The document summarizes a student project on developing a biogas production system. The project aims to convert waste materials into a useful energy source. Key points include: - The project will use anaerobic digestion to convert waste into biogas, with the goals of providing energy, reducing health hazards from waste, and creating business opportunities. - An initial experiment uses cow dung in a sealed bottle but produces gas too slowly. Proposed improvements include using food waste to speed production and adding an alkaline solution to control pH. - If successful at a small scale, the project aims to optimize the design and explore establishing an independent power producing company to generate and sell electricity from biogas on a commercial scale.

1. Project BIOGAS

2. Sub group members
• M. Abdullah
• Aemun Khalid
• Arhum Hassan
• Moaz Abbas

3. Contents of Presentation
• Motivation for the project
• Introduction
• Properties of Biogas and It’s potential
• Benefits of Biogas technology
• Selection of best production process
• Factors affecting efficiency
• Objective and work plan
• Experiments, proposals and their potential benefits
• Business opportunities
• Further optimization through integration

4. Motivation for Biogas Project
Public health Hazards
Typhoid, Malaria, Cholera
Breeding of flies, mosquitos, rats and other disease
bearing insects
Deforestation for Wood-fuel which leads to soil
erosion

5. Introduction
This project is to convert harmful waste
materials into useful energy source to get
multiple benefits.
Business opportunity
Social Service
To Play a constructive role
in Energy crises

6. Properties of Biogas and Its Potential
1 kg Biogas = 5.2(approx) kWh of energy

7. Properties of Biogas and Its Potential
• Composition depends upon feed material
• 20% lighter than air
• Ignition temperature range=650-750 oC
• Burns with blue flame similar to LPG
• Calorific value= 20 MJ/m3
• Burns with 60% efficiency on a conventional
stove

8. Benefits of Biogas Technology
• Cost effective and eco-friendly
• Slurry (the best alternative of chemical
fertilizers)
• No geographical limitations
• No sophisticated technology required

9. Selection of Best Production Method
• We discarded some alternative processes due to
following reasons:
• Economics of Scale
• Requirement of sophisticated technology
• Lesser efficiency
• The Process of our choice is
“Wet Anaerobic Digestion”

10. Why Anaerobic Digestion
• High yield
• Easier to homogenize the waste in wet
condition to obtain a consistent yield
• More methane yield and nitrogen rich
compost (slurry).

11. Factors Affecting Efficiency
• Feedstock characteristics
• Design of reactor
• Operation conditions (36 degree optimum)
• Moisture content
• Volatile solids
• Particle size
• Biodegradability

12. Objective and Work Plan
• Objective of this project is to explore the
factors through which efficiency can be
enhanced, to carry out feasibility study and to
discover business opportunities related to this
project

13. Work Plan
• To check the workability of Biogas plant on
smaller scale
• To carry out experiments to verify the effect of
different constraints
• To optimize the process
• To use Economics of scale to design the smallest
possible commercial plant that is profitable
• To explore the growth potential in this business

14. Experiment 1
• We took a polymer semi-transparent white bottle
• Attached inlet pipe for waste
• Outlet pipe for Gas output
• Painted it black so that light passage becomes as
low as possible
• Filled with feedstock (water + cow dung)
• Waiting for fermentation and detectable gas
output

15. Pictures of Experiment 1

16. Problems Faced
• The process is extremely slow
• The time projected for complete fermentation
is almost 5 weeks
• The same assembly has already been used in
some rural areas and not appreciated due to
inefficiency, high initial cost and limitations

17. PossibleReasonsandSolutionsproposed
• The feedstock we used (cow dung) has very
low calorific values
• We can achieve better results if light blockage
was better
• pH decreases during the process due to
volatile fatty acids

18. Solutions
• Use of feedstock with starchy or sugary
content. This includes kitchen waste, rotten
fruits, green leaves and other wastes
containing fats and lipids.
• painting “green” color instead of black.
• The pH can be controlled by using alkaline
additives. (NaOH)

21. Potentialbenefitsof purposedchangings
• faster generation of methanogens bacteria.
• Same amount of gas is produced by 95%
lesser amount of waste.
• The fermentation reaction completes in 24-30
hours that would have taken 5 weeks in case
of cow dung
• These factors increase the efficiency up to
roughly 800%.

22. Potentialbenefitsof purposedchangings
• Size reduction
• Due to smaller size and nature of waste input,
the urban areas where availability of cow
dung and space is an issue can also take
benefit of this technology

23. Business Opportunities
• What business is all about?
• We are here to serve people, to provide them
solutions, and to gain trust. Money is just a
by-product
• But we can create a win-win situation. Where
people get the solution and we get the by-
product. How will we do it? The answer is in
upcoming slides

24. Problem Analysis
• Loop holes leading to business opportunities.
• Energy crises and gas/electricity load shedding
• People need a solution, a way out, a shortcut,
an escape from this problem.

25. How Can We Help

26. Independent Power Producing
Company (IPP)

27. Operational Steps
• Biogas Production
• (gas condensation and purification)
• Bio-methane production
• (can be injected into gas grid or fed to
vehicles)
• Electricity and heat generation by CHP