterns. Best classification outcomes for different kernels
are represented using accuracy rates and are tabulated in Table 4.
Table 4.
Performance rate for various SVM kernels
Feature Type No. of
Features
Performance
(%)
Spatial Features (A) 4 72.91
Temporal Features (B) 4 31.25
Wavelet Features ( C ) 6 91.66
Spatial & Temporal Features (D) 8 79.17
Spatial & Wavelet Features (E) 10 85.43
Spatial, Temporal & Wavelet Features (F) 14 97.91
SVM Kernel types % of Performance
Linear 77.08
Polynomial 77.08
Radial Basis function 97.91
10. International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Applications (IJCSEA) Vol.1, No.4, August 2011
10
We compared the proposed method with other well cited gait recognition approaches using NLPR
gait database and is given in Table 5. From the table it is clearly seen that the proposed approach
gain a better performance rate.
Table 5.
Comparison with State _of_ the Art Algorithms on NLPR database in the
Canonical View
In this work apart from Performance rate, other measures such as Precision, Recall, and
F_measure which are more appropriate for comparison are also considered and the values are
tabulated in Table 5. The formulas for the above performance measures are given below.
FPTP
TP
ecision
+
=Pr (11)
FNTP
TP
call
+
=Re (12)
callecision
callecision
MeasureF
RePr
RePr2
+
××
=− (13)
where TP is True Positive, FN is False Negative and FP is False Positive. These measures are
calculated using confusion matrix of classification.
Methods Performance Rate (%)
Collins (2002) 71.25
BenAbedelkader (2002) 82.50
Phillips (2002) 78.75
Wang (2003) 88.75
Su (2006) 89.31
Lu (2006) 82.50
Geng (2007) 90.00
Bo Ye (2007) 88.75
Proposed Method 97.91
11. International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Applications (IJCSEA) Vol.1, No.4, August 2011
11
Table 6.
Comparison of Different Performance Measures
5. CONCLUSION
With mounting demands for visual surveillance systems, human identification at a distance has
recently emerged as an area of significant interest. Gait is being considered as an impending
behavioral feature and is gaining increasing attention from researchers as it is less likely to be
obscured than any other biometric features. In this paper multiple gait components such as spatial,
temporal and wavelet are extracted from the silhouette gait sequences and fused for the
development of a high performance classification system. Significant improvement in
classification performance is observed because of this information fusion. Even though high
performance was obtained, further evaluation on a much larger and more variant database needs
to be done.
REFERENCES
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% of Performance Measures
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Precision 98%
Recall 98%
F-Measure 98%
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Authors
L.R Sudha received the B.E degree in Computer Science and Engineering from
Madras University, Chennai, India in 1991 and M.E degree in Computer Science and
Engineering from Annamalai University, Chidambaram, India in 2007.
She is currently working as Assistant Professor and working towards the Ph.D
degree. Her research work is focused on Video and Image Processing, Pattern
Recognition, Computer Vision, Human Gait analysis and their applications in
Biometrics. She has published 10 papers in International and National conference
proceedings.
Dr. R. Bhavani received the B. E degree in Computer Science and Engineering in the
year 1989 and the M.E degree in Computer Science and Engineering in the year 1992
from Regional Engineering College, Trichy. She received her Ph.D degree in
Computer Science and Engineering from Annamalai University, Chidambaram, in the
year 2007.
She worked in Mookambigai college of Engineering, Keeranur from 1990 to 1994,
and she is now working as Associate Professor in Annamalai University, since 1994.
She published 15 papers in international conferences and journals. Her research
interest includes Image processing, Image Segmentation, Image Compression, Image Classification,
Stegnography, Pattern Classification, Medical Imaging, Content Based Image Retrieval and Software
metrics.