Biol 235 - Citation best practices - spring 2010
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This document provides guidelines for citing sources in a paper for the class BIOL 235 – Disease and the Developing World. It discusses using both author-date and numbered in-text citation formats and provides examples. Strategies are described for using sources for background information, as examples, to criticize or analyze a source, and to compare sources. Best practices are outlined for how often to cite sources, using quotations, and what does and does not need to be cited. The works cited section should list sources in alphabetical order for author-date citations or numerical order for numbered citations.
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![In Text Citations Author, Date Format: Loremipsum dolor sit amet, consecteturadipiscing (Author, Date). According to Author (Date) loremipsum dolor sit amet, consecteturadipiscing. Numbered format: Author found that dolor sit amet, consecteturadipiscing [1]. Loremipsum dolor sit amet, consecteturadipiscing [2].](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
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Here are a few tips to help manage your citations:
- Focus on quality over quantity. Make sure each citation directly supports your argument. Remove citations that are not essential.
- Consider grouping related citations together in a single paragraph to reduce clutter.
- Use citation management software like Zotero or Mendeley to organize your references as you write. This prevents duplication and makes formatting citations effortless.
- Consult your style guide for the proper way to cite sources when there are more than 3 authors. Many guides allow you to shorten citations after the first use.
- Check with your instructor on their preferences. Page limits may influence how many citations are appropriate. Focus on the most influential sources.
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Scholars cite references in their work for various conceptual and operational reasons. Conceptual citations refer to ideas and theories, while operational citations refer to techniques and methods. Citations can be organic, meaning required for understanding the paper, or perfunctory, simply acknowledging other work. Papers may confirm or dispute prior work, and build upon or offer alternatives to original ideas. Certain types of titles, larger reference sections, coverage in popular media, sharing data and open access formats are correlated with increased citations.
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At SUNY Geneseo, we wanted to know what students learned during reference transactions, beyond counts of reference questions or user satisfaction surveys. Building on library instruction assessment techniques, students answered a survey after each reference transaction that simply asked “What did you learn today from your meeting with the librarian?”
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Here are a few tips to help manage your citations:
- Focus on quality over quantity. Make sure each citation directly supports your argument. Remove citations that are not essential.
- Consider grouping related citations together in a single paragraph to reduce clutter.
- Use citation management software like Zotero or Mendeley to organize your references as you write. This prevents duplication and makes formatting citations effortless.
- Consult your style guide for the proper way to cite sources when there are more than 3 authors. Many guides allow you to shorten citations after the first use.
- Check with your instructor on their preferences. Page limits may influence how many citations are appropriate. Focus on the most influential sources.
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1 This sample paper was adapted by the Wri
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*This sample paper was adapted by the Writing Center from an original paper by a
student. Used by permission.
Updated March 2021
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The introduction should introduce your topic and share the societal problem that you see. At the end of the
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The subject of animal testing raises questions of necessity. Animal testing is
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used since the dawn of medicine by physicians and scientists. From biomedical research
to testing cosmetics, people claim that animal testing is necessary to benefit people in sa-
tiating their need for certain products as well as saving lives. There is an idea that animals
are the best way to find treatments and cures for people, but the treatment of animals is of
concern for some members of society. Society is feeling more and more that animals
have as much right to live freely in this world as humans do, and our obligation to see to
this makes animal testing a societal problem. Due to these concerns and others, there
have been several laws and acts formed to protect animals and minimize their suffering.
And with the advances of technology and other discoveries, the question of the necessity
of animal testing is becoming an issue for animal activist s and lovers everywhere. { The
future of medicine and biomedical research should not rely on animals for testing. In-
stead, we should use alternative testing methods and work toward making different life-
style choices. These solutions create the ethical outcome of ending the suffering of these
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testing to the
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brief discussion
of why this is a
societal problem.
The introduction
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thesis statement
that includes the
student’s
proposed
solution(s) to
the societal
problem. She
also has
included the
positive ethical
outcome of the
solution(s).
Use section headers for
each of the major
sections of your paper.
Problem
This first body section of your paper
should provide some background
information on your topic and discuss why
this is a societal problem.
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1 To Test or
1
To Test or Not to Test: Ethics in Animal Testing
John Doe
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Professor Millie Jones
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*This sample paper was adapted by the Writing Center from an original paper by a stu-
dent. Used by permission.
Updated December 2019
2
The introduction should introduce your topic and share the societal problem that you see. At the end of the introduction, you
should state your thesis, which should include your proposed solution to the problem. You may also state the positive ethical
effects of your proposed solution.
To Test or Not to Test: Ethics in Animal Testing
The subject of animal testing raises questions of necessity. Animal testing is
something that has been done for many years for several different reasons. It has been
used since the dawn of medicine by physicians and scientists. From biomedical research
to testing cosmetics, people claim that animal testing is necessary to benefit people in sa-
tiating their need for certain products as well as saving lives. There is an idea that animals
are the best way to find treatments and cures for people, but the treatment of animals is of
concern for some members of society. Society is feeling more and more that animals
have as much right to live freely in this world as humans do, and our obligation to see to
this makes animal testing a societal problem. Due to these concerns and others, there
have been several laws and acts formed to protect animals and minimize their suffering.
And with the advances of technology and other discoveries, the question of the necessity
of animal testing is becoming an issue for animal activists and lovers everywhere. { The
future of medicine and biomedical research should not rely on animals for testing. In-
stead, we should use alternative testing methods and work toward making different life-
style choices. These solutions create the ethical outcome of ending the suffering of these
animals, which will have a positive influence on society and culture}.
Here, the
student is
introducing the
topic of animal
testing to the
reader.
The introduction
includes a very
brief discussion
of why this is a
societal problem.
The introduction
ends with a the-
sis statement
that includes the
s den s pro-
posed solu-
tion(s) to the
societal prob-
lem. She also
has included the
positive ethical
outcome of the
solution(s).
Use section headers for
each of the major
sections of your paper.
Problem
This first body section of your paper
should provide some background
information on your topic and discuss why
this is a societal problem.
Background Animal testing has been deemed necessary for many reasons. Animal testing has
been done to determine the safety of household cleaning products, cosmetics including
3
Reason #1
animal
skin care, shampoo ...
1 To Test or .docx
1
To Test or Not to Test: Ethics in Animal Testing
John Doe
GEN 499 General Education Capstone
Professor Millie Jones
November 16, 2050*
*This sample paper was adapted by the Writing Center from an original paper by a stu-
dent. Used by permission.
Updated December 2019
2
The introduction should introduce your topic and share the societal problem that you see. At the end of the introduction, you
should state your thesis, which should include your proposed solution to the problem. You may also state the positive ethical
effects of your proposed solution.
To Test or Not to Test: Ethics in Animal Testing
The subject of animal testing raises questions of necessity. Animal testing is
something that has been done for many years for several different reasons. It has been
used since the dawn of medicine by physicians and scientists. From biomedical research
to testing cosmetics, people claim that animal testing is necessary to benefit people in sa-
tiating their need for certain products as well as saving lives. There is an idea that animals
are the best way to find treatments and cures for people, but the treatment of animals is of
concern for some members of society. Society is feeling more and more that animals
have as much right to live freely in this world as humans do, and our obligation to see to
this makes animal testing a societal problem. Due to these concerns and others, there
have been several laws and acts formed to protect animals and minimize their suffering.
And with the advances of technology and other discoveries, the question of the necessity
of animal testing is becoming an issue for animal activists and lovers everywhere. { The
future of medicine and biomedical research should not rely on animals for testing. In-
stead, we should use alternative testing methods and work toward making different life-
style choices. These solutions create the ethical outcome of ending the suffering of these
animals, which will have a positive influence on society and culture}.
Here, the
student is
introducing the
topic of animal
testing to the
reader.
The introduction
includes a very
brief discussion
of why this is a
societal problem.
The introduction
ends with a the-
sis statement
that includes the
s den s pro-
posed solu-
tion(s) to the
societal prob-
lem. She also
has included the
positive ethical
outcome of the
solution(s).
Use section headers for
each of the major
sections of your paper.
Problem
This first body section of your paper
should provide some background
information on your topic and discuss why
this is a societal problem.
Background Animal testing has been deemed necessary for many reasons. Animal testing has
been done to determine the safety of household cleaning products, cosmetics including
3
Reason #1
animal
skin care, shampoo ...
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The rapid pace of technological change can leave faculty struggling to understand the role of the library in a digital environment. Librarians can easily loose touch with the ways that faculty are creating and accessing scholarship. This session will be useful for librarians who are new to faculty outreach as well as experienced librarians looking for new tools and strategies to help them communicate with faculty. Join us for a discussion of effective strategies to reach out to and communicate with faculty on campus. We will explore questions like: How can new technological tools assist librarians in sharing information with faculty? How can we use technology to encourage faculty to share information with us? And: How to invite yourself to a department meeting?
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The document provides examples of in-text citations using the Author-Date citation style in three samples of text about cutaneous leishmaniasis. It evaluates what is done well in the samples and how they could be improved, and also provides an example using a numbering style for citations.
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- Long-term evidence of safety and descriptive labelling were the top factors that could increase acceptance of GM foods among non-acceptors.
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1 This sample paper was adapted by the Wri
1
*This sample paper was adapted by the Writing Center from an original paper by a
student. Used by permission.
Updated March 2021
2
The introduction should introduce your topic and share the societal problem that you see. At the end of the
introduction, you should state your thesis, which should include your proposed solution to the problem. You may
also state the positive ethical effects of your proposed solution.
To Test or Not to Test: Ethics in Animal Testing
The subject of animal testing raises questions of necessity. Animal testing is
something that has been done for many years for several different reasons. It has been
used since the dawn of medicine by physicians and scientists. From biomedical research
to testing cosmetics, people claim that animal testing is necessary to benefit people in sa-
tiating their need for certain products as well as saving lives. There is an idea that animals
are the best way to find treatments and cures for people, but the treatment of animals is of
concern for some members of society. Society is feeling more and more that animals
have as much right to live freely in this world as humans do, and our obligation to see to
this makes animal testing a societal problem. Due to these concerns and others, there
have been several laws and acts formed to protect animals and minimize their suffering.
And with the advances of technology and other discoveries, the question of the necessity
of animal testing is becoming an issue for animal activist s and lovers everywhere. { The
future of medicine and biomedical research should not rely on animals for testing. In-
stead, we should use alternative testing methods and work toward making different life-
style choices. These solutions create the ethical outcome of ending the suffering of these
animals, which will have a positive influence on society and culture}.
Here, the
student is
introducing the
topic of animal
testing to the
reader.
The introduction
includes a very
brief discussion
of why this is a
societal problem.
The introduction
ends with a
thesis statement
that includes the
student’s
proposed
solution(s) to
the societal
problem. She
also has
included the
positive ethical
outcome of the
solution(s).
Use section headers for
each of the major
sections of your paper.
Problem
This first body section of your paper
should provide some background
information on your topic and discuss why
this is a societal problem.
Background Animal testing has been deemed necessary for many reasons. Animal testing has
been done to determine the safety of household cleaning products, cosmetics including
3
Reason #1
animal
skin care, shampoo and makeup, as well as biomedical research that provides medicine
and treatments for humans and pets alike. The BioIndustry Association (2002) argues that
“Animal research ha ...
Drug development process
Pre-discovery
Understand the disease
Target Identification
Choose a molecule to target with a drug
Target Validation
Test the target and confirm its role in the disease
Drug Discovery
Find a promising molecule (a “lead compound”)
that could become a drug
A review on potentiality of medicinal plants as the source of new contracepti...
SummaryRecently, a review has already been made on the synthetic contraceptive agents whereas this r...
Group-4 Antibiotics uses in Livestock and Poultry Health issues.pptx
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Plants as potential source of antimicrobial agents
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Plants as potential source of antimicrobial agents
This document summarizes research on plants as potential sources of antimicrobial agents. It discusses how overuse of antibiotics has led to antimicrobial resistance and the need to find new sources of antimicrobials. Plants have historically been used as medicines. The document lists 19 plants that have been found to have antimicrobial effects in studies, including Achyranthus aspera, Quercus infectoria, Coccinia grandis, and others. It extracts tested against various bacteria and fungi. The conclusion is that plants represent a major source for discovery of new antimicrobial compounds.
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Project amr by Arghya & Arnab
Antimicrobial resistance is a growing problem that threatens modern medicine. When bacteria become resistant to antibiotics, it diminishes their effectiveness for all users and makes treatment of infections increasingly difficult. Each year, antimicrobial resistance results in millions of deaths worldwide, comparable to other major diseases. It also has a huge economic impact, with projections of its effect on global GDP measured in trillions of dollars. Resistance spreads through the overuse and misuse of antibiotics in humans and livestock. New alternatives to antibiotics are needed to tackle this problem, along with coordinated global action to strengthen surveillance, promote appropriate use, and foster new drug development.
Opioid misuse rates in CNP.
This systematic review analyzed data from 38 studies on rates of problematic opioid use among chronic pain patients prescribed opioids. The key findings were:
1. Rates of problematic use varied widely across studies, from 1% to 81%.
2. When weighted averages were calculated, rates of misuse averaged between 21-29% and rates of addiction averaged between 8-12%.
3. Only one study directly reported rates of abuse.
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1 To Test or
1
To Test or Not to Test: Ethics in Animal Testing
John Doe
GEN 499 General Education Capstone
Professor Millie Jones
November 16, 2050*
*This sample paper was adapted by the Writing Center from an original paper by a stu-
dent. Used by permission.
Updated December 2019
2
The introduction should introduce your topic and share the societal problem that you see. At the end of the introduction, you
should state your thesis, which should include your proposed solution to the problem. You may also state the positive ethical
effects of your proposed solution.
To Test or Not to Test: Ethics in Animal Testing
The subject of animal testing raises questions of necessity. Animal testing is
something that has been done for many years for several different reasons. It has been
used since the dawn of medicine by physicians and scientists. From biomedical research
to testing cosmetics, people claim that animal testing is necessary to benefit people in sa-
tiating their need for certain products as well as saving lives. There is an idea that animals
are the best way to find treatments and cures for people, but the treatment of animals is of
concern for some members of society. Society is feeling more and more that animals
have as much right to live freely in this world as humans do, and our obligation to see to
this makes animal testing a societal problem. Due to these concerns and others, there
have been several laws and acts formed to protect animals and minimize their suffering.
And with the advances of technology and other discoveries, the question of the necessity
of animal testing is becoming an issue for animal activists and lovers everywhere. { The
future of medicine and biomedical research should not rely on animals for testing. In-
stead, we should use alternative testing methods and work toward making different life-
style choices. These solutions create the ethical outcome of ending the suffering of these
animals, which will have a positive influence on society and culture}.
Here, the
student is
introducing the
topic of animal
testing to the
reader.
The introduction
includes a very
brief discussion
of why this is a
societal problem.
The introduction
ends with a the-
sis statement
that includes the
s den s pro-
posed solu-
tion(s) to the
societal prob-
lem. She also
has included the
positive ethical
outcome of the
solution(s).
Use section headers for
each of the major
sections of your paper.
Problem
This first body section of your paper
should provide some background
information on your topic and discuss why
this is a societal problem.
Background Animal testing has been deemed necessary for many reasons. Animal testing has
been done to determine the safety of household cleaning products, cosmetics including
3
Reason #1
animal
skin care, shampoo ...
1 To Test or .docx
1
To Test or Not to Test: Ethics in Animal Testing
John Doe
GEN 499 General Education Capstone
Professor Millie Jones
November 16, 2050*
*This sample paper was adapted by the Writing Center from an original paper by a stu-
dent. Used by permission.
Updated December 2019
2
The introduction should introduce your topic and share the societal problem that you see. At the end of the introduction, you
should state your thesis, which should include your proposed solution to the problem. You may also state the positive ethical
effects of your proposed solution.
To Test or Not to Test: Ethics in Animal Testing
The subject of animal testing raises questions of necessity. Animal testing is
something that has been done for many years for several different reasons. It has been
used since the dawn of medicine by physicians and scientists. From biomedical research
to testing cosmetics, people claim that animal testing is necessary to benefit people in sa-
tiating their need for certain products as well as saving lives. There is an idea that animals
are the best way to find treatments and cures for people, but the treatment of animals is of
concern for some members of society. Society is feeling more and more that animals
have as much right to live freely in this world as humans do, and our obligation to see to
this makes animal testing a societal problem. Due to these concerns and others, there
have been several laws and acts formed to protect animals and minimize their suffering.
And with the advances of technology and other discoveries, the question of the necessity
of animal testing is becoming an issue for animal activists and lovers everywhere. { The
future of medicine and biomedical research should not rely on animals for testing. In-
stead, we should use alternative testing methods and work toward making different life-
style choices. These solutions create the ethical outcome of ending the suffering of these
animals, which will have a positive influence on society and culture}.
Here, the
student is
introducing the
topic of animal
testing to the
reader.
The introduction
includes a very
brief discussion
of why this is a
societal problem.
The introduction
ends with a the-
sis statement
that includes the
s den s pro-
posed solu-
tion(s) to the
societal prob-
lem. She also
has included the
positive ethical
outcome of the
solution(s).
Use section headers for
each of the major
sections of your paper.
Problem
This first body section of your paper
should provide some background
information on your topic and discuss why
this is a societal problem.
Background Animal testing has been deemed necessary for many reasons. Animal testing has
been done to determine the safety of household cleaning products, cosmetics including
3
Reason #1
animal
skin care, shampoo ...
New pattern clinical study
New pattern clinical study of adverse drug reaction to ART may
lead to chase drug discovery in anti-retroviral drug towards zero
adverse drug reaction
Are food manufacturers killing us.docx
This document provides an annotated bibliography of 5 scholarly sources on the topic of how food manufacturers use steroids, antibiotics, and sprays and whether this practice is harming public health. The sources discuss the overuse of antibiotics in food production leading to drug resistance, the health risks of steroid use in bodybuilding, how food manufacturers manipulate tastes to increase consumption and obesity, the environmental and health dangers of lawn pesticides, and the new risks that have emerged from industrial food production.
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The document summarizes the development of an integrated information literacy program in undergraduate chemistry at SUNY Geneseo's Milne Library. It provides examples of exercises given to freshmen, sophomores, and seniors to teach them how to locate and evaluate scientific literature using library resources. The program aims to introduce students to tools like SciFinder and Scopus at different levels of their chemistry education. Challenges to the program and ongoing improvements are also mentioned.
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Scientific researchers are one of the latest groups to experiment with blogs, wikis, and social networks. Researchers are using these tools to promote communication, to make new scientific discoveries, and to discover previous research. This program will look at web 2.0 tools aimed at the scientific community.
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Biol 235 - Citation best practices - spring 2010
- 1. Citation Best Practices BIOL 235 – Disease and the Developing World
- 2. In Text Citations Author, Date Format: Loremipsum dolor sit amet, consecteturadipiscing (Author, Date). According to Author (Date) loremipsum dolor sit amet, consecteturadipiscing. Numbered format: Author found that dolor sit amet, consecteturadipiscing [1]. Loremipsum dolor sit amet, consecteturadipiscing [2].
- 3. Strategies Using a source for background information In the last 10 years there has been a rapid increase in research interest in tuberculosis (Davies, 2007). Using a source as an example Despite being the most widely used vaccine globally, several controlled trials have shown a wide variation in efficacy from 80% (Smith, 2008) to zero (Jones, 1999).
- 4. Strategies Criticizing or analyzing a source Although Wong (2005) recommended use of the drug CureMe-Ophan, her studies were financed by the company that manufactures the drug and her findings have not been replicated (see Miller, 2007 and Ito, 2008) Comparing two sources Moore (1993) and Ortiz (1999) both tried to resolve a similar health crisis, but Ortiz’s plan was more effective and less expensive.
- 5. Best Practices How often to cite? Use of quotations? What do you need to cite? What don’t you need to cite?
- 6. Works Cited Section When using the Author, Date style of in text citations, works cited entries are in alphabetical order When using the Numbered style of in text citations, works cited entries are in numerical order based on the first appearance of each item in the text.