A review on potentiality of medicinal plants as the source of new contraceptive principles. (Review).

A review on potentiality of medicinal plants as the source of
new contraceptive principles. (Review).
Summary
Recently, a review has already been made on the synthetic contraceptive agents whereas this review
embraces the natural contraceptives upto year 2001 with 355 references. It also includes the
isolation of their active principles, methods of analysis of active ingredients through TLC, HPLC,
their side effects and pharmacological action.
Key words: Medicinal plants, Anti-fertility activity, Adverse effects, TLC-autobiography
Introduction
The population explosion is one of the major problems of present era in the world. The increment of
population raises so many sufferings like lack of food, water, energy and raw material supply,
decline in mortality etc. before human beings and it also has increased the life expectancy. In view
of above discussion, scientists have started to tackle this serious problem by developing the effective
contraceptives.
The term contraceptives refers to those chemical substances that inhibit either the sperms
production and sperm motility in males or prevent the formation of ovum and produce some changes
in the endometrium, rendering it non-receptive to a fertilized ovum in females (Haller, 1965; Pincus,
1965a, b; Pincus and Bialy, 1965; Tyler, 1967).
The adverse effects (Borell, 1970; Kannel, 1979; Takacs, 1979; Blashkova et al. 1981) caused by oral
and injectible contraceptives are increased blood transminase, cholesterol levels, indigestion, weight
gain, headache, depression, fatigue, hypermenorrhea and intermenorrheal bleeding (not exceeding
by 8%). These also disturb the metabolism of lipid, protein, carbohydrates, enzymes and vitamins
(Zaeslein-Buthe, 1971; Bingel and Benoit, 1973a, b; Spellacy, 1974).
One of the most challenging pursuits in the realm of pharmaceutical and medical sciences is the
search for newer and more potent drugs with little toxic effects, self-administrable, less expensive
and completely reversible. Much of these properties are observed in the drugs of plant origin.
During the latter part of this century, the practice of herbalism has become mainstream throughout
the world. This is due in part to the recognition of the value of traditional medical systems,
particularly of Asian origin, and the identification of medicinal plants from indigenous
pharmacopeias. In the Western world, in particular, the developing concept that 'natural' is better
than 'chemical' or 'synthetic' has led to the evolution of Neo-Western herbalism. In the US, often
guised as food or food supplements, known as nutriceuticals, these formulations are readily available
for those that wish to self-medicate (Lewis, 2001).
Among the three ways of controlling population i.e. Abortion, Sterilization or Contraception, the
contraceptive way of birth control is one of the most popularizing ways nowadays and different types
of contraceptive devices are being used which are:
1. Mechanical devices -- diaphragm, cervical cap, intrauterine devices (IUD).

2. Physiological devices -- oral pills.
3. Surgical devices -- tubectomy/vasectomy.
In females these devices act upon any of the reproductive organ/physiological aspect like, they may
1. Be anti-ovulatory.
2. Affect the union of ova and sperm.
3. Be abortifacient.
4. Show anti-implantation activity.
5. Have effect on the uterus.
Male contraceptive (Sharma et al. 2001) are mainly directed towards:
1. Development of antispermatogenic agents to suppress sperm production.
2. Prevention of sperm maturation.
3. Prevention of sperm transport through vas deferens.
4. Prevention of sperm deposition.
A few TLC systems (Beyermann and Roeder, 1967; Roeder, 1967; Szekacs and Kiembala, 1970) viz.
1. Ethyl Acetate -- Cyclohexane -- Acetone (v/v 25:75:10)
2. Ethyl Acetate -- Cyclohexane (v/v 54:46)
3. Choloroform -- Acetone (v/v 90:10) were found suitable for the separation and identification of
contraceptives. The reagents used for identification were [H.sub.3][PO.sub.4] - MeOH (v/v 1:1) and
[SbCl.sub.3] or [SbCl.sub.5] - AcOH (v/v 1:1) The quantitative determination was carried out by
spectrophotometry with the aid of calibration curve. The components after extracting with
[CHCl.sub.3] from silica gel were identified by their [R.sub.f] values. After evaporating the solvent,
the residue was dissolved in 20 ml Acetone -- Pyridine (v/v 10:1) mixture containing 0.1 ml nujol/100
ml. The solution is evaporated on mirror and analysis was carried out by IR reflective spectrography
and calculated by calibration curve. This combined procedure was found most appropriate and very
sensitive to identify and for separating upto 0.01-1 mg.
Johnston (1981) used HPLC for determination of oral contraceptive formulations. The procedure
involves a simple solvent extraction followed by analysis on silica gel column with cyclohexane and
2-propanol as the mobile phase.
The various reviews (Jackson, 1959; Misra et al. 1961; Siegfried, 1966; Malhi and Trivedi, 1972;
Orzechowski, 1972; Brondegnard, 1973; Hardman, 1974; Farnsworth et al. 1975; Kholkute et al.
1976b; San Martin Casamada, 1976; Bingel and Farnsworth, 1980; Woo et al. 1981; Farnsworth and
Waller, 1982; Zhu, 1982; Bhargava, 1986c; Kong et al. 1986; Xie et al. 1986; Wong, 1987; Xu et al.
1987a) have been given on medicinal plants and their active principles for fertility regulation but the

present review refer only natural contraceptives up to year 2001. The medicinal plants with their
chemical substances are being summarized in the appendix (see page 245).
DISCUSSION
In addition to those plants listed, various other plant extract and plant products have also been used
to control the fertility in either sex.
Korkhov et al. (Korkhov and Mats, 1983) summarised the contraceptive preparations of plant origin.
Davis (1978) reported the composition containing an ovicide podophylotoxin in the form of savin or
savin oil, stilbestrol and apiole made into tablets and when taken orally, it controls extrauterine
pregnancy.
Bagros (1979) mentioned that aqueous solution of tannin (1-1%) has power to coagulate human
cervical mucus, seminal fluid and other mucin type of glycoprotein. According to Bagros (1976)
supposition were formulated from tannin ethers, benzalkonium chloride, carboxymethyl cysteine and
excipients in sufficient quantities. It acts as a barrier for sperm penetration and thus enhanced the
possibility for contraception purposes.
Alkaloids (Coutinho, 1971; Trifunac and Bernstein, 1982) were described as short-term
contraceptives. Coronaridine.HCl (Mehrotra and Kamboj, 1978) (30 mg/kg) given orally to rats on
day 1-5 post-coitum prevented pregnancy. Only low order antifertility activity were found for
isoflavones (Moersch et al. 1967) related to genistein in mice. Gallegos (1983) reported that the
zoapatle was traditional remedy for fertility control.
Chow et al. (1980) observed that cytochalasin-A, was most effective spermicide while cytochalasin-B
had little or no effect on sperm motility even at 0.1%. In vitro experiments (Brown-Wood man and
White, 1977) on human sperms indicated that quinine. HCl is spermicidal enough for use in an
intracervical device that it blocks sperm metabolism in the tricarboxylic acid cycle.
(3R) Classequinone (Guerra et al. 1985) when administered to rats at 200 [micro]g/100 g i.p. on the
4th day of gestation, inhibit implantation and caused abortion in 32.3% of implanted embryos.
Sander (1940) reported a great spermatocidal efficiency of higher unsaturated fatty acids, which
have originated from animal and plant fats and oils. Astedt et al. (1977) reported estradiol as an oral
contraceptive without causing thromboembolic incidents.
Sanyal (Sanyal, 1956b; Sanyal and Sarkar, 1958; Sanyal, 1960) obtained similar results of 2,6-
dixylenomethane and 3,5-dixylylquinol with those of m-xylohydroquinone in counteracting the effect
of chronic gonadotropin progesterone and estrogen.
Li Keliang et al. (1995) reported that latex or polyurethane containing nonoxynol, iodophor and an
appropriate amount of distilled water, is used as contraceptive. Shlenker et al. (1993) reported
methods of making biocide containing latex articles (condom) which acts as a chemical barrier
against the transmission of disease causing microbes. According to Roland (1993) the use of latex
rubber condom reduces the probability of HIV infection by roughly a factor of three.
Recent biochemical approaches to post testicular epididymal contraception include the work of
Cooper and Yeung (1999). According to these biochemists, targeting a specific sperm protein
acquired in the testes but depleted in the epididymis by toxicant that induce rapid infertility may
also lead to the discovery of new contraceptives. These will require developing new organs-specific

delivery of contraceptive drugs. Goldberg (1999) invented novel proteins and peptides derived from
proteins unique to sperm and testes. These are useful in vaccines for contraception in mammals.
These proteins and peptides are also useful in diagnostic assays for assessing infertility. Howett and
Reider (1999) observed that broad-spectrum microbicidal and spermicidal composition containing
anionic surfactants are used for preventing pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases. Diclosed
are microbicidal and spermicidal devices, methods and compositions containing sodium dodecyl
sulfate or related anionic surfactants as active ingre dients for the control of pregnancy and sexually
transmitted diseases.
The relative slow emergence of fertility control technologies for practical application clearly reflects
the complexity of science and the requirement of multidisciplinary research approach. Effective
immunocontraceptive vaccines will also be critically dependent on the design of the delivery
systems. These will be unique to each species under study. A major challenge for free ranging
species will be to ensure that the vaccine can induce a long-lasting immune response to a high
percentage of the target population, thus reducing the frequency and, hence, the cost of vaccine
application. Many of the delivery systems being considered will utilize recombinant organisms.
Hence, considerations on the use of such organisms need to take into account the political, ethical
and safety constraints prior to any environmental release. Also careful thought has to be given to
ensure that the specificity can be built into the vaccines at several levels (Bradley et al. 1999).
From above discussion, it is evident that today is the need of hour to develop either potent oral or
injectible, hormonal or biochemical contraceptives for controlling the population explosion of the
world which cause no undesirable side effects. Some important factors (Iglesias, 1985; Arsyad,
1986) viz. LH-RH analogs, inhibition of leutinization/steroid formation etc. must be considered in the
development and standardisation of new fertility regulating principles.
Appendix
Name of the Plant/ Chemical Constituents (s)
S.No. Part of the Plant/extract if any
1. Abrus precatorius PEP-103, PEP-104, Abridin,
Dry extract from seeds Steroidal fraction.
2. Acacia arabica -
3. Acacia auriculiformis Two partially characterised
triterpenoid saponins (Tg),
containing acaciaside A and
acaciaside B with the aglycon
structure of acacic acid
lactone. (I)
4. Acacia caesia Acacic acid saponin (I-VI)

lupeol, [alpha]-spinosterol
and stigmasterol.
5. Acacia catechu -
6. Acacia concinna Lupeol, [alpha]-spinosterol,
Bark. hexacosanol, [alpha]-
apinasterone, acacic acid,
acacic acid lactone and an
amorphous saponin.
7. Acalypha indica -
8. Achyranthes aspera -
Methanolic, acetone,
n-BuOH extract of
aerial parts.
9. Achyranthes bidentata Achyranthes bidentata
saponins.
(ABS)
10. Adiantum capillus Isoadiantone.
Whole plant/petroleum
ether extract.
11. Aehonychon purpurea- Lithospermic acid.
caemleum
12. Albizzia lebbek Lebbekanin-E.
13. Albizzia procera Oleanolic acid saponin and
Seeds. proceric acid saponin mixture.
14. Anagallis arvensis -
Whole plant.

15. Ananas comosus Steroids.
16. Andrographis -
paniculata
Leaves dry powder,
powdered stem.
17. Androsace Triterpene glycosides.
septentrionalis
Plant extract.
18. Aristolochia indica Sesquiterpene, aristolochic acid.
Roots/EtOH extract.
19. Asparagus pubescens -
Root/methanolic extract.
20. Azadirachta indica Neem oil.
Leaves, seeds/dry
powder, hexane,
ethanolic extract.
21. Balanites roxburghii -
planch fruit pulp
extract/ethanolic extract.
22. Barleria prionitis -
Root extract.
23. Beaumontia grandiflora -
Leaves extract.
24. Berberis sp. Berberis alkaloid.
25. Berberis chitria Palmitine hydroxide.
26. Brachybotrys Phenol carboxylic acids mainly

paridiformis lithospermic acid.
27. Bursera fagaroides Glycosides
Cortex/ethanolic
extract.
28. Butea frondosa -
Seeds/ethanolic extract.
29. Butea monosperma Butin.
Seeds.
30. Calendula officinalis Saponins employed in extract form
or pure form.
31. Calotropis procera Calotropin.
Root.
32. Cannabis sativa -
33. Carica papaya -
Fruit, drypowder
of seed.
34. Casearia iticifolia Flavonoids, triterpenes
Leaves. and Steroids.
35. Centella asiatica Isothankuniside and BK Compound
[Methyl-5-hydroxy-3, 6-diketo-23
(or24)-norurs-12-en-28-oate]
36. Chordia dichotoma -
Leaf extract.
37. Cichorium intybus -
38. Citrus aurantium Cirantine.

Peel.
38a. Clerodendrum serratum -
Plants excludint root.
39. Colebrookia -
oppositifolia
Leaf extract.
40. Coleus barbatus -
Hydroalcoholic extract.
41. Combretodendron africanum Tannins and saponisides.
stem bark/aqueous extract.
42. Coccus lacca -
43. Curcuma longa 50% -
ethanolic extract.
44. Curcuma zedoaria -
Tubers.
45. Cyclamen persicum Saponins.
46. Cynoglossum officinale Acid preparations, eksi, cynokis
imkis, lithospermic acid.
47. Cynomorum coccineum -
Aqueous extract.
48. daphne species Yuahuatin.
49. Datura quercifolia Daturalactone ([DQ.sub.1])
50. Daucus carota Volatile oil carbohydrate
Seeds/alcoholic extract. fraction (CH) of carot seed oil.
51. Deutzia corymbosa -
Whole plant/50%

ethanolic extract
52. Dictamnus albus Fraxinellone.
Root bark/methanolic
and hexane extract.
53. Dieffenbachia amoena -
Leaves/ aqueous extract
54. Dioscorea zingiberensis Saponins.
55. Diploclisia glaucescens Ecdysterone
Stem.
56. Dipsacus mitis -
Root/ethyl acetate
extract
57. Echeveria gibbifiora -
Aqueous crude extract
58. Echinops echinatus -
Root/50% alcoholic
extract.
59. Echium vulgare Ekis, cynokis, imkis,
hthospermic acid.
60. Embelia ribes Embelin.
Seeds or fruit berries/
petroleum ether,
methanolic, henzene
and chloroform extract.
61. Ensete superpa Kadalin.
Seeds.

62. Ephedera gerardiana -
Acetone extract.
63. Epilobium augustifolium -
Hexane/aqueous extract.
64. Eupatorium brevipes Brevipenin.
65. Ferula jaesochkeana Ferujol.
Aerial part/hexane
extract.
66. Foeniculum vulgare Anethole
Seeds.
67. Gardenia jasminoides Two new cycloartane triterpenoids
Flowers/ethyl acetate namely gardenic acid and
extract. gardenolic acid B.
68. Geranium lucidum -
Acetone extract.
69. Gnaphalium indicum -
Whole plant/50%
ethanolic extract.
70. Gossypium barbadense -
Seed/aqueous extract.
71. Gossypum herbaceum Cotton seed oil emulsion, gossypol,
gossypol acetic acid and gossypol
acetate.
72. Guetterda andamanica -
Aerial parts/ethanolic
extract.

73. Gypsophila paniculata Saponinu
74. Hedera nepalensis [beta]-amyrin, [beta]-sitosterol,
Inflorescence. oleanolic acid and [beta]-
sitosterol-D-glucosides, Nepalin-1
Nepalin-2, Nepalin-3.
75. Heliotropium n-hexacosanol, sitosterol,
indicum Petroleum stigmasterol, chalinasterol and
ether extract. campestrol.
76. Hibiscus macranthus -
Aqueous extract.
77. Hibiscus rosasinensis -
Flowers/benzene,
chloroform and 50%
EtOH extract.
78. Hyptis suabeoleus -
Whole plant.
79. Ixora finlaysoniana -
Serial part/crude
ethanolic extract.
80. Juniperus communis -
Acetone extract.
81. Lappula myosotis -
82. Lepidium capitatum -
Whole plant/
benzene extract.
83. Lithospermum Phenol carboxylic acid.

erythrorhizon
84. Lygodium flexuosum -
Whole plant/
alcoholic extract.
85. Malvaviscus -
conzattus Greenm
Flowers/methanolic,
50% EtOH extract.
86. Marsdenia koi Steroidal glycoside:
Whole plantlmethanolic Marsdekoiside A and B.
extract.
87. Maytenus ilicifolia -
Leaves/ethanolic
extract.
88. Melodinusfusiformis Alkaloids: 11, 19(R)-dihydroxy
tabersonine, 11-hydroxy-14, 15
[alpha]-epoxy tabersonine.
-
89. Memcyclon lushingtonii
extract.
90. Mentha arvensis -
Leaves/petroleum ether,
50% ethanolic extract.
91. Mesuaferrea -
Flowers.

92. Momordica augusti- -
sepala L.
Aqueous extract.
93. Momordica charantia [beta]-momorcharin and three
Seeds/petroleum ether sterols.
and benzene extract.
94. Momordica Momorcochin
lochinchinensis
Roots-tubers.
95. Momordica diocia -
Tuber/zqueous extract.
96. Montanoa tomentosa (a)(-) Kaura-9 (11)-16 dien-
Leaves/hexane, 19-oic acid (b) Kaurenoic acid
aqueous extract. and (c) Monogynoic acid,
Grandiflorenic acid (GA).
97. Moringa oleifera -
Roots/aqueous extract.
98. Murraya exotica -
Roots.
99. Murraya paniculata Yuehchukene.
Roots
100. Myristica fragrans -
Ethanolic extract.
101. Nelumbo nucifera -
Seeds/petroleum ether
extract.

102. Nicotiana tabaccum Nicotine.
103. Nigella sativa -
Seeds/hexane extract.
104. Ocimum sanctum -
Leaf powder.
105. Ophiopogon intermedius n-octacosanol, [beta]-
Rhizome. sitosterol, diosgenin,
ruscogenin, [beta]-sitosterol-
[betal]-D-glucoside, dioscin
and furostanol glycoside.
106. Paracynoglossum incretinum. Lithospermic acid.
107. Pentapanax leschenaultii Oleanolic acid (0.01%)
leschenaultii Fruit/ triterpene glycosides.
ethanolic extract.
108. Phytolacca americana Steroidal acidic saponin.
Roots/EtOH extract.
109. Phtolacca dodecandra Saponins, lemmatoxin,
BuOH extract of oleanoglycotoxin-A,
sundried berries. lemmatoxin-C and oleanolic
acid.
110. Piper betle L. Dry extract. -
111. Pipe longum Fruit/ Wax alkaloid and piperine.
aceton, benzene
and EtOH extract.
112. Pipe peopuloides Waxy alkaloid.
petroleum ether extract.

113. Pisum sativum m-xylohydroquinone, oil from
seeds.
114. Pithecolobium saman Samanin-D
Flowers.
115. Pittosporum nilghrense Pittoside A and B.
116. Plantago ovata -
117. Plantanus orientails -
Acetone extract.
118. Plumbago zeylanica Plumbgin free either glycosides or
Roots/EtOH extract. tannins, plumbagin (I)
119. Plianthes tuberosa Oil.
120. Primula vulgaris Saponins.
121. Pseudolarix kaemferi -
122. Pueraria tuberosa -
Tubers/50% ethanolic,
D.C. and methanolic,
crude powder, butanolic,
hexane, chloroform,
petroleum ether,
benzene extract.
123. Pulmonaria mollis Phenol carboxylic acid
124. Punica grantum -
Aqueous and MeOH
extract.
125. Rauwolfia series Reserpine.
126. Rhoeo spathacea -

127. Ricinus communis -
Seeds/methanolic
extracts ether soluble
fraction.
128. Ruellia prostrata Lupeol, sitosterol, stigmasterol
Petroleum ether and and long chain ester ([C.sub.42-
aqueous extract. [C.sub.60])
129. Ruta graveolans Chalepensin (I).
Root, stem and leaf/
chloroform extract.
130. Salsola 2-(4-acetoxypheny1)-2-chloro-N-tuberculatiformis
methyl-ethylammonium chloride
Shrub (Compound A).
131. Salviafruticosa -
Leaves/aqueous and
ethanolic extract.
132. Sapindus mukorosu Saponins [beta]-amyrin C-28
carboxylic acid type of sapogenins.
133. Saracaindica -
134. Schefflera capitata Schefferoside.
135. Senecio vulgaris Senicionine and
Methanolic extract. senicionine-N-oxide.
136. Solanum crassypetalum -
extract. -
137. Solanum xanthocarpum Solasodine.

138. Sophora japonica Sophoricoside, genistein,
138. Sophora japonica Sphoricoside, genisterin,
kaempferol, sophorabioside,
sophoraflavonoloside, rutin.
139. Spartiumjunceum -
Broom
140. Stemodia durantifolia -
141. Sterculia foetida Oil
142. Stevia rebaudiana -
Whole plant,
aqueous extract.
143. Striga Iutea Acacetin, luteolin, flavones.
ether and chloroform
extracts.
144. Striga orobanchioides Apigenin and luteolin
ethanolic extract.
145. Syzygium cumini -
Alcoholic extract
146. Tabernaemontana Coronaridine.
heyheana
147. Taxus baccata -
Leaves/aqueous,
alcoholic, petroleum
ether extract.
148. Terminalia arjuna -

Stem bark.
149. Terminalia chebula -
Seeds.
150. Thalictrum species Triterpene glycosides,
minus and foetidum. foetoside progenin,
thalcosides.
151. Thespesia populnea (+) Gossypol.
152. Traqia involucerta -
153. Trichosanthes [beta]-Trichosanthin.
cucumeroids
Roots tubers.
154. Trichosanthes kirilowi Trichosanthin.
Root tuber.
155. Trigonella foenum- -
graecum
Seed extract.
156. Tripterygium wilfordii Total glycosides, Diterpene
epoxides, Triptolide , tripdiolide,
triptolidenol, tripchlorolide,
16-hydroxytriptolide and T7/19
157. Uncaria tomentosa Tannin free extract.
Root.
158. Vicoa indica -
159. Vinca rosea Vincristine.
160. Vitex negundo 'L' Flavonoid-rich fraction (5, 7, 3'-
Seeds. trihydroxy-6, 8, 4'-trimethoxy

flavones)
161. Xestospongia -
wiedenmayeri
Name of the Plant/
S.No. Part of the Plant/extract Uses
1. Abrus precatorius Oral contraceptive, prevents
Dry extract from seeds implantationof fertilized ovum
by inhibiting endometrial
alkaline phosphate, induces
100% sterility in mice when
injected one day pre and post
coitum. Sperm anti-motility
activity, Steroidal fraction
indirectly influenced the
pituitary level, leading to
decrease in production and
release of testosterone,
resulting in significant
alterations in the testis.
2. Acacia arabica Effective oral contraceptive
in rats and inhibits
implanation.
3. Acacia auriculiformis Caused obvious immobilisation
of sperm at lowest
concentration. ED = 0.35 mg/mL
in physiol. saline. ED

prevented sperm entry in human
cervical mucus and caused
death of treated sperm.
4. Acacia caesia Spermicidal agent.
5. Acacia catechu Effective oral contraceptive
in rats and inhibits
implantation.
6. Acacia concinna Spermicidal and semen
Bark. coagulating activities.
Saponin showed spermicidal
activity at 0.004-0.125%.
7. Acalypha indica Post-coital antiferility
activity.
8. Achyranthes aspera Anti-implantation activity,
Methanolic, acetone, prevented pregnancy in 60%
n-BuOH extract of female rats, dose = 75 mg/kg
aerial parts. and for hamsters at [less than
or equal to] 300 mg/kg.
9. Achyranthes bidentata Antifertility effect of ABS on
rats and mice observed. On 1-
10 days of pregnancy of mice,
admn. of ABS by gavage
effectively prevented
pregnancy. ABS caused dose
dependent antifertility effect
in mice and [ED.sub.50] was

218 mg/kg.
10. Adiantum capillus Inhibited post coital implantation
Whole plant/petroleum in rats.
ether extract.
11. Aehonychon purpurea- Contraceptive action.
caemleum
12. Albizzia lebbek Spermicidal activity.
13. Albizzia procera Spermicidal activity at
Seeds. 0.004-0.125%.
14. Anagallis arvensis Spermicidal and semen coagulating
Whole plant. activities
15. Ananas comosus Abortifacient activity.
16. Andrographis Antispermatogenic and
paniculata antiandrogenic effect. Significant
Leaves dry powder, reduction in fertility and
powdered stem. prolongation in gestation period
after 3 and 4 weeks of feeding a
group containing treated male
Wistar mice and untreated female
mice, on diets supplemented to
extent of 0.75% by powdered stem.
17. Androsace Contraceptive and abortive action
septentrionalis on rats and mice, prevented
Plant extract. pregnancy in post-coital tests.
[ED.sub.50] 100 mg/kg.
18. Aristolochia indica Antisperniatogenic and

Roots/EtOH extract. antiandrogenic effects. 100%
interceptive and anti-implantation
activity, oral dose 100 mg/kg.
19. Asparagus pubescens 0.5-1.5 g/kg protected animals from
Root/methanolic extract. conception for 4-14 gestational
periods in rabbits, rats and mice.
It inhibited fetal implantation.
Its contraceptive effect may in
part be due to its
anti-implantation and/or a direct
effect on the uterus.
20. Azadirachta indica Antispermatogenic activities and
Leaves, seeds/dry histological changes in testes and
powder, hexane, epididymides. Prevented pregnancy
ethanolic extract. (100%) if taken before sexual
intercourse and checked embryo
implantation. Anti-implantational
and abortifacient effects
were observed in females mated by
the males fed with the extract
Completely abrogate pregnancy in
rodents upto a concentration of
10%. Mechanism of action- By
activating cell mediated immune
reactions. Elicits less side
effects than the steroidal

contraceptives. Praneem polyherbal
cream showed high contraceptive
efficacy in rabbits and in monkeys
after intravaginal application.
21. Balanites roxburghii Mass atrophy of spermatogenic
planch fruit pulp elements due to secondary
extract/ethanolic extract. effects of hyperglycemia in dogs.
22. Barleria prionitis Antifertility effect on male rats.
Root extract.
23. Beaumontia grandiflora Showed anti-implantational,
Leaves extract. abortifacient and luteolytic
effects.
24. Berberis sp. Antifertility, antibacterial,
antileukemic and antiulurous
activity.
25. Berberis chitria Impairment of germ cells.
26. Brachybotrys Contraceptive action.
paridiformis
27. Bursera fagaroides Human spermatozoa and those
Cortex/ethanolic obtained from mouse epididymis
extract. became agglutinated and
immobilized in 100% with 30% of
viability decrease. This effect
occurred in 50% of pig's sperm
and 50% of rabbits sperm when
the concenteration was increased

ten fold.
28. Butea frondosa Partial abortive in action in mice
Seeds/ethanolic extract. and rats when given orally daily
during the 1st 5 days of pregnancy.
29. Butea monosperma Potential male contraceptive with
Seeds. minimal side effects.
30. Calendula officinalis Spermatocides, anti-blastocysts
and abortion agents.
31. Calotropis procera Antispermatogenic effect and Icydig
Root. cell atrophy.
32. Cannabis sativa Dosage of 14mg/kg for 90 days
caused testicular lesions resulting
in mass atrophy of spermatogenic
elements.
33. Carica papaya Antispermatogenic effect. Possess
Fruit, drypowder reversible male contraceptive
of seed. potential and the effects appear to
be mediated through the testis.
Contraceptive effects are mainly
post-testicular in nature without
adverse toxicity and without
influencing toxicological profile
and libido of animals i.e. male
albino rats.
34. Casearia iticifolia Antifertility activity.
Leaves.

35. Centella asiatica Used as oral antifertility agents
in albino mice and both compounds
caused consistent reduction of
fertility in female mice.
36. Chordia dichotoma Anti-implantational and
Leaf extract. abortifacient effects were observed
in females mated by the males fed
with the extract.
37. Cichorium intybus Showed significant contraceptive
Seeds/ethanolic extract. activity when administered orally
to adult female Sprague-Dawley
rats in days 1-10 postcoitum.
38. Citrus aurantium oral contraceptive. 0.75 mg/kg
Peel. in 0.1% ethylene glycol daily on
rabbit.
38a. Clerodendrum serratum Showed spermicidal activity.
39. Colebrookia Effect on testicular cell
oppositifolia population.
Leaf extract.
40. Coleus barbatus Folk medicine to interupt
Hydroalcoholic extract. pregnancy. Pregnant Wistar rats
on treatment with 880 mg/kg per
day of etract before embryo
implantation caused delayed
fetal development and an anti-

implantation effect and thus
justifies its use for abortive
purposes.
41. Combretodendron africanum Caused abortion at 1g/kg. s.c. in
stem bark/aqueous extract. miee and rats. 0.05 g/kg dose
ablished copulation for 30 days in
female rabbits. Contain substances
exhibiting estrogenic and possibly
anti-estrogenic potency. It
appeared as to be a potent
secretagogue not requiring LHRH
receptors. Blocks the estrous
cycle in luteal phase of the
mature female mice.
42. Coccus lacca Showed anti-progestational activity
in rabbits. Exhibited 33.3% to
85.7% anti-implantation effect
when given 1.25-50 mg/kg orally
from days 1-5 of pregnancy.
43. Curcuma longa 50% Interference with spermatogenesis
ethanolic extract. at later stages.
44. Curcuma zedoaria Administered orally at 500 ml/kg on
Tubers. days 1-5 of pregnancy inhibited
implantation in 60% of animals and
increased foetal loss.
45. Cyclamen persicum Immobilised human sperm (60-120x

[10.sup.2] sperm/ml).
46. Cynoglossum officinale Cynokis and ekis decreased the wt.
of ovaries [10-20 mg/kg s.c.
(cynokis) or 30-100 mg/kg (imikis)
for 14 days into female rat prior
to copulation prolonged diestrus
and decreased fertility.
47. Cynomorum coccineum Effect on epididymal sperm pattern.
Aqueous extract.
48. daphne species Contraeeptive principle.
[LD.sub.50] = 3.02 mg/kg.
Abortifacient [min.sup.m] dose
for monkey = 50 [micro]g/animal
49. Datura quercifolia Most effective antifertility agent.
25 mg/kg orally for 1-7 days of
pregnancy. [DQ.sub.1] showed dose
related response. 100 mg/kg from
1-7 days of pregnancy caused 73.3%
anti-implantation effect.
50. Daucus carota Posesses weak estrogenic property
Seeds/alcoholic extract. anti-pregnancy effect. Inhibits
implantation effectively at doses
80 and 120 mg/mouse orally from
day 4 to 6 post coitum.
[F.D.sub.50] of CH = 2.9 ml/kg
for termination of early pregnancy

in mice.
51. Deutzia corymbosa Inhibit pregnancy in 60% rats.
Whole plant/50%
ethanolic extract
52. Dictamnus albus Decreased fertility in rats when
Root bark/methanolic administered orally on day's 1-10
and hexane extract. post-coitum. Fraxinellone showed
antifertility activity by
inhibition of implantation.
53. Dieffenbachia amoena Extract when given for 4 days
Leaves/ aqueous extract during estrous cycle to female
Wistar rats induced significant
variations of LH, FSH, PRI,
progresterone and 17 beta-estradiol
levels. It led to temporary
inhibition of ovulation.
54. Dioscorea zingiberensis Used as contraceptives.
55. Diploclisia glaucescens Spermicidal activity.
Stem.
56. Dipsacus mitis Prevented pregnancy by 100% in adul
Root/ethyl acetate but partially in rat when administe
extract and 1-10 postcoitum respectively.
Effective dose in both species was
150 mg/kg
57. Echeveria gibbifiora Guinea pig spermatozoa suffered a
Aqueous crude extract hypotonic-like effect. Suitable for

use as a vaginal barrier or male
contraceptive agent.
58. Echinops echinatus Sperm antimotility, sperm density
Root/50% alcoholic in cauda epididymis was reduced.
extract.
59. Echium vulgare Decreased the weight of ovaries.
60. Embelia ribes Potent oral contraceptive. Prevent
Seeds or fruit berries/ pregnancy 37-75%, reversible male
petroleum ether, contraceptive at dose 80 mg/kg.
methanolic, henzene Female autifertility principle 100
and chloroform extract. mg/kg. Control 57.5%
61. Ensete superpa Possesses antifertility activity.
Seeds.
62. Ephedera gerardiana Inhibit pregnancy in 60% rats.
Acetone extract.
63. Epilobium augustifolium Reduction in weight of accessory
Hexane/aqueous extract. sex organs.
64. Eupatorium brevipes Brevipenin has spermicidal
activity.
65. Ferula jaesochkeana Contraceptive agents. Prevented
Aerial part/hexane pregnancy in adult female rats when
extract. administered orally on days 1-5
post coitum. Uterine
histoarchitecture of treated rats
appeared non-receptive for
implantation.

66. Foeniculum vulgare Administered orally at 500 ml/kg.
Seeds. on days 1-5 of pregnancy inhibited
imlantation in 60% of animals and
increased foetal loss. Reduced
secretory activity and weight of
accessory sex glands.
67. Gardenia jasminoides Terminated early pregnancy in rats
Flowers/ethyl acetate
extract.
68. Geranium lucidum Inhibited pregnancy in 60% rats.
Acetone extract.
69. Gnaphalium indicum Inhibit pregnancy in 60% rats.
Whole plant/50%
ethanolic extract.
70. Gossypium barbadense Extract given to rats cause rapid
Seed/aqueous extract. damage to testicular, liver, kidney
and muscular tissues.
71. Gossypum herbaceum Gossypol-Oral contraceptive for
man, Gossypol directly inhibited
epididymal sperm motility in vitro
and its injection inhibited sperm
motility in vivo. Gossypol affect
sperm motility by a mechanism which
is related to the structure and
functions of the plasma membrane.
Dosage - 1.250-10 mg/kg for 5-14

week for rabbit. Gossypol acetic
acid produces its contraceptive
effect by depressing spermatogenic
function through its direct action
on Leydig cells. Gossypol acetate
induced sterility at dose level of
5 or 10 mg/kg daily for 12 week.
Potential vaginal contraceptive, no
adverse effect on blood
composition, hematological
parameters and urinary secretions.
Coprecipitation of gossypol and PVP
prevented sperm motility when
applied vaginally. Gossypol
inhibits spermatogenesis in many
mammals. Cotton seed oil emulsion
also exhibited spermatozoal
motility inhibition. Effects the
physiomorphology of sertoli cells.
72. Guetterda andamanica Showed significant contraceptive
Aerial parts/ethanolic activity when administered orally
extract. to adult femal Sprague-Dawley rats
in days 1-10 postcoitum.
73. Gypsophila paniculata Spermicidal actvity at dilution of
1:20
74. Hedera nepalensis Nepalin-1, 2 and 3 at 0.5, 0.25 and

Inflorescence. 0.125% respectively, completely
immobilised human sperm.
75. Heliotropium 40% antifertility activity at a
indicum Petroleum dose in female albino rats.
ether extract.
76. Hibiscus macranthus Effect on testicular function.
Aqueous extract.
77. Hibiscus rosasinensis Antispermatogenic and anti
Flowers/benzene, androgenic effect. Antifertility
chloroform and 50% activity and anti-implantation
EtOH extract. effect. Oral administration of
benzene extract of flowers at
1 g/kg/day from day 5 to 8 of
of gestation terminated pregnancy
in about 92% animals Antifertility
activity of benezene extract =
83.7% and alcoholic extract = 50%
respectively. When administered
during day 1-4 of gestation,
exerted anti-implantation effect
without affceting the tubal
transport of zygote.
78. Hyptis suabeoleus Antifertility effect.
Whole plant.
79. Ixora finlaysoniana Oral administration of extract to
Serial part/crude adult female rats at 250 mg/kg dose

ethanolic extract. on days 1-5 or 1-7 post-coitum
prevented pregnancy in 100% rats.
80. Juniperus communis Inhibit pregnancy in 60% rats.
Acetone extract.
81. Lappula myosotis Contraceptive action.
82. Lepidium capitatum Anti-implantation activity.
Whole plant/
benzene extract.
83. Lithospermum Contraceptive action.
erythrorhizon
84. Lygodium flexuosum Antiovulatory and anti-implantation
Whole plant/ activity.
alcoholic extract.
85. Malvaviscus Antispermatogenic effect. Effective
conzattus Greenm male contraceptive 50mg/day for a
Flowers/methanolic, period of 2 weeks. Methanolic
50% EtOH extract. extract interfered with the
synthesis and/or release of
gonadotropin(s) from the pituitary
gland. The [LD.sub.50] of the
extract was found to be 20g/kg body
weight.
86. Marsdenia koi Both compounds exhibited good
Whole plantlmethanolic antifertility activity.
extract.
87. Maytenus ilicifolia Swiss mice was administered with a

Leaves/ethanolic dose of 200mg/kg/day
extract. intraperitoneally for 20 days, and
at a dose of 800mg/kg/day orally
for 30 days, which showed
alternations like exfoliated germ
cells, occasional germ cell death
few vacuolized seminiferous
tubules.
88. Melodinusfusiformis Show significant spermatocidal
activity.
Showed significant contraceptive
89. Memcyclon lushingtonii activity when administered orally
Aerial parts/ethanolic to adult female in day's 1-10
extract. postcoitum.
90. Mentha arvensis Possess reversible antifertility
Leaves/petroleum ether, property without adverse toxicity
50% ethanolic extract. in male mice. Reduces fructose
synthesis in seminal vesicles, as a
result of which the viability of
spermatozoa seems to be altered.
91. Mesuaferrea Administered orally at 500 ml/kg on
Flowers. on days 1-5 of pregnancy inhibited
92. Momordica augusti- Pregnant animals aborted their
sepala L. fetuses some hourse after

Aqueous extract. administration.
93. Momordica charantia Antispermetogenic effect.
Seeds/petroleum ether Momorcharins were teratogenic to
and benzene extract. cultured mouse embryos at the early
organogenesis state. Inhibited
embryonic implantation and
pregnancy.
94. Momordica An abortifacient protein induced
lochinchinensis mid-term abortion in mice.
Roots-tubers.
95. Momordica diocia Spermicidal activity.
96. Montanoa tomentosa Controls antifertility in female
Leaves/hexane, rats and anti-implantation effects
aqueous extract. for human and lower animals.
Increased uterine contractions or
induced labor or abortion.
(a) at a dosage of 272 [micro]g/rat
produced 100% resorption of
fetuses. Possess unique
antifertility activity in females.
Inhibited implantation in rats and
mice when administered on days 1-6
and in hamsters when administered
on days 4-6 of gestation.
97. Moringa oleifera Oral administration of extract to

Roots/aqueous extract. rats showed antiprogestational and
antifertility activity.
98. Murraya exotica Strong anti-implantation activity
Roots. in rats.
99. Murraya paniculata Potent anti-implantation activity
Roots in rats at 3 mg/kg orally on
pregnancy day 2.
100. Myristica fragrans Premature ejaculation.
Ethanolic extract.
101. Nelumbo nucifera When administered to sexually
Seeds/petroleum ether mature female albino Swiss mice at
extract. Monogynoic acid, Grandiflorenic
a dose of 3-mg/kg-body weight on
altermate days for 15 days after 18
hours fasting, exhibited
significant contraceptive,
antiestrogenic and
antiprogestational activities.
102. Nicotiana tabaccum Antiandrogenic effect.
103. Nigella sativa Showed significant antifertility
Seeds/hexane extract. activity. Administered orally at
500 ml/kg on days 1-5 of pregnancy
inhibited implantation in 60% of
animals and increased foetal loss.
Prevented pregnancy in Sprague-
Dawley rats treated orally at 2

k/g daily does on day's 1-10 post-coitum.
104. Ocimum sanctum Atrophy of Leydig Cells.
Leaf powder.
105. Ophiopogon intermedius Showed spermicidal activity.
Rhizome.
106. Paracynoglossum incretinum. Decreased the weight of ovarie
107. Pentapanax leschenaultii Completely immobilised human
leschenaultii Fruit/ spermatozoa.
ethanolic extract.
108. Phytolacca americana Spermatocidal agent possesses
Roots/EtOH extract. weak estrogenic property;
inhibit implantation at does
80 and 20 mg/mouse given
orally.
109. Phtolacca dodecandra Prevented pregnancy or
BuOH extract of decreased the embryonic count
sundried berries. on days 1, 4 and 6 after
coitus, had little or no
effect on pregnancy at doses
100 [micro]g. after 15 min.
compared to 50% in a control.
Reduced sperm motility to 0%
at 20 [micro]g/ml.
110. Piper betle L. Dry extract. Oral contraceptive prevents
implantation of fertilized

ovum.
111. Pipe longum Fruit/ Antispermetogenic effect.
aceton, benzene Prevent implantation
and EtOH extract. in 50% of rats.
112. Pipe peopuloides Post-coital antifertility
petroleum ether extract. activity.
113. Pisum sativum Oral contraceptive inhibits
endometrial development in
rats.
114. Pithecolobium saman Spermicidal activity.
Flowers.
115. Pittosporum nilghrense Killed human spermatozoa
(0.125% I or II)
116. Plantago ovata Froms a gel in fallopian
117. Plantanus orientails Prevent implantation of 50%
Acetone extract. or rats.
118. Plumbago zeylanica Effective antifertility agents.
Roots/EtOH extract. Anti-implantation, abortifacient
activity in rats, inhibit
ovulation in rabbits. (I) has
LD50 values of 4 and 6.5 mg/100g
in mice and rats respectively.
119. Plianthes tuberosa Oral contraceptive prevents
implantation of fertilized ovum.
120. Primula vulgaris Immobilized human sperm (60-120 x
[10.sup.9] sperm/ml) at dilution of

1:1000.
121. Pseudolarix kaemferi Terminated pregnancy.
122. Pueraria tuberosa Post-coital contraceptive. Exhibit
Tubers/50% ethanolic, 88.8% and 85.5% anti-implantation
D.C. and methanolic, activity. Crude powder, ethanolic
crude powder, butanolic, and butanolic extracts evoke a
hexane, chloroform, significant antifertility activity
petroleum ether, in rats, mice and hamsters whereas
benzene extract. hexane, chloroform, methanol,
petroleum ether and banzene
extracts are significantly
effective to prevent implantation
only in rats and mice.
123. Pulmonaria mollis Contracetive action.
124. Punica grantum Prevent implantation in 50% of rats
Aqueous and MeOH
extract.
125. Rauwolfia series Affect the fertilising capacity of
human spermatozoa in vitro.
126. Rhoeo spathacea Stimulatory activity of uterus.
127. Ricinus communis When administered to adult female
Seeds/methanolic rats and rabbits at doses up to 1.2
extracts ether soluble g/kg and 600 mg/kg, respectively,
fraction. showed anti-implantation and
anticonceptive activities.
128. Ruellia prostrata 20% antifertility activity 10

Petroleum ether and mg/kg, 40% antifertility activity
aqueous extract. in female rats 500 mg/kg.
129. Ruta graveolans Showed significant antifertility
Root, stem and leaf/ activity in rats when administered
chloroform extract. intragastrically on day 1-10 post
coitum. I act at early stages of
pregnancy.
130. Salsola Compound A had a contraceptive
tuberculatiformis effect on female Wistar rats with
Shrub a concomitant decrease in total
body weight, uterus etc. Caused
prolonged gestation in sheep and
contraception in rats.
131. Salviafruticosa Viable fetuses reduced in females.
Leaves/aqueous and
ethanolic extract.
132. Sapindus mukorosu Spermicidal activity in human seme.
133. Saracaindica Showed anti-progestational activity
in rabbits. Exhibited 33.3% to
85.7% anti-implantation effect when
given 1.25 to 50 mg/kg orally from
days 1-5 of pregnancy
134. Schefflera capitata Spermicidal activity.
135. Senecio vulgaris Administered orally to rats on days
Methanolic extract. 1-10 postcoitum, decreased the no.
of normal fetuses per pregnant rat.

136. Solanum crassypetalum Showed significant contrceptive
Aerial parts/ethanolic activity when administered orally
extract. to adult female Sprague-Dawley rats
in days 1-10 postcoitum.
137. Solanum xanthocarpum Antispermatogenic/anti-androgenic
properties. Effect on germ cells
& Leydig cells.
138. Sophora japonica Contraceptive action or antifertili
138. Sophora japonica Contraceptive action or
antifertility action in lab.
animals.
139. Spartiumjunceum Reduced rate of fertility and
Broom acrosin enzyme activity. Male adult
rabbits and rats when treated with
the drug showed a significant
decrease in fertility. The
antifertility effect is completely
reversible.
140. Stemodia durantifolia Antifertility activity.
141. Sterculia foetida Chemosterilant in female housefly.
142. Stevia rebaudiana Desease in testosterone level.
Whole plant,
aqueous extract.
143. Striga Iutea Possesses significant antifertility
Whole plant/petroleum activity in mice. Graded doses in
ether and chloroform acacia suspension by oral

extracts. administration from day 1 to day 4
of pregnancy showed dose-dependent
anti-implantation activity (5-25
mg/kg body weight/day). Exhibits
estrogenic property at their
contraceptive dose level.
144. Striga orobanchioides Exhibited slight anti-estrogenic
ethanolic extract. activity. Showed dose-dependent and
significatn anti-implantation
activity. Reduced weight of sex
organs.
145. Syzygium cumini Antispermatogenic effect.
Alcoholic extract
146. Tabernaemontana Prevents pregnancy in adult female
heyheana rats on oral administration.
147. Taxus baccata Inhibited pregnancy in 60% of
Leaves/aqueous, albino rats.
ether extract.
148. Terminalia arjuna Administered orally at 500 ml/kg on
Stem bark. days 1-5 of pregnancy inhibited
149. Terminalia chebula Administered orally at 500 ml/kg on
Seeds. days 1-5 of pregnancy inhibited

150. Thalictrum species Possesses estrogenic activity.
minus and foetidum. Showed contraceptive activity, when
administered s.c. to rats post
coitum. Thalcosides has greatest
contraceptive effect decreasing
pregnancy by 50% at 0.25 mg/kg.
151. Thespesia populnea 100% inhibition of implantation in
female ablino mice.
152. Traqia involucerta Effective oral contraceptive in
rats and inhibits implantation.
153. Trichosanthes Induced mid term abortion in mice
cucumeroids and twice as potent as
Roots tubers. trichosanthin.
154. Trichosanthes kirilowi Induced mid-term abortion.
Root tuber.
155. Trigonella foenum- Exerts both antifertility and
graecum antiandrogenic activity. Dosage =
Seed extract. 100 mg/day/male albino rat.
156. Tripterygium wilfordii Safe, reversible male antifertility
agent. Antispermatogenic activity
similar to that of gossypol (30
mg/kg in diet for 80 days). Induce
complete infertility male rats and
selected for further toxicological
and pharmacological evaluation.

157. Uncaria tomentosa Prevent pregnancy in mice when
Root. given orally.
158. Vicoa indica Possessed antifertility activity
which is dose-related and was found
to be free from side effects.
159. Vinca rosea Decrease in secretory activity of
accessory sex glands. Epididymal
dysfunction.
160. Vitex negundo 'L' 100% anti-implantation effects when
Seeds. given orally from day 4-6
pregnancy. Dose 100 mg/kg i.p. for
45 days, azoospermia achieved
without altering the metabolism and
(or) libido.
161. Xestospongia Antifertility activity.
wiedenmayeri
Name of the Plant/
S.No. Part of the Plant/extract References
1. Abrus precatorius Zia-ul-Haque et al. 1983a, b,
Dry extract from seeds Sinha and Mathur, 1990,
Ratnasooria et al. 1991.
2. Acacia arabica Chowdhury et al. 1984.
3. Acacia auriculiformis Pakrashi et al. 1991.
4. Acacia caesia Banerji and Nigam, 1980.
5. Acacia catechu Chowdhury et al. 1984.
6. Acacia concinna Banerji et al. 1979, Banerji

Bark. and Nigam, 1980, Kamboj and
Dhawan, 1982.
7. Acalypha indica Hiremath et al. 1999.
8. Achyranthes aspera Prakash, 1986, Wadhwa et al.
Methanolic, acetone, 1986.
n-BuOH extract of
aerial parts.
9. Achyranthes bidentata Zhu, 1982.
10. Adiantum capillus Murthy et al. 1984.
ether extract.
11. Aehonychon purpurea- Mats et al. 1982.
caemleum
12. Albizzia lebbek Varshney et al. 1979.
13. Albizzia procera Banerji et al. 1979.
Seeds.
14. Anagallis arvensis Kamboj and Dhawan, 1982.
Whole plant.
15. Ananas comosus Pakrashi and Basak, 1976.
16. Andrographis Shamsuzzoha et al. 1979,
paniculata Akbarsha et al. 1990.
Leaves dry powder,
powdered stem.
17. Androsace Surina et al. 1971,
septentrionalis Mats et al. 1984,
Plant extract. Mats and Savchenko, 1986.

18. Aristolochia indica Pakrashi and Shaha, 1977,
Roots/EtOH extract. Che et al. 1984,
Gupta et al. 1996b.
19. Asparagus pubescens Nwafor et al. 1998.
Root/methanolic extract.
20. Azadirachta indica Deshpande et al. 1980, Sinha
Leaves, seeds/dry et al. 1984a, b, Tewari et al.
powder, hexane, 1986, Prakash et al. 1988,
ethanolic extract. Riar et al. 1988, Choudhary
et al. 1990, Upadhyay et al.
1990, Garg et al. 1993,
Juneja and Williams, 1993,
Shaikh et al. 1993, Upadhyay
et al. 1993, Garg et at. 1994,
Juneja et al. 1994, Juneja and
Williams, 1994, Jacobson,
1995, Kasturi et al. 1995,
Talwar et al. 1997, Garg et al.
1998, Mukerjee et al. 1999,
Awasthy, 2001.
21. Balanites roxburghii Dixit et al. 1981 b.
planch fruit pulp
extract/ethanolic extract.
22. Barleria prionitis Gupta et al. 2000.
Root extract.
23. Beaumontia grandiflora Choudhary et al. 1990.

Leaves extract.
24. Berberis sp. Kondo, 1976.
25. Berberis chitria Gupta et al. 1989a.
26. Brachybotrys Mats et al. 1982.
paridiformis
27. Bursera fagaroides Huacuja et al. 1990.
Cortex/ethanolic
extract.
28. Butea frondosa Razdan et al. 1969,
Seeds/ethanolic extract. Kapila et al. 1970.
29. Butea monosperma Dixit et al. 1981a,
Seeds. Bhargava, 1986b.
30. Calendula officinalis Pakhurst and Stolzenberg,
1975.
31. Calotropis procera Gupta et al. 1990.
Root.
32. Cannabis sativa Dixit, 1981.
33. Carica papaya Das, 1980, Chnoy and George, 1983,
Fruit, drypowder Lohiya and Goyal, 1992, Chinoy et
of seed. al. 1994, Lohiya et al. 1994,
Lohiya et al. 1999a, Lohiya et al.
1999b, Udoh and Kehinde, 1999,
Lohiya et al. 2000, Pathak et al.
2000, Stokes, 2001.
34. Casearia iticifolia Weniger et al. 1982.
Leaves.

35. Centella asiatica Dutta and Basu, 1968.
36. Chordia dichotoma Choudhary et al. 1990.
Leaf extract.
37. Cichorium intybus Keshri et al. 1998.
38. Citrus aurantium Ghosh et al. 1955.
Peel.
38a. Clerodendrum serratum Setty et. al. 1976.
39. Colebrookia Gupta et al. 2001.
oppositifolia
Leaf extract.
40. Coleus barbatus Almeida and Lemonica, 2000.
Hydroalcoholic extract.
41. Combretodendron africanum Bouquet et al. 1967,
stem bark/aqueous extract. Benie et al. 1990
42. Coccus lacca Suganthan and
Santhakumari, 1979.
43. Curcuma longa 50% Purohit, 1991.
ethanolic extract.
44. Curcuma zedoaria Seshadri and Pillai, 1981.
Tubers.
45. Cyclamen persicum Primorac et al. 1985.
46. Cynoglossum officinale Man'ko et al. 1977.
47. Cynomorum coccineum El rahman et al. 1999.
Aqueous extract.

48. daphne species Hu et al. 1984.
49. Datura quercifolia Chandhoke, 1978,
Chandhoke et al. 1978a.
50. Daucus carota Sharma et al. 1976,
Seeds/alcoholic extract. Tung et al. 1981,
Chu et al. 1985.
51. Deutzia corymbosa Prakash, 1986.
Whole plant/50%
ethanolic extract
52. Dictamnus albus Woo et al. 1987.
Root bark/methanolic
and hexane extract.
53. Dieffenbachia amoena Costa de Pasquale et al. 1984.
Leaves/ aqueous extract
54. Dioscorea zingiberensis Applezweiz, 1977,
Szechwan Institute of
Biology, 1978.
55. Diploclisia glaucescens Bandara et al. 1989.
Stem.
56. Dipsacus mitis Kitchla et al. 1999.

Root/ethyl acetate
extract
57. Echeveria gibbifiora Delgado et al. 1999.
Aqueous crude extract
58. Echinops echinatus Sharma et al. 1988,
Root/50% alcoholic Chaturvedi et al. 1995a, b.
extract.
59. Echium vulgare Man'ko et al. 1977.
60. Embelia ribes Das, 1966, Kholkute et al.
Seeds or fruit berries/ 1978, Seshadri et al. 1978,
petroleum ether, Purandare et al. 1979,
methanolic, henzene Krishnaswamy and
and chloroform extract. Purushottaman, 1980a, b,
Prakash, 1981, Dixit and
Bhargava, 1983, Agarwal et
al. 1986, Prakash et al. 1986,
Roy Chaudhary et al. 2001.
61. Ensete superpa Amonkar et al. 1978.
Seeds.
62. Ephedera gerardiana Prakash, 1986.
Acetone extract.
63. Epilobium augustifolium Hiermann and Bucar, 1997.
Hexane/aqueous extract.
64. Eupatorium brevipes Guerrero et al. 1988.
65. Ferula jaesochkeana Singh et al. 1985,
Aerial part/hexane Prakash et al. 1991.

extract.
66. Foeniculum vulgare Seshadri and Pillai, 1981,
Seeds. Farooq et al. 1991
67. Gardenia jasminoides Xu and Gao, 1986,
Flowers/ethyl acetate Xu et al. 1987b.
extract.
68. Geranium lucidum Prakash, 1986.
Acetone extract.
69. Gnaphalium indicum Prakash, 1986.
Whole plant/50%
ethanolic extract.
70. Gossypium barbadense Thomas et al. 1991.
Seed/aqueous extract.
71. Gossypum herbaceum National Co-ordination group
on male antifertility agents,
1978, Chang et al. 1980,
Chien et al. 1980, Waller
et al. 1980, Hoshiai et al.
1981, Liu, 1981, Murthy et al.
1981, Shi et al. 1981, Tso and
Lee, 1981a, b, Ye et al. 1981,
Cameron et al. 1982, Hadley
and Burgos, 1982, Hoffer,
1982, Hoshiai et al. 1982,
Jensen et al. 1982, Kalla,
1982, Kalla et al. 1982,

Kulkarni, 1982, Lei, 1982,
Shandilya et al. 1982, Tso
and Lee, 1982a, b, Zhou,
1982, Zhou et al. 1982a, b,
Gu, 1983, Gu et al. 1983,
Hong et al. 1983, Kennedy et
al. 1983, Lei, 1983,
Posinovec, 1983, Prasad and
Diczfalusy, 1983, Shi and
Friend, 1983, De Peyester,
1984, Gu et al. 1984a, b,
Nordenskjoeld and Lambert,
1984, Qian and Wang, 1984,
Xiao and Gu, 1984, Kainz et
al. 1985a, b, Kalla et al. 1985,
Matlin et aT. 1985, Sadykov
et al. 1985, Segal, 1985,
Stephens et al. 1985, Wang
etal. 1985,Walleretal. 1986,
Abou_Donia et al. 1989,
Kanwar et al. 1989, Gupta et
al 1996a, Coutinho, 2002.
72. Guetterda andamanica Keshri et al. 1998.
extract.
73. Gypsophila paniculata Abd-Elbary and Nour, 1979.

74. Hedera nepalensis Pant et al. 1988b.
Inflorescence.
75. Heliotropium Andhiwal et al. 1985.
indicum Petroleum
ether extract.
76. Hibiscus macranthus Moundipa et al. 1999.
Aqueous extract.
77. Hibiscus rosasinensis Kholkute et al. 1976a, Singwi and
Flowers/benzene, Lall, 1981, Singh et al. 1982,
chloroform and 50% Bhattacharya et al. 1984, Pal et
EtOH extract. al. 1985, Pakrashi et al. 1986,
Reddy et al. 1997.
78. Hyptis suabeoleus Saluja and Santarin, 1997.
Whole plant.
79. Ixora finlaysoniana Singh et al. 1993.
Serial part/crude
ethanolic extract.
80. Juniperus communis Prakash, 1986.
Acetone extract.
81. Lappula myosotis Mats et al. 1982.
82. Lepidium capitatum Singh et al. 1984.
Whole plant/
benzene extract.
83. Lithospermum Mats et al. 1982.
erythrorhizon
84. Lygodium flexuosum Gaitonde and Mahajan, 1980.

Whole plant/
alcoholic extract.
85. Malvaviscus Dixit and Bhargava, 1978, Joshi et
conzattus Greenm al. 1980, Verma et al. 1980, Joshi
Flowers/methanolic, et al. 1981, Saluja and Santarin,
50% EtOH extract. 1983, Pakrashi et al. 1985,
Banerjee et al. 1999.
86. Marsdenia koi Yuan et al. 1991.
Whole plantlmethanolic
extract.
87. Maytenus ilicifolia
Leaves/ethanolic
extract.
88. Melodinusfusiformis He et al. 1992.
Keshri et al. 1998.
89. Memcyclon lushingtonii
extract.
90. Mentha arvensis Mathur, 1991,
Leaves/petroleum ether, Sharma and Jacob, 2001.
50% ethanolic extract.
91. Mesuaferrea Seshadri and Phillai, 1981.
Flowers.
92. Momordica augusti- Aguwa and Mittal, 1983.
sepala L.
Aqueous extract.

93. Momordica charantia Chan et al. 1984, Chan et al.
Seeds/petroleum ether 1986, Ng et al. 1986, Tam
and benzene extract. et al. 1986, Yeung et al. 1986,
Neseem et al. 1998.
94. Momordica Yeung et al. 1988.
lochinchinensis
Roots-tubers.
95. Momordica diocia Dhawan et al. 1980.
96. Montanoa tomentosa Gallegos, 1977,
Leaves/hexane, Mateos and Noriega, 1977,
aqueous extract. Hahn et al. 1981,
Levine et al. 1981,
Bejar et al. 1984,
Gallegos, 1985.
97. Moringa oleifera Shukla et al. 1988.
Roots/aqueous extract.
98. Murraya exotica Kong et al. 1985a,
Roots. Kong et al. 1986b.
99. Murraya paniculata Kong, 1985, Kong et al.
Roots 1985a, b, Kong et al. 1986a.
100. Myristica fragrans Misra and Shukla, 1980.
Ethanolic extract.
101. Nelumbo nucifera Mazumder et al. 1992.
Seeds/petroleum ether
extract.

102. Nicotiana tabaccum Londonkar et al. 1998.
103. Nigella sativa Seshadri and Pillai, 1981,
Seeds/hexane extract. Kong et al. 1986b,
Keshri et al. 1995
104. Ocimum sanctum Singh, 1997.
Leaf powder.
105. Ophiopogon intermedius Rawat et al. 1988.
Rhizome.
106. Paracynoglossum incretinum. Man'ko et al. 1977.
107. Pentapanax leschenaultii Pant et al. 1988a.
leschenaultii Fruit/
ethanolic extract.
108. Phytolacca americana Shaaban and Ahmed, 1959.
Roots/EtOH extract.
109. Phtolacca dodecandra Pakhurst and Stolzenberg,
BuOH extract of 1975, Stolzenberg and
sundried berries. Pakhurst, 1975, Stolzenberg
et al. 1976.
110. Piper betle L. Dry extract. Das, 1976.
111. Pipe longum Fruit/ Das , 1966, Das, 1976,
aceton, benzene Raman et al. 1976, Malini et
and EtOH extract. al. 1999. Roy Chaudhary
et al. 2001.
112. Pipe peopuloides Chandhoke et al. 1978a.
petroleum ether extract. Prakash, 1986.
113. Pisum sativum Sanyal et al. 1950, Sanyal,

1956a, Sanyal, 1960, Sanyal,
1965.
114. Pithecolobium saman Varshney and Khanna, 1978.
Flowers.
115. Pittosporum nilghrense Jain et al. 1980.
116. Plantago ovata Nandi et al. 1982
117. Plantanus orientails Prakash, 1986.
Acetone extract.
118. Plumbago zeylanica Chowdhury et al 1982,
Roots/EtOH extract. Prasad and Diczfalusy, 1983,
Bhargava, 1984.
119. Plianthes tuberosa Das, 1976,
Chattopadhyay et al. 1983.
120. Primula vulgaris Primorac et al. 1985.
121. Pseudolarix kaemferi Xu and Gao, 1986.
122. Pueraria tuberosa Prakash et al. 1985,
Tubers/50% ethanolic, Prakash, 1986,
D.C. and methanolic, Shukla, 1996.
crude powder, butanolic,
hexane, chloroform,
petroleum ether,
benzene extract.
123. Pulmonaria mollis Mats et al. 1982.
124. Punica grantum Prakash, 1986.
Aqueous and MeOH
extract.

125. Rauwolfia series
Pellegatti, 1966, Zipper et al.
1982, Chan and Tang, 1984.
126. Rhoeo spathacea Weinger et al. 1982.
127. Ricinus communis Okwuasaba et al. 1991.
Seeds/methanolic Salhab et al. 1999.
extracts ether soluble
fraction.
128. Ruellia prostrata Andhiwal et al. 1986.
Petroleum ether and
aqueous extract.
129. Ruta graveolans Kong et al. 1989.
Root, stem and leaf/
chloroform extract.
130. Salsola Louw et al. 1997,
tuberculatiformis Louw et al. 2000.
Shrub
131. Salviafruticosa Elbeticha et al. 1998.
Leaves/aqueous and
ethanolic extract.
132. Sapindus mukorosu Setty et al. 1976.
133. Saracaindica Suganthan and
Santhakumari,
1979.
134. Schefflera capitata Jain et al. 1977.
135. Senecio vulgaris Tu et al. 1988.

Methanolic extract.
136. Solanum crassypetalum Keshri et al. 1988.
extract.
137. Solanum xanthocarpum Dixit and Gupta, 1982,
Gupta et al. 1989b.
138. Sophora japonica
138. Sophora japonica He et al. 1982.
139. Spartiumjunceum Baccetti et al. 1993,
Broom Chen et al. 1993.
140. Stemodia durantifolia Weniger et al. 1982.]
141. Sterculia foetida Beroza and Brecque, 1967.
142. Stevia rebaudiana Melis, 1999.
Whole plant,
aqueous extract.
143. Striga Iutea Hiremath and Rao, 1990,
Whole plant/petroleum Hiremath et al. 1990.
ether and chloroform
extracts.
144. Striga orobanchioides Hiremath et al. 1997,
ethanolic extract. Hiremath et al. 2000.
145. Syzygium cumini Sinha et al. 1986.
Alcoholic extract
146. Tabernaemontana Meyer et al. 1973.
heyheana
147. Taxus baccata Garg, 1972

Leaves/aqueous,
ether extract.
148. Terminalia arjuna Seshadri and Pillai,
Stem bark. 1981, Chauhan et al.
1990.
149. Terminalia chebula Seshadri and Pillai,
Seeds. 1981.
150. Thalictrum species Mats et al. 1988
minus and foetidum.
151. Thespesia populnea Murthy et al. 1981.
152. Traqia involucerta Chowdhury et al. 1984.
153. Trichosanthes Yeung and Li, 1987.
cucumeroids
Roots tubers.
154. Trichosanthes kirilowi Yeung and Li, 1987.
Root tuber.
155. Trigonella foenum- Kamal et al. 1993.
graecum
Seed extract.
156. Tripterygium wilfordii Zheng et al. 1985,
Zhen et al. 1995,
Lue et al. 1998,
Huynh et al. 2000.
157. Uncaria tomentosa Keplinger 1982.
Root.

158. Vicoa indica Gandhi et al. 1983,
Dhall and Dogra ,1988.
159. Vinca rosea Akbarsha et al. 1995.
Averel et al. 1996.
160. Vitex negundo 'L' Bhargava, 1984a, b,
Seeds. Bhargava, 1986a,
Bhargava 1989.
161. Xestospongia Coral et al. 1995.
wiedenmayeri
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dipropionate and progesterone. Comp Physio Ecol 11(l):4-l0

A review on potentiality of medicinal plants as the source of new contraceptive principles. (Review).

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