Class 12 biology investigatory project ... prepared by Sivaramakrishnan.T { electoral literacy club PRESIDENT } Aditya vidhyashram residential school,pudhucherry.

“ LEMON ”
Lemon nutrition facts
Juicy, acidic, yet flavorful, lemon is one of the most widely used citrus fruits worldwide. Lime, a close relative,
is comparatively smaller and possesses thinner skin.
Botanically, this citrus fruit belongs to the family of Rutaceae, in the genus, Citrus (which also includes
orange, pomelo, tangerine, and grapefruit). Scientific name: Citrus limon. It is the smallest among citrus fruits,
nevertheless, holds more health benefiting nutrients than other larger citrus family fruits such as oranges, yuzu,
pomelo (Citrus maxima), etc.
Lemons are thought to have originated in the Himalayan foothills of North-East India, and from where they
spread all across the Middle East, Europe, Africa, and as far as Americas. Limes are smaller in size and less
sour in taste than lemons. Put together, both of these tiny fruits are perhaps now the largest consumable among
fruits all over the world.
Likewise in other citrus plants, lemons also are small, spreading, evergreen trees, growing up to 10-12 feet in
most cultivated plantations. They flourish well in temperate and tropical environments, whereas, cold and
frosty conditions would affect their growth adversely. Stems and branches often armed with sharp, stout thorns.
The fully-grown plant bears fragrant, white flowers in short cymes.
Fruits belonging to the citrus group described as “hesperidium," (A hesperidium is a scientific term to describe
the fruit structure belonging to the citrus group. In fact, the fruit is a modified berry with tough, leathery rind.
Lemon's peel contains many volatile oil glands in pits. Interior flesh is composed of segments, called carpels,
made up of numerous juice-filled vesicles that are specialized hair cells). Mature lemons turn yellow from
green, measure about 5-8 cm in diameter, and weigh about 50- 80 g in weight.
Health benefits of lemon
 Lemons are packed with numerous health benefiting nutrients. The fruit is less in calories, carrying just
29 calories per 100 g, the value being one of the lowest for the citrus fruits group.
 They contain zero saturated fats or cholesterol. Nonetheless are an excellent source of dietary fiber
(7.36% of RDA). Lemon is one of the very low glycemic fruits.
 lemon's acidic taste is because of citric acid. Citric acid constitutes up to 8% in its juice. Citric acid is a
natural preservative, aids in smooth digestion, and helps dissolve kidney stones.
 Lemons, like other fellow citrus fruits, are an excellent source of vitamin-C (ascorbic acid); provides
about 88% of daily recommended intake. Ascorbic acid is a potent water-soluble natural anti-oxidant.
This vitamin is helpful in preventing scurvy. Besides, consumption of foods rich in vitamin-C helps the
human body develop resistance against infectious agents and scavenge harmful, pro-inflammatory free
radicals from the blood.
 Lemons, like oranges, contain a variety of phytochemicals. Hesperetin, naringin, and naringenin are
flavonoid glycosides commonly found in citrus fruits. Naringenin is found to have a bioactive effect on
human health as antioxidant, free radical scavenger, anti-inflammatory, and immune system modulator.
This substance has also been shown to reduce oxidant injury to DNA in the cells in-vitro studies.
 Additionally, they also compose a minute levels of vitamin A, and other flavonoid antioxidants such as
α, and ß-carotenes, ß-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin, and lutein. These compounds are known to have
antioxidant properties. Vitamin A also required for maintaining healthy mucosa and skin and is also
essential for vision. Consumption of natural fruits rich in flavonoids helps the body to protect from lung
and oral cavity cancers.
 Total ORAC value, which measures the antioxidant strength of 100 g of fresh lemon juice is 1225 µmol
TE (Trolox equivalents).

 The fruit is also a good source of B-complex vitamins such as pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, and folates.
These essential in the sense that body requires them from external sources to replenish.
 Further, they carry a healthy amount of minerals like iron, copper, potassium, and calcium. Potassium
in an important component of cell and body fluids helps control heart rate and blood pressure.
Citrus fruits, as such, have long been valued for their wholesome nutritious and antioxidant properties. It is a
scientific fact that citrus fruits, especially lemons and oranges, by their richness in vitamins and minerals, have
many proven health benefits. Moreover, it is now beginning to be appreciated that the other biologically active,
non-nutrient compounds found in citrus fruits such as phytochemical antioxidants, and soluble as well as the
insoluble dietary fiber is helpful in reduction in the risk for cancers, many chronic diseases like arthritis, and
from obesity and coronary heart diseases.

“ BANANA ”
Banana fruit nutrition facts
Enjoy banana fruit; nature's energy-rich food that comes with a safety envelope! Fresh, creamy, and delicious
dessert bananas are one of the cheapest and readily available fruits all year round.
Botanically, it belongs to the family of Musaceae. Commercially, it is one of the widely cultivated crops in the
tropical and subtropical zones. Scientific name: Musa acuminata colla.
Banana is a perennial herbaceous plant that grows from the underground rhizome. It flourishes well under
tropical, moisture-rich, humid, low-lying farmlands.
Banana has unique growth characteristics. In fact, the whole plant is a false stem (pseudostem). This
pseudostem is consisting of broad leaves, together with their long petioles, overlapping each other in a disc-like
fashion. The whole plant may reach 2 to 6 meters in height from the ground surface depending upon the
cultivar types. At maturity, the rhizome gives rise to a flower (inflorescence) which is carried up along actual
(true) core stem (smooth un-branched stem) which pass through the center of the pseudostem. The flower
finally emerges out at the top in-between leaf clusters. The inflorescence subsequently develops to a large
hanging bunch, consisting of 3 to 20 hands (tiers of fruit), with each hand carrying at least 5-10 fingers (fruits).
There are several cultivars of banana that comes in a different size (4-9•inches), color (yellow to brown),
weight (70-150g) and taste. Structurally, it has a protective outer skin layer enveloping around delicious, sweet
and tart, cream white edible flesh.
Plantains are other cultivar types; often recognized as cooking bananas. They are intimately related to natural
fruit (dessert) bananas. Plantains employed as a staple food in many parts of tropical African and Caribbean
regions as well as in Thailand, Laos, and other Southeast Asian parts.
Health benefits of banana fruit
 Banana is one of the high-calorie tropical fruits. 100 grams of its flesh carries 90 calories. Besides, it
contains a good amount of health benefiting fiber, anti-oxidants, minerals, and vitamins.
 Banana fruit is composed of soft, easily digestible flesh made up of simple sugars like fructose and
sucrose that upon consumption instantly replenishes energy and revitalizes the body. Thus, for these
qualities, it is one of the favorite quick bites among athletes to get instant energy. It is also one of the
recommended supplement food included in the treatment plan for under-nourished children.
 The fruit holds a good amount of soluble dietary fiber (7% of DRA per 100 grams) that helps in regular
bowel movements; thereby reducing constipation problems.

 It contains health promoting flavonoid poly-phenolic antioxidants such as lutein, zeaxanthin, alpha,
and beta-carotenes; albeit, in small amounts. Together, these compounds help act as protective
scavengers against oxygen-derived free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) that play a role in
aging and various disease processes.
 Banana is a good source of vitamin-B6 (pyridoxine); provides about 28% of daily-recommended
allowance. Pyridoxine is an essential B-complex vitamin that has a beneficial role in the treatment of
neuritis, and anemia. Further, it helps decrease homocysteine (one of the triggering factors in coronary
artery disease (CHD) and stroke episodes) levels within the human body.
 The fruit is also an ideal source of vitamin-C (about 8.7 mg per 100g). Consumption of foods rich in
vitamin-C helps the body develop resistance against infectious agents and scavenge harmful oxygen-
free radicals.
 Fresh bananas provide adequate levels of minerals like copper, magnesium, and manganese.
Magnesium is essential for bone strengthening and has a cardiac-protective role as well. Manganese
utilized as a co-factor for the antioxidant enzyme, superoxide dismutase. Copper is an essential trace
element in the production of red blood cells.
 Fresh banana is a very rich source of potassium. 100 g fruit provides 358 mg potassium. Potassium is
an important component of cell and body fluids that helps control heart rate and blood pressure,
countering harmful effects of sodium.
Safety profile
Eating banana fruit may result in skin and systemic allergic reactions in some sensitive persons. The fruit may
be the cause of "oral allergy syndrome" in which the symptoms may include itching and swelling around the
mouth or throat within hours after ingestion. The condition may be related to cross hypersensitivity reactions to
the birch tree and other pollens.
The other type of allergic reaction is related to latex. The symptoms may include urticaria and sometimes
potentially severe gastrointestinal symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea

“ AMLA ”
Top 15 Benefits of Indian Gooseberry or Amla
The health benefits of Indian gooseberry, also known as Amla, can be partially attributed to its high vitamin C
content. The Indian gooseberry helps in boosting the immune system, slowing down aging, treating throat
infections, reducing blood sugar levels, and improving heart health.
Amla acts as a diuretic agent, thereby enhancing food absorption, balancing stomach acids, fortifying the liver,
and nourishing the brain and mental functioning. It also strengthens the lungs, enhances fertility, helps the
urinary system, improves skin quality, and promotes healthier hair. This fruit acts as a body coolant, flushes
out toxins, increases vitality, aids in vision care, and improves muscle tone.
Indian Gooseberry Nutrition
The Indian gooseberry or amla is abundant in vitamin C and vitamin A. It also contains high levels of folic acid
and minerals like calcium, potassium, phosphorus, iron, carotene, and magnesium. Indian gooseberries are low
in calories, with 100 grams of the fruit containing only 44 calories, according to the USDA National Nutrient
Database. Fresh Indian gooseberries contain more than 80% water, protein, minerals, carbohydrates, and
fiber. Their beneficial properties are mainly due to the potency of the antioxidants.
Prevents Heart Diseases
Amla powder strengthens the heart muscles, so the blood circulation is done throughout the body. By reducing
excess cholesterol buildup, chromium in amla powder can reduce the chances of atherosclerosis or plaque
buildup in the vessels and arteries. This can reduce the chances of stroke and heart attack. The iron content in
it promotes the creation of new red blood cells. Thereby, increasing circulation and the oxygenation of organs
and cells to maximize growth and regeneration of tissues. Also, berries like blueberries and gooseberries have
been proven to improve heart health.
Acts as a Diuretic

Besides being a fruit that is very high in water content, amla is also slightly diuretic in nature. This means that
it increases the frequency and volume of urination. Urination helps our body eliminate unwanted toxins and
excess levels of water, salt, and uric acid. Furthermore, it can help you lose weight since up to 4% of urine is
composed of fat. Therefore, a diuretic substance is always necessary for keeping your kidneys healthy and for
preventing urinary and uterine infections.
Hair Care
Amla powder is used in many hair tonics as it enriches hair growth and hair pigmentation. It strengthens the
roots, maintains color, and improves luster. Applying amla oil to the roots of your hair improves hair growth
and color. Amla oil is very popular in India because it has been shown to reduce the chances of hair loss and
baldness. This quality is due to the carotene content of amla, as well as its iron and antioxidant content that
prevents free radical damage to hair follicles and hormones.
Treats Menstrual Cramps
The minerals and vitamins in the Indian gooseberry combine to make it very useful in the treatment of
menstrual cramps. Since it takes a while for the necessary elements to accrue in the body, it is better to
consume amla on a regular basis so that its nutrients are always in the system and menstrual cramps can be
prevented.
“ GRAPES ”
Grapes nutrition facts
One of the most popular among the regularly featuring table fruits, grapes are widely considered as the "queen
of fruits" since earlier times. These tiny berries of the Europe and Mediterranean origin are the storehouse of
numerous health-promoting phytonutrients such as polyphenolic antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals. No
wonder why so many of us often include them in our diet; be it as a fresh table fruits, dry fruits (raisins), juice,
or simply in salads!
Botanically, they are small, round berries growing in clusters on a perennial and deciduous woody vine of the
genus, Vitis. Today, they widely cultivated under supervised orchards and vineyards all around the world.
In structure, each grape berry features semi-translucent flesh encased inside a smooth, thin skin. Some varieties
contain edible seeds, while others are seedless. The color of the berry is because of the presence of
polyphenolic pigments in them. Red or purple berries are rich in anthocyanins while white-green berries
compose more of tannins, especially, catechin. Interestingly, these antioxidant compounds concentrated
densely in the skin and seeds!
The three most important species of grapes grown around the world are; European (Vitis vinifera), North
American (Vitis labrusca, and Vitis rotundifolia), and French hybrids.
 Some of the popular green cultivars are Thompson seedless, sugarone, and calmeria.
 Red varieties include emperor, red globe, cardinal, and flame seedless.
 Concord and zinfandel are some of the flavorful blue-black cultivars.
Commercially, many cultivars of grapes are grown for different purposes either to be eaten as table fruit, fresh
or dried (raisin, currant, sultana) or in wine production.
Health benefits of grapes

 Grapes are rich in polyphenolic phytochemical compound resveratrol. Resveratrol is one of the
powerful anti-oxidant which has been found to play a protective role against cancers of colon and
prostate, coronary heart disease (CHD), degenerative nerve disease, Alzheimer's disease and viral/
fungal infections.
 Resveratrolreduces stroke risk by altering the molecular mechanisms inside the blood vessels. It does
so, firstly by reducing the susceptibility of the blood vessel through decreased activity of angiotensin (a
systemic hormone causing blood vessel constriction that would otherwise elevate blood pressure) and
secondly, through increased production of vasodilator substance, nitric oxide (a beneficial compound
that causes relaxation of blood vessels).
 Anthocyanins are another class of polyphenolic antioxidants present abundantly in the red grapes.
These phytochemicals have been found to have an anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, as
well as anti-cancer activity.
 Catechins, a type of flavonoid tannin group of anti-oxidants, discovered in the white/green varieties
have also shown to possess these health-protective functions.
 Also, the berries are very low in calories. 100 g fresh grapes just provide 69 calories but zero
cholesterol levels.
 Grapes are a rich source of micronutrient minerals like copper, iron, and manganese. Copper and
manganese are an essential cofactor of the antioxidant enzyme, superoxide dismutase. Iron is especially
concentrated in raisins. Besides, 100 g of fresh grapes contain about 191 mg of health benefiting
electrolyte, potassium.
 They are an also good source of vitamin-C, vitamin-A, vitamin-K, carotenes, B-complex vitamins such
as pyridoxine, riboflavin, and thiamin.
Selection and storage
Fresh grapes can be available all around the seasons. In the stores, choose those that feature plump in
consistency, free from surface wrinkles with intact skin, without any cuts or cracks or leaking juice, and firmly
attached to a healthy-looking green stem. Lift up the whole bunch in the air and shake gently; loose berries, if
any falls off easily.
Buy exactly ripe berries; green grapes should feature slight yellowish hue; red types should be mostly pinkish-
red, while purple and blue-black types should be profound and rich in color.
Since grapes tend to spoil early and ferment at room temperature, they should always be stored in the
refrigerator. Loosely wrap washed berries in a paper towel and place them in a zip pouch bag set at high
relative humidity. This way, they will keep fresh in the refrigerator for few days.
Preparation and serving method
Just before eating, wash the whole bunch to remove any pesticide residues and dirt by rinsing in cold-water for
a couple of minutes. Place then in fresh cold water and gently swish them around few times. Pat dry using a
soft cloth.
If you are not going to consume the whole bunch at one go, then separate it into small clusters using scissors.
This way, you can keep the remaining berries fresher by preventing their stem from drying out.
Although its seeds are rich in nutrients, seedless grapes make the recipes much more pleasant to eat.
Here are some serving tips;
 Enjoy them as they are, without any seasonings/additions.

 Add seedless berries complement in any fruit/vegetable salads with peach, pear, tomato, lettuce,
apricot, berries, currants, apple, pineapple, etc.
 Dry grapes (raisin, currant, and sultana) are being used in confectionary, puddings, cakes, muffins,
bread, etc.
 The food industry can also use them for the preparation of jams, jellies, juice and wine.
“ COCONUT ”
Plant
Cocos nucifera is a large palm, growing up to 30 m (98 ft) tall, with pinnate leaves 4–6 m (13–20 ft) long, and
pinnae 60–90 cm (2–3 ft) long; old leaves break away cleanly, leaving the trunk smooth. Coconuts are
generally classified into two general types: tall and dwarf. On fertile soil, a tall coconut palm tree can yield up
to 75 fruits per year, but more often yields less than 30, mainly due to poor cultural practices. Given proper
care and growing conditions, coconut palms produce their first fruit in six to ten years, taking 15 to 20 years to
reach peak production.
Fruit
The endosperm is initially in its nuclear phase suspended within the coconut water. As development continues,
cellular layers of endosperm deposit along the walls of the coconut, becoming the edible coconut "flesh".
Botanically, the coconut fruit is a drupe, not a true nut. Like other fruits, it has three layers: the exocarp,
mesocarp, and endocarp. The exocarp and mesocarp make up the "husk" of the coconuts. Coconuts sold in the
shops of nontropical countries often have had the exocarp (outermost layer) removed. The mesocarp is
composed of a fiber, called coir, which has many traditional and commercial uses. The shell has three
germination pores (micropyles) or "eyes" that are clearly visible on its outside surface once the husk is
removed.
A full-sized coconut weighs about 1.44 kg (3.2 lb). It takes around 6,000 full-grown coconuts to produce one
tonne of copra.
Roots

Unlike some other plants, the palm tree has neither a tap root nor root hairs, but has a fibrous root system.
The coconut palm root systemconsists of an abundance of thin roots that grow outward from the plant near the
surface. Only a few of the roots penetrate deep into the soil for stability. This type of root system is known as
fibrous or adventitious, and is a characteristic of grass species. Other types of large trees produce a single
downward-growing tap root with a number of feeder roots growing from it.
Coconut palms continue to produce roots from the base of the stem throughout their lives. The number of roots
produced depends on the age of the tree and the environment, with more than 3,600 roots possible on a tree
that is 60 to 70 years old.
Roots are usually less than about 75 mm (3 inches) in diameter and uniformly thick from the tree trunk to the
root tip.
Inflorescence
The palm produces both the female and male flowers on the same inflorescence; thus, the palm is monoecious.
Other sources use the term polygamomonoecious. The female flower is much larger than the male flower.
Flowering occurs continuously. Coconut palms are believed to be largely cross-pollinated, although some
dwarf varieties are self-pollinating.
Diseases
Coconuts are susceptible to the phytoplasma disease, lethal yellowing. One recently selected cultivar, the
'Maypan', has been bred for resistance to this disease. Yellowing diseases affect plantations in Africa, India,
Mexico, the Caribbean and the Pacific Region.
Pests
The coconut palm is damaged by the larvae of many Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) species which feed on it,
including the African armyworm (Spodoptera exempta) and Batrachedra spp.: B. arenosella, B. atriloqua (feeds
exclusively on C. nucifera), B. mathesoni (feeds exclusively on C. nucifera), and B. nuciferae.
Brontispa longissima (coconut leaf beetle) feeds on young leaves, and damages both seedlings and mature
coconut palms. In 2007, the Philippines imposed a quarantine in Metro Manila and 26 provinces to stop the
spread of the pest and protect the Philippine coconut industry managed by some 3.5 million farmers.
The fruit may also be damaged by eriophyid coconut mites (Eriophyes guerreronis). This mite infests coconut
plantations, and is devastating; it can destroy up to 90% of coconut production. The immature seeds are
infested and desapped by larvae staying in the portion covered by the perianth of the immature seed; the seeds
then drop off or survive deformed. Spraying with wettable sulfur 0.4% or with Neem-based pesticides can give
some relief, but is cumbersome and labor-intensive.
In Kerala, India, the main coconut pests are the coconut mite, the rhinoceros beetle, the red palm weevil, and
the coconut leaf caterpillar. Research into countermeasures to these pests has as of 2009 yielded no results;
researchers from the Kerala Agricultural University and the Central Plantation Crop Research Institute,
Kasaragode, continue to work on countermeasures. The Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kannur under Kerala
Agricultural University has developed an innovative extension approach called the compact area group
approach to combat coconut mites.
Production and cultivation

Coconut palms are grown in more than 90 countries and territories of the world, with a total production of
over 59 million tonnes in 2016 . Most of the world production is in tropical Asia, with Indonesia, the
Philippines, and India collectively accounting for over 72% of the world total
Cultivation
Coconut palms are normally cultivated in hot and wet tropical climates. They need year round warmth and
moisture to grow well and fruit. Coconut palms are hard to establish in dry climates, and cannot grow there
without frequent irrigation; in drought conditions, the new leaves do not open well, and older leaves may
become desiccated; fruit also tends to be shed.
The extent of cultivation in the tropics is threatening a number of habitats, such as mangroves; an example of
such damage to an ecoregion is in the Petenes mangroves of the Yucatán.
“ ALOE VERA ”
The health benefits of aloe vera include strengthening the immune system, delaying the aging process, curing
dermatitis, alleviating menstrual problems, reducing arthritis pain, and healing wounds. It also cures nausea,
eliminates ulcers, lowers blood sugar and cholesterol levels, reduces oxidative stress, inhibits cancerous
growth, heals the side effects of radiotherapy treatments, promotes hair growth, and soothes acid reflux
symptoms. It has been used for ages to alleviate pain since it has excellent anti-inflammatory properties.
What is Aloe Vera?
Aloe vera is also known as medicinal aloe, while its common names are lily of the desert, burn plant and
elephant’s gall. It belongs to the family of succulent plants in the genus ‘Aloe’. The origin of this burn plant is
believed to be in Sudan and has been used for more than 6,000 years. The great virtues of this plant have been
recognized by many civilizations, including the Egyptians, Spanish, Persians, Greeks, Italians, Africans,
Japanese, and Indians. It grows best in warm and dry climates and is densely found in India, Africa, and other
arid zones.
Aloe Vera Nutrition
For decades, the soothing nature of aloe vera has been known and respected by the people who believe in
naturopathy. The aloe vera plant has compounds such as mannans, polysaccharides, lectins, and
anthraquinones that are extremely beneficial for human health. It has 18 amino acids that work in association

with other compounds of the human body to deliver numerous health benefits. According to USDA, aloe juice is
a good source of energy, iron, sodium, and calcium.
Health Benefits of Aloe Vera
The common health benefits of aloe are discussed below.
Improves Digestion
The adaptogenic properties of aloe vera are beneficial for a proper digestion. It ensures better nutrient
absorption and also eliminates harmful elements through smooth excretion. A healthy digestive process
positively affects your thoughts and actions, thus promoting overall health. Dr. Meika Foster, University of
Sydney, Australia, in her study reports that aloe vera latex has amazing laxative effects. Thus, it cures irritable
bowel syndrome (IBS) and keeps constipation, piles, and other gastrointestinal conditions from damaging your
system.
Aloe vera has compounds called polysaccharides that have the ability to cure a host of digestive disorders and
ulcers. Ulcers are one of the most prominent consequences of digestive problems that are effectively cured by
this plant extract. Many studies have proven that it cures issues like Crohn’s disease, peptic ulcers, and other
digestive tract disorders. If you suffer from ulcers and consume aloe vera extract for at least 3 – 4 weeks, you
will surely notice positive results.
Boosts Immunity
Beverages made with aloe vera juice possess natural detoxifying properties that effectively cleanse the digestive
system and the circulatory system. As the absorption level of nutrients accelerates, it results in better blood
circulation and also improves health. When the blood is oxygen-rich, it automatically provides nutrients within
the cells more proficiently. These healthy cells ensure your body’s ability to ward off infections, thereby
strengthening your immune system. It has the capability to neutralize harmful bacteria and its rejuvenating
properties work within your body to keep it fresh and active throughout the day.
Skin Care
Aloe has been used for skin ailments since ancient times. The pure inner gel extracted from the aloe leaf is the
best natural remedy for skin abrasions and it also helps diminish the symptoms of aging skin conditions. Many
skin care and personal care products, toiletries, and cosmetics include aloe extracts. In fact, if you have its
plant at home, simply tear a small part of the leaf, take the gel and apply it in the raw form on your face. This
therapy will prove to be far better and more effective than many expensive skin creams on the market. Most
people prefer drinking its juice, which also enhances skin health, as the properties of the plant work internally.
It also helps in curing stings, rashes, and psoriasis. Journal of Dermatological Treatment says that the topical
application of aloe vera gel combined with tretinoin is extremely useful in the treatment of mild and moderate
acne vulgaris. Another study has also proved the ability of aloe vera to cure suntan and sunburn.
Hair Care
Aloe vera has proven to be an excellent option for promoting hair growth naturally. The hair products that
contain it are essential to retain voluminous and healthy hair. You can apply its gel to the entire scalp and hair
to treat hair loss as it has an enzyme that is beneficial for stimulating hair growth. Aloe vera shampoo improves
blood circulation and keeps you away from stress and mental strain. In fact, it has anti-inflammatory properties
that effectively treat androgenetic alopecia or male pattern baldness. If you use it regularly as a shampoo and
conditioner, you are sure to prevent premature hair loss.
Preserves Food
A thin layer of aloe vera gel can act as a natural food preservative. In an experiment, aloe preservative was
able to keep grapes fresh for more than 35 days. Furthermore, a 2014 study cited in Cambridge Core shows

that the pure aqueous extract of aloe vera can inhibit the growth of certain microbes. This extract when coated
on tomatoes helped delay ripening and was effective in increasing its overall shelf-life.
Many scientists say that this benefit of aloe can bring a new dimension to food safety regulations around the
world. Further experiments showed that dipping fruits and vegetables in aloe vera gel effectively eliminated
E.coli, retained freshness, and also extended their shelf life. The FDA has also approved it as a natural food
flavoring agent.
Delays Aging
Aloe vera has been a primary component of many skin products that help in retaining youthfulness. The added
support of aloe in any skin cream enhances its function as a wrinkle fader and skin rejuvenator. The anti-aging
properties work on the skin and keep it fresh, supple, wrinkle-free, and bright. The properties of aloe make it
penetrate quickly within the various layers of the skin, even to the muscles of the body.
Cures Menstrual Problems
The extract of aloe vera has shown to be an excellent stimulant of the uterus and eating aloe vera or drinking
its juice is very beneficial during painful menstruation.
Relieves Joint & Muscle Pain
The anti-inflammatory properties of aloe vera help it to work efficiently on joint and muscle pains. Applying
aloe gel topically eases inflammation of the joints. Eating aloe vera, its capsules, or drinking its juice can
reduce inflammation throughout the body, thus proving to be revitalizing. In some studies, it has been reported
that people who regularly consume aloe vera juice for at least two weeks experience a significant improvement
in inflammation issues. However, it works efficiently when your diet contains less intake of red meat, sugar,
milk, fried foods, and white flour.
“ GUAVA ”
The potential health benefits of guava include its ability to help in regulating blood pressure, and
treating diarrhea. It further helps strengthen the immune system and digestive system. It also aids in
weight loss, improves the skin, treats cough and cold, constipation, dysentery, and scurvy.
Due to the unique and high concentrations of minerals and vitamins, guava can also help increase energy,
relax the nerves, and decrease the number of stress hormones in the body.
What is Guava?
Guava is a sweet and delicious fruit cultivated in tropical climates. This seasonal fruit, scientifically known
as Psidium guajava , is round or pear-shaped and is light green, yellow or maroon in color when it ripens. It
has a white or maroon flesh, depending on its type, and has small hard seeds enveloped in its soft, sweet pulp.
The common types of guava include apple guava, yellow-fruited cherry guava, strawberry guava, and red apple
guava. It is mostly eaten raw (ripe or semi-ripe) or consumed in the form of juice, jams, and jellies.
Guava Nutrition Facts

This popular fruit is a powerhouse of nutrients. As per USDA, guava is a good source of energy, dietary fiber,
vitamin C, vitamin A, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, and calcium. It also contains iron, sodium, zinc,
niacin, vitamin E, vitamin B6, folate, thiamine, and riboflavin.
Health Benefits of Guava
If the traditional adage says that, “an apple a day keeps the doctor away,” in Europe and America, the phrase
can be probably changed to, “a few guavas in the season keep the doctor away for the whole year,” in the
tropical and subtropical regions of the world where they typically grow. Let’s find out why;
Antioxidant Properties
The naturally high content of vitamin C in guavas, which is four times higher than the content found in oranges,
helps boost the immune system. According to a study published in 2006, the antioxidants in guava defend your
body against the proliferation of free radicals in the body, which are one of the main causes of serious
conditions like cancer and heart diseases. Therefore, adding guava to your diet helps you stay healthy.
Controls Diabetes
The intake of guava can also help patients suffering from diabetes. High level of dietary fiber in it helps lower
blood glucose levels in the body. Recent studies have shown that consuming it can help prevent the appearance
of type-2 diabetes.
Improves Eyesight
Guava is an extremely good source of vitamin A, which is well known as a booster for vision health. It can help
slow down the appearance of cataracts, macular degeneration, and improve the overall health of the eyes. It
helps protect the cells in your eyes and can also prevent deterioration of eyesight.
Regulates Blood Pressure
Research at the Heart Research Laboratory, Medical Hospital and Research Centre, India, states that guava
helps reduce LDL cholesterol levels and blood pressure. It has also shown that the food that lacks fiber (such
as refined flour) adds to blood pressure. This fruit, being very rich in fiber and hypoglycemic in nature, helps
reduce blood pressure.
Treats Scurvy
Guava can outdo many fruits, including orange and other citrus fruits, in terms of its concentration of vitamin
C. According to a study published in the Plant Foods for Human Nutrition in 2003, the deficiency of vitamin C
can cause scurvy and the only known remedy for this dangerous disease is proper intake of vitamin C. In fact,
guavas contain 4times more vitamin C than oranges, which are often heralded as the absolute best source of
that beneficial vitamin.
Relieves Constipation
Guava is one of the richest sources of dietary fiber among fruits and its seeds serve as excellent laxatives.
These two properties of guava help the formation of healthy bowel movements, aid in retaining water in the
body, and thoroughly clean your intestines. It is said that constipation alone can lead to 72 different types of
ailments, so any help for constipation is beneficial. Your overall health is affected undeniably by
proper digestion, and more importantly, by proper excretion. Frequent consumption of guava can ensure both.
Improves Brain Health

Another tremendous benefit of guava is the presence of vitamin B3 and B6 in them. Vitamin B3 (also known
as niacin) can increase blood flow and stimulates cognitive function, whereas vitamin B6 is a great nutrient for
brain and nerve function. Eating guava can help relax the nerves and enhance concentration.
Treats Cough & Cold
Dr. Pranee Jairaj, in a research on the anticough and antimicrobial activities of Psidium guajava linn. leaf
extract, states that guava is very helpful in treating cold and cough. Juice of raw and immature guavas, or a
decoction of its leaves, is very helpful in relieving coughs and colds by reducing mucus, disinfecting the
respiratory tract, throat, and lungs, and inhibiting microbial activity with its astringent properties.
Guava has one of the richest sources of vitamin C and iron among fruits and both effectively prevent colds and
viral infections. In some areas of India, roasted ripe guava is used as a remedy against extreme cases of a
cough, cold, and congestion. Ripe guava should be avoided by people who are suffering from cough and cold,
as it can exacerbate the problem. Also, avoid drinking water immediately after eating a guava as it can lead to
a sore throat.
Weight Loss
Guava is very helpful for people wanting to lose weight without compromising their intake of proteins,
vitamins, and fiber. As guava is high in roughage, it has no cholesterol and has a low number of digestible
carbohydrates. This combination makes a filling snack that satisfies the appetite very easily.
Guava, especially the raw one, has far less sugar as compared to apples, oranges, grapes, and other fruits. Add
a medium-sized guava to your lunch and you will not feel hungry until evening. Ironically, it can also help lean
and skinny people to gain weight. This is probably due to its wealth of nutrients, which regulates
the metabolism and promotes proper absorption of nutrients.
Skin Care
Guavas can improve the texture of your skin. They can help you avoid skin problems better than beauty creams
and skin toning gels. This is chiefly due to the abundance of astringents available in the fruit (with more
astringents present in immature guavas) and in its leaves. Your skin can benefit from either eating the fruits
(this helps tighten your muscles apart from your skin) or by rinsing your skin with a decoction of its immature
fruit and leaves. It will tone up and tighten the area of loosened skin where it is applied. Guava’s rich
antioxidants and detoxifying properties help keep your skin glowing and free from signs of premature aging,
wrinkles, and other dermal disorders.
“ GROUNDNUT ”
Peanuts nutrition facts
Delicious, crunchy, and nutty peanuts are one of the popular oilseeds known to humankind since centuries. The
kernels enriched with many noteworthy health-benefiting nutrients essential for optimum health and wellness.
They are actually legumes but carry almost all the qualities of other popular edible nuts such as pistachio,
almonds, etc.
Botanically, they are small sized, underground fruit pods of a plant belonging to the Fabaceae family, in the
genus, Arachis. Some of the common names are groundnut, earthnuts, etc.
Scientific name: Arachis hypogaea.

Peanut plant takes approximately 120 to 150 days to produce the crop after sowing its seed. The process of
peanut development is quite interesting! Its yellow flowers, after self-pollination, develop into "ovaries" called
pedicels, which elongate rapidly to turn downward to bury several inches deep underground, from where the
fruits develop into peanut pods we know.
To harvest, the entire plant including roots dug out of the soil. Each plant may hold 10-150 fruit pods. The pods
have a thick, wrinkled outer shell with 2-3 constrictions as in bean pods. Each peanut kernel is covered with a
papery thin, brown layer and can be split into two halves as in any other legumes.
Health Benefits of Peanuts
 Peanuts are rich in energy (567 calories per 100 g) and contain health benefiting nutrients, minerals,
antioxidants and vitamins that are essential for optimum health.
 They compose sufficient levels of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), especially oleic acid. MUFA
helps lower LDL or "bad cholesterol" and increases HDL or "good cholesterol” level in the blood.
Research studies suggest that the Mediterranean diet which is rich in monounsaturated fatty acids help
prevent coronary artery disease and stroke risk by favoring healthy serum lipid profile.
 Peanut kernels are a good source of dietary protein; compose fine quality amino acids that are essential
for growth and development.
 Research studies have shown that peanuts contain high concentrations of polyphenolic antioxidants,
primarily p-coumaric acid. This compound has been thought to reduce the risk of stomach cancer by
limiting the formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines in the stomach.
 Peanuts are an excellent source of resveratrol, another polyphenolic antioxidant. Resveratrol has been
found to have a protective function against cancers, heart disease, degenerative nerve disease,
Alzheimer's disease, and viral/fungal infections.
 Furthermore, studies suggest that resveratrol may reduce stroke risk through altering molecular
mechanisms in the blood vessels (reducing susceptibility to vascular damage through decreased activity
of angiotensin, a systemic hormone responsible for blood vessel constriction that would elevate blood
pressure), and by increasing production of vasodilator hormone, nitric oxide.
 Recent research studies suggest that roasting/boiling enhances antioxidant bioavailability in the
peanuts. It has been found that boiled peanuts have two and four-fold increase in isoflavone
antioxidants biochanin-A and genistein content, respectively. (Journal of agricultural and food
chemistry).
 The kernels are an excellent source of vitamin-E(α -tocopherol); containing about 8 g per100 g.
vitamin-E is a powerful lipid soluble antioxidant which helps maintain the integrity of mucosa and skin
by protecting from harmful oxygen free radicals.
 The nuts are packed with many important B-complex groups of vitamins such as riboflavin, niacin,
thiamin, pantothenic acid, vitamin B-6, and folates. 100 g of peanuts provide about 85% of RDI of
niacin, which contributes to health and blood flow to the brain.
 The nuts are a rich source of minerals like copper, manganese, potassium, calcium, iron, magnesium,
zinc, and selenium.
Safety profile
Peanut allergy is a type of hypersensitivity response in some people to food substances prepared using these
nuts. The resultant over-reaction of the immune system may manifest as severe physical symptoms like
vomiting, stomach pain, swelling of lips and throat leading to breathing difficulty, chest congestion, and
sometimes death. It is, therefore, advised to avoid any food preparations that contain peanut products in these
individuals.
Peanuts are one of the crops that easily susceptible to fungal (mold) infection, especially by Aspergillus flavus
which produces aflatoxin. Aflatoxin is a potent and dangerous known carcinogen that may cause liver cirrhosis
and cancer. Roasting helps reduce toxin levels in these nuts and thus offers some protection against aflatoxin.

“ JASMINE ”
Flowers are presumed to be the divine grace of gods. The soothing fragrance of these flowers mesmerize the senses of
one and all. Endowed with the exotic perfumes, Jasmine flower is one of the most beautiful and fragrant amongst all the
15,000 flowering plant species in India. Majorly used as decorative flowers, these scented flowers are also used for
medical motives and religious purposes.

Jasmine is also referred to as Mogra, Kundum alligai, Arabian Jasm ine or Mallika. Its popularity in India can
be easily understood as it is also praised as "Moonshine in thegarden "by the Indians.
A prominent member of the family "Oleaceae" Jasmine is scientifically known as Jasminum sambac (L.)
Aiton.An evergreen shrub, Jasmine is the pride of all beautiful gardens. It usually climbs up as a vine and
reaches to a height of about 8 to 10 feet. Strangely the little flowers that this plant bears in huge clusters is
simply about an inch each. The oval shaped green rich leaves, bear around five to nine leaflets which give the
entire plant a very beautiful and artistic look. A symbol of purity and peace the beautiful jasmine flowers are
white in color. Jasmine plant grows worldwide spreading its fragrance all over.
A prominent member of the family "Oleaceae" Jasmine is scientifically known as Jasminum sambac (L.)
Aiton.An evergreen shrub, Jasmine is the pride of all beautiful gardens. It usually climbs up as a vine and
reaches to a height of about 8 to 10 feet. Strangely the little flowers that this plant bears in huge clusters is
simply about an inch each. The oval shaped green rich leaves, bear around five to nine leaflets which give the
entire plant a very beautiful and artistic look. A symbol of purity and peace the beautiful jasmine flowers are
white in color. Jasmine plant grows worldwide spreading its fragrance all over.
MedicinalUses
The Jasmine flower forms a vital ingredient of almost all ayurvedic medicines owing to its diverse curing
qualities. Specifically it is used to remove intestinal worms
 It is considered to be an apt and biological cure for jaundice and other venereal diseases
 The flower buds help in treatment of ulcers, vesicles, boils, skin diseases and eye disorders
 The leaves extracts against breast tumours
 Drinking Jasmine tea regularly helps in curing cancer
 Its oil is very effective in calming and relaxing.
Some Interesting Facts About Jasmine Flower
 Jasmine shrubs grow 12-24 inches per year and thus reach to a height of 10-15 feet
 Jasmine leaves are either evergreen or deciduous. This implies that either the leaves will remain
evergreen or will fall off at maturity
 Jasmine oil, which is a very popular fragrant oil, contains benzyl acetate, terpinol, jasmone, benzyl
benzoate, linalool, several alcohols, and many other compounds
 The variety Jasminium sambac, is a clustered flower of a equally strong scent which is known as Pikake
in Hawaii
Jasminum grandiflorum and Jasminum officinale are the two types of jasmine plants which are widely used
for oil production
 Beware, the nectar of the fragrant flowers of Carolina Jasmine, Gelsemium sempervirens, is
poisonous, and interestingly its dried roots are used in medicinal preparations as a sedative
 Jasmine flower oil, extracted from the two species Jasminum Officinale and Grandiflorum, is used in
high-grade perfumes and cosmetics, such as creams, oils, soaps, and shampoos of exotic quality.
Worldwide Popular Varieties Of Jasmine
 Common Jasmine, also known as poet's Jasmine - Jasmine officinale, is a native to Iran. Its fragrant
white flowers are the source of attar of Jasmine which is used to produce perfumes.

 Winter Jasmine scientifically called Jasmine nudiflorum is a Chinese species which bears solitary
yellow flowers. It is essentially used as a cover plant on hillsides.
 Arabian Jasmine botanically known as Jasmine sambac is used to make jasmine tea.
South African Jasmine or Jasmine angulare is an evergreen vine, which is only hardy in the coastal areas. This
type of Jasmine blossoms in the sunny summers and bear unscented white flowers in groups of three.
 Spanish Jasmine or Jasmine grandiflorum is a semi-evergreen to deciduous vine which bears
fragrant, white flowers.
 Italian Jasmine which can also be called Jasmine humile is an evergreen shrub or vine, which reaches
up to the height of around 20 feet. Its clusters of fragrant, bright yellow flowers can be seen all summer
long.
 Primrose Jasmine or Jasmine mesnyi a very famous jasmine variety is an evergreen shrub which is
decorated with yellow, unscented flowers. Essentially used to make nectar, this jasmine has always been
every poet's fantasy.
 Downy Jasmine or Jasmine multiflorum bears has clustered, white flowers that are not strongly
scented.
“ LADY’S FINGER ”

Okra nutrition facts
Okra, also known as "lady's finger," or "bamia pod" is one of the favorite nutritious vegetables of North-East
African origin. The pods usually gathered while they are green, tender, and at the immature stage. The plant
cultivated throughout the tropical and warm temperate regions around the world for their phytonutrients rich
pods. It grows best in a well-drained and manure rich soil.
Botanically, okra is a perennial flowering plant in the Malvaceae (mallows) family, and named scientifically as
Abelmoschus esculentus.
The okra plant bears numerous dark green colored pods measuring about 5-15 cm in length. It takesabout 45-
60 days to get ready-to-harvest fruits. Internally, thepods featuresmall, round, mucilaginous white colored
seeds arranged in vertical rows. The pods handpicked whilejust short ofreaching maturity and eaten as a
vegetable.
Health Benefits of Okra
 The okra pods are among the very low-calorie vegetables. They provide just 30 calories per 100 g
besides containing no saturated fats or cholesterol. Nonetheless, they are rich sources of dietary fiber,
minerals, and vitamins; often recommended by nutritionists in cholesterol controlling and weight
reduction programs.
 The pods are one of the rich sources of mucilage substance that help in smooth peristalsis of digested
food through the gut and ease constipation condition.
 The pods compose healthy amounts of vitamin-A, and flavonoid anti-oxidants such as beta-carotene,
xanthin, and lutein. It is one of the vegetables with highest levels of these antioxidants. Vitamin-A is
essential for for maintaining healthy mucosa and skin. Consumption of natural vegetables and fruits
rich in flavonoids helps to protect from lung and oral cavity cancers.
 Fresh pods are the good source of folates; provide about 22% of RDA per 100 g. Consumption of foods
rich in folates, especially during the pre-conception period helps decrease the incidence of neural tube
defects in the newborn.
 The gumbo pods are also an excellent source of antioxidant vitamin, vitamin-C, providing about 36% of
daily recommended levels. Research suggests that consumption of foods rich in vitamin-C helps the
human body develop immunity to combat infectious agents, reduce episodes of cold and cough and
protect it from harmful free radicals.
 They are rich in the B-complex group of vitamins like niacin, vitamin B-6 (pyridoxine), thiamin and
pantothenic acid. The pods also contain good amounts of vitamin-K. Vitamin-K is a co-factor for blood
clotting enzymes and is required for strengthening of bones.
 The pods are also a good source of many essential minerals such as iron, calcium, manganese, and
magnesium.
Selection and storage
Fresh, immature okra pods can be readily available in the stores year round. The pods feature attractively rich
green color and have a neutral flavor. In the markets, look for crispy, immature pods and avoid those with
over-ripen, sunken, discolored, spots, cuts, and mushy.
Once at home, eat them while they are fresh to obtain full benefits of vitamins and antioxidants. They may also
stay well for 1-2 days when placed in the refrigerator.
“ MORINGA ”

Moringa, a plant native to India, is rich in antioxidants and nutrients and its powerful health benefits include
its ability to protect the liver, fight inflammation, and lower cholesterol. Moringa extract and powder can help
give relief from stomach disorders, allergies, and edema.
Moringa can help treat diabetes, protect the eyes, improve cardiovascular health, enhance bone health, speed
wound healing, and boost skin health. It has potent antibacterial and antifungal properties.
What is Moringa?
Moringa oleifera , also known as drumstick tree or the “miracle tree”, is a highly valued and versatile plant
which belongs to the Moringaceae family. It is a fast-growing, deciduous tree that is native to India and is
widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical areas all over Asia, Africa, and South America. It is widely known
by many other names, including Horseradish tree and Ben oil tree.
Although modern science has recently discovered its value, moringa has been imparting a multitude of benefits
across various cultures since ancient times. It was valued by the Romans, Egyptians, and Greeks for its
medicinal impact on a range of ailments. Today, its usage has been encouraged by various humanitarian
organizations to combat malnutrition and its effects in poverty-stricken regions, mainly due to its economic
viability and rapid growth. Due to its extraordinary and unmatched range of medicinal benefits, it was named
the “miracle tree” during the food crisis in Africa.
Its tree has a thick, whitish bark with droopy, fragile branches and long, green, oval-shaped leaflets. In
Ayurvedic therapy, it is valued for its impressive range of therapeutic uses, commonly attributed to its
antifungal, antiviral, antidepressant, and anti-inflammatory properties. In some areas, it is simply known as
‘shigru’.
Nutrition Facts
Moringa leaves and pods are a nutritional powerhouse that provides a great range and amount of essential
proteins, vitamins, and minerals. It is a rich source of essential amino acids, which are the building blocks of
proteins.
According to the USDA, moringa pods also contains a significant amount of vitamins such as vitamin A,
vitamin B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), B6, folate, and ascorbic acid (vitamin C). Its mineral
wealth includes calcium, potassium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, and zinc. It contains a very low amount of
fats and offers no harmful cholesterol.
Health Benefits of Moringa
Let us look at the amazing benefits of moringa.
Powerful Antioxidants
The moringa plant offers a rich blend of powerful antioxidants such as kaempferol, caffeoylquinic acid, zeatin,
quercetin, rutin, chlorogenic acid, and beta-sitosterol. These powerful antioxidants found in moringa
possess free radical scavenging capacity and have shown its therapeutic value in curing the damage caused by
oxidative stress.
Treats Blood Sugar Levels
Research studies have demonstrated that treatment with moringa works positively towards the reduction of
blood glucose, urine sugar, and urine proteins in diabetic test subjects. Intake of its extract has shown a
remarkable improvement in the hemoglobin levels and total protein content of the diabetic subjects. A study by
Dr. Majambu Mbikay, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Canada, confirms that its leaves can be used to
prevent chronic hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia (high blood lipid levels).

Reduces Cholesterol
Moringa is effective in maintaining optimal levels of blood pressure and cholesterol levels in the body.
Bioactive components such as isothiocyanate and niaziminin present in it prevent the thickening of arteries and
reduce the development of pulmonary hypertension. Studies have confirmed its hypocholesterolemic effects help
in reducing a high-fat rise in the liver, kidney, and serum cholesterol levels.
Skin Care & Hair Care
Moringa seed oil is beneficial for the skin and hair and is effective against the infection caused by the herpes
simplex virus. The healing effects of this herb prevent the development of skin lesions and inhibit the formation
of plaque caused by the infecting virus. The hydrating and detoxifying effects of moringa extracts help in
neutralizing the effects of harmful pollutants, prevent wrinkles and slowdowns aging. The high protein content
of drumstick aids in protecting the dermal cells from damage caused by heavy metals such as mercury and
cadmium. For the same reason, it is used in the production of cosmetics and skin care products as well.
The favorable effects of moringa seed oil for hair care have been appreciated since ancient times. It is highly
beneficial in protecting the hair from environmental damage, including ultraviolet radiation. It serves as a
valuable conditioner for the scalp, strengthens the roots, and stimulates hair growth too.
Treats Cancer
Moringa is an anticancer agent and is highly valued in tumor therapy. A review on the nutritive importance
and medicinal application of Moringa oleifera emphasis the various medicinal properties of moringa, including
its anti-cancer property. A research has demonstrated that its extracts possess chemopreventive properties
attributed to the presence of the phenolic components quercetin and kaempferol. Another study has
demonstrated the role of the bioactive compound niazimicin in restraining the development of cancer
cells. Drumstick extracts impart chemo-modulatory effects towards curing various types of cancers such
as ovarian cancer, hepatic carcinogenesis, and skin papillomagenesis by inhibiting the proliferation of
malignant cancer cells and inducing apoptosis, also known as programmed cell death.
Prevents Stone Formation
Moringa extracts are effective against the formation of stones in the kidney, bladder, and uterus. According to
research studies, the administration of its root exerted anti-urolithiatic activity and resulted in a noteworthy
reduction in the urinary oxalate levels. The curative effect of moringa has also shown a reduction in the
formation of stone deposits and aids in regulating endogenous oxalate synthesis.
Treats Anemia & Sickle Cell Disease
Moringa extracts are beneficial in the treatment of anemia and sickle cell diseases. Studies have provided
supporting evidence regarding the fact that treatment with moringa aids in facilitating the absorption of iron,
increasing the red blood cell count and helping to maintain normal blood parameters. Recent studies have also
validated the anti-sickling potential of moringa plant extracts, which is attributed to the presence of zinc and
flavonols such as kaempferol, quercetin, and acacetin, as well as phenolic acids such as melilotic acid and
vanillic acid.

“ NEEM ”
The important health benefits of neem leaves include its ability to treat dandruff, soothe irritation,
protect the skin, boost the immune system, and reduce inflammation. It also speeds up wound
healing, treats gastric conditions, slows the aging process, improves hair and scalp health,
maintains sexual organ health, and treats various forms of cancer and diabetes.
What is Neem?
Neem is the common name of an extremely important tree native to the Indian subcontinent, although it now
grows in certain parts of the Middle East as well. With the scientific name Azadirachta indica, neem trees are
actually in the mahogany family of trees, Meliaceae. These trees grow very rapidly and have broad-
spreading leaves, which they can drop quickly in a drought so as to protect the rest of the trees. This quality
makes them extremely resilient to challenging environments; they are primarily found in tropical and
subtropical zones. The flowers are very fragrant and white in color, while the fruit of the neem tree is a small
drupe with a bittersweet pulp.
Neem leaves are widely sought after and serve as a major industry in the subcontinents, as these valuable
leaves can be used for many different things. The oil from the leaves can be extracted and used in a wide
variety of medicines, while the leaves can be dried and used as an herb or even as a pest repellent. In many
areas of India, the shoots and flowers of the tree are also used in culinary applications.
Neem powder contains a unique composition of organic and beneficial compounds, so products derived from it
are very popular in herbal remedies. From tea and garnishes to skin salves and herbal supplements, it is
considered as one of the most important and versatile plants in the Indian culture.
Health Benefits
Let’s take a closer look at some of the health benefits of this herb.
Antibacterial Potential
A research published in the Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine journal states that one
of the most widely recognized benefits of neem powder, oil, leaves, tea, and every other derivative is its strong
antibacterial and antimicrobial effects. This comes into play both internally and externally, which is why neem
is considered to be such a general tonic for the immune system and as a simple way to keep your overall health
better protected. It is commonly associated with treating skin conditions, but its effects are far more extensive
than that!
Reduces Dandruff
A 2011 study on the medicinal properties of neem suggests that the antifungal and antibacterial properties of
neem make it very popular in shampoos and scalp cleansers. This is because it can help the skin remain
hydrated and eliminate dandruff while strengthening your hair. It also improves the health of your hair follicles
due to its antioxidant content. In fact, it is even used in traditional medicines to stimulate hair growth and
prevent male-pattern baldness.
Detoxifies the Body
Whether you are using neem powder, paste, leaves, consuming its extracts in supplements or in some other
form, the active ingredients in this one-stop pharmacy tree will help to rid the body of toxins. Research
conducted at the Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, School of Medicine, the University of North Carolina,
USA states that neem stimulates the liver, helping eliminate toxins quickly and optimizing the body’s metabolic

activities. A great deal of detritus accumulates on our skin every day, including germs, microbes, dust, and
grime; neem paste can help neutralize these chemicals, pathogens, or dirt that can cause irritation or illness.
Treats Acne
In terms of treating acne, neem paste is observed to eliminate much of grease and bacteria that can exacerbate
the condition. The antibacterial nature of neem also helps prevent future breakouts, while the antioxidants in
it will help minimize scarring and keep the skin looking fresh and clean. It also has astringent properties, which
reduces the chances of skin sagging or wrinkles and aging. This is due to the fatty acids in neem oil, as well as
the high content of vitamin E.
Improves Gastric Health
Consuming neem has been directly connected with a reduction in inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract,
which helps reduce ulcers and a wide range of other intestinal issues, such as constipation, bloating, and
cramping. It can also be used as a quick healing antidote for stomach flu and other infections that can destroy
beneficial bacteria in the gut.
Prevents Chronic Diseases
The high levels of antioxidants present in neem leaves have been linked to reduced chances of developing
certain types of cancer. Antioxidants neutralize free radicals, the dangerous byproducts of cellular metabolism
that can cause cancer and chronic disease throughout the body. Early research reports indicate a positive
correlation between antioxidants and low risk of cancer and heart disease, as antioxidants also keep the
cardiovascular system clean and unobstructed.
Inhibits Fungal Infections
You can apply neem powder, neem paste or diluted neem oil directly onto infected areas of the body, including
the Athlete’s foot. The antifungal effects of its active organic ingredients are rapid and highly efficient, leaving
your immune system and skin intact.
Controls Diabetes
As per research published in the Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, there is a connection
between a lower demand for insulin in the body and the consumption of neem. Its chemical components
optimize insulin receptor function and ensure that the body is receiving appropriate amounts of insulin, which
protects against the development of diabetes. Furthermore, for diabetics, it can be used to minimize the
dependence on insulin therapy.
Treats Malaria
As per a 2009 study in the Malaria Journal, neem acts as a natural mosquito repellant. There has been some
unconfirmed research that neem leaves can effectively treat malaria symptoms and minimize the danger of the
disease. However, neem’s more common relationship with malaria is as a natural insect repellent that is
nontoxic and highly effective in repelling mosquitoes, which are the main vectors of malaria.
Anti-inflammatory Agent
There are certain anti-inflammatory properties in neem leaves and this is especially exciting for arthritis
research. The paste or oil, when applied to aching joints and muscles due to arthritis can significantly reduce
pain and discomfort, and even increase flexibility if consistently used.
Word of Caution: Despite this vast range of potentially beneficial uses, there are some side effects associated
with neem. Firstly, it should not be used or consumed by infants or toddlers, and those with existing kidney or
liver issues should definitely consult a doctor before using its leaves, paste, or oil. There is a chance of fatigue,

due to its slight sedative nature, so be cautious of overuse, particularly in conjunction with any other
medications.
“ POMIGRANATE ”
Main Nam e: Pomegranate
Biological Nam e: Punica granatum
Pomegranate nutrition facts
Pomegranate fruit is one of the most popular, nutritionally rich fruit with unique flavor, taste, and heath
promoting characteristics. Together with sub-arctic pigmented berries and some tropical exotics such as
mango, it too has unique qualities of functional foods, often called as “super fruits.”
Botanically, it is a small size fruit-bearing deciduous tree belonging to the Lythraceae family, of genus: Punica.
The tree is thought to have originated in the Persia and Sub-Himalayan foothills of Northern India
Health Benefits of Pomegranate
1. Pomegranates help women in fighting against breast cancer since its juice has the ability of eliminating
cancer cells and preventing their growth. Consuming about 8 ounces of pomegranate juice daily helps
in keeping levels of PSA stable, particularly if you are undergoing treatment for prostate cancer.
2. Studies indicate that maternal consumption of pomegranate juice can prevent the neonatal brain from
damage.
3. Regular consumption of pomegranates prevents the formation of blood clots in arteries and assists in
dissolving the same, if present. The seeds contain a fair amount of iron.
4. Do you have high levels of cholesterol? Drinking a glass of pomegranate juice lowers LDL (bad
cholesterol) and raises the HDL (good cholesterol).
5. 1.7 ounces of pomegranate juice also assists in decreasing systolic blood pressure by almost 5%.
6. Brushing your teeth twice a day is definitely a task! To give you teeth natural protection from dental
plaque, consumption of pomegranate juice on a regular basis is recommended.
7. The juice of this fruit also decreases the risk of heart strokes due to its excellent antioxidant properties.
8. Women, during menopause, experience weakness and malaise. Pomegranate juice is extremely
beneficial in giving the body a boost of energy and freshness.
9. The fruit, pomegranate, is highly useful for people with a weak immune system. Eating the seeds of this
fruit improves the defense mechanism of the body.
10. A decoction made from the seeds of pomegranates is helpful in the treatment of syphilis while the juice
helps in the treatment of diarrhea and jaundice.
11. Consumption of pomegranates after meals helps in digestion as it promotes secretion of enzymes and
prevents constipation.
12. Frequent intake of pomegranate, either in the juice or powder form, is beneficial during the fifth month
of pregnancy and it reduces the risk of getting an abortion.
13. The fruit effectively helps in providing relief and treatment to anal itching. This can be done by roasting
the rind, grinding it into a powder, diluting with oil and applying it over the anus.
14. Pomegranates have several other health benefits such as curing Alzheimer’s disease, stomach ache,
skin inflammation, sneezing, coughing, piles, intestinal worms, hyperacidity and memory loss.
15. Pomegranate carries about 83 calories per 100 grams; slightly more than that of in the apples. It
contains no cholesterol or saturated fats.
16. It is a good source of soluble and insoluble dietary fibers; providing about 4 grams per 100 g (about
12% of RDA). Dietary fiber aid in smooth digestion and bowel movements.

17. Nutritionists often recommend pomegranate in the diet to reduce weight and control cholesterol.
Regular inclusion of fruits in the diet boosts immunity, improves circulation and offers protection from
cancers.
18. Certain ellagitannin compounds such as Granatin B, and Punicalagin are found abundantly in the
pomegranate juice. Studies suggest that punicalagin and tannins can be effective in reducing heart-
disease risk factors by scavenging harmful free radicals from the human body.
19. Total antioxidant strength of pomegranate fruit measured regarding its oxygen radical absorbance
capacity (ORAC) is 2341 µmol TE/100 g.
20. The fruit is an also good source of antioxidant vitamin-C, provides about 17% per 100 g of the daily
requirement. Consumption of fruits rich in vitamin-C helps the body develop ability to combat infectious
agents by boosting immunity.
21. Regular consumption of pomegranate has also been found to be effective against prostate cancer,
benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), diabetes, and lymphoma.
22. Further, it is an also good source of many vital B-complex groups of vitamins such as pantothenic acid
(vitamin B-5), folates, pyridoxine and vitamin-K, and minerals like calcium, copper, potassium, and
manganese.
Pomegranate Storage Tips
 After you have broughtthe pomegranates home, you must learn to store them properly. Atroom temperature,
they can be stored for up to three weeks while thetime period is extended extends to about two months in a
refrigerator.
 Fresh pomegranate juice can be refrigerated for up to three days.
 If don’t intend to consumethe fruit immediatelythen do not cut it open.
 Never store pomegranates under direct sunlight.
 The seeds ofpomegranate should be stored in a plastic bag and ideallybe used within 3 days.
 The ideal temperatureto store pomegranates is between 32 F and 41 F.
 If you wish to freeze pomegranateseeds then spread them on a baking sheet and put this in the freezer for not
more than two hours.After this, remove and transfer them to a re-sealable plastic storagebag and put it back
in freezer.

“ ROSE ”
A rose is a woody perennial flowering plant ofthe genus Rosa, in the family Rosaceae,or the flower it bears.
There are over three hundred species and thousandsof cultivars. They form a group ofplants that can be erect
shrubs, climbing or trailing withstems thatare often armed withsharp prickles. Flowers vary in size and shape
and are usually large and showy, in colours ranging from white throughyellows and reds. Most species are
native to Asia, with smaller numbers nativeto Europe, North America, and northwestern Africa.Species,
cultivars and hybrids are all widely grown for their beauty and often are fragrant. Roseshaveacquired
cultural significancein many societies. Rose plants range in size from compact, miniature roses, to climbers
that can reach seven meters in height.Different species hybridizeeasily, and this has been used in the
development ofthe widerange of garden roses.
The leaves are borne alternately on the stem. In most species they are 5 to 15 centimetres (2.0 to 5.9 in) long,
pinnate, with (3–) 5–9 (–13) leaflets and basal stipules; the leaflets usually have a serrated margin, and often a
few small prickles on the underside of the stem. Most roses are deciduous but a few (particularly from
Southeast Asia) are evergreen or nearly so.
The flowers of most species have five petals, with the exception of Rosa sericea, which usually has only four.
Each petal is divided into two distinct lobes and is usually white or pink, though in a few species yellow or red.
Beneath the petals are five sepals (or in the case of some Rosa sericea, four). These may be long enough to be
visible when viewed from above and appear as green points alternating with the rounded petals. There are
multiple superior ovaries that develop into achenes.[4] Roses are insect-pollinated in nature.
The aggregate fruit of the rose is a berry-like structure called a rose hip. Many of the domestic cultivars do not
produce hips, as the flowers are so tightly petalled that they do not provide access for pollination. The hips of
most species are red, but a few (e.g. Rosa pimpinellifolia) have dark purple to black hips. Each hip comprises
an outer fleshy layer, the hypanthium, which contains 5–160 "seeds" (technically dry single-seeded fruits called
achenes) embedded in a matrix of fine, but stiff, hairs. Rose hips of some species, especially the dog rose (Rosa
canina) and rugosa rose (Rosa rugosa), are very rich in vitamin C, among the richest sources of any plant. The
hips are eaten by fruit-eating birds such as thrushes and waxwings, which then disperse the seeds in their
droppings. Some birds, particularly finches, also eat the seeds.
While the sharp objects along a rose stem are commonly called "thorns", they are technically prickles—
outgrowths of the epidermis (the outer layer of tissue of the stem). (True thorns, as produced by e.g. Citrus or
Pyracantha, are modified stems, which always originate at a node and which have nodes and internodes along
the length of the thorn itself.) Rose prickles are typically sickle-shaped hooks, which aid the rose in hanging
onto other vegetation when growing over it. Some species such as Rosa rugosa and Rosa pimpinellifolia have
densely packed straight prickles, probably an adaptation to reduce browsing by animals, but also possibly an
adaptation to trap wind-blown sand and so reduce erosion and protect their roots (both of these species grow
naturally on coastal sand dunes). Despite the presence of prickles, roses are frequently browsed by deer. A few
species of roses have only vestigial prickles that have no points.
Medicine
The rose hip, usually from R. canina, is used as a minor source of vitamin C. The fruits of many species have
significant levels of vitamins and have been used as a food supplement. Many roses have been used in herbal
and folk medicines. Rosa chinensis has long been used in Chinese traditional medicine. This and other species

have been used for stomach problems, and are being investigated for controlling cancer growth. In pre-modern
medicine, diarrhodon (Gr διάρροδον, "compound of roses", from ῥόδων, "of roses") is a name given to various
compounds in which red roses are an ingredient.
Interesting Rose Facts:
Size of rose depends on the species. Flower can reach from couple to 33 inches in diameter. Certain species
can reach 23 feet in length.
Most species of roses are deciduous, with few species that belong to the group of evergreen plants. Majority of
roses form bushes or grow by climbing over other vegetation.
Color of the rose depends on the species. Roses can be found in different shades of white, yellow, pink, orange
and red colors. Blue and black roses do not exist.
Each color of the rose symbolizes certain value. Red rose is a symbol of love, yellow of friendship, orange of
enthusiasm, white of purity and pink of joy.
Wild roses have 5 petals and 5 sepals. Large number of petals is a result of mutation and it can be seen in
cultivated roses.
Roses are well known by their prickles. They look like hooks which facilitate bonding to the other plants (in the
climber types of roses) and protects stem from herbivores.
Even though prickles are strong and sharp, certain species of deer are able to eat roses.
Besides large herbivores, insects and spiders often attack roses. Fungal diseases can induce significant damage
to the cultivated roses.
Wild roses bloom once per year. They are pollinated by insects.
Rose hip is a fruit of rose. It is rich source of vitamin C. Rose is sometimes used in folk medicine to relieve
stomach pain and to treat cancer.
Rose water and rose syrup are used in cooking. Rose hip can be turned into jams, marmalades or it can be
dried and used in the preparation of tea.
Rose oil is important ingredient in the perfume industry. Extraction of minimal amount of this oil requires huge
amount of roses (one gram of oil is produced from two thousand roses).
Roses are old plants. One of the oldest fossils of roses discovered in Colorado dates back from 35 million years
ago.
Roses are often used in literature and songs. There are over 4000 songs dedicated to roses.
Roses can survive long period of time. Rose that covers the wall of the Cathedral of Hildesheim in Germany has
over 1000 years.

“ SAPOTA ”
Plant
Mamey sapote is an extremely ornamental erect, lactiferous, evergreen tree with a spreading open crown that
grows to the height of 15 to 45 meters (49 to 148 ft.) at maturity. Similar to several other fruit trees, grafting is
the main technique used for propagating mamey sapote. Additionally, trees propagated by grafting not only
have a more rapid growth rate, but also bear fruits sooner compared to those propagated from their seeds.
They thrive best in humid tropical or near tropical lowlands with warm temperatures and grow well in well-
drained soils, heavy clays to the limestone and infertile sandy soils. It is intolerant of constantly wet or flooded
soil conditions which impedes root development and enhances root rots by soil-borne fungi.
Leaves
The leaves are large, 10–30 cm by 4–10 cm wide, simple, obovate to oblanceolate, with broadly-acuminate
apex, tapering base, entire margin, and prominent depressed mid-rib and lateral veins. Upper side of leaves is
glossy green while underside is lighter green or brownish and pubescent (hairy) when young but becomes
glabrous (smooth) when mature. The leaves are clustered at the ends of the small branches. Depending on the
cultivar and recent crop load, trees will drop most of the leaves in late winter or spring, but develop new leaves
rapidly.
Flowers
Mamey sapote bears small, perfect, whitish, almost sessile flowers along small branches (1/2 to 2 inches; 1.3 to
5.1 cm), and tend to cluster towards the ends of the stems.
Fruit
Mamey Sapote is a fruit that is technically a berry, though a very large one. It is ovoid to ellipsoid, 10 to 25 cm
(4 to 10 in) long and 8 to 12 cm (3 to 4.5 in) wide, often bluntly pointed at the apex and with a persistent calyx
at the base. The skin is thick and woody with a russet brown, somewhat scurfy surface about 1–2 mm thick. The
pulp of mature fruits is salmon pink, orange, red or reddish-brown in color, soft and smooth to finely granular
in texture, usually low in fiber. The pulp has a sweet, almond-like, unique flavor and sweet taste like a
combination of pumpkin, chocolate and almond or akin to a mixture of sweet potato, avocado and honey.
Normally, the fruit contains a single, large, elliptical seed but it may have up to four. The seed has a shiny,
hard, dark brown surface with a light brown scar (hilum) on the ventral side. Seeds may crack and sprout in
over mature fruits. Fruit weight ranges from 0.75 to 6.0 lb. (0.3-2.7 kg).
Health benefits of Mamey sapote

1. Weight Management
Selecting nutrient-dense foods that are extremely gratifying for comparatively few calories is a simple way to
lose or prevent unwanted pounds. Mamey sapote fills you up and delays the onset of hunger within a few ways.
According to the USDA, nearly 30% of the fruit’s carbohydrates come from starch. These complex
carbohydrates contribute to long-term satiety because they take longer to digest. More significantly, mamey
sapote is a high-fiber food that offers substantial amounts of both types of fiber, soluble and insoluble. Its
insoluble fiber takes up space in your stomach to help you feel fuller on fewer calories, while its soluble fiber
slows the rate at which digested food exits your stomach.
2. Cardiovascular Health
Mamey sapote is one of the heart-healthy foods. Fruit consists of soluble fiber that helps to promote healthy
cholesterol levels, thus reducing your risk of heart disease. Its high potassium content defends cardiovascular
health by keeping blood pressure in check and supporting normal heart function. As an excellent source of
vitamin C, mamey sapote helps to maintain firm capillaries and blood vessels. Its considerable vitamin E
content helps prevent the buildup of plaque in your blood vessels and arteries, which lower your risk of heart
attack, stroke as well as coronary artery disease. As antioxidants, vitamins C and E also protect against the
kind of free-radical damage associated with heart disease and other chronic illnesses. Vitamin E is mainly
beneficial to cardiovascular health, as it helps prevent the oxidation of artery-damaging LDL cholesterol.
3. Increased Immune Function
Mamey Sapote consists of considerable amount of Vitamin C content which helps the body to fight free radical
and eliminate them. Vitamin C helps the immune system function effectively. Many instances that trigger
immune response that actually result to inflammation. It can be avoided by regular consumption of vitamin C
rich foods like mamey sapote.
4. Helps Treat Anemia
Mamey Sapote consists of huge amount vitamin B6 that is needed to create hemoglobin in the blood, which is
transported by red blood cells throughout the body to help bring oxygen to cells and to mobilize iron. Anemia
results when somebody doesn’t make enough red blood cells, resulting in symptoms like fatigue, aches and
pains, and more. Several researches show that consuming plenty of vitamin B6 help lower symptoms of anemia
and prevent it from occurring in some instances.
5. Reduces Cholesterol
Research has shown that copper help to reduce the levels of “bad” cholesterol (LDL cholesterol) and help to
increase beneficial cholesterol (HDL cholesterol). Regular consumption of Mamey Sapote helps to lowers the
chances of cardiovascular diseases like atherosclerosis, heart attacks, and strokes.
6. Helps PMS Symptoms
Taking a vitamin E supplement 2-3 days before and 2-3 days after a menstrual period help to reduce the
cravings, cramping and anxiety that are related to PMS. Mamey Sapote is one of the best options for vitamin E
that help to decrease pain severity and duration, and can reduce menstrual blood loss. It does this by balancing
your hormones naturally and it helps to keep your menstrual cycle regulated.
7. Gives skin a Healthy Glow
Pale skin and dark circles are the most common signs of anemia caused due to iron deficiency. Insufficient iron
causes hemoglobin levels to decrease, resulting in the subsequent reduction of RBCs. The reduced oxygen flow

can deprive your skin of its color, making it look sallow. A healthy dose of iron-rich foods in your daily diet can
give your skin a pinkish glow.
8. Bone Health
Potassium present in Mamey sapote is beneficial for improving the health of the bones. There are certain
qualities of potassium that help to neutralize numerous acids throughout the body which retain as well as
preserve calcium, making it inaccessible to use for bone strength and durability. Additionally, research at the
Linus Pauling Institute Micronutrient Information Center claims that consuming fruits and vegetables that have
high levels of potassium results in higher mineral density in bones, further strengthening and prolonging the
life of your bones!
9. Supports Proper Brain Function
Research have shown that vitamin B3 niacin present in Mamey Sapote help to protect against Alzheimer’s
Disease as well as other age related brain disorders that result in cognitive decline.
Furthermore, Vitamin B3 niacin is also correlated with a decreased risk for many problems regarding poor
brain function or loss of age-related thinking skills, like memory loss, insomnia, migraine headaches, motion
sickness, chronic brain syndrome, depression, and even alcohol dependence.
10. Helps Support Eye Health
Researches have shown that riboflavin deficiency increases the risk for certain eye problems. Vitamin B2 helps
to prevent eye disorders like cataracts, glaucoma and keratoconus. Apart from that research has shown a
correlation between people who consume sufficiently of riboflavin and decreased risks for eye disorders that
can appear as someone ages. Mamey Sapote consists of 0.203 mg of vitamin B2 which is 15.62% of the daily
recommended value.
Precautions
 The milky latex of the tree is extremely irritant to the eyes and caustic and vesicant on the skin.
 Leaves are supposedly poisonous and the seeds are reported to have incredible properties due to its
HCN content.

“ OCIMUM TENUIFLORUM ” ( tulsi )
Holy Basil or Tulsi is one of the most famous therapeutic medicines in the India’s traditional medicine
repertoire which is known as Ayurveda. It is famous for the ability to body healing, mind elevating, and soul
uplifting. Holy basil or Ocimum Tenuiflorum is considered as the world’s most cherished herbs because it has
almost magical healing properties. It is no surprise if holy basil is also called the elixir of life.
In Ayurveda, Tulsi is classified as the most important herbs, while in traditional Chinese medicine, it is
considered as Shen Tonic. Regular consumption of Tulsi is believed to strengthen the nerve tissue, improve the
neurochemistry of brain, and in general improve mental clarity and better memory. Further about the health
benefits of Tulsi as the following.
Protect DNA
Tulsi contains multiple varieties of antioxidants and complete phytonutrients. The flavonoids found in holy
Tulsi are very beneficial to protect the chromosomes and cell structures from oxidative damages. It is believed
to be able to protect the DNA from radiations. Volatile oils in holy Tulsi such as linalool, estragole, eugenol,
sabinene, limonene, myrcene, and more have the ability to protect the body against bacterial growth. This is
because essential oils and flavonoids are crucial to protect the body from radiation and oxygen-based
damages, and also bacteria.
Anti-bacteria and Anti-inflammatory
Tulsi is naturally rich in antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. The natural oils, as aforementioned
above, have the ability to prevent the growth of some pathogenic bacteria species which are resistant to the
common antibiotic drugs. In addition, one of the volatile oil in Tulsi, eugenol, is very beneficial to block the
cyclooxygenase enzyme in the body. This enzyme has the same medicinal effects as anti-inflammatory drugs
such as ibuprofen and aspirin.
Headache Reliever

Tulsi is a great traditional medicine to relieve a headache. It can be used for facial steam which is very
effective to reduce a headache. You can add two cups of water and tablespoon dried Tulsi in a large pot.
Carefully lean to the pot and cover your head with a clean towel. Breathe the steam for about 5 to 10 minutes.
Help Quit Smoking
Quit smoking is difficult especially if you are a heavy smoker. Chewing Tulsi is believed to help break down the
smoking habit. This method is way more effective to help quit smoking rather than using flavored gum, nicotine
patches, or plain candy to fulfill the urge. The Tulsi juice gives cooling effects on the throat while chewing the
leaves distract the smoking urge. In addition, the antioxidants in Tulsi help repair any damage due to years of
smoking habit.
Treat Gum Disorder
Tulsi is also famous for its ability to treat gum disorders. The Tulsi dried and powdered Tulsi leaves can be
used to brush the teeth. You can mix it with mustard oil to form a paste and use it as toothpaste. The Tulsi paste
helps maintain the gum health as well as helps prevent pyorrhea and other dental issues. To treat gum
inflammation, you can rub the Tulsi paste on the gums to reduce the swell. You can also use the Tulsi leaves as
a mouthwash as it has antibacterial effects. It is very effective to destroy bacteria and germs in the mouth and
act as oral disinfectant and mouth freshener.
Eye Disorder Treatments
Night blindness and sore eyes are mostly occurred due to lack of vitamin A. Fungal and bacterial infection can
also be the main cause of eye disorder. Tulsi juice is very effective to treat eye disorders and help reduce stress
and soothe eyes. Soaked some Tulsi leaves on water and use it to wash the eyes helps protect the eyes from
boils, conjunctivitis, and other eye problems. Holy Tulsi also serves as relaxants to sooth the stress in the eyes.
In addition, chewing multiple amounts of Tulsi leaves is also believed to ward off the eye problems due to free
radicals such as glaucoma, cataracts, and also vision degeneration.
Promote Digestive Health
Holy Tulsi is effective to improve the digestive system as well as eliminates the toxins. The holy Tulsi juice help
promotes healthy digestive tract and improves its function significantly. It gives stomach relief from gas and
acidity and also contains healing properties for an ulcer. The medicinal substances in on holy Tulsi help
treating peptic ulcer and gastric ulcer. Holy Tulsi is also known to improve the liver function as well as protect
it from various diseases. People who suffer from vomiting and low appetite can also take advantages from holy
Tulsi.
Treat Common Cold
Other great health benefits of Tulsi are its ability to treat common cold and fever. The essential oils and
phytochemicals found in this holy herb are rich in antiviral and antibiotic properties. The herb helps strengthen
the immune system in the body to fight fever from viruses. The strong and rich anti-biotic properties in holy
Tulsi support the body against and infections and bacteria. You can boil the tender holy Tulsi leaves in water as
a preventive treatment against dengue and malaria fever. The leaves are naturally rich in germicidal agent and
act as an effective disinfectant to protect the body from any kinds of fungal and viral infections.
Protect Urinary System
Holy Tulsi is famous for powerful detoxifier. It helps protect the urinary system as it helps clean the kidney and
reduces the level or uric acid. In addition, the Tulsi seeds can also be used to treat urinary problems.
According to Ayurveda medications, regular consumption of holy Tulsi juice and honey for around six months
is very effective to get rid of kidney stones through the urinary tract.
Stress Reliever

Stress leads to several dangerous health problems that you may never think. Tulsi is famous for the anti-stress
and adaptogenic properties to reduce stress level. As it reduces the stress level, holy Tulsi is also effective to
reduce the health diseases related to stress such as chronic fatigue, hypertension, and more. Consuming few
holy Tulsi every day helps to relieve stress level and the scent gives peace of mind
“ TOMATO ”
Tomato nutrition facts
Tomato is a juicy, nutritious fruit commonly eaten as a vegetable, is another wonderful gift of the Mayans to the
world. This humble vegetable of Central America has seized the attention of millions of health seekers for its
incredible nutritional properties. Interestingly, it has more health-benefiting compounds than that of some
popular fruits like apple!
Botanically, tomato belongs to Solanaceae or nightshade family of common vegetables, which also includes
chili peppers, potato, eggplant, etc. Its scientific name is Lycopersicon esculentum.
This exotic vegetable of all seasons is native to the Central America and was cultivated by the Aztecs centuries
before the Spanish explorers introduced it to rest of the world.
Many hundreds of cultivar varieties with different type and size, either organic, hybrid or genetically modified
are being in use. Most cultivars produce red fruits; however, some cultivars with yellow, orange, pink, purple,
green, or white colors are also a common scene.
Heirloom tomatoes tend to produce more natural and flavorful fruits. Heirloom cultivars are becoming
increasingly popular, particularly among organic vegetable consumers. They are now grown worldwide at a
larger scale as one of frontline vegetable, in line with onions, chili, potato..etc.
Cherry tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme) are small, round, cherry-sized fruits of the same
Solanaceae family. They are quite popular in the Mediterranean regions featuring commonly in Italian and
Greek cuisine.

Health benefits of Tomato
 Tomatoes are one of the low-calorie vegetables; hold just 18 calories per 100 g. They are also very low
in fat contents and have zero cholesterol levels. Nonetheless, they are excellent sources of antioxidants,
dietary fiber, minerals, and vitamins. On account of their all-round qualities, dieticians and nutritionists
alike often recommend them in cholesterol controlling and weight reduction diet programs.
 The antioxidants present in tomatoes are scientifically found to be protective against cancers, including
colon, prostate, breast, endometrial, lung, and pancreatic tumors. Total -ORAC (Oxygen Radical
Absorbance Capacity) in this vegetable is 367 µmol TE/100 g.
 Lycopene, a flavonoid antioxidant, is a unique phytochemical compound found in the tomatoes. Red
variety fruits tend to possess more of this antioxidant. Together with carotenoids, lycopene may help
protect cells and other structures in the human body from harmful oxygen-free radicals. Studies show
that lycopene protects the skin from ultra-violet (UV) rays and thus offers some defense against skin
cancer.
 Zea-xanthin is another flavonoid compound present abundantly in this vegetable. Zeaxanthin helps protect
eyes from "age-relatedmacular related macular disease"(ARMD) in the older adults by filtering harmful ultra-
violet rays.
 It contains very good levels of vitamin-A, and flavonoid antioxidants such as a and ß-carotenes,
xanthins and lutein. Altogether, these pigment compounds are found to have antioxidant properties and
take part in night-vision, maintenance of healthy mucosa and skin, and bones. Consumption of natural
vegetables and fruits rich in flavonoids is known to help protect from lung and oral cavity cancers.
 Additionally, they are also a good source of antioxidant vitamin-C (provide 21% of recommended daily
levels per 100 g); consumption of foods rich in vitamin-C helps the body develop resistance against
infectious agents and scavenge harmful free radicals.
 Fresh tomato is very rich in potassium. 100 g contain 237 mg of potassium and just 5 mg of sodium.
Potassium is an important component of cell and body fluids that helps controlling heart rate and blood
pressure caused by sodium.
 Further, they carry average levels of vital B-complex vitamins such as folates, thiamin, niacin,
riboflavin as well some essential minerals like iron, calcium, manganese and other trace elements.
Safety profile
In general, allergic reactions to tomatoes are relatively rare. However, it may sometimes occur in sensitive
individuals with symptoms like itching skin and eyes, runny nose, and gastrointestinal disturbances like
stomach pain, vomiting, and diarrhea.

“ BRINJAL ”
Eggplant (Brinjal) nutrition facts
Eggplant or Brinjal is a very low-calorie vegetable. Nonetheless, it packed with healthy nutrition profile; good
news for weight watchers! The veggie is popularly known as aubergine in the western world.
Botanically, aubergine belongs to the Solanaceae family of vegetables. It is a perennial plant native to the
Indian subcontinent and grown in many tropical and semitropical regions as a popular vegetable all around
the year.
Scientific name: Solanum melongena.
Several varieties of aubergines grown all around the world. They vary widely in size, shape, and color
depending upon the cultivar type. Aubergines fall into two broad categories, either oval shaped, or thin and
elongated.

The plant reaches about 3-4 feet tall in quick time and bears many bright fruits. Each fruit has smooth, glossy
skin. Internally, it features off-white color pulp with numerous centrally arranged small, soft seeds. Fruits are
harvested when they reach maturity but just short of full stage ripeness.
Health Benefits of Eggplant (aubergine)
 Eggplant is very low in calories and fats but rich in soluble fiber content. 100 g provides just 24
calories but contributes about 9% of RDA (recommended daily allowance) of fiber.
 Research studies conducted at the Institute of Biology of São Paulo State University, Brazil, has
suggested that chemical substances in the eggplant are effective in controlling high blood cholesterol
levels.
 The peel or skin (deep blue/purple varieties) of aubergine has significant amounts of phenolic flavonoid
phytochemicals called anthocyanins. Scientific studies have shown that these antioxidants have
potential health effects against cancer, aging, inflammation, and neurological diseases.
 Total antioxidant strength measured in terms of oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) of
aubergines is 993 µmol TE/100 g. At value 15; they are one of the low glycemic index (GI) vegetables.
 It contains good amounts of many essential B-complex groups of vitamins such as pantothenic acid
(vitamin B5), pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and thiamin (vitamin B1), niacin (B3). These vitamins are
essential in the sense that body requires them from external sources to replenish and required for fat,
protein and carbohydrate metabolism.
 Further, this vegetable is also an excellent source of minerals like manganese, copper, iron and
potassium. The antioxidant enzyme, superoxide dismutase utilizes manganese as a co-factor. Potassium
is an important intracellular electrolyte that helps counter pressing (hypertension) effects of sodium.
Safety profile
Eggplant (aubergine) contains a miniscule amount of nicotine than any other edible plant; at a concentration of
0.01mg/100g. However, the amount of nicotine from eggplant is negligible and harmless and therefore, shall
not warrant against its usage. So, enjoy!

Class 12 biology investigatory project ... prepared by Sivaramakrishnan.T { electoral literacy club PRESIDENT } Aditya vidhyashram residential school,pudhucherry.

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Class 12 biology investigatory project ... prepared by Sivaramakrishnan.T { electoral literacy club PRESIDENT } Aditya vidhyashram residential school,pudhucherry.