Biological Theories of Crime

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While early biological theories of crime from the 19th century were flawed, they captured public attention and stimulated further research. Later studies examined psychological factors and mental illness with more nuanced approaches. Modern criminology accepts that a range of social and biological factors likely contribute to criminal behavior, rather than any single cause.

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Booklet that I made for criminological theories revision, using resources from the internet. These theories include: * Classical Theory * Functionalist Crime Theories (includes Durkheim and Merton) * Marxist Theory * Right realism * Left realism * Labelling (Interactionism) * Individualistic theories (learning theories, psychological theories and psychodynamic theories) * Eysenck's theory * Family crime theories * Neurophysiological (brain damage) * Neurochemical * Kohlberg's moral development * Behaviourist theory

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Running head CAUSES OF CRIME .docx

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Running head: CAUSES OF CRIME Thomas 1 Causes of crime 2 Causes of crime Jonathan Thomas CRJ 475 Mount Olive College Causes of crime Crime is generally referred to as the commissioning of an act that violates the law causing injuries to the society. Contemporary scholars from all over the world have debated this subject for ages with the aim of trying to unearth the causes of crime but many have gone ahead to conclude that it is a motivation of various factors. The factors are nevertheless numerous and there is no single study that accurately proves the current theories. All in all these theories have been used by scholars and researchers across the globe and have been widely accepted as the most probable sources of criminology. This study will indulge explicitly into some of these theories that form the basis of criminology together with some of the most profound programs and policies that would reduce the rising rates of crimes around the world. These theories can be classified into three major theories; theories that attribute the act of crime to some congenital or biological defects by the defender, theories that may emanate out of a mental or a psychological disorder and theories that emanate from social or environmental factors. This study will begin by looking into the biological theories of crime. There are two or more theories that currently exist in the biosocial world today and one or two set of these theories lays more emphasis on the genetic factors basically the traits that are transmitted to the child from the parents (Perez, 2011). Other studies assert that a criminal behavior may be triggered by defects in the neurology set up which may inhibit the factors that aid in self control which limit the probability of indulging in a criminal behavior. The irregularities may result out of defects in the structure and the chemical composition of the brain. Genetic factors This study shows that the effect of biological inheritance tending towards criminality is high in conjunction with the social environment of an individual. Studies in the interrelationship of criminal inheritance between parents and children proves that children whose parents had a background of crime or who are criminals themselves were more likely to engage in criminal activities compared to parents who abided by the law. Finally there is a research that has been carried out between parents and their adopted children and parents and their real children. The research proved that the children with their biological parents had a higher risk of indulging in criminal activities if their parents were criminals than the adopted children (Ramdhan, 2011). However, there is little genetic predisposition to prove this and hence more study is needed to reaffir ...

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Running head RESEARCH PROPOSAL10RESEARCH PROPOSAL 8.docx

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Running head: RESEARCH PROPOSAL 10 RESEARCH PROPOSAL 8 Research Proposal Jamie Bass Argosy University March 3, 2016 ABSTRACT Suicide is experienced in all parts of parts of the world. Even though it has been argued that suicide is common amongst the elderly in the society, it is worth noting that even children as young as 13 years old have committed suicide. The myths and misconceptions surrounding suicidal individuals are inherently different from one culture to another. For instance, in some cultures it is believed that suicidal individuals are possessed by demons. Other cultures attribute suicide to generational curses whereas other cultures attribute suicide to such factors as depression and other mental disorders. The purpose of the proposed research is to establish the risk factors of suicide and realize possible strategies which if undertaken can help to counteract suicide and hence its adverse effects in the society. In this proposal are the points to be addressed in the course of the research. It is anticipated that there will be objections to the factors to be established and hence part of this proposal are possible objections and how each of the possible objections will be addressed. The research will use secondary sources of information and hence part of this proposal is an annotated bibliography of the sources that will be utilized in course of the research. Comment by Spencer Ellsworth: This is good, but could you state it more as a piece of argumentation? Like “This paper argues that early intervention can prevent suicide if done correctly.” WORKING THESIS Suicide has negatively affected the society, and unless there are mitigation strategies to curb this menace, it will continue to take the lives of many people in the society. EXPLANATION Suicide is the act of human beings voluntarily taking their lives. Research has shown that it has always been caused by a sense of despair or hopelessness. All these issues may be induced by mental illness which may include Bipolar disorder or even depression. Suicide has been traumatizing and shameful to the bereaved families and many people in the society have always viewed it as a cowardice way of taking one’s life. Many suicidal persons have been haunted by their thoughts in many cases this is depicted as a very personal process (Goldsmith, Pellmar, Kleinman & Bunney, 2002). In this paper, it is very much possible to look at what suicide is and the risk factors associated with suicide. A study conducted in Sweden consisting of 271 men aged 15 years and above revealed that mental disorder is a major suicide risk factor. It is thus recommended that the research paper will dwell on mental disorder and substance abuse as risk factors that contribute to suicide as well as medical conditions and psychosocial states. Harris & Barraclough (2009) also established a causal relationship between mental disorder and suicide a factor that further makes the proposed research ...

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Assignment Criminal Theories—Serial and Mass MurderMany theorie.docx

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Assignment: Criminal Theories—Serial and Mass Murder Many theories try to explain why some people become serial or mass murderers. However, these theories vary tremendously in terms of the proposed factors that lead to the development of serial and mass murderers. Some theories, for example, emphasize the role of social factors, such as the family. Other theories highlight the importance of psychological factors, such as personality traits, and still other theories focus on the role of biological factors, such as neurological functioning. In isolation, none of these theories provides a definitive explanation for why some people develop into serial or mass murderers. Integrating knowledge from each theory provides for a well-rounded explanation of serial and mass murderers. Theoretical perspectives not only provide some insight into the causes for the development of serial and mass murderers but also assist criminal profilers in creating a psychological profile of a serial or mass murderer. For instance, suppose a criminal profiler realizes that a serial murderer's crime scene reveals evidence consistent with the attachment theory. Based on this theory, the criminal profiler would likely point out that the serial murderer had a dysfunctional childhood that was marked with emotional abuse, physical abuse, or both by the parents. Theories of serial and mass murderers therefore allow criminal profilers to predict the characteristics not revealed at the crime scene. To prepare for this assignment: Review Chapter 4 of your course text, Profiling Violent Crimes: An Investigative Tool. Reflect on the theories of serial and mass murderers and consider how they are similar. In addition, consider how the theories are different from each other, such as whether they focus on factors identifiable at birth, related to personality development, or found in the environment. Review the book excerpt, "The Making of a Serial Killer." Consider the various factors identified as potential causes of serial and mass murderers. Review the article "Serial Murder and the Case of Aileen Wuornos: Attachment Theory, Psychopathy, and Predatory Aggression." Focus on how attachment theory is different from the other theories, such as psychoanalytic theory and constitutional theories, discussed in Chapter 4 of Profiling Violent Crimes: An Investigative Tool. In addition, consider how theories such as attachment theory may be better suited than other theories to explain female serial murderers. Read Psychology Today’s “Is It Possible to Predict Violent Behavior” Select three criminal theories to compare (one psychological, one constitutional/biological, and one social/ecological). Consider the similarities and differences between and among these theories in terms of how they account for violent behaviors of serial and mass murderers and how they might be used in profiling and criminal investigation. The assignment (2-3 pages): Identify the theories you selected. Compare (sim.

Body Type of Theory / William Sheldon's Theory / Biological Theory / Criminology

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1Running head REVIEW PAPERA.docx

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1 Running head: REVIEW PAPER Alisebeth Nelson Argosy University Twin Cities Advanced General Psychology PSY492 Review Paper – Draft of Literature Findings M2A3 June 2016 Abstract This paper discusses the similarities, differences, and content of 10 articles and other resources the report and discuss the findings of research that has been done on the Psychology of Evil. The idea of a person being completely “evil” is still a new idea in psychology and all of the main research on this has been done within the past 70 years, so as of right now there is now hard proof that someone can really truly be “evil.” Most of the research done has been done based on the idea of an authority figure being the main reason why someone may do an evil task, not one on single person doing an evil thing on their own recognizance. This paper focuses on experiments performed by Milgram and Zimbardo and their findings, but also includes discussions from other sources. The Psychology of Evil There have been many discussions based on the research done to prove that humans can be and are instinctively evil beings. However, most of the research that has been presented to us has been performed with some type of authority that wills the participants to perform the “evil” acts. Becker states in his article “little effort has been made in psychology and psychiatry to study pathologies that afflict, not the aberrant neurotic or psychotic individual or social group, but the greater population of the psychologically normal” (2008). I would have to say that based on my schooling and the personal research that I have done that I would agree with this statement. All too often, any research performed to test the psychology behind good and evil only includes what we would call a “normal” individual; someone who has no type of psychotic diagnosis. Now if these experiments were tested on individual who was diagnosed with Antisocial or Borderline Personality Disorder, would the outcomes have been different? Becker states in this article that he believes that to be so. In this article he mainly focuses on Nazi leaders during the holocaust. Chirico writes an article that is 22 chapters long that is divided in 5 sections to study this concept: “Basic issues and Controversies,” “Motivation and Cognitive Processes,” “Developmental, Personality and Clinical Aspects,” “Good and Evil,” and “Synthesis” (2011). Chirico starts his analysis with the main question that so many of us ask; “Why is there evil?” Chirico studies focus mainly on whether or not evil is a normal human condition or simply a side effect of mental illness. He also looks into the schemas of cognitions and morality. Kadar’s article discusses a very interesting theory that the central goal of ecological psychology is for humans to create coping mechanisms to deal with everyday tasks, and sometime that these coping mechanisms can include evil behaviors. He states that sometimes an evil act ...

BIOETHICS METHODS IN THE ETHICAL, LEGAL, AND SOCIALIMPLICATI.docx

AASTHA76

BIOETHICS METHODS IN THE ETHICAL, LEGAL, AND SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT LITERATURE REBECCA L. WALKER AND CLAIR MORRISSEY Keywords bioethics methods, ELSI, human genome, ethics ABSTRACT While bioethics as a field has concerned itself with methodological issues since the early years, there has been no systematic examination of how ethics is incorporated into research on the Ethical, Legal and Social Impli- cations (ELSI) of the Human Genome Project. Yet ELSI research may bear a particular burden of investigating and substantiating its methods given public funding, an explicitly cross-disciplinary approach, and the perceived significance of adequate responsiveness to advances in genomics. We undertook a qualitative content analysis of a sample of ELSI publications appearing between 2003 and 2008 with the aim of better understanding the methods, aims, and approaches to ethics that ELSI researchers employ. We found that the aims of ethics within ELSI are largely prescriptive and address multiple groups. We also found that the bioethics methods used in the ELSI literature are both diverse between publications and multiple within publications, but are usually not themselves discussed or employed as suggested by bioethics method proponents. Ethics in ELSI is also sometimes undistinguished from related inquiries (such as social, legal, or political investigations). INTRODUCTION Bioethics as a field or area of inquiry has concerned itself with methodological issues since the early years.1 This has led to the development of a rich literature on bioethics methods as diverse as feminist,2 narrative,3 principles- based4 and casuistry.5 Enrichment added through histori- cal, legal, sociological, and many other disciplinary perspectives has created a multi-disciplinary arena of bioethics methods scholarship.6 Consideration of ethics methods has a long history within philosophical ethics. For example, Henry Sidgwick introduces his Methods of Ethics by writing, ‘a “Method of Ethics” is explained to mean any rational procedure by which we determine what individual human beings “ought” – or what is “right” for 1 B. Steinbock. 2007. Introduction. In The Oxford Handbook of Bioeth- ics. B. Steinbeck, ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press: 1–14; C.M. Spicer. 1995. Introduction. Kennedy Inst Ethics J 1995; 5(3): 7–9. 2 L.M. Purdy. 1996. Good Bioethics Must be Feminist Bioethics. In Philosophical Perspectives on Bioethics. L.W. Sumner & J. Boyle, eds. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press: 143–162; S.M. Wolf. 1996. Feminism and Bioethics: Beyond Reproduction. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; M.O. Little. 1996. Why a Feminist Approach to Bioethics? Kennedy Inst Ethics J 1996; 6(1): 1–18; A.L. Carse & H.L. Nelson. Rehabilitating Care. Kennedy Inst Ethics J 1996; 6(1): 19–35. 3 H.L. Nelson. 1997. Stories and Their Limits: Narrative Approaches to Bioethics. New York: Routledge; R. Charon & M. Montello. 2002. Stories Matter: The Rol ...

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