This study evaluated providing interim treatment with buprenorphine to patients waiting for opioid abuse treatment. 50 patients were randomized to either receive interim buprenorphine treatment or remain on the waiting list. Those receiving buprenorphine had significantly higher rates of negative urine tests for illicit opioids and lower intravenous drug use and psychiatric issues. Interim buprenorphine with technology support showed promise in reducing risks while patients waited for comprehensive treatment.
This study analyzed 2,000 antibiotic prescription records from Bangladesh to evaluate rational antibiotic prescribing practices. It found that the majority (63%) of patients visited unlicensed village healthcare workers due to their widespread availability. The most commonly prescribed antibiotic classes were cephalosporins (36%), macrolides (25.5%), and quinolones (21%). However, 81% of prescriptions lacked clinical tests to justify antibiotic use. Only 66.5% of patients completed their full antibiotic course. The study concludes that irrational antibiotic prescribing in Bangladesh contributes to growing antibiotic resistance and calls for national treatment guidelines and public education programs.
Evaluation of cutaneous adverse drug reactions due to antimicrobial agents: A...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Homeopathic and conventional treatment for acute respiratory and ear complain...home
Data of 1,577 patients were evaluated in the full analysis set of which 857 received homeopathic (H) and 720
conventional (C) treatment. The majority of patients in both groups reported their outcome after 14 days of treatment
as complete recovery or major improvement (H: 86.9%; C: 86.0%; p = 0.0003 for non-inferiority testing). In the perprotocol
set (H: 576 and C: 540 patients) similar results were obtained (H: 87.7%; C: 86.9%; p = 0.0019). Further
subgroup analysis of the full analysis set showed no differences of response rates after 14 days in children (H: 88.5%; C:
84.5%) and adults (H: 85.6%; C: 86.6%). The unadjusted odds ratio (OR) of the primary outcome criterion was 1.40
(0.89–2.22) in children and 0.92 (0.63–1.34) in adults. Adjustments for demographic differences at baseline did not
significantly alter the OR. The response rates after 7 and 28 days also showed no significant differences between both
treatment groups. However, onset of improvement within the first 7 days after treatment was significantly faster upon
homeopathic treatment both in children (p = 0.0488) and adults (p = 0.0001). Adverse drug reactions occurred more
frequently in adults of the conventional group than in the homeopathic group (C: 7.6%; H: 3.1%, p = 0.0032), whereas in
children the occurrence of adverse drug reactions was not significantly different (H: 2.0%; C: 2.4%, p = 0.7838).
A Cross Sectional Study of Ethnic Differences in Occurrence and Severity of A...iosrphr_editor
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the most widely used "over the counter" medication all over the world despite their complications in different major organs. Present studies envisaged for knowing the occurrence and severity of adverse drug reactions from NSAIDs in different ethnic communities of Sikkim. A cross sectional study was undertaken in the medicine outpatients department of a secondary and tertiary care hospital. The patients belonging to Nepalese, Bhutias, Lepchas ethnic communities and others community (settlers from other parts of India) were included to analyzed the data based on the age and gender, ethnicity and ADRs, drugs and ADRs. Severity assessment was done using Hartwing and Siegel scale and causality assessment by Naranjo scale. Total 109 cases of ADRs, predominating in female were detected. Nepalese were the most affected and Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) being the most affected organ in them. Diclofenac showed maximum number of ADRs in all the communities. Maximum number of cases occurred on single day use (40.36%) of drugs. All the cases were belonging to the "possible category" and the maximum being the mild (72.48%) in nature. It is advisable to consider the ethnic/racial differences equally with other factors, to improve the safety and efficacy of a drug.
This document discusses drug risk assessment and pharmacoepidemiology. It notes that clinical trials prior to drug approval are limited in detecting uncommon or long-term side effects. Observational studies using large patient populations are needed to further evaluate drug safety issues and understand rare or long-term side effects. The document compares different pharmacoepidemiological study designs like cohort studies and case-control studies that can be used to investigate drug safety questions following a drug's approval and entry into widespread use.
Chemotherapy+with+or+without+gefitinib+in+patients+with+advanced+non small-ce...Mina Max
This meta-analysis examined 12 randomized controlled trials involving 6,844 patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The analysis compared chemotherapy with or without gefitinib. The primary endpoints were overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). The meta-analysis found that gefitinib therapy significantly improved PFS compared to chemotherapy alone, but only modestly improved OS and this difference was not statistically significant. Gefitinib therapy was associated with higher objective response rates. The most common adverse events with gefitinib were rash, diarrhea, and dry skin.
Evaluation of Anti-Retroviral Combination Therapy In Patients With HIV/Aids I...iosrphr_editor
This study evaluated the effectiveness of different combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens in 100 HIV-positive patients who were injecting drug users in Indonesia. The study found that all ART combinations led to increases in CD4 count and body weight over 6-12 months. The most common side effect was nausea. Adherence to therapy was high, at 94%. While increases in CD4 count did not significantly differ between regimens, the combination of lamivudine, zidovudine and efavirenz had the highest treatment costs. The study concluded that combination ART is effective at improving immune function and health in HIV-positive injecting drug users.
This study evaluated providing interim treatment with buprenorphine to patients waiting for opioid abuse treatment. 50 patients were randomized to either receive interim buprenorphine treatment or remain on the waiting list. Those receiving buprenorphine had significantly higher rates of negative urine tests for illicit opioids and lower intravenous drug use and psychiatric issues. Interim buprenorphine with technology support showed promise in reducing risks while patients waited for comprehensive treatment.
This study analyzed 2,000 antibiotic prescription records from Bangladesh to evaluate rational antibiotic prescribing practices. It found that the majority (63%) of patients visited unlicensed village healthcare workers due to their widespread availability. The most commonly prescribed antibiotic classes were cephalosporins (36%), macrolides (25.5%), and quinolones (21%). However, 81% of prescriptions lacked clinical tests to justify antibiotic use. Only 66.5% of patients completed their full antibiotic course. The study concludes that irrational antibiotic prescribing in Bangladesh contributes to growing antibiotic resistance and calls for national treatment guidelines and public education programs.
Evaluation of cutaneous adverse drug reactions due to antimicrobial agents: A...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Homeopathic and conventional treatment for acute respiratory and ear complain...home
Data of 1,577 patients were evaluated in the full analysis set of which 857 received homeopathic (H) and 720
conventional (C) treatment. The majority of patients in both groups reported their outcome after 14 days of treatment
as complete recovery or major improvement (H: 86.9%; C: 86.0%; p = 0.0003 for non-inferiority testing). In the perprotocol
set (H: 576 and C: 540 patients) similar results were obtained (H: 87.7%; C: 86.9%; p = 0.0019). Further
subgroup analysis of the full analysis set showed no differences of response rates after 14 days in children (H: 88.5%; C:
84.5%) and adults (H: 85.6%; C: 86.6%). The unadjusted odds ratio (OR) of the primary outcome criterion was 1.40
(0.89–2.22) in children and 0.92 (0.63–1.34) in adults. Adjustments for demographic differences at baseline did not
significantly alter the OR. The response rates after 7 and 28 days also showed no significant differences between both
treatment groups. However, onset of improvement within the first 7 days after treatment was significantly faster upon
homeopathic treatment both in children (p = 0.0488) and adults (p = 0.0001). Adverse drug reactions occurred more
frequently in adults of the conventional group than in the homeopathic group (C: 7.6%; H: 3.1%, p = 0.0032), whereas in
children the occurrence of adverse drug reactions was not significantly different (H: 2.0%; C: 2.4%, p = 0.7838).
A Cross Sectional Study of Ethnic Differences in Occurrence and Severity of A...iosrphr_editor
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the most widely used "over the counter" medication all over the world despite their complications in different major organs. Present studies envisaged for knowing the occurrence and severity of adverse drug reactions from NSAIDs in different ethnic communities of Sikkim. A cross sectional study was undertaken in the medicine outpatients department of a secondary and tertiary care hospital. The patients belonging to Nepalese, Bhutias, Lepchas ethnic communities and others community (settlers from other parts of India) were included to analyzed the data based on the age and gender, ethnicity and ADRs, drugs and ADRs. Severity assessment was done using Hartwing and Siegel scale and causality assessment by Naranjo scale. Total 109 cases of ADRs, predominating in female were detected. Nepalese were the most affected and Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) being the most affected organ in them. Diclofenac showed maximum number of ADRs in all the communities. Maximum number of cases occurred on single day use (40.36%) of drugs. All the cases were belonging to the "possible category" and the maximum being the mild (72.48%) in nature. It is advisable to consider the ethnic/racial differences equally with other factors, to improve the safety and efficacy of a drug.
This document discusses drug risk assessment and pharmacoepidemiology. It notes that clinical trials prior to drug approval are limited in detecting uncommon or long-term side effects. Observational studies using large patient populations are needed to further evaluate drug safety issues and understand rare or long-term side effects. The document compares different pharmacoepidemiological study designs like cohort studies and case-control studies that can be used to investigate drug safety questions following a drug's approval and entry into widespread use.
Chemotherapy+with+or+without+gefitinib+in+patients+with+advanced+non small-ce...Mina Max
This meta-analysis examined 12 randomized controlled trials involving 6,844 patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The analysis compared chemotherapy with or without gefitinib. The primary endpoints were overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). The meta-analysis found that gefitinib therapy significantly improved PFS compared to chemotherapy alone, but only modestly improved OS and this difference was not statistically significant. Gefitinib therapy was associated with higher objective response rates. The most common adverse events with gefitinib were rash, diarrhea, and dry skin.
Evaluation of Anti-Retroviral Combination Therapy In Patients With HIV/Aids I...iosrphr_editor
This study evaluated the effectiveness of different combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens in 100 HIV-positive patients who were injecting drug users in Indonesia. The study found that all ART combinations led to increases in CD4 count and body weight over 6-12 months. The most common side effect was nausea. Adherence to therapy was high, at 94%. While increases in CD4 count did not significantly differ between regimens, the combination of lamivudine, zidovudine and efavirenz had the highest treatment costs. The study concluded that combination ART is effective at improving immune function and health in HIV-positive injecting drug users.
1) The study surveyed 298 patients visiting family doctors for acute sore throat pain to understand their reasons for visiting and expectations.
2) The top three reasons patients visited were to establish the cause of symptoms, get pain relief, and learn about the illness course. Hopes for antibiotics ranked 11th out of 13 items.
3) Patients hoping for antibiotics valued pain relief more and felt less well than others. They had more faith in antibiotics and were less convinced sore throat is self-limiting.
4) The desire for pain relief strongly predicted hoping to get an antibiotic prescription, even after adjusting for other factors. This suggests patients wanting antibiotics may believe it is the best pain treatment.
Inappropriate drug use in hospitalized elderly patients of medicine and cardi...Apollo Hospitals
This study aimed to determine the prevalence of inappropriate drug use in hospitalized elderly patients at a tertiary care hospital in Northeast India using the 2006 HEDIS criteria. The study reviewed prescriptions from 502 elderly patients admitted to the medicine and cardiology departments. It found that 12 patients (2.39%) received at least one inappropriate drug, with the most common being short-acting nifedipine. Increased number of concurrent medications (>11) and prolonged hospital stay (>5 days) were identified as predictors of inappropriate medication use. The study concluded that multiple medications and long hospital stays were risk factors for inappropriate drug prescribing in elderly patients based on the 2006 HEDIS criteria.
Ibalizumab - Journal Club Handout (Holden Young - Roseman University of Healt...HoldenYoung3
This phase 3 study evaluated the efficacy and safety of ibalizumab in treating 40 patients with multi-drug resistant HIV-1. Ibalizumab is a monoclonal antibody that binds to CD4 receptors to prevent viral entry. At day 14, 83% of patients had at least a 0.5 log10 reduction in viral load from baseline. At week 25, 63% maintained this reduction. The most common adverse event was mild-to-moderate diarrhea in 8 patients. Ibalizumab combined with optimized antiretroviral therapy showed significant antiviral activity against multi-drug resistant HIV-1 strains.
Comparative evaluation of 2g single dose versus conventional dose azithromycin in uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections. Indian Journal Of Pharmacology. August 2015;Vol. 47; Issue 4
Adverse drug reactions among critically ill patients at cairoAlexander Decker
The study aimed to assess the frequency and outcomes of adverse drug reactions among critically ill patients at Cairo University Hospital. The study found that 21% of the 150 critically ill patients studied experienced adverse drug reactions, ranging from mild to moderate or severe. Over half of the reactions were life-threatening. Due to the prevalence of adverse drug reactions in critically ill patients and their potential severity, the study recommends hospitals establish policies for managing adverse drug reactions and for healthcare providers to closely monitor patients and potential drug interactions when initiating new medications.
This document describes a population-based case-control study examining the relationship between alcohol use and crash risk. A population-based case-control study is appropriate as it reduces selection bias and allows results to be generalized to the population. Data is collected through biological samples, standardized questionnaires, medical records, and employment records to minimize bias. The study analyzes how alcohol and marijuana use can increase crash risk due to impaired functioning. Driver demographics and a random sample population are examined. The results help understand how alcohol in particular may be a leading factor in traffic crashes, though other exposures could also play a role.
When a psychiatric patient is diagnosed, the practitioner selects a medication therapy from a variety of therapeutic approaches and according to the severity and condition of a patient; through peer evaluation. This requires the writing of a prescription. Prescribing accounts for a large proportion of errors [1]: Medication errors, problems related to strength and frequency of medication, quantity per dose, instructions for use, total quantity to be dispensed, dosage form etc; if absent, can cause great deal of patients’ harm. Medicines are a key component of healthcare and errors relating to medication, may impact on patient’s safety [1-4].
Human errors can be understood through a lot of suggested models and frameworks but the findings vary from country to country [5,6]. Prescribing errors are harmful to the patients and in worst cases they may lead to fatality. To avoid errors in prescriptions and its amelioration at the time of writing; is the easiest way of prevention of prescription errors [6-10]
Theories of human error states that, “a series of planned actions may fail to achieve their desired outcome because the plan itself was inadequate or because the actions did not go as planned. The definition reflects this distinction, including failures both in the prescribing decision and the prescription writing process” [5]. In 2005, Department of Health in the United Kingdom planned to reduce prescribing errors by 40% [10]. Such initiatives are also required in a developing country like Pakistan. Apparently, psychiatrists know a little about prescribing errors. Irrational drug therapy can cause patient’s harm by exacerbation or prolongation of illness, distress and higher costs [8] in some cases. Irrational prescribing is a global problem and may also be regarded as "pathological" prescribing [9].
All prescriptions must include the name, address, specialty and signature of the prescriber as well as the name, sex, and age of the patient and the strength, quantity, dose, frequency, dosage form and instructions for use of the medication [11–15]. The dispensing system of Pakistan is different than some other countries. The medication is available in already packed in containers etc by the pharmaceutical industries, to be dispensed. There is no option of refill instructions to the pharmacist etc. Adherence by the physician to good quality prescribing will minimize errors and ultimately improve patient’s care. Prescribing errors can occur as a result of errors in haste, poor concentration to the patient or attendant (in case the patient is unable to deliver the correct information), decision-making or the prescription-writing process. Incorrect prescribing habits are common unfortunately [16-20].
The purpose of this study was to investigate drug prescriptions of Psychiatry for the essential elements of prescriptions mentioned above, and to study the prescribing trends in psychiatric practice in Peshawar area, Pakistan.
A study on prescription pattern and rational use of statins in tertiary care ...SriramNagarajan16
Objectives
Our objectives are to evaluate prescription pattern and rational use of statins in a tertiary care corporate hospital.
Methodology
It was a prospective observational study conducted for a period of 6 months and included various departments of 300
bedded multi specialty tertiary care corporate hospital. A total of 200 patients were included and the study criteria
was inpatients and induvial more than 18 years of either gender who are prescribed with HMG-CoA reductase
inhibitors.
Results
In the present study 200 patients belonged to the age group of above 18 years, out of which about 65% were male
and 35% were female. Atorvastatin (67%) was prescribed mostly and Rosuvastatin (29.5%) was also used.
Conclusion
It is finally concluded that Rational and prophylactic use of statins can reduce further complications of Diabetes
Mellitus (DM) and cardiac events.
Statins treatment is favourable in long term treatment of diseases, it is most effectively used in treatment of serious
disease conditions which has shown its immense therapeutic role in treatment
Corticosteroids for sore throat sr ma bmj 2018Mayra Serrano
This systematic review and meta-analysis found that a single low dose of corticosteroids, such as oral dexamethasone up to 10 mg, provides moderate to high quality evidence of pain relief for patients with sore throat. Patients who received corticosteroids were twice as likely to experience pain relief after 24 hours and 1.5 times more likely to have no pain at 48 hours, with no increase in serious adverse effects. The mean time to complete pain resolution was about 11 hours shorter with corticosteroids. Included trials enrolled over 1400 individuals and assessed outcomes up to 48 hours, but did not evaluate risks of repeated corticosteroid use for recurrent sore throats.
Pharmaceutical Comparative Effectiveness Research AbstractLona Vincent
This document summarizes several research studies and articles in the field of health economics and outcomes research. It discusses trends in the use of electronic medical records in outcomes research from 2001-2010, with the number of studies increasing over time. It also reviews characteristics of homeless patients using inpatient and emergency services compared to non-homeless patients. Additionally, it compares the role of health technology assessment systems in reimbursement and market access between Turkey and Poland.
ISPOR 2014 Jansen S03_FINAL for approval to print (30Oct)Goran Medic
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the relationship between microbiological eradication and clinical outcomes for patients with nosocomial pneumonia (NP), complicated urinary tract infections (cUTI), and complicated intra-abdominal infections (cIAI) treated with antibiotics. The study performed a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials reporting on both microbiological eradication and clinical outcomes. For NP, a relationship was found between eradication and clinical cure but not response or mortality. For cIAI and cUTI, no clear relationships between eradication and outcomes were observed due to limitations of the evidence. The analysis of individual patient data is recommended to better understand relationships between eradication and clinical outcomes.
This systematic review examined 67 studies on strategies to reduce or discontinue long-term opioid therapy (LTOT) for chronic pain and the effect of dose reduction on patient outcomes. The key findings were:
1) Interdisciplinary pain programs had the highest completion and opioid discontinuation rates, ranging from 76-100% and 29-100% respectively across 31 studies of varying quality.
2) Buprenorphine-assisted dose reduction resulted in opioid discontinuation rates ranging from 33-100% in 10 poor quality studies.
3) Among 40 studies of varying quality examining patient outcomes after dose reduction, improvement was reported in pain severity, function, and quality of life, though the overall evidence quality was very
Preliminary study of Prescription audit for evaluation of prescribing pattern...SriramNagarajan16
Prescription audit is necessary to know the art of prescription practices to improve rational pharmacotherapy.
Present study is an observational study and was undertaken from August 2018 to October 2018 for which data
was collected from Medical OPD. Prescribing is a technique with an expert academic pharmacological
knowledge.
Irrational prescribing leads to diminished therapeutic outcome. The present study is the first preliminary one at
Pandit Jawaharlal Lal Nehru Govt. Medical College and Hospital, Chamba- HP Before July 2016, it was a
district hospital College. It is a hilly district and caters the need of 5 Lakh people. A total of 420 prescriptions
were analyzed. These prescriptions comprised of 3000 drugs. Average drugs prescribed per patient were 7.3 .
male and female ratio was 40% and 60% respectively. More prescription were carried out in the age group of 51
- 60 yrs. Prescriptions in generic were only 3.65% fixed dose combination was used in 300 prescriptions and
comprised of 71.4% drugs. Oral prescriptions were used maximally and intravenous medication was minimally
used. Multivitamin prescriptions were observed in bulk.
This study analyzed 150 prescriptions of patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated at a tertiary care hospital in India. The study found:
1. Hydroxychloroquine was the most commonly prescribed drug (20.1%), followed by paracetamol (18.6%). Combination therapy using 3 or more drugs was preferred over monotherapy.
2. The majority of patients were female (91.3%) and the average age was 50 years old. Common comorbidities included hypertension (60%), diabetes (26.6%), and asthma (13.3%).
3. A total of 552 drugs were prescribed and 221 drug-drug interactions were identified. The highest number of interactions occurred with
This document discusses different types of clinical studies used in evidence-based medicine, including case reports/series, ecological studies, cross-sectional studies, case-control studies, cohort studies, randomized clinical trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses. It provides details on study designs, strengths and limitations, and how to interpret results including risk ratios, odds ratios, confidence intervals, and p-values. Key concepts covered include biases, confounding factors, prevalence versus incidence, and how study size influences precision.
OMICS Publishing Group, Journal of Clinical Pharmacology & Biopharmaceutics (CPB) emphasizes the phases of drug development from absorption, disposition, metabolism, excretion interactions and rational design of drug products to deliver the drug at a specific rate to the body in order to optimize the therapeutic effect and minimize any adverse effects. The CPB acts as an interface between academics, those in research and developments, explicates the research on various developmental applications for contemporary drug development and utilization.
This study used a large US commercial healthcare database to evaluate the risk of all-cause mortality associated with initiating benzodiazepine treatment compared to not initiating treatment. The study included over 1.2 million propensity score matched patients who either did or did not initiate benzodiazepines. Over a six-month follow-up period, similar numbers of deaths occurred in both groups, suggesting no increase in mortality risk. Some subgroup and secondary analyses found small increased risks of up to 9% for longer follow-ups or certain patient groups. The study concludes that any detrimental effect of benzodiazepines on mortality is likely much smaller than previously reported and of uncertain clinical relevance, and residual confounding may explain part of the
Trends in management of rheumatoid arthritis Dr.Neena Mehan
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is an auto-immune disease in which body mistakenly considers some parts of its own system as pathogens and attacks them.
Pharmacogenomics, Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacokinetics Zohaib HUSSAIN
Introduction
With the information available about human genome and human proteome, it is now well understood that there are a lot of variations between individuals. These minor variations account for many differences like adverse drug reactions, which are responsible for many hospitalizations and casualties. The observed variable effect of drug is due to difference in sensitivity as some people need higher dose and some need lower dose to get similar therapeutic effect, but in some people drug has no therapeutic effects and in some it shows strong adverse reactions.
1) The study surveyed 298 patients visiting family doctors for acute sore throat pain to understand their reasons for visiting and expectations.
2) The top three reasons patients visited were to establish the cause of symptoms, get pain relief, and learn about the illness course. Hopes for antibiotics ranked 11th out of 13 items.
3) Patients hoping for antibiotics valued pain relief more and felt less well than others. They had more faith in antibiotics and were less convinced sore throat is self-limiting.
4) The desire for pain relief strongly predicted hoping to get an antibiotic prescription, even after adjusting for other factors. This suggests patients wanting antibiotics may believe it is the best pain treatment.
Inappropriate drug use in hospitalized elderly patients of medicine and cardi...Apollo Hospitals
This study aimed to determine the prevalence of inappropriate drug use in hospitalized elderly patients at a tertiary care hospital in Northeast India using the 2006 HEDIS criteria. The study reviewed prescriptions from 502 elderly patients admitted to the medicine and cardiology departments. It found that 12 patients (2.39%) received at least one inappropriate drug, with the most common being short-acting nifedipine. Increased number of concurrent medications (>11) and prolonged hospital stay (>5 days) were identified as predictors of inappropriate medication use. The study concluded that multiple medications and long hospital stays were risk factors for inappropriate drug prescribing in elderly patients based on the 2006 HEDIS criteria.
Ibalizumab - Journal Club Handout (Holden Young - Roseman University of Healt...HoldenYoung3
This phase 3 study evaluated the efficacy and safety of ibalizumab in treating 40 patients with multi-drug resistant HIV-1. Ibalizumab is a monoclonal antibody that binds to CD4 receptors to prevent viral entry. At day 14, 83% of patients had at least a 0.5 log10 reduction in viral load from baseline. At week 25, 63% maintained this reduction. The most common adverse event was mild-to-moderate diarrhea in 8 patients. Ibalizumab combined with optimized antiretroviral therapy showed significant antiviral activity against multi-drug resistant HIV-1 strains.
Comparative evaluation of 2g single dose versus conventional dose azithromycin in uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections. Indian Journal Of Pharmacology. August 2015;Vol. 47; Issue 4
Adverse drug reactions among critically ill patients at cairoAlexander Decker
The study aimed to assess the frequency and outcomes of adverse drug reactions among critically ill patients at Cairo University Hospital. The study found that 21% of the 150 critically ill patients studied experienced adverse drug reactions, ranging from mild to moderate or severe. Over half of the reactions were life-threatening. Due to the prevalence of adverse drug reactions in critically ill patients and their potential severity, the study recommends hospitals establish policies for managing adverse drug reactions and for healthcare providers to closely monitor patients and potential drug interactions when initiating new medications.
This document describes a population-based case-control study examining the relationship between alcohol use and crash risk. A population-based case-control study is appropriate as it reduces selection bias and allows results to be generalized to the population. Data is collected through biological samples, standardized questionnaires, medical records, and employment records to minimize bias. The study analyzes how alcohol and marijuana use can increase crash risk due to impaired functioning. Driver demographics and a random sample population are examined. The results help understand how alcohol in particular may be a leading factor in traffic crashes, though other exposures could also play a role.
When a psychiatric patient is diagnosed, the practitioner selects a medication therapy from a variety of therapeutic approaches and according to the severity and condition of a patient; through peer evaluation. This requires the writing of a prescription. Prescribing accounts for a large proportion of errors [1]: Medication errors, problems related to strength and frequency of medication, quantity per dose, instructions for use, total quantity to be dispensed, dosage form etc; if absent, can cause great deal of patients’ harm. Medicines are a key component of healthcare and errors relating to medication, may impact on patient’s safety [1-4].
Human errors can be understood through a lot of suggested models and frameworks but the findings vary from country to country [5,6]. Prescribing errors are harmful to the patients and in worst cases they may lead to fatality. To avoid errors in prescriptions and its amelioration at the time of writing; is the easiest way of prevention of prescription errors [6-10]
Theories of human error states that, “a series of planned actions may fail to achieve their desired outcome because the plan itself was inadequate or because the actions did not go as planned. The definition reflects this distinction, including failures both in the prescribing decision and the prescription writing process” [5]. In 2005, Department of Health in the United Kingdom planned to reduce prescribing errors by 40% [10]. Such initiatives are also required in a developing country like Pakistan. Apparently, psychiatrists know a little about prescribing errors. Irrational drug therapy can cause patient’s harm by exacerbation or prolongation of illness, distress and higher costs [8] in some cases. Irrational prescribing is a global problem and may also be regarded as "pathological" prescribing [9].
All prescriptions must include the name, address, specialty and signature of the prescriber as well as the name, sex, and age of the patient and the strength, quantity, dose, frequency, dosage form and instructions for use of the medication [11–15]. The dispensing system of Pakistan is different than some other countries. The medication is available in already packed in containers etc by the pharmaceutical industries, to be dispensed. There is no option of refill instructions to the pharmacist etc. Adherence by the physician to good quality prescribing will minimize errors and ultimately improve patient’s care. Prescribing errors can occur as a result of errors in haste, poor concentration to the patient or attendant (in case the patient is unable to deliver the correct information), decision-making or the prescription-writing process. Incorrect prescribing habits are common unfortunately [16-20].
The purpose of this study was to investigate drug prescriptions of Psychiatry for the essential elements of prescriptions mentioned above, and to study the prescribing trends in psychiatric practice in Peshawar area, Pakistan.
A study on prescription pattern and rational use of statins in tertiary care ...SriramNagarajan16
Objectives
Our objectives are to evaluate prescription pattern and rational use of statins in a tertiary care corporate hospital.
Methodology
It was a prospective observational study conducted for a period of 6 months and included various departments of 300
bedded multi specialty tertiary care corporate hospital. A total of 200 patients were included and the study criteria
was inpatients and induvial more than 18 years of either gender who are prescribed with HMG-CoA reductase
inhibitors.
Results
In the present study 200 patients belonged to the age group of above 18 years, out of which about 65% were male
and 35% were female. Atorvastatin (67%) was prescribed mostly and Rosuvastatin (29.5%) was also used.
Conclusion
It is finally concluded that Rational and prophylactic use of statins can reduce further complications of Diabetes
Mellitus (DM) and cardiac events.
Statins treatment is favourable in long term treatment of diseases, it is most effectively used in treatment of serious
disease conditions which has shown its immense therapeutic role in treatment
Corticosteroids for sore throat sr ma bmj 2018Mayra Serrano
This systematic review and meta-analysis found that a single low dose of corticosteroids, such as oral dexamethasone up to 10 mg, provides moderate to high quality evidence of pain relief for patients with sore throat. Patients who received corticosteroids were twice as likely to experience pain relief after 24 hours and 1.5 times more likely to have no pain at 48 hours, with no increase in serious adverse effects. The mean time to complete pain resolution was about 11 hours shorter with corticosteroids. Included trials enrolled over 1400 individuals and assessed outcomes up to 48 hours, but did not evaluate risks of repeated corticosteroid use for recurrent sore throats.
Pharmaceutical Comparative Effectiveness Research AbstractLona Vincent
This document summarizes several research studies and articles in the field of health economics and outcomes research. It discusses trends in the use of electronic medical records in outcomes research from 2001-2010, with the number of studies increasing over time. It also reviews characteristics of homeless patients using inpatient and emergency services compared to non-homeless patients. Additionally, it compares the role of health technology assessment systems in reimbursement and market access between Turkey and Poland.
ISPOR 2014 Jansen S03_FINAL for approval to print (30Oct)Goran Medic
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the relationship between microbiological eradication and clinical outcomes for patients with nosocomial pneumonia (NP), complicated urinary tract infections (cUTI), and complicated intra-abdominal infections (cIAI) treated with antibiotics. The study performed a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials reporting on both microbiological eradication and clinical outcomes. For NP, a relationship was found between eradication and clinical cure but not response or mortality. For cIAI and cUTI, no clear relationships between eradication and outcomes were observed due to limitations of the evidence. The analysis of individual patient data is recommended to better understand relationships between eradication and clinical outcomes.
This systematic review examined 67 studies on strategies to reduce or discontinue long-term opioid therapy (LTOT) for chronic pain and the effect of dose reduction on patient outcomes. The key findings were:
1) Interdisciplinary pain programs had the highest completion and opioid discontinuation rates, ranging from 76-100% and 29-100% respectively across 31 studies of varying quality.
2) Buprenorphine-assisted dose reduction resulted in opioid discontinuation rates ranging from 33-100% in 10 poor quality studies.
3) Among 40 studies of varying quality examining patient outcomes after dose reduction, improvement was reported in pain severity, function, and quality of life, though the overall evidence quality was very
Preliminary study of Prescription audit for evaluation of prescribing pattern...SriramNagarajan16
Prescription audit is necessary to know the art of prescription practices to improve rational pharmacotherapy.
Present study is an observational study and was undertaken from August 2018 to October 2018 for which data
was collected from Medical OPD. Prescribing is a technique with an expert academic pharmacological
knowledge.
Irrational prescribing leads to diminished therapeutic outcome. The present study is the first preliminary one at
Pandit Jawaharlal Lal Nehru Govt. Medical College and Hospital, Chamba- HP Before July 2016, it was a
district hospital College. It is a hilly district and caters the need of 5 Lakh people. A total of 420 prescriptions
were analyzed. These prescriptions comprised of 3000 drugs. Average drugs prescribed per patient were 7.3 .
male and female ratio was 40% and 60% respectively. More prescription were carried out in the age group of 51
- 60 yrs. Prescriptions in generic were only 3.65% fixed dose combination was used in 300 prescriptions and
comprised of 71.4% drugs. Oral prescriptions were used maximally and intravenous medication was minimally
used. Multivitamin prescriptions were observed in bulk.
This study analyzed 150 prescriptions of patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated at a tertiary care hospital in India. The study found:
1. Hydroxychloroquine was the most commonly prescribed drug (20.1%), followed by paracetamol (18.6%). Combination therapy using 3 or more drugs was preferred over monotherapy.
2. The majority of patients were female (91.3%) and the average age was 50 years old. Common comorbidities included hypertension (60%), diabetes (26.6%), and asthma (13.3%).
3. A total of 552 drugs were prescribed and 221 drug-drug interactions were identified. The highest number of interactions occurred with
This document discusses different types of clinical studies used in evidence-based medicine, including case reports/series, ecological studies, cross-sectional studies, case-control studies, cohort studies, randomized clinical trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses. It provides details on study designs, strengths and limitations, and how to interpret results including risk ratios, odds ratios, confidence intervals, and p-values. Key concepts covered include biases, confounding factors, prevalence versus incidence, and how study size influences precision.
OMICS Publishing Group, Journal of Clinical Pharmacology & Biopharmaceutics (CPB) emphasizes the phases of drug development from absorption, disposition, metabolism, excretion interactions and rational design of drug products to deliver the drug at a specific rate to the body in order to optimize the therapeutic effect and minimize any adverse effects. The CPB acts as an interface between academics, those in research and developments, explicates the research on various developmental applications for contemporary drug development and utilization.
This study used a large US commercial healthcare database to evaluate the risk of all-cause mortality associated with initiating benzodiazepine treatment compared to not initiating treatment. The study included over 1.2 million propensity score matched patients who either did or did not initiate benzodiazepines. Over a six-month follow-up period, similar numbers of deaths occurred in both groups, suggesting no increase in mortality risk. Some subgroup and secondary analyses found small increased risks of up to 9% for longer follow-ups or certain patient groups. The study concludes that any detrimental effect of benzodiazepines on mortality is likely much smaller than previously reported and of uncertain clinical relevance, and residual confounding may explain part of the
Trends in management of rheumatoid arthritis Dr.Neena Mehan
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is an auto-immune disease in which body mistakenly considers some parts of its own system as pathogens and attacks them.
Pharmacogenomics, Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacokinetics Zohaib HUSSAIN
Introduction
With the information available about human genome and human proteome, it is now well understood that there are a lot of variations between individuals. These minor variations account for many differences like adverse drug reactions, which are responsible for many hospitalizations and casualties. The observed variable effect of drug is due to difference in sensitivity as some people need higher dose and some need lower dose to get similar therapeutic effect, but in some people drug has no therapeutic effects and in some it shows strong adverse reactions.
According to WHO, Drug utilization research is defined as ‘the marketing, distribution, recommendation and utilize of drugs in a society, with particular focus on the resulting medical, social and economic results. In many developed countries, a number of studies about utilization of drug have been conducted, which indicates a wide proof of irrational drug use. The drug use indicators are considered as objective measures that can be extended to identify practices of medicines utilization in any health facility, country or an entire region. To check the drug utilize pattern in Primary Health Care (PHC) facilities of Bhakkar district Punjab Pakistan. Using WHO core drug use indicators, a prospective cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in health facilities of Bhakkar district. A total of 40 prescriptions were analyzed. The average age of patients visiting HC centers was 33.11 years (female 35.79; male 30.40). 3.65 was the average number of prescribed drugs. 27% was the percentage of encounters with at least one prescribed antibiotic whereas 35% was the percentage of encounters with at least one prescribed injection prescribed, which was low. 25% is the total percentage of drugs given using generic names was noticed. The average consultation and dispensing time of 40 prescriptions was 2.02 minutes and 42.52 seconds. The study demonstrates that trend toward irrational practice mainly on use of antibiotics and non-generic prescribing in most of health facilities studied. Patient care given by health facilities studied was inadequate and thus for encouragement of rational drug use practice, an effective intervention program is recommended.
THE IMPACT OF CLINICAL PHARMACIST IN DETECTION OFIslam Shallal
This study analyzed medical records from 80 patients at an internal medicine department in Zagazig, Egypt to identify drug-related problems. The study found that 66.2% of patients experienced drug-drug interactions, with the most common being moderate in severity and fair reliability. Errors included high doses, inappropriate frequencies, and wrong or duplicate drugs. The study recommends including clinical pharmacists in prescribing and monitoring to reduce errors and establish treatment guidelines.
This study evaluated drug prescription patterns among medical specialties in West Azerbaijan, Iran between 2014-2015. A total of over 500,000 prescriptions were analyzed using prescription software. The results showed that antibiotics were most prescribed by ENT, gynecology, infectious disease, urology and general surgery specialists. Neurosurgeons, GPs and ENT specialists prescribed the most corticosteroids. Neurosurgeons, orthopedists and cardiologists prescribed most central nervous system drugs. Overall, antibiotics and corticosteroids were overprescribed compared to guidelines. The study concludes certain specialties prescribed drugs outside their expertise and some specialists overprescribed antibiotics and corticosteroids.
Adverse Drug Reactions Risk Factors, Epidemiology, and Management Strategiesijtsrd
Objectives The objective of this article is to review the impact of various factors on the occurrence of Adverse Drug Reactions ADRs . Summary ADRs can be caused by several factors, including patient related, drug related, and social factors. Age is a crucial factor in the occurrence of ADRs, with both very young and very old patients being more vulnerable than other age groups. Alcohol consumption also plays a significant role in ADRs. Other factors that affect ADRs include gender, race, pregnancy, breastfeeding, kidney problems, liver function, drug dose and frequency, and many others. The medical literature has extensively documented the impact of these factors on ADRs. Taking these factors into account during medical evaluation enables healthcare professionals to choose the most appropriate medication regimen for their patients. Conclusion Various factors affect the occurrence of ADRs, some of which can be changed such as smoking or alcohol consumption while others cannot be changed such as age or genetic factors . Understanding the impact of these factors on ADRs can help healthcare professionals to select the best medication for their patients and provide them with appropriate advice. Pharmacogenomics, a new and innovative science, emphasizes the genetic predisposition of ADRs, providing a new perspective in the drug selection decision making process. B. Divya Durga "Adverse Drug Reactions- Risk Factors, Epidemiology, and Management Strategies" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd56216.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/pharmacy/other/56216/adverse-drug-reactions-risk-factors-epidemiology-and-management-strategies/b-divya-durga
Thesis_PhD_Improving medication safety in the elderlyHA VO THI
The document discusses medication safety issues for elderly patients, noting that physiological changes with aging increase their risk of adverse drug reactions and interactions from polypharmacy. Polypharmacy, defined as using multiple medications, is common in elderly patients due to multiple chronic conditions but can increase problems with adherence and side effects. Improving medication safety for elderly patients requires addressing polypharmacy issues through individualized treatment reviews that consider life expectancy, treatment goals and targets.
pharmacoepidemiology is the study of use and effect of drugs in large number of population.
pharmacoepidemiology enhances or supplements the information from the preclinical studies.
Elsevier Interview - Dr Jorgensen - May 2015jantrost
Dr. Jan Trøst Jørgensen discusses the future of companion diagnostics. He argues that the current "one test, one drug" model is not sustainable as precision medicine advances. Instead, a networked approach involving multiplexed diagnostic panels and combinations of drugs will be needed. Clinical trial designs also need to evolve to more flexible and adaptive structures to test increasingly targeted therapies. While progress is being made, fully personalized medicine will still require significant improvements in understanding disease and developing new drugs through incremental steps.
Homeopathic and conventional treatment for acute respiratory and ear complain...home
This study compared outcomes of homeopathic and conventional treatment for acute respiratory and ear complaints in a primary care setting. Over 1,500 patients from Europe and the US were given either homeopathic or conventional treatment for issues like cough, sore throat, ear pain, runny nose or sinus pain by their primary care physician. Outcomes like recovery levels and time to improvement were assessed after 7, 14, and 28 days via phone interviews. Results showed that the majority (around 87%) of patients in both the homeopathic and conventional treatment groups reported complete recovery or major improvement after 14 days, with no significant differences between groups. Onset of improvement was faster with homeopathic treatment. Adverse reactions were more common in adults
Assessment and evaluation of poly pharmacy associating factors including anti...MUSHTAQ AHMED
This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of polypharmacy, antibiotic and nutritional supplement use in hospital and community patients. A retrospective cross-sectional study analyzed 100 prescriptions from Lahore and Faisalabad, finding a 40% polypharmacy prevalence. 19% of patients took nutritional supplements. The most common drug interactions involved NSAIDs, antihypertensives and antibiotics. Polypharmacy was associated with diseases like diabetes and hypertension.
This document summarizes the evolution and current state of emergency medicine clinical pharmacists internationally. It describes how their role has expanded from medication distribution to active clinical roles on multidisciplinary teams. Studies show emergency medicine pharmacists can reduce medication errors, mortality, readmissions, and improve time to appropriate treatments. While initially confined to North America, their benefits are now reported internationally. More evidence is still needed on reducing adverse drug events, but existing data shows emergency medicine pharmacists improve patient outcomes and reduce costs.
The document summarizes research on the benefits of clinical pharmacists participating as members of medical teams. Several studies found that including clinical pharmacists reduced mortality rates in hospitals and improved outcomes across disease states. Pharmacists improved medication management by addressing drug-related problems, which led to decreased mortality for conditions like heart attacks. Their interventions enhanced clinical outcomes for diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, and other conditions. Effective implementation of these pharmacy services requires support from healthcare organizations and infrastructure support within facilities.
The document discusses various methods for measuring outcomes in pharmacoepidemiology studies. It describes:
1) Common outcome measures including functional status, symptom status, patient satisfaction, economic measures, and quality of life studies.
2) How therapeutic outcomes can be classified as cure, improvement, no change, or deterioration and as success or failure.
3) How drug use is also measured using monetary units, number of prescriptions, units dispensed, defined daily doses, and medication adherence.
4) How risk is expressed using attributable risk, relative risk, time-risk relationships, and odds ratios to quantify the probability of outcomes in exposed versus unexposed groups.
Multidrugresistant tuberculosis
Among the most menacing forms of MDR is multidrug
resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). WHO estimates that
were about 450,000 new cases and 170,000 deaths from
MDR-TB in 2012. The number of cases reported to
WHO rose by an alarming 35% between 2011 and 2012,
although this probably mostly reflects increased recognition
and reporting. Over half the new cases were in India,
China or the Russian Federation.3
This issue of Homeopathy features a paper by Dr Kusum
Chand and colleagues reporting a randomized, double blind,
placebo-controlled clinical trial of individualized homeopathic
treatment or placebo in addition to standard antituberculous
chemotherapy as specified by the Indian Revised
National Tuberculosis Control Program, for MDR-TB
Assessment and evaluation of poly pharmacy associating factors including anti...MUSHTAQ AHMED
This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of polypharmacy, antibiotic and supplement use in patients through a retrospective analysis of prescriptions from hospitals and community pharmacies in Lahore and Faisal Abad, Pakistan. The prevalence of polypharmacy (use of 5+ medications) was 40%. Drug-drug interactions occurred in 17% of prescriptions. Factors associated with polypharmacy included diseases like diabetes, hypertension, and joint pains. The cost per prescription per day was 174.70 Pakistani rupees. Elderly patients commonly experienced polypharmacy and used supplements. Further analysis of prescribing patterns could help improve rational and cost-effective medical care.
Scope on medicatio error in a sample of iraqi two cities samawa and diwania.Ali Al Samawy
Summery
Introduction:
The pregnancy is sensitive period and administration of drugs may lead to threating of fetus life or cause malformations and teratogenicity etc.
Methodology:
A cross-sectional study of medication errors of 100 prescriptions dispensed to a pregnant women in a sample of Iraqi two cities (Al Sammawah & Al Diwania) during October, 2016.
A formal was used to collect data included the name of pregnant, age, trimester, doctor diagnosis, the drug dispensed and their dose, rout, duration, frequency, strength and notes section. The formal filled during visits of the research team to pharmacies that most of the prescriptions they dispense are for pregnant women prescribed by a nearby gynecology &obstruct doctors.
Then the data analyzed to identify the medication errors that includes; inappropriate and irrational, ineffective, over and under prescribing and drug interactions using available literature and drugs.com drug interaction checker.
Result:
Total number of prescriptions involved in the study is 100 prescriptions, they contain 487 medication dispensed to the patients. The total number of medication errors identified were 364(74.7%), included 110 irrational & inappropriate prescribing, 47 over prescribing. 19 under prescribing, and 8 ineffective prescribing. The drug interactions were classified to drug-drug interactions 126 interactions identified and drug food interactions 54 interactions were recorded. 0.8 % of all drug-drug interactions were major, 76 % moderate and 23% mild. Phenobarbital (luminal) is the drug that caused the most of medication error that identified as it dispensed 23 times but in all of these patient luminal was irrational and inappropriate and it caused the most of interactions recorded as 44 interactions were caused by luminal.
While Dydrogesterone was prescribed as a tocolytic 21 times, and this considered as irrational & inappropriate prescribing. Isoxsuprine prescribed irrationally 17 times. The parenteral iron administered without calculating the dose depending on the body weight and blood Hb. Most of antibiotics and antifungal prescribed for incorrect duration or dose. The other errors were related to other drugs duration, dose, and indication errors.
Conclusion:
Percentage of medication errors was high. Types of medication errors were mostly drug-drug interaction, irrational and inappropriate use. The impact of these medication errors may include teratogenic effect.
Recommendations:
Adherence to the treatment guidelines and further studies to assess the impact of medications errors on pregnant women and her fetus.
Rahul Hajare, a Fellow and Directorate of Pharmacy at IASR, confirms his attendance at a hearing on June 8th at 12:30pm in front of the Chairman of the Takarar Nivaran Samiti and its participant members at Savitribai Phule Pune University. He sends copies of the letter to the Deputy Registrar of the committee, the Deputy Commissioner of Police of Pune, and the District Judge for legal education in Pune.
Dr. Rahul Hajare's invited talk schedule includes over 50 international conferences from 2017-2019 covering various topics in fields like clinical trials, pain management, holistic medicine, pharmacology, nursing, biomedical research, optics, nanotechnology, virology, chemistry, pharmaceuticals, regenerative medicine, obesity, microbiology, and global warming. The conferences will take place in locations around the world including the USA, China, Austria, Netherlands, Spain, Czech Republic, South Korea, Hungary, Scotland, Italy, Canada, Singapore, Switzerland, Japan, Malaysia, Greece, Shanghai, Portugal, Rome, Moscow, Thailand, Ireland, Sweden, Denmark, London, New Zealand, and Rome.
This document provides a summary of an individual's educational and professional qualifications. It lists the individual's educational background, including degrees earned in pharmacy and life sciences. It also outlines extensive research experience in areas like biologics development, protein chemistry, and immunology. The individual has worked in both academic and industry roles and has published research papers in various journals. Awards and honors are also mentioned, recognizing the individual's work.
This document provides a summary of Dr. Rahul A. Hajare's educational and professional qualifications. It includes details of his educational background such as degrees obtained from various Indian universities. It also lists his areas of research interest, research experience in biologics development and protein chemistry, awards received, publications, and professional roles held at various academic and industry positions.
This study investigated the impact of relocating and transferring native B.Pharm (Bachelor of Pharmacy) students to adjacent classrooms in privately managed self-finance co-educational pharmaceutical institutes. A survey was conducted of 200 first-year B.Pharm students across several colleges to understand the frequency of relocations, reasons for relocations, and the effect on student attitudes towards their pharmacy programs. The results found that approximately 65-70% of students experienced a transfer, usually due to issues like facility impairments or timetable changes. While some relocations had little impact on student attitudes, transfers due to separation from friends or decreased study levels saw lower attitude scores. The study aims to bring awareness to support students
This document provides a summary of Dr. Rahul A. Hajare's educational and professional qualifications. It includes details of his educational background such as degrees obtained from various Indian universities. It also lists his areas of research interest, research experience in biologics development and protein chemistry, awards received, publications, and professional roles held at various academic and industry positions.
The Society for Ethnopharmacology, India (SFE-India) was established by academics, researchers, and industrialists to share knowledge about ethnopharmacology and medicinal plants. The Pune Chapter of SFE-India is holding a meeting on July 26th to strengthen its activities and promote traditional medicines. The letter invites the recipient to attend and share their valuable insights at the meeting with Dr. Suprea Bhalerao.
This document discusses a new technology for producing diethyl (tosyloxy) methylphosphonate, a key intermediate in nucleoside AIDS virus resistance drugs. The process involves three main stages - upstream processing, bio-reaction, and downstream processing. Specifically, it involves reacting diethyl phosphite and paraformaldehyde to form diethyl (hydroxymethyl) phosphate, then reacting this intermediate with paratoluensulfonyl chloride in the presence of an acid binding catalyst to form the desired product. The new technology has advantages such as short reaction time, high yield, little pollution, and high purity product. It also reduces CO2 emissions and avoids issues like foaming compared to other methods.
This document discusses new pharmacopeial standards for drug products related to single maximum impurities, common halogen impurities, and unspecified impurities associated with detectable impurities. It proposes limits for these impurities of not more than 1.5, 0.2, and 0.1 percent, respectively, with total impurities not exceeding 0.6 percent. The standards aim to better characterize drug products and quality through regular monitoring and validation of compendial procedures, using HPLC and other analytical techniques. The discussion focuses on impurity analysis and recent publications on the topic as it relates to the compound 1H-Indole-2,3-dione.
This document provides a summary of the LinkedIn profile and connections of Rrahul Hajare, who is identified as a Post-Doctoral Fellow with the Indian Council of Medical Research in New Delhi, India. It lists his 1,570 followers and recent messages from connections in fields related to pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, academia and research. Location data shows his largest audience is in Bengaluru, India, with additional viewers from other major Indian cities and the UK. Most views came from his 1st degree network on LinkedIn. Suggested shares are also provided.
This study examined the relationship between early rising and mental health issues in pharmaceutical science students. The author conducted an observational study of 10 students over the 2016-2017 academic year, collecting data on their sleep schedules, breakfast habits, and morning routines. The results showed that students performed best academically when classes started between 11am-9:30am, as this aligned better with their natural body clocks than the traditional 9am start time. Early morning classes were found to impair performance and increase risks of issues like depression, obesity, and drug abuse due to sleep loss and temporal misalignment. The author concludes that starting class later in the day would allow students to study at their most effective times.
1) The document discusses two types of cow's milk: A1 milk from foreign breeds like Jersey and Holstein cows, and A2 milk from indigenous Indian cows.
2) It claims that Indian cows that produce A2 milk have a vein called Surya Ketu nadi that absorbs energies from the sun and moon, imparting medicinal properties not found in A1 milk.
3) The author argues that A2 milk from Indian cows can help boost immunity and treat health issues in older people, serving as a complementary medicine, whereas A1 milk may have negative health effects. More research is still needed to fully understand the benefits of A2 milk.
This document discusses impurities in pharmaceuticals and how classical technology can help reduce impurities. It notes that impurities show extraordinary diversity based on regulatory standards. Various approaches try to stimulate and remove impurities early before they become embedded in products. Factors like temperature, solvents, and reaction conditions influence impurity levels. The withdrawal of water as a solvent during synthesis was found to significantly increase impurity levels compared to recommendations. Maintaining proper concentrations of raw materials and solvents like water can help control impurities during synthesis and product development.
This study examined the relationship between early rising and mental health issues in pharmaceutical science students. The author conducted an observational study of 10 students over the 2016-2017 academic year, collecting data on their sleep schedules, breakfast habits, and morning routines. The results showed that students performed best academically when classes started between 11am-9:30am, as this aligned better with their natural body clocks than the traditional 9am start time. Early mornings were found to impair performance and increase risks of issues like depression, obesity, and drug abuse due to sleep loss and circadian rhythm misalignment. The author concludes that later class start times would allow students to study at their most effective times.
Dr. Rahul Hajare's paper on nanotechnology in HIV/AIDS therapy has been accepted for an oral presentation at the 20th International Conference and Exhibition on Advanced Nanotechnology being held in Amsterdam, Netherlands from September 11-12, 2017. The conference will explore new advancements in nanotechnology and offer an unforgettable experience. More details about the conference can be found online at the provided link.
This document provides a biography and resume for Dr. Rahul A. Hajare, a researcher in biologics development and protein chemistry. It summarizes his educational background, areas of research interest, research experience, awards, academic appointments, industry experience, research projects, publications, and memberships. He has a Ph.D. from Vinayaka Mission University and positions include Associate Professor at Rajgad Dnyanpeeth's College of Pharmacy and research at the National AIDS Research Institute. His research focuses on biologics development, protein chemistry, molecular biology, and drug discovery.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
1. Review Article
Curr Res Integr Med Vol 2 No 2 Spring 2017 60
1
Department of Quality Assurance, Rajgad Dnyanpeeth’s College of Pharmacy Bhor, India
Correspondence: Dr. Rahul Hajare,, Rajgad Dnyanpeeth’s College of Pharmacy Bhor, India Telephone 91-9765704048, e-mail rahulhajare@rediffmail.com
This open-access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (CC BY-NC) (http://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits reuse, distribution and reproduction of the article, provided that the original work is
properly cited and the reuse is restricted to noncommercial purposes. For commercial reuse, contact reprints@pulsus.com
New pattern clinical study of adverse drug reaction to ART may
lead to chase drug discovery in anti-retroviral drug towards zero
adverse drug reaction
Rahul Hajare
The 31st
UNAIDS Programme Coordinating Board (PCB) meeting took
place in Geneva from 11-13 December 2012. There were more than
700 000 less new HIV infections estimated globally in 2011 than in 2001.
The road from 2.5 million new HIV infections in 2011 to zero new HIV
infections is a long one and significant efforts are required to accelerate HIV
prevention programmes. Sustained investments for access to antiretroviral
therapy by donors and national governments have led to record numbers of
lives being saved in the past six years. In 2011 more than half a million fewer
people died from AIDS-related illnesses than six years earlier. It’s a dramatic
turning point. In 14 countries, AIDS-related deaths dropped by more than
50% between 2005 and 2011. Numbers can quantify, but alone cannot
express the impact of each averted death on the whole community, including
its children. The number of people dying from AIDS-related causes began
to decline in the mid-2000s because of scaled up antiretroviral therapy and
the steady decline in HIV incidence since the peak of the epidemic in 1997.
In 2011, this decline continued, with evidence showing that the drop in the
number of people dying from AIDS-related causes is accelerating in several
countries. We report here novel combinatory clinical study of adverse drug
reaction to ART. It has inconsistent development and single max variable
result with combinations will lead to inclination to chase drug discovery.
METHODS
Objectives
This article provides an overview of adverse drug reaction to ART and its use
in the management of drug discovery trials.
Data sources
A literature search of PubMed and Scopus using key words such as ART, drug
discovery, adverse drug reaction and were conducted in October 2015. There
was no exception made to limit inclusion of relevant clinical trials and the
trials referenced were published between February 2004 and October 2016.
However, clinical justification for the use of this study in treatment of ART
and its ADR were selected from physicians, scientists, clinical pharmacist
and it was 200 patients sample (1,2).
Hajare R. New pattern clinical study of adverse drug reaction to ART may
lead to chase drug discovery in anti-retroviral drug towards zero adverse
drug reaction. Curr Res Integr Med 2017;2 (2):60-62.
ART drug is widely used Anti-HIV agents. Of these, molecular recognition in
their molecular nucleus likes diarylpyrimidine, benzoxazinone, heterocyclic
most present in ART. Apart from these, some hetero atom along with some
special core group have been reported. They are effective and not very costly,
though there are also possibilities of ART adverse reactions common with
use of ART. Cross reactivity between for example Etravirine and Rilpivirine,
earlier reported may exceed 30%. Common adverse drug reaction for highly
protein bound ART, includes hypersensitivity reactions were characterized by
rash, fever and sometimes organ involvement including, but not limited to,
severe rash or rash accompanied by fever, general malaise, fatigue, muscle or
joint aches, blisters, oral lesions, conjunctivitis, hepatitis and eosinophilia.
indices were included. Adverse drug reactions caused by drugs belonging to
no longer their therapeutic effect or alter their adverse events profile. Hence,
this study has undertaken to promote health care setting, so researcher
movement initially began inside hospitals and clinics. This study adverse
drug reaction has setting drug discovery in HIV technology in collaboration
with microbiologist, physicians, pharmacist, nurse practitioners and other
healthcare professionals then there is adverse reactions could have been
prevented or may lead to zero adverse reaction ART. Also, this study has
shown of critical analyzing the clinical profile of these reactions, grading them
and trying to figure out ways to deliver actual drug discovery to prevent these
adverse reactions. Reports were messaged to see clinical pharmacist stating
explicitly that the clinical pharmacist cares for patients in all health care
settings emphasizes two points: that clinical pharmacist provides care to their
patients and that this practice can occur in any practice setting. The study
aims to assess the role of clinical pharmacist in identification and reporting
of adverse drug reactions in antiretroviral therapy and consideration of new
pattern clinical study.
Key Words: HIV technology, adverse drug reaction, anti-retroviral therapy
Inclusion criteria
Patients with aging above 19 years. Patients having previous history of
medical, medication problems in ART. The patients who are willing to take
part in the study without any hesitation. Patients who are not willing to
participate in the study without any hesitation.
Study pattern
Most scrutinized clinical study was collected from PubMed and Scopus (3,4).
This database has been curetted using parallel and unparalleled result for all
most all type of adverse drug reaction. It has therefore necessary to identify
those drugs for demonstration of compliance. This new clinical study
of adverse drug reaction to ART can produce certain drug discovery and
excitement of this pattern has that drug failed in their proposed activities
due to resistance and negative balance in their adverse drug reaction best
things to use the available clinical resources and recycle them. So it has
consistent drug development and single max variable result towards ART
with combinations will make actual drug discovery (5,6).
Age wise distribution of male population
In this study total of 200 patients were enrolled, we have not seen death in the
study. The males’ population is 110. The age wise male patients population
ranges from 4 (7.27) patients were in the age group of 20-30 years, 54 (98.18)
patients were in the age group of 30-40 years, 24 (43.63) patients were in the
age group of 40-50 years, 18 (32.72) patients were in the age group of 50-60
years, 10 (18.18) patients were in the age group of 60-70 years (7,8) (Figure
1 and Table 1).
Age wise distribution of female population
In this study total of 200 patients were enrolled in the study. The Females
population is 90. The age wise Female patients population ranges from the 0
patients were in the age group of 20-30 and 32 (71.11) were from 30-40 years, 38
(84.44) patients were in the age group of 40-50 years and 10 (22.22) patients were
in the age group of 50-60 years and 6 (13.32) patients were in the age group of
60-70 years, 4 (8.88) patients were in the age group of 70-80 years, 0 patients were
in the age group of 80-90 years (9,10) (Figure 2 and Table 1).
2. Hajare
Curr Res Integr Med Vol 2 No 2 Spring 201761
drug and they are therefore characterize by profiling in chemical structure
(11,12). They are dose-related and usually mild, although they may be serious
or even fatal. Such reactions are usually due to when drug elimination is
compromise and drug has not been efficiently identifying drug-disease
interactions. Even through drug related problems were founded but after
reporting information to physicians we are minimizing harmful to patients.
In future clinical pharmacy services are one of the effective services in
hospital to improve the quality of life of HIV patient’s in the hospital. It
is hoped that with the introduction of a new role, the situation for patient
living with HIV AIDS in the hospitals in India will continue to improve
and includes less relocation of PLHA (13) (Table 2). This also shows the
outstanding importance of inpatient care in PLHA and provided indications
that the patient’s life could lead to less relocation, because relocation
basically means risks and stress for all concerned adverse drug reaction. A
comparison of the Type A, Type B, Type C. Type G, Type H characterized in
this study with the earlier reported in Table 3, types and number of adverse
drug reactions forms suggested that all five characterized ADRS are novel
clinical studies. We have also identified patients where previous history was
positive for ADRS to similar drugs. So medication history plays a major role
in preventing ADRS. Adequate previous history, when available can lead
to avoidance of risky drugs and safeguard the lives of the patient. Hence,
patients have to be encouraged to update knowledge with them and details
of the drugs to which they are known or unknown to be ADRS and our study
concluded that ART was the drugs that caused the maximum ADRS (Figure
3). So there is a need to be existential drug discovery to meet the right drug
at right time to represents a single physical molecule of the compound to
reduce the incidences of ADRs to the ART.
CONCLUSION
Other side of this study concludes clinically important ARV interactions are
frequently observed in clinical practice, and often they can be anticipated
by knowledge of the underlying mechanism. Whenever possible, these
interactions should be prevented by avoiding the unnecessary (as evidence
by ADR ART) use of poly-ART and by selecting co medications which are
less likely to interact. If the use of potentially interacting drugs cannot be
avoided, adverse clinical consequences may be minimized, as appropriate,
by individualized dose adjustments guided by careful monitoring of clinical
response and measurement of drug concentrations. There will be need
to estimate the Etravirine and Rilpivirine levels through the method of
analytical engineering that can resolve the status of the functional group lead
adverse drug reaction.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Renowned scientist Dr. R.S. Paranjape for data collection and guidance
achieved for manuscript preparation.
Age in years Male patients Age in years Female patients
20-30 4 (7.27) 20-30 0 (0)
30-40 54 (98.18) 30-40 32 (71.11)
40-50 24 (43.63) 40-50 38 (84.44)
50-60 18 (32.72) 50-60 10 (22.22)
60-70 10 (18.18) 60-70 6 (13.32)
Total 110 (110) 70-80 4 (8.88)
Total 90 (90)
TABLE 1
Age wise distribution of male & female patients
Figure 1) Age wise distribution of male patients showing percentage of
distribution
Figure 2) Age wise distribution of female patients showing percentage of
distribution
Various medical diagnosis cases Total
HIV with hypertension and diabetes mellitus 30
HIV with pneumonia and urinary tract infection 22
HIV with tuberculosis 32
HIV with tuberculosis and leprosy 22
HIV with septicaemia 14
HIV with hypertension 18
HIV with gross anemia 20
HIV with agranulocytosis 26
HIV with asthma 6
HIV with other comorbidities 10
Total Cases 200
TABLE 2
Showing medical diagnosis cases of HIV with other
comorbidities
Type A-H: Type A: Augmented pharmacologic effects, Type B: Bizarre effects
(or idiosyncratic), Type C: Chemical effects, Type D: Delayed effects, Type E:
End-of-treatment effects, Type F: Failure of therapy, Type G: Drug suspected
for ADR, Type H: Drug on past adverse event reported (5,6).
DISCUSSION
Type A adverse effect has dose dependent and predictable, it can be
alter limited point through molecular rearrangement which constitute
approximately 80% of adverse drug reactions, are usually a consequence of
the drug’s primary pharmacological effect or a low therapeutic index of the
Figure 3) Types of ADRS and percentage of distribution
Type of ADR Number ADRS Percentage (%)
Type-A 96 103.7
Type-B 69 56.79
Type-C 23 28.39
Type G 8 7.4
Type H 4 3.7
Total 200 200
TABLE 3
Types and number of adverse drug reactions
3. Hajare
Curr Res Integr Med Vol 2 No 2 Spring 201762
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