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Biomass to Steam: The
Environmental Challenge
   Presented April 18th, 2012
   BBI International Biomass
          Conference
Overview
•   Making Green Power Via Gasification
•   The Environmental Challenge
•   Technical Approach
•   Results / Lessons Learned
The Project Objective
• Produce 360,000 lb/hr of 850 psig
  steam
• 60 MW worth of Electricity
• Over the Fence line Agreement with
  Chemical Plant to Take 90% of Energy
  Generated
Why Gasification?
•Demand for low cost energy from alternative sources
increasing
•   Woody biomass
•   Agricultural byproducts
•   Refuse derived fuel
•   Spent tires
•   Carpet fibers
•   Automotive shredder residue
•Reduced burden on landfills
•   Creating energy while reducing waste
The Environmental Challenge?

– Projected Environmental Permitting in State of
  Michigan Required Emissions to Be Equivalent to
  a Similar Sized Natural Gas Facility
– Challenge of Varied Fuel Needs Versus Absolute
  Requirements of Stack Emissions on TPY Basis
Multi-Pollutants
• Alternative energy sources
  pose potential pollution
  problems
   – Particulate Matter
   – Acid Gas/Mist (HCl, H2SO4)
   – SOx
   – NOx
   – Mercury (Hg)
   – Metals
Particulate Matter
• What is Particulate
  Matter?
  » Mixture of air-borne
    particles and liquid
    droplets composed of
    acids, water, organic
    chemicals, and metals
  » PM10, PM2.5
HCl
• HCl gas produced from fuels that may
  contain Chloride:
 » Solid waste (MSW, RDF)
 » Plastics
• Hydrochloric Acid formed in the
  presence of liquid water
• Environmental / Health Hazards
 » Corrosive
SOX
• Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) & Sulfur Trioxide (SO3)
 » SO3 Forms Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) aerosol with moisture
• Generated as a result of combustion of fuels that contains
  Sulfur
 » Solid waste (MSW, RDF)                       O
                                                        S   O
 » Tires
 » Cardboard                                            O
 » Plastics                                     H           H
• Environmental / Health Hazards                                    O
 » Acid Rain                                S                   S
                                                            O
                                        O           O               O
NOX
• Nitric Oxide (NO) & Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
• Produced during combustion at high temperatures
  » Nitrogen in air
  » Small amounts of nitrogen in biomass fuels
• Environmental / Health Hazards
  » Forms acid rain
  » Creates smog
  » Depletes the ozone layer


                          N
                                                     O
                     O           O               N
Mercury (Hg)
• Mercury exists in different forms:
  » Elemental Mercury (Hg, Hg0, Hg2+) – vapor phase, reactive
  » Mercuric Oxide (HgO) – solid particulate
  » Mercuric Chloride (HgCl2) – vapor, water soluble
• Generated from solid waste incineration
• Environmental / Health Hazards
  » Toxic
Technology Alternatives
                Dry            Fabric           Dry            Wet
              Scrubber         Filter           ESP          Scrubber

 Acid Gas

 Acid Mist*

        Hg

  Moisture

    PM2.5

    Metals




         *Acid mist refers to condensed aerosols (< 1micron) which include HCl and H2SO4.
Single System Approach
Dual Field Wet ESP Approach
                          1. Quench
                          2. Spray Tower
                          3. Downflow WESP
                          4. Acid Scrubber
                          5. Upflow WESP
                          6. Outlet
Basic WESP Operation
WESP-2F Technology
•   Inlet quench duct
     – High efficiency syngas saturation
     – Concurrent, full cone design
     – Large particulate scrubbed
WESP-2F Technology
•   Spray Tower Pre-Scrubber
     – Acid gas HCl, H2S adsorption
     – Counter-current spray design
     – Integrated mist elimination
WESP-2F Technology
•   Ultra-Fine Atomizing Spray System
     – Add sub-micron water droplets to syngas
     – Continuous WESP wash
     – Operator / maintenance
        access
WESP-2F Technology
•   WESP Field #1
    – PM/PM10/PM2.5 and acid gas removal
    – Downflow design
WESP-2F Technology
•   Horizontal Acid Gas Scrubber
     – Horizontal flow design
WESP-2F Technology
•   WESP Field #2
    – PM/PM10/PM2.5 and fine acid particle removal
    – Upflow demisting design
WESP-2F Technology
•   Control / Pump Skid
     – Dual pumps for uptime guarantee
     – Pre-pipe / pre-wired for easy install
     – Single interface for complete
       system control
Results
• System Permitted for NOx
  Reduction Via Selective
  Catalytic Reduction Followed
  by WESP
• Liquid Blowdown to Be
  Evaporated and Discharged as
  Solids with Gasifier Bottom
  Solids
• Permit Approved by State of MI
  in late Dec, 2011.




                –WESP-2F Test Unit at Gasifier Location
Conclusion
Bradley L. Ginger
Engineering Product Manager
EISENMANN Corporation
p: 815.356.2633
e: bradley.ginger@eisenmann.com

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Biomass to Steam: The Environmental Challenge

  • 1. Biomass to Steam: The Environmental Challenge Presented April 18th, 2012 BBI International Biomass Conference
  • 2. Overview • Making Green Power Via Gasification • The Environmental Challenge • Technical Approach • Results / Lessons Learned
  • 3. The Project Objective • Produce 360,000 lb/hr of 850 psig steam • 60 MW worth of Electricity • Over the Fence line Agreement with Chemical Plant to Take 90% of Energy Generated
  • 4. Why Gasification? •Demand for low cost energy from alternative sources increasing • Woody biomass • Agricultural byproducts • Refuse derived fuel • Spent tires • Carpet fibers • Automotive shredder residue •Reduced burden on landfills • Creating energy while reducing waste
  • 5. The Environmental Challenge? – Projected Environmental Permitting in State of Michigan Required Emissions to Be Equivalent to a Similar Sized Natural Gas Facility – Challenge of Varied Fuel Needs Versus Absolute Requirements of Stack Emissions on TPY Basis
  • 6. Multi-Pollutants • Alternative energy sources pose potential pollution problems – Particulate Matter – Acid Gas/Mist (HCl, H2SO4) – SOx – NOx – Mercury (Hg) – Metals
  • 7. Particulate Matter • What is Particulate Matter? » Mixture of air-borne particles and liquid droplets composed of acids, water, organic chemicals, and metals » PM10, PM2.5
  • 8. HCl • HCl gas produced from fuels that may contain Chloride: » Solid waste (MSW, RDF) » Plastics • Hydrochloric Acid formed in the presence of liquid water • Environmental / Health Hazards » Corrosive
  • 9. SOX • Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) & Sulfur Trioxide (SO3) » SO3 Forms Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) aerosol with moisture • Generated as a result of combustion of fuels that contains Sulfur » Solid waste (MSW, RDF) O S O » Tires » Cardboard O » Plastics H H • Environmental / Health Hazards O » Acid Rain S S O O O O
  • 10. NOX • Nitric Oxide (NO) & Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) • Produced during combustion at high temperatures » Nitrogen in air » Small amounts of nitrogen in biomass fuels • Environmental / Health Hazards » Forms acid rain » Creates smog » Depletes the ozone layer N O O O N
  • 11. Mercury (Hg) • Mercury exists in different forms: » Elemental Mercury (Hg, Hg0, Hg2+) – vapor phase, reactive » Mercuric Oxide (HgO) – solid particulate » Mercuric Chloride (HgCl2) – vapor, water soluble • Generated from solid waste incineration • Environmental / Health Hazards » Toxic
  • 12. Technology Alternatives Dry Fabric Dry Wet Scrubber Filter ESP Scrubber Acid Gas Acid Mist* Hg Moisture PM2.5 Metals *Acid mist refers to condensed aerosols (< 1micron) which include HCl and H2SO4.
  • 14. Dual Field Wet ESP Approach 1. Quench 2. Spray Tower 3. Downflow WESP 4. Acid Scrubber 5. Upflow WESP 6. Outlet
  • 16. WESP-2F Technology • Inlet quench duct – High efficiency syngas saturation – Concurrent, full cone design – Large particulate scrubbed
  • 17. WESP-2F Technology • Spray Tower Pre-Scrubber – Acid gas HCl, H2S adsorption – Counter-current spray design – Integrated mist elimination
  • 18. WESP-2F Technology • Ultra-Fine Atomizing Spray System – Add sub-micron water droplets to syngas – Continuous WESP wash – Operator / maintenance access
  • 19. WESP-2F Technology • WESP Field #1 – PM/PM10/PM2.5 and acid gas removal – Downflow design
  • 20. WESP-2F Technology • Horizontal Acid Gas Scrubber – Horizontal flow design
  • 21. WESP-2F Technology • WESP Field #2 – PM/PM10/PM2.5 and fine acid particle removal – Upflow demisting design
  • 22. WESP-2F Technology • Control / Pump Skid – Dual pumps for uptime guarantee – Pre-pipe / pre-wired for easy install – Single interface for complete system control
  • 23. Results • System Permitted for NOx Reduction Via Selective Catalytic Reduction Followed by WESP • Liquid Blowdown to Be Evaporated and Discharged as Solids with Gasifier Bottom Solids • Permit Approved by State of MI in late Dec, 2011. –WESP-2F Test Unit at Gasifier Location
  • 24. Conclusion Bradley L. Ginger Engineering Product Manager EISENMANN Corporation p: 815.356.2633 e: bradley.ginger@eisenmann.com