The document summarizes the structure and function of the circulatory and respiratory systems. It describes how the heart pumps blood through arteries, veins, and capillaries, and how blood transports oxygen, nutrients, waste, and more throughout the body. It also outlines the key parts of the respiratory system like the nose, windpipe, bronchi, and lungs, and explains how breathing works through inspiration and expiration via the diaphragm and chest wall. It covers both normal functions and impacts of issues like asthma, smoking, and emphysema.

1. By : Gilbert, Deviyana,Stanley,Firman

2.  Movement of the blood is produced by the pumping
action of heart.
 The heart divided into 2, the right side receives
deoxygenated blood from the body.
 The left side receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.

3.  Each side of heart has 2 chambers.
 Blood flows from veins to the upper chambers called
atria (singular : atrium) and the muscular walls
contract.
 It passes from the atria to the lower chambers, the
ventricles, and the muscular walls relax.

4. A. Arteries
- Is the blood vessels that take blood away from heart.
- The high pressure of blood pushes strongly on the
thick elastic artery walls. They stretch and shrink as
the blood moves by and this make a pulse.

5. B. Veins
- Is the blood vessels that bring blood towards the heart.
- The walls isn’t thick.
- The blood isn’t having a high pressure.

6. C. Capillaries
- Is the smallest blood vessels that splits from artery.
- The wall is only 1 cell thick.
- Spread throughout the organ.
- Where the blood leaves the organ, they will form
veins.

7.  45% Of a drop of blood is made from cells.
 2 kinds of cells :
A. Red cells contain haemoglobin, transports oxygen
from the lungs to the other body cells. Allows 100
times more oxygen than the same amount of water.
There are 500 red cells for every white cells.

8. B. White cells fight disease & eat bacteria. They produce
chemicals to stop virus infection. They also gather at
the site of wound where the skin has been cut. They
die in this process and they form a pus in the wound.

9. Blood also carries platelets, which are fragments of
cells. These collected by capillaries and act to form
clots at the site of wound.

10.  55% of blood is a watery liquid (plasma).
 Plasma contains digested foods, hormones, urea, and
carbon dioxide.

11.  When oxygen entered the red blood cells, it starts to
move to the capillaries in the lungs.
 They make a network of fine tubes in organs : Very
large surface area between the blood and the tissues in
organs. It allows a large amount of substances pass
through in a short amount of time.
 Then it travels to the pulmonary veins.

12.  Leaves the cells where it’s produced & passes through
the walls of the capillaries.
 It stays in plasma, then travels along vein which take it
back to right side of the heart.
 Here, it enters the pulmonary artery and travels to
lungs. It escapes through the capillary walls into the air
in the alveoli.

13.  Glucose released during respiration.
 It passes through the wall of the small intestine and
into the capillaries.
 It stays in plasma, then it travels into vein, which bring
it into the right side of heart and take the oxygen.
Then it goes to the left side of the heart, then into the
aorta which travels it along the arteries.

14.  A heart 2500 million times during a person’s life.Its
function is to push blood blood around the 100 000
km of blood vessels in the body.
 The walls of the arteries are elastic and they stretch
and contract with the blood pressure. As the body ages
the artery walls become less elastic.The heart has it
own blood vessels called the cononary arteries and
veins.

15.  Other components of the blood , such as platelets,
settle on the atheroma and make it larger.
 This may cause a blood clot which narrows the artery
even more or can completely block it,causing a
thrombosis.This means the artery is unable to supply
oxygen and other nutrient to the relevant organ.
 A thrombosis in a coronary artery causes a heart
attack. A thrombosis in an artery in the brain causes a
stroke.

17.  The heart is made of muscle and like all muscles it
need exercise if it is remain strong. The muscles need
more blood to provide extra oxygen while they work.
 A heart can be kept healthy by cutting down on the
amount of fat in the diet.The extra strain on the heart
and build up of fatty substance in the coronary artery
can cause the heart attack.

18.  The Skeleton and muscles work together to provide
movement. Someone who hasn’t been active for long
time need to build up their exercise gradually so that
the muscles and joints can become adapted to the
increased activity.

19.  Breathing moving air in and out through the nose.
 Respiratory is the action using oxygen to broken down
food in the digestive system and to throw out carbon
dioxide and waste products.

20.  Nose
 Windpipe
 Bronchi and bronchioles

21.  Nose have hair to trap dust particle.
 Nose have liquid name mucus to trap bacteria entering
the nose.
 Blood vessels beneath the nasal lining heat the air
entering the nose before it comes to lungs.

22.  Windpipe is about 10 cm long and 1,5 wide.
 It is made by Cartilage.
 Inside shape of the windpipe have 2 cell : Mucus
secreting cells & Ciliated epithelial cells.
 The cilia is beating forward and backward to move the
mucus up to the back of the mouth.

23.  The windpipe divided into 2 tubes called bronchi.
 Also made from cartilage.
 The bronchi divided into many smaller tubes called
bronchioles.
 Bronchioles don’t have cartilage, the muscle on it can
make it narrow or wider.

24.  A person suffering asthma sometimes can experience
hard time for breathing this can be caused by the
muscle wall to become narrower.
 Can be fix by taking inhaler.

25.  The 2 parts of the air pump are the chest wall and the
diaphragm. The space between the lungs surface and
the wall of the chest is called pleural cavity.
 This cavity contain liquid that acts as lubricant.

26.  The muscles between the ribs are called internal and
external intercostal muscle. This muscle help the ribs
to move.

27.  Attached to the 10th pair of the ribs.
 Separate chest cavity from the lower body cavity.

28.  Inspiration
 Expiration

29.  Action of taking up air
 The pressure inside decrease

30.  The process of expiring.
 Pressure inside increase

31.  The amount of air breath in and out in rest position is
called tidal volume.
 The maximum amount is called vital capacity.

32.  Inside the lungs there are alveoli.
 The blood contain oxygen is called oxygenated blood.
 Carbon dioxide Is in the plasma of the blood. Organs
get their oxygen through capillaries

33.  There are over a thousand different chemicals in
cigarette smoke, including the highly addictive
nicotine. These chemical swirl around the air passages
when a smoker inhales and when the air touch the
passage linings. In a healthy person, dust particles are
trapped in mucus and moved up to the throat by
beating the microscopic hairs called cilia

34.  . In a smoker’s respiratory system the cilia stop beating
owing the chemical damage by smoke. Smokers have a
permanent cough. The coughing causes the walls of
some of the alveoli in the lungs to burst. When t his
happens the surface area of the lungs is reduced. This
leads to a disease called emphysema.