Biologi . Plant Body

STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTION OF PLANT’S
BODY
NILLA DWI KARTIKA , S.Pd. SMPN 1 WONOSOBO

OBJECTIVE

• To identify the structure and the
functions of the plant body


Plant Tissue (Jaringan Pada tumbuhan)

• Meristem tissue : jaringan muda yang senantiasa
membelah.
• Epidermis  is the outher part of plant organ
• Cortex  is a filter space between the
epidermis and the vascular tissue
ex: Parenchyma,collenchyma and schlerenchyma
• Vascular tissue  fills the inside part of the
plant organ


Meristems Tissue (Jaringan meristem)
Apical meristem Leaf primordia

Developing
vascular
strand

Axillary bud
meristems

Figure. 35.15

0.25 mm

PARENCHYMA CELLS COLLENCHYMA CELLS SCLERENCHYMA CELLS

5 µm
80 µm Cortical parenchyma cells

Sclereid cells
in pear

25 µm

Cell wall

Parenchyma cells
60 µm
Collenchyma cells

Fiber cells


Vascular Tissue (Xylem and Phloem)
WATER-CONDUCTING CELLS OF THE XYLEM SUGAR-CONDUCTING CELLS OF THE PHLOEM

Sieve-tube members:
longitudinal view
Vessel Tracheids 100 µm

Companion cell
Pits

Sieve-tube
member

Sieve
plate
Tracheids and vessels

Nucleus
Vessel
element
Vessel elements with 30 µm
partially perforated
end walls 15 µm
Tracheids
Companion
Cytoplasm cell


The Organs of Plant are:
1.Root
THE
2.Stem MAIN
ORGANS
3.Leaf
4.Flower
5.Fruit


ROOT / AKAR
• The structure of plant that located in the
ground
• Root have three main functions:
- Absorb water and minerals from the soil
- Anchor a plant in the ground
- Store food


Modified Roots

(a) Prop roots
(akar penyangga)
(b) Storage roots “Strangling” aerial
(c)
roots

(d) Buttress roots
(akar tunjang) (e) Pneumatophores

Types of Root
• Fibrous Root System
• Taproot System


Fibrous Root System
• Consist of many
similarly sized roots
that form a dense
• Grass, Corn, and Onions
have fibrous root
system


Taproot System
• A taproot system has one long,
thick main root.
• Many smaller roots
branch off the main root
• A plant with a taproot system
is hard to pull out of the ground
• Mango, Orange, and Apple
have taproot system


The Structure of a Root
• Tip of the root is rounded
and is covered by a
sructure
called the ROOT CAP
• The Root cap protects
the root from injury from
rocks as the root grows
through the soil
• Root hairs grow out
of the root’s surface


Inner Structure of Root
• Surface cells (Epidermis)
• Cortex
• Endodermis
• Stele (Center of the root) Vascular System
Vascular System consist of Xylem and Phloem
Xylem: Transports water and minerals upward to the
plant’s stem and leaves.
Phloem: Transport food manufactured in the leaves to
the root.
The root tissues may then use the food for growth or
store it for future use by plant


Akar dikotil Akar monokotil
Epidermis
Cortex
Vascular
cylinder
Endodermis
Pericycle
Core of
parenchyma
cells
Xylem
100 µm
(a) Transverse section of a typical root. In the Phloem 100 µm
roots of typical gymnosperms and eudicots, as (b) Transverse section of a root with parenchyma
well as some monocots, the stele is a vascular in the center. The stele of many monocot roots
cylinder consisting of a lobed core of xylem is a vascular cylinder with a core of parenchyma
with phloem between the lobes. surrounded by a ring of alternating xylem and phloem.

Endodermis Key
Pericycle Dermal
Ground
Vascular
Xylem
Phloem

50 µm

STEM / batang
The stem of a plant has three main functions:
• The stem carries substances between the
plant’s root and leaves
• The stem also provides support for the plant
• Store food


Modified Stems Stolons. Shown here on a
strawberry plant, stolons
(a) are horizontal stems that grow
along the surface. These “runners”
Storage leaves enable a plant to reproduce
asexually, as plantlets form at
nodes along each runner.

STROBERI

BRAMBANG
(d) Rhizomes. The edible base
of this ginger plant is an example
of a rhizome, a horizontal stem
that grows just below the surface
or emerges and grows along the
Stem surface.
KENTANG Node
Root
(b) Bulbs.Bulbs are vertical, (c) Tubers. Tubers, such as these JAHE
underground shoots consisting red potatoes, are enlarged
mostly of the enlarged bases ends of rhizomes specialized
of leaves that store food. You for storing food. The “eyes”
can see the many layers of arranged in a spiral pattern Rhizome
modified leaves attached around a potato are clusters
to the short stem by slicing an of axillary buds that mark Root
onion bulb lengthwise. the nodes.

Types of Stem
• Herbaceous
Herbaceous stems contain no wood and are often
soft. Sunflower and pepper plant a have herbaceous
stems.
• Woody
woody stems are hard and rigid. Mango and roses
have woody stems. A woody stem contains several
layer of tissue.


Perbedaan batang berkayu dan herba

• Herba : lunak, berwarna • Batang berkayu : keras,
hijau, tidak berkayu, tebal, umur panjang,
batang kecil, umur terdapat lentisel.
pendek, epidermis tipis • Lentisel adalah tonjolan-
dan terdapat stomata tonjolan yg terbuka dan
berhubungan dengan
rongga antar sel, fungsi
sebagai tempat
pertukaran gas.

Annual Rings
• These circles are called annual rings because they
represent a tree’s yearly growth.
• Annual rings are made of xylem
• Xylem cells that form in the spring are large and have
thin walls because they grow rapidly. They produce a
wide and light brown ring.
• Xylem cells that form in the summer grow slowly and
therefore are small and have thick walls. They
produce a thin and dark ring.


The difference of stem structures between
monocotyledon and dicotyledon

NO DICOTYLEDON MONOCOTYLEDON

Has no branches and
1 Has branches
straight
Has cambium so that it
2 Has no cambium
can enlarge

Transport tissue are
Transport tissues are
3 organized in circular
spread around irregularly
fashion


PhloemXylem
Sclerenchyma Ground tissue
(fiber cells) connecting
pith to cortex

Pith

STRUKTUR BATANG DIKOTIL Key
Epidermis Cortex Dermal
Vascular Ground
1 mm
bundle Vascular
## A eudicot stem. A eudicot stem (sunflower), with
vascular bundles forming a ring. Ground tissue toward
the inside is called pith, and ground tissue toward the
outside is called cortex. (LM of transverse section)

Ground
tissue

Epidermis

STRUKTUR BATANG MONOKOTIL
Vascular
bundles

## A monocot stem. A monocot stem (maize) with vascular
bundles scattered throughout the ground tissue. In such an
arrangement, ground tissue is not partitioned into pith and
cortex. (LM of transverse section)

Evaluation

1. What is meant of lentisel ? Write down
its function !

2. Write down the difference between
dicots stems and monocot stems ! (3)

LEAF (DAUN)
Bagian daun :
• Helaian daun dg tulang daun
• Tangkai daun
• Pelepah daun
Struktur luar
• Berdasarkan susunan daunnya
dibedakan menjadi 2, yaitu :
- daun tunggal
- daun majemuk


LEAVES
• Leaves vary greatly in size and shape
• Leaves capture the sun’s energy and carry out the food-making process
of photosynthesis


The Function of Leaf
• The place of photosynthesis (tempat
fotosintesis)

• The place of gaseous exchage (tempat
pertukaran gas)

• Alat pengeluaran kelebihan air

• Alat perkembangbiakan vegetatif

(a) Tendrils. The tendrils by which this
pea plant clings to a support are
modified leaves. After it has “lassoed”
a support, a tendril forms a coil that
brings the plant closer to the support.
Tendrils are typically modified leaves,
but some tendrils are modified stems,
as in grapevines.

Modified leaves
(b) Spines. The spines of cacti, such
as this prickly pear, are actually
leaves, and photosynthesis is
carried out mainly by the fleshy
green stems.

(c) Storage leaves. Most succulents,
such as this ice plant, have leaves
modified for storing water.

(d) Bracts. Red parts of the poinsettia
are often mistaken for petals but are
actually modified leaves called bracts
that surround a group of flowers.
Such brightly colored leaves attract
pollinators.

(e) Reproductive leaves. The leaves
of some succulents, such as Kalanchoe
daigremontiana, produce adventitious
plantlets, which fall off the leaf and
take root in the soil.

The Structure of a Leaf
The leaf’s top and bottom surface layers protect the
cell inside.
Between the layers of cells are veins that contain
xylem and phloem.
The surface layers of the leaf have small openings or
pores called stomata.
Stomata open and close to control when gases enter
and leave the leaf.
The cells that contain the most chloroplasts are
located near the leaf’s upper surface.
The chlorophyll in the chloroplasts traps the sun’s
energy


Controlling Water Loss
• The process by which water evaporates
from a plant’s leaves in called
transpiration.
• One way that plants retain water is by
closing the stomata.
• The stomata often close when leaves
start to dry out.


FLOWER / BUNGA

Bagian bunga : 3
6
1. Tangkai bunga
2. Kelopak
3. Mahkota bunga
4. Kepala sari 4
5. Tangkai sari 5
7
6. Kepala Putik
7. Bakal buah 2

1

BIJI TANAMAN DIKOTIL

Seed coat Epicotyl

Hypocotyl
Radicle

Cotyledons

NILLA DWI KARTIKA, S.Pd. SMPN 1 WONOSOBO

BIJI TANAMAN MONOKOTIL

Pericarp fused
with seed coat
Scutellum
(cotyledon)
Endosperm

Epicotyl
Coleoptile

Hypocotyl
Coleorhiza
Radicle

NILLA DWI KARTIKA, S.Pd. SMPN 1 WONOSOBO

Biologi . Plant Body

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