Edible Bird’s Nest Attenuates Procoagulation Effects of High-Fat Diet in RatsElabscience
Edible bird’s nest (EBN) is used traditionally in many parts of Asia to improve wellbeing, but there are limited studies on its
efficacy. We explored the potential use of EBN for prevention of high fat diet- (HFD-) induced insulin resistance in rats.
Nutrition: Biochemical correlates of anemia in Cambodian women of reproducti...IFSD14
1) The study examined biochemical correlates of anemia in Cambodian women of reproductive age, finding over 40% had a genetic hemoglobin disorder like heterozygous E trait or homozygous E.
2) Nearly 30% of women had anemia, most cases being microcytic, but few had biochemical evidence of iron, vitamin B12, folate, or vitamin A deficiencies. Iron deficiency was less than 1% based on ferritin and transferrin receptor.
3) Having a genetic hemoglobin disorder was associated with higher rates of anemia and tissue iron deficiency compared to those without a disorder, though iron deficiency anemia was still less than 1%.
This study evaluated the effectiveness of dry Moringa oleifera leaf powder in treating anaemia. The leaf powder was found to contain high amounts of protein, iron, calcium, vitamin C and beta-carotene. Rats with induced anaemia were fed diets supplemented with 5% or 10% M. oleifera leaf powder. The supplemented rats showed significantly higher packed cell volume, haemoglobin and red blood cell levels compared to unsupplemented rats, demonstrating the leaf powder's ability to treat anaemia. The study concluded that M. oleifera leaf powder has potential as a nutrient supplement to improve nutritional status and manage anaemia.
This document presents research on using Spirulina as a potential solution to protein deficiency issues faced by pregnant women in Indonesia. It discusses high maternal and infant mortality rates in Indonesia due to chronic energy deficiency caused by lack of protein intake during pregnancy. Spirulina is presented as a good source of protein, containing 57.5 grams of protein per 100 grams. The study evaluated people's knowledge, attitudes and actions regarding consuming Spirulina-fortified milk products during pregnancy. It found that those with greater knowledge showed more positive attitudes and were more likely to take action. The conclusion is that Spirulina can help address maternal mortality in Indonesia by providing necessary protein intake during pregnancy.
Nutrition and health: Suboptimal thiamin status is common in Cambodian women ...IFSD14
The document summarizes a study investigating suboptimal thiamin status in Cambodian women of childbearing age. The study found high rates of thiamin deficiency in rural Cambodian women. To address this, researchers propose a randomized controlled trial to develop a thiamin-fortified fish sauce for consumption by women. The trial would compare different levels of thiamin fortification to a placebo, with the goal of increasing thiamin levels and reducing the risk of infantile beriberi, a condition caused by maternal thiamin deficiency. The fortified fish sauce, if successful, could potentially be scaled up across Cambodia.
Weight reduction with improvement of serum lipid profile and ratios of Sesamu...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Development of novel natural dietary adjunct/agent with significant therapeutic effects on metabolic disease conditions such as obesity and heart disease raises concern in recent times. We studied chronic toxicity of the combined active ingredients present in the sesame leaves and their interaction on the fasting serum lipid profiles with their ratios in thirty adult male non-obese Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Such that, both treated groups received 14.0 and 28.0 mg/kg body weight doses of aqueous leaves extract of Sesamum radiatum respectively on a daily basis via gastric gavage, while, the control received equal volume of normal saline daily for six weeks. Significant (P < 0.05) weight loss observed in the treated groups was associated with significant (P < 0.05) reductions in both serum cholesterol and triglycerides (TG). The effect on the serum lipoprotein cholesterol components and ratios were significant in a dose related manner, such that increase in HDL accompanied a corresponding decrease in both LDL and LDL/HDL ratio. In addition, to increased in TG/HDL ratio. However, no significant differences in the relative reduction level of VLDL and triglycerides in the treated groups were found compared to control. Thus, LDL/HDL ratio is significantly a better indicator than the TG/HDL ratio in assessing the impact of sesame treatment with evidence of weight loss and hypolipidaemia especially in hypertensive heart diseases.
Objective: The aim of this research study is to compare ferrous fumarate and bovine lactoferrin as regard treatment of anemia in a pregnant patient with iron deficiency anemia.
Study design: A prospective open label randomized clinical trial which was conducted at Ain Shams University Maternity Hospital outpatient clinic in the period from 15 February 2016 to 15 August 2016. The study included 146 pregnant women suffering from iron deficiency anemia and divided in two groups.
Nutrition and Health: Overcoming the challenges: analyzing Cambodian 24-hour ...IFSD14
This document discusses challenges in analyzing 24-hour dietary recall data collected from a nutrition research project in Cambodia. The project aims to investigate the effectiveness of different homestead food production models, including aquaculture, at reducing malnutrition. Key challenges include omitted or forgotten foods in recalls, unknown local foods, and labor-intensive data entry. Suggested solutions are using a multi-pass interview method, involving students to help with data processing, and collecting repeat recalls to better estimate usual intake.
Edible Bird’s Nest Attenuates Procoagulation Effects of High-Fat Diet in RatsElabscience
Edible bird’s nest (EBN) is used traditionally in many parts of Asia to improve wellbeing, but there are limited studies on its
efficacy. We explored the potential use of EBN for prevention of high fat diet- (HFD-) induced insulin resistance in rats.
Nutrition: Biochemical correlates of anemia in Cambodian women of reproducti...IFSD14
1) The study examined biochemical correlates of anemia in Cambodian women of reproductive age, finding over 40% had a genetic hemoglobin disorder like heterozygous E trait or homozygous E.
2) Nearly 30% of women had anemia, most cases being microcytic, but few had biochemical evidence of iron, vitamin B12, folate, or vitamin A deficiencies. Iron deficiency was less than 1% based on ferritin and transferrin receptor.
3) Having a genetic hemoglobin disorder was associated with higher rates of anemia and tissue iron deficiency compared to those without a disorder, though iron deficiency anemia was still less than 1%.
This study evaluated the effectiveness of dry Moringa oleifera leaf powder in treating anaemia. The leaf powder was found to contain high amounts of protein, iron, calcium, vitamin C and beta-carotene. Rats with induced anaemia were fed diets supplemented with 5% or 10% M. oleifera leaf powder. The supplemented rats showed significantly higher packed cell volume, haemoglobin and red blood cell levels compared to unsupplemented rats, demonstrating the leaf powder's ability to treat anaemia. The study concluded that M. oleifera leaf powder has potential as a nutrient supplement to improve nutritional status and manage anaemia.
This document presents research on using Spirulina as a potential solution to protein deficiency issues faced by pregnant women in Indonesia. It discusses high maternal and infant mortality rates in Indonesia due to chronic energy deficiency caused by lack of protein intake during pregnancy. Spirulina is presented as a good source of protein, containing 57.5 grams of protein per 100 grams. The study evaluated people's knowledge, attitudes and actions regarding consuming Spirulina-fortified milk products during pregnancy. It found that those with greater knowledge showed more positive attitudes and were more likely to take action. The conclusion is that Spirulina can help address maternal mortality in Indonesia by providing necessary protein intake during pregnancy.
Nutrition and health: Suboptimal thiamin status is common in Cambodian women ...IFSD14
The document summarizes a study investigating suboptimal thiamin status in Cambodian women of childbearing age. The study found high rates of thiamin deficiency in rural Cambodian women. To address this, researchers propose a randomized controlled trial to develop a thiamin-fortified fish sauce for consumption by women. The trial would compare different levels of thiamin fortification to a placebo, with the goal of increasing thiamin levels and reducing the risk of infantile beriberi, a condition caused by maternal thiamin deficiency. The fortified fish sauce, if successful, could potentially be scaled up across Cambodia.
Weight reduction with improvement of serum lipid profile and ratios of Sesamu...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Development of novel natural dietary adjunct/agent with significant therapeutic effects on metabolic disease conditions such as obesity and heart disease raises concern in recent times. We studied chronic toxicity of the combined active ingredients present in the sesame leaves and their interaction on the fasting serum lipid profiles with their ratios in thirty adult male non-obese Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Such that, both treated groups received 14.0 and 28.0 mg/kg body weight doses of aqueous leaves extract of Sesamum radiatum respectively on a daily basis via gastric gavage, while, the control received equal volume of normal saline daily for six weeks. Significant (P < 0.05) weight loss observed in the treated groups was associated with significant (P < 0.05) reductions in both serum cholesterol and triglycerides (TG). The effect on the serum lipoprotein cholesterol components and ratios were significant in a dose related manner, such that increase in HDL accompanied a corresponding decrease in both LDL and LDL/HDL ratio. In addition, to increased in TG/HDL ratio. However, no significant differences in the relative reduction level of VLDL and triglycerides in the treated groups were found compared to control. Thus, LDL/HDL ratio is significantly a better indicator than the TG/HDL ratio in assessing the impact of sesame treatment with evidence of weight loss and hypolipidaemia especially in hypertensive heart diseases.
Objective: The aim of this research study is to compare ferrous fumarate and bovine lactoferrin as regard treatment of anemia in a pregnant patient with iron deficiency anemia.
Study design: A prospective open label randomized clinical trial which was conducted at Ain Shams University Maternity Hospital outpatient clinic in the period from 15 February 2016 to 15 August 2016. The study included 146 pregnant women suffering from iron deficiency anemia and divided in two groups.
Nutrition and Health: Overcoming the challenges: analyzing Cambodian 24-hour ...IFSD14
This document discusses challenges in analyzing 24-hour dietary recall data collected from a nutrition research project in Cambodia. The project aims to investigate the effectiveness of different homestead food production models, including aquaculture, at reducing malnutrition. Key challenges include omitted or forgotten foods in recalls, unknown local foods, and labor-intensive data entry. Suggested solutions are using a multi-pass interview method, involving students to help with data processing, and collecting repeat recalls to better estimate usual intake.
This was my Msc dissertation subject. .
Nutrigenomics Study Approach of Genetic and Environmental factor effect on obesity.
I was first introduced to this very interesting subject of Nutrigenomics after watching the introductory video of Nutritionist Ryan Fernando sir of Qua Nutrition. I was very much excited and interested to do my dissertation in the very same subject.
Then after some research, I got to know about Dr. Geeta Dharmatti mam who is working in same subject. I am very much thankful for her guidance.
I am also very much thankful of Dr. Amol Raut sir of GeneSupport for the guidance and support for completing my dissertation.
I am also thankful of Dr. Rupali Sengupta mam of SNDT. I have completed this dissertation under IGNOU.
- Investing in multiple types of capital, especially human capital, can increase the prospects for improving nutrition when integrated into agricultural projects.
- Many studies of the agriculture-nutrition link have weak study designs that limit the ability to assess the relationship.
- Future programs should be carefully monitored and evaluated to ensure performance can be continually tracked and improved.
Heterogeneity and Crosstalk of Human Brown Adipose TissueInsideScientific
To learn more and watch the webinar, go to:
https://insidescientific.com/webinar/heterogeneity-and-crosstalk-human-brown-adipose-tissue-obesity-series-2020
Adipose tissues contain lipid-filled adipocytes but are also composed of several other cell types including adipogenic progenitors, endothelial cells, immune cells and neuronal cells. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) contains thermogenic adipocytes which produce heat in response to cold, an energy-consuming process. Today, it is well established that adipose tissue function is highly dependent on the plasticity of the tissue due to the interaction of different cell types present within the tissue. In addition, the function of adipose tissue is controlled by secreted factors, called adipokines or batokines. Some of these cytokines affect nearby cells within the adipose tissue while others are secreted into the circulation for communication at the organ level.
In this exclusive live webinar, Camilla Schéele, Associate Professor at The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research in Copenhagen, Denmark and Christian Wolfrum, Professor at ETH Zürich in the Department of Health Science and Technology in Zürich, Switzerland discuss broader aspects of brown adipose tissue and share late-breaking research relating to the role of BAT in whole body metabolic regulation.
Yogurt consumption for a healthier diet and lifestyle: overview from cohorts ...Yogurt in Nutrition #YINI
Yogurt is generally considered as a healthy food because of its nutrient composition, its profile of fermented food, and its link with an improved metabolic fitness. Population studies show that yogurt consumers report a greater intake of some nutrients,
e.g. calcium and protein, and fruits and vegetables compared to non-consumers. This is concordant with recent data demonstrating that diet quality is improved in yogurt consumers. Other cohort studies have shown that yogurt consumption is
associated with a reduced body weight over time. Our research experience with the Quebec Family Study reveals that yogurt consumption might be the “signature of a healthy lifestyle”. Indeed, female yogurt consumers report a better macronutrient
composition of the diet than non-consumers; they are also more physically active and display feeding behaviors which are more compatible with body weight stability. This agrees with results of the Infogene Study demonstrating that yogurt consumers
are more prone to adhere to a Prudent dietary pattern whereas non-consumers tend to exhibit a Western pattern. In summary, currently available cohort studies tend to show that yogurt consumption is associated with a healthy eating pattern
and lifestyle.
1. Phytosterols are plant compounds similar in structure to cholesterol that have shown promise in treating various cancers. Studies in animal models and cell cultures have found that phytosterol supplementation reduced tumor growth and progression of breast, prostate, colon and other cancers.
2. Mechanisms by which phytosterols may treat cancer include inducing apoptosis of cancer cells, reducing oxidative stress, decreasing inflammatory cytokines and angiogenesis to cancer cells. Doses of 300mg per day have shown benefits, though most Americans consume only 80mg daily.
3. Further research is still needed to better understand long term effects and interactions with drugs, but initial animal and cell studies provide evidence that phytosterols may be a potential dietary intervention
This document provides an overview of several topics related to nutritional supplementation in primary care. It discusses 1) how preconceptional vitamins with folic acid for 1 year can reduce preterm labor by 70%, 2) the importance of Coenzyme Q10 supplementation, especially for those taking statins, 3) the benefits of omega-3 oils, probiotics, digestive enzymes and vitamin D, and 4) limitations of observational studies on the effects of supplements.
Some stimuli, including specific foods, seem to have enough particularities to make a difference even if their potential to exert an influence a priori appears to be limited. This is the case of yogurt whose consumption is low relative to the amount of daily food consumed but that has been shown to be independently related to reduced body weight and fat. Numerous factors may explain a beneficial effect of yogurt on body weight stability and metabolic fitness. Cohort studies show that the consumption of dairy including yogurt is related to a reduced intake of high fat-high sugar foods, suggesting that the benefits of dairy food may be due to a decrease in the potential negative effects of unhealthy eating. The ability of yogurt to promote a negative energy balance is also likely explained by the satiating and thermogenic effects of some of its nutrients, e.g. calcium and proteins, via mechanisms involving gut hormones. Yogurt has a matrix that can accommodate structural changes affecting energy intake independently of its nutrient content. For instance, we recently demonstrated that the increase in the whey/casein ratio in a yogurt matched for volume and energy and protein content as a control yogurt significantly decreased subsequent energy intake to a much greater extent than the energy content of the yogurt preload. The presence of bacteria in yogurt represents another factor that may explain the effects of yogurt consumption on energy balance and its components. In this regard, recent data suggest that the supplementation of some probiotics facilitates appetite control and accentuates body weight loss in the context of a weight-reducing program. Finally, our recent analyses of relevant data in the Quebec Family Study reveal that yogurt consumption may be the signature of a global healthy lifestyle and food-related personal profile. Female yogurt consumers are more physically active, report a reduced percent energy intake as fat and display a lower disinhibition score than non-yogurt consumers. Taken together, yogurt has numerous features that may globally explain the decreased proneness of yogurt consumers towards excess body fat.
1 yini salas-salvado - yogurt and diabetes - 2015 - san diegoCharlotte Baecke
This document summarizes recent research on the relationship between yogurt consumption and risk of diabetes. A study in the PREDIMED cohort found that higher total and low-fat dairy consumption was associated with a lower risk of diabetes, while milk consumption showed no significant association. Both low-fat and whole-fat yogurt consumption were independently associated with lower diabetes risk, with each additional daily serving of yogurt associated with a 33% lower risk. Replacing one serving of other foods with yogurt or low-fat milk was also associated with reduced diabetes risk.
Studies on Vegetarian and Non- vegetarian food habits during pregnancy periodNeeleshkumar Maurya
This study examined vegetarian and non-vegetarian food habits and their impact on hemoglobin levels and risk of anemia in pregnant women. The study involved 35 pregnant women in India who were divided into two groups based on their diets - vegetarian or non-vegetarian. Blood samples were taken at various stages of pregnancy to measure hemoglobin levels. Results found no significant differences in BMI or hemoglobin between the two groups. Both groups had hemoglobin levels within the normal range for pregnancy when following dietary guidelines and taking iron supplements. The study concluded that a vegetarian diet during pregnancy can support normal hemoglobin levels and low risk of anemia if dietary guidelines are followed and iron supplementation is taken.
This research article studied the effects of virgin coconut oil (VCO) on renal dysfunction in diabetic rats. It found that:
1) Diabetic rats not fed VCO had significantly higher levels of creatinine, urea, and blood urea nitrogen compared to normal rats and diabetic rats fed VCO, indicating VCO helped prevent kidney damage from diabetes.
2) Total protein levels were significantly lower in diabetic rats not fed VCO compared to the other groups, but were similar between normal rats and diabetic rats fed VCO.
3) VCO may protect the kidneys of diabetic rats through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties from compounds like lauric acid. This suggests VCO is
This study investigated the association between folate intake and BMI/body fat in adult women. The researchers divided 69 women into high and low folate to calorie intake ratio groups using a cutoff of 1 microgram of folate per 4 calories. They found that women with a higher folate to calorie ratio had significantly lower average BMIs and percentages of body fat compared to those with a lower ratio. Additionally, older women tended to be in the lower folate intake group. The results provide support that higher folate intake through food sources correlates with lower BMI and body fatness in adult women.
1) Yogurt has a low glycemic index (GI) of around 27 for plain varieties and 41 for sweetened varieties due to its lactose and protein content.
2) While data is limited, yogurt elicits a lower glycemic and insulin response compared to other snacks like cookies and bananas when consumed.
3) Replacing some high GI foods in meals with yogurt is an effective way to lower the overall dietary GI and potentially reduce risk of type 2 diabetes.
This multicenter observational study evaluated the impact of enteral feeding protocols on nutrition delivery in critically ill patients. The study found that sites using a feeding protocol had better enteral nutrition adequacy, started enteral nutrition earlier, and had higher overall nutritional adequacy compared to sites without a protocol. Specifically, sites with a protocol achieved 45.4% enteral nutrition adequacy compared to 34.7% for sites without. The presence of a protocol was associated with a 4.1% increase in enteral nutrition adequacy after adjusting for patient and site characteristics. However, overall nutritional adequacy remained below targets, indicating need for further refinement of feeding protocols.
Metabolic dysfunctions become manifest in various tissues and organs that have complex, interrelated relationships. Crown Bioscience supports in vivo discovery research for obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease with drug evaluation services in a wide range of models.
Diabetes mellitus is spreading around the world, penetrating populations not only in poor and developing countries, but also in developed ones. Propolis, a complex resinous material collected by honey bees from buds and exudates of certain plant sources, containing flavonoids pinocebrin, galangin, chrysin, and caffeic acid phenethyl ester.
The use of propolis as an alternative healing therapy for type-2 diabetes mellitus has been claimed to alleviate the disease. Previous studies state that propolis improves normal homeostasis by balancing the body’s condition through the enhancement of the immune system. The histological analysis of the liver shows that at a dose of 50–200 mg/kg BW propolis does not show a toxic effect so that the dose is categorized safe.
Therefore, the ethanolic soluble derivative of propolis (EEP) extract warrant further studies as an antidiabetic agent that is safe for humans.
This study investigated the effect of protein isolate from leaf extract of Vernonia amygdalina in diabetic rats. Thirty (30) adults male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six (6) groups of five (5) each based on their body weight. Diabetes was induced with administration of alloxan, 150 mg/kg body weight (i.p). Group A served as the control and received 1 mL/kg body weight of 5% ethanol being solvent used, Group B received 1 mL alloxan containing 150 mg/kg only. Group C, D, E and F were respectively alloxanized but treated with 1%, 3%, 5% and 7% of protein isolate obtained from V. amygdalina leaves for 14 days. On the 15th day, the animals were humanely sacrificed and their liver homogenates were prepared. Standard biochemical procedures were adopted for determination of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, Malondialdehyde (MDA) and glucose levels. Data were subjected to one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison post-hoc test using Graph Pad, version 6 software. Results showed that CAT activity in alloxan-induced untreated rats (1.17 μmole H2O2) was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than observed in control rats (2.10 mole H2O2). Treatment with the respective doses recorded comparable values to those observed in control rats. Similar observation was seen with SOD data. Rats treated with 7% protein isolate recorded the most significant (p < 0.05) decrease in serum glucose level. The study suggests that the protein isolate possesses anti-diabetic and hypoglycaemic effects on alloxan-induced diabetic rats.
This study evaluated the effects of irbesartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker, on blood glucose levels and glucose tolerance in diabetic and non-diabetic mice. Diabetes was induced in obese mice using alloxan monohydrate. Mice were treated with 20mg/kg or 75mg/kg of irbesartan or a vehicle daily for 14 days. Irbesartan significantly lowered blood glucose levels in diabetic mice but did not significantly affect blood glucose levels or glucose tolerance in non-diabetic mice based on oral glucose tolerance tests. The study suggests irbesartan has a hypoglycemic effect in diabetic mice without significantly improving glucose tolerance.
This document discusses recent advances in surgical treatment for obesity, focusing on laparoscopic gastric band surgery. It provides definitions of obesity, discusses the prevalence and health risks of obesity in Australia. It then summarizes the LAP-BAND system, how it works to promote weight loss through gradual restriction of food intake and sustained feelings of fullness. It notes that LAP-BAND produces similar long-term weight loss as more invasive surgeries, with affordable costs covered partly by private health insurance. Interested patients are instructed to contact the clinic for a consultation.
Dietary fortification of sorghum ogi using crayfish (paranephrops planifrons)...Alexander Decker
This document discusses fortifying sorghum-ogi (a weaning food made from sorghum) with crayfish to improve its nutritional value for infants. Sorghum-ogi on its own lacks sufficient protein, fat, vitamins and minerals for infant nutrition. The study mixed sorghum-ogi with 10-50% crayfish by weight in three formulations: soaked sorghum with unroasted crayfish; roasted sorghum with roasted crayfish; and unroasted sorghum with unroasted crayfish. Analysis found the blends had higher protein and fat contents with more crayfish added. Taste tests showed the roasted sorghum with roasted crayfish formulation
Obstetric outcomes associated with second trimester unexplained abnormal mate...Apollo Hospitals
1) To compare the adverse obstetrical outcomes in the patient population with normal blood MoMs.
2) To determine the probability of occurrence of an adverse obstetric event in relation with abnormal maternal blood
analytes.
Dietary iron status and health of third trimester pregnant women in kenyaAlexander Decker
1) The study aimed to assess dietary iron intake among third trimester pregnant women in Kenya through 24-hour dietary recalls and food frequency questionnaires.
2) The mean daily dietary iron intake was found to be 19.62mg, which meets the recommended daily intake of 21mg. However, 15.4% of women consumed less than 19.62mg of iron per day.
3) Education level was found to be associated with iron intake, as women with higher education levels generally consumed more iron-rich foods. It was also associated with uptake of iron supplements.
Fibrinogen concentration and thrombin levels in pregnant women in nnewi, anam...Alexander Decker
This study examined fibrinogen concentration and thrombin time (TT) levels in 195 pregnant women in Nigeria compared to 150 non-pregnant women. Fibrinogen concentration and TT were significantly higher in pregnant women compared to non-pregnant women. Fibrinogen concentration and TT levels increased with each trimester of pregnancy and were highest in the third trimester. The increases in coagulation factors during pregnancy are likely due to hormonal changes and inflammation of pregnancy to prepare the body for potential blood loss during childbirth. Baseline measurements of these coagulation factors during antenatal visits could help detect any abnormalities.
This was my Msc dissertation subject. .
Nutrigenomics Study Approach of Genetic and Environmental factor effect on obesity.
I was first introduced to this very interesting subject of Nutrigenomics after watching the introductory video of Nutritionist Ryan Fernando sir of Qua Nutrition. I was very much excited and interested to do my dissertation in the very same subject.
Then after some research, I got to know about Dr. Geeta Dharmatti mam who is working in same subject. I am very much thankful for her guidance.
I am also very much thankful of Dr. Amol Raut sir of GeneSupport for the guidance and support for completing my dissertation.
I am also thankful of Dr. Rupali Sengupta mam of SNDT. I have completed this dissertation under IGNOU.
- Investing in multiple types of capital, especially human capital, can increase the prospects for improving nutrition when integrated into agricultural projects.
- Many studies of the agriculture-nutrition link have weak study designs that limit the ability to assess the relationship.
- Future programs should be carefully monitored and evaluated to ensure performance can be continually tracked and improved.
Heterogeneity and Crosstalk of Human Brown Adipose TissueInsideScientific
To learn more and watch the webinar, go to:
https://insidescientific.com/webinar/heterogeneity-and-crosstalk-human-brown-adipose-tissue-obesity-series-2020
Adipose tissues contain lipid-filled adipocytes but are also composed of several other cell types including adipogenic progenitors, endothelial cells, immune cells and neuronal cells. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) contains thermogenic adipocytes which produce heat in response to cold, an energy-consuming process. Today, it is well established that adipose tissue function is highly dependent on the plasticity of the tissue due to the interaction of different cell types present within the tissue. In addition, the function of adipose tissue is controlled by secreted factors, called adipokines or batokines. Some of these cytokines affect nearby cells within the adipose tissue while others are secreted into the circulation for communication at the organ level.
In this exclusive live webinar, Camilla Schéele, Associate Professor at The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research in Copenhagen, Denmark and Christian Wolfrum, Professor at ETH Zürich in the Department of Health Science and Technology in Zürich, Switzerland discuss broader aspects of brown adipose tissue and share late-breaking research relating to the role of BAT in whole body metabolic regulation.
Yogurt consumption for a healthier diet and lifestyle: overview from cohorts ...Yogurt in Nutrition #YINI
Yogurt is generally considered as a healthy food because of its nutrient composition, its profile of fermented food, and its link with an improved metabolic fitness. Population studies show that yogurt consumers report a greater intake of some nutrients,
e.g. calcium and protein, and fruits and vegetables compared to non-consumers. This is concordant with recent data demonstrating that diet quality is improved in yogurt consumers. Other cohort studies have shown that yogurt consumption is
associated with a reduced body weight over time. Our research experience with the Quebec Family Study reveals that yogurt consumption might be the “signature of a healthy lifestyle”. Indeed, female yogurt consumers report a better macronutrient
composition of the diet than non-consumers; they are also more physically active and display feeding behaviors which are more compatible with body weight stability. This agrees with results of the Infogene Study demonstrating that yogurt consumers
are more prone to adhere to a Prudent dietary pattern whereas non-consumers tend to exhibit a Western pattern. In summary, currently available cohort studies tend to show that yogurt consumption is associated with a healthy eating pattern
and lifestyle.
1. Phytosterols are plant compounds similar in structure to cholesterol that have shown promise in treating various cancers. Studies in animal models and cell cultures have found that phytosterol supplementation reduced tumor growth and progression of breast, prostate, colon and other cancers.
2. Mechanisms by which phytosterols may treat cancer include inducing apoptosis of cancer cells, reducing oxidative stress, decreasing inflammatory cytokines and angiogenesis to cancer cells. Doses of 300mg per day have shown benefits, though most Americans consume only 80mg daily.
3. Further research is still needed to better understand long term effects and interactions with drugs, but initial animal and cell studies provide evidence that phytosterols may be a potential dietary intervention
This document provides an overview of several topics related to nutritional supplementation in primary care. It discusses 1) how preconceptional vitamins with folic acid for 1 year can reduce preterm labor by 70%, 2) the importance of Coenzyme Q10 supplementation, especially for those taking statins, 3) the benefits of omega-3 oils, probiotics, digestive enzymes and vitamin D, and 4) limitations of observational studies on the effects of supplements.
Some stimuli, including specific foods, seem to have enough particularities to make a difference even if their potential to exert an influence a priori appears to be limited. This is the case of yogurt whose consumption is low relative to the amount of daily food consumed but that has been shown to be independently related to reduced body weight and fat. Numerous factors may explain a beneficial effect of yogurt on body weight stability and metabolic fitness. Cohort studies show that the consumption of dairy including yogurt is related to a reduced intake of high fat-high sugar foods, suggesting that the benefits of dairy food may be due to a decrease in the potential negative effects of unhealthy eating. The ability of yogurt to promote a negative energy balance is also likely explained by the satiating and thermogenic effects of some of its nutrients, e.g. calcium and proteins, via mechanisms involving gut hormones. Yogurt has a matrix that can accommodate structural changes affecting energy intake independently of its nutrient content. For instance, we recently demonstrated that the increase in the whey/casein ratio in a yogurt matched for volume and energy and protein content as a control yogurt significantly decreased subsequent energy intake to a much greater extent than the energy content of the yogurt preload. The presence of bacteria in yogurt represents another factor that may explain the effects of yogurt consumption on energy balance and its components. In this regard, recent data suggest that the supplementation of some probiotics facilitates appetite control and accentuates body weight loss in the context of a weight-reducing program. Finally, our recent analyses of relevant data in the Quebec Family Study reveal that yogurt consumption may be the signature of a global healthy lifestyle and food-related personal profile. Female yogurt consumers are more physically active, report a reduced percent energy intake as fat and display a lower disinhibition score than non-yogurt consumers. Taken together, yogurt has numerous features that may globally explain the decreased proneness of yogurt consumers towards excess body fat.
1 yini salas-salvado - yogurt and diabetes - 2015 - san diegoCharlotte Baecke
This document summarizes recent research on the relationship between yogurt consumption and risk of diabetes. A study in the PREDIMED cohort found that higher total and low-fat dairy consumption was associated with a lower risk of diabetes, while milk consumption showed no significant association. Both low-fat and whole-fat yogurt consumption were independently associated with lower diabetes risk, with each additional daily serving of yogurt associated with a 33% lower risk. Replacing one serving of other foods with yogurt or low-fat milk was also associated with reduced diabetes risk.
Studies on Vegetarian and Non- vegetarian food habits during pregnancy periodNeeleshkumar Maurya
This study examined vegetarian and non-vegetarian food habits and their impact on hemoglobin levels and risk of anemia in pregnant women. The study involved 35 pregnant women in India who were divided into two groups based on their diets - vegetarian or non-vegetarian. Blood samples were taken at various stages of pregnancy to measure hemoglobin levels. Results found no significant differences in BMI or hemoglobin between the two groups. Both groups had hemoglobin levels within the normal range for pregnancy when following dietary guidelines and taking iron supplements. The study concluded that a vegetarian diet during pregnancy can support normal hemoglobin levels and low risk of anemia if dietary guidelines are followed and iron supplementation is taken.
This research article studied the effects of virgin coconut oil (VCO) on renal dysfunction in diabetic rats. It found that:
1) Diabetic rats not fed VCO had significantly higher levels of creatinine, urea, and blood urea nitrogen compared to normal rats and diabetic rats fed VCO, indicating VCO helped prevent kidney damage from diabetes.
2) Total protein levels were significantly lower in diabetic rats not fed VCO compared to the other groups, but were similar between normal rats and diabetic rats fed VCO.
3) VCO may protect the kidneys of diabetic rats through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties from compounds like lauric acid. This suggests VCO is
This study investigated the association between folate intake and BMI/body fat in adult women. The researchers divided 69 women into high and low folate to calorie intake ratio groups using a cutoff of 1 microgram of folate per 4 calories. They found that women with a higher folate to calorie ratio had significantly lower average BMIs and percentages of body fat compared to those with a lower ratio. Additionally, older women tended to be in the lower folate intake group. The results provide support that higher folate intake through food sources correlates with lower BMI and body fatness in adult women.
1) Yogurt has a low glycemic index (GI) of around 27 for plain varieties and 41 for sweetened varieties due to its lactose and protein content.
2) While data is limited, yogurt elicits a lower glycemic and insulin response compared to other snacks like cookies and bananas when consumed.
3) Replacing some high GI foods in meals with yogurt is an effective way to lower the overall dietary GI and potentially reduce risk of type 2 diabetes.
This multicenter observational study evaluated the impact of enteral feeding protocols on nutrition delivery in critically ill patients. The study found that sites using a feeding protocol had better enteral nutrition adequacy, started enteral nutrition earlier, and had higher overall nutritional adequacy compared to sites without a protocol. Specifically, sites with a protocol achieved 45.4% enteral nutrition adequacy compared to 34.7% for sites without. The presence of a protocol was associated with a 4.1% increase in enteral nutrition adequacy after adjusting for patient and site characteristics. However, overall nutritional adequacy remained below targets, indicating need for further refinement of feeding protocols.
Metabolic dysfunctions become manifest in various tissues and organs that have complex, interrelated relationships. Crown Bioscience supports in vivo discovery research for obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease with drug evaluation services in a wide range of models.
Diabetes mellitus is spreading around the world, penetrating populations not only in poor and developing countries, but also in developed ones. Propolis, a complex resinous material collected by honey bees from buds and exudates of certain plant sources, containing flavonoids pinocebrin, galangin, chrysin, and caffeic acid phenethyl ester.
The use of propolis as an alternative healing therapy for type-2 diabetes mellitus has been claimed to alleviate the disease. Previous studies state that propolis improves normal homeostasis by balancing the body’s condition through the enhancement of the immune system. The histological analysis of the liver shows that at a dose of 50–200 mg/kg BW propolis does not show a toxic effect so that the dose is categorized safe.
Therefore, the ethanolic soluble derivative of propolis (EEP) extract warrant further studies as an antidiabetic agent that is safe for humans.
This study investigated the effect of protein isolate from leaf extract of Vernonia amygdalina in diabetic rats. Thirty (30) adults male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six (6) groups of five (5) each based on their body weight. Diabetes was induced with administration of alloxan, 150 mg/kg body weight (i.p). Group A served as the control and received 1 mL/kg body weight of 5% ethanol being solvent used, Group B received 1 mL alloxan containing 150 mg/kg only. Group C, D, E and F were respectively alloxanized but treated with 1%, 3%, 5% and 7% of protein isolate obtained from V. amygdalina leaves for 14 days. On the 15th day, the animals were humanely sacrificed and their liver homogenates were prepared. Standard biochemical procedures were adopted for determination of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, Malondialdehyde (MDA) and glucose levels. Data were subjected to one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison post-hoc test using Graph Pad, version 6 software. Results showed that CAT activity in alloxan-induced untreated rats (1.17 μmole H2O2) was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than observed in control rats (2.10 mole H2O2). Treatment with the respective doses recorded comparable values to those observed in control rats. Similar observation was seen with SOD data. Rats treated with 7% protein isolate recorded the most significant (p < 0.05) decrease in serum glucose level. The study suggests that the protein isolate possesses anti-diabetic and hypoglycaemic effects on alloxan-induced diabetic rats.
This study evaluated the effects of irbesartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker, on blood glucose levels and glucose tolerance in diabetic and non-diabetic mice. Diabetes was induced in obese mice using alloxan monohydrate. Mice were treated with 20mg/kg or 75mg/kg of irbesartan or a vehicle daily for 14 days. Irbesartan significantly lowered blood glucose levels in diabetic mice but did not significantly affect blood glucose levels or glucose tolerance in non-diabetic mice based on oral glucose tolerance tests. The study suggests irbesartan has a hypoglycemic effect in diabetic mice without significantly improving glucose tolerance.
This document discusses recent advances in surgical treatment for obesity, focusing on laparoscopic gastric band surgery. It provides definitions of obesity, discusses the prevalence and health risks of obesity in Australia. It then summarizes the LAP-BAND system, how it works to promote weight loss through gradual restriction of food intake and sustained feelings of fullness. It notes that LAP-BAND produces similar long-term weight loss as more invasive surgeries, with affordable costs covered partly by private health insurance. Interested patients are instructed to contact the clinic for a consultation.
Dietary fortification of sorghum ogi using crayfish (paranephrops planifrons)...Alexander Decker
This document discusses fortifying sorghum-ogi (a weaning food made from sorghum) with crayfish to improve its nutritional value for infants. Sorghum-ogi on its own lacks sufficient protein, fat, vitamins and minerals for infant nutrition. The study mixed sorghum-ogi with 10-50% crayfish by weight in three formulations: soaked sorghum with unroasted crayfish; roasted sorghum with roasted crayfish; and unroasted sorghum with unroasted crayfish. Analysis found the blends had higher protein and fat contents with more crayfish added. Taste tests showed the roasted sorghum with roasted crayfish formulation
Obstetric outcomes associated with second trimester unexplained abnormal mate...Apollo Hospitals
1) To compare the adverse obstetrical outcomes in the patient population with normal blood MoMs.
2) To determine the probability of occurrence of an adverse obstetric event in relation with abnormal maternal blood
analytes.
Dietary iron status and health of third trimester pregnant women in kenyaAlexander Decker
1) The study aimed to assess dietary iron intake among third trimester pregnant women in Kenya through 24-hour dietary recalls and food frequency questionnaires.
2) The mean daily dietary iron intake was found to be 19.62mg, which meets the recommended daily intake of 21mg. However, 15.4% of women consumed less than 19.62mg of iron per day.
3) Education level was found to be associated with iron intake, as women with higher education levels generally consumed more iron-rich foods. It was also associated with uptake of iron supplements.
Fibrinogen concentration and thrombin levels in pregnant women in nnewi, anam...Alexander Decker
This study examined fibrinogen concentration and thrombin time (TT) levels in 195 pregnant women in Nigeria compared to 150 non-pregnant women. Fibrinogen concentration and TT were significantly higher in pregnant women compared to non-pregnant women. Fibrinogen concentration and TT levels increased with each trimester of pregnancy and were highest in the third trimester. The increases in coagulation factors during pregnancy are likely due to hormonal changes and inflammation of pregnancy to prepare the body for potential blood loss during childbirth. Baseline measurements of these coagulation factors during antenatal visits could help detect any abnormalities.
This summary analyzes the association between the BDNF gene variant (rs6265) and overweight/obesity in Malaysian adolescents. The study genotyped 564 adolescents of different ethnicities for the rs6265 variant. Carriage of the minor A allele was significantly associated with overweight/obesity and overfatness compared to the GG genotype. Physical activity levels were also significantly associated with the minor allele. This is the first study to find an association between this BDNF variant, physical activity, and obesity in a multi-ethnic Malaysian adolescent population.
1) The study examined the effect of probiotics in preventing necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in preterm neonates compared to a control group.
2) 115 preterm infants weighing 750-1500g or less than 32 weeks gestation received probiotics or did not (control). The probiotic group had significantly lower incidence of NEC and fewer cases of elevated C-reactive protein.
3) However, there were no significant differences between the groups in duration of oxygen therapy, total parenteral nutrition, time to full feeding, or length of hospital stay. The study results suggest probiotics have a protective effect against NEC in preterm infants.
This document summarizes a study that estimated choline intake in European populations using food consumption data from 12 European countries and choline composition data from the USDA database. The study found that average choline intake ranged from 151-444 mg/day across different age groups, with intake generally below the adequate intake levels set by the IOM. The main food groups contributing to choline intake were meat, milk, grains, eggs and derived products, composite dishes, and fish. Limitations included the lack of choline composition data for European foods requiring the use of USDA data instead.
Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anaemia among Pregnant Women in Calabar, Cross ...IOSR Journals
Iron is a component of a number of proteins including haemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromes and enzymes involved in redox reactions. Inadequate iron intake can lead to varying degrees of deficiency, from low iron stores to early iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anaemia and this is dangerous to both baby and mother. The objective of this study is to assess the prevalence of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia among pregnant women in Calabar, Cross River State Nigeria. Seventy pregnant women within the age range of 15-45 years from University of Calabar Teaching Hospital were recruited as subjects in this study. The control consisted of fifty age-matched apparently healthy non-pregnant women . The tests that were carried out using standard method include include full blood count (packed cell volume, haemoglobin, mean cell haemoglobin, mean cell haemoglobin concentration and red cell count), serum iron, total iron binding capacity, transferrin saturation,serum ferritin and soluble transferrin recptor. The prevalence of anaemia and iron deficiency anaemia were found to be significantly higher (p<0.05)><0.01)><0.01) increased in pregnant than non-pregnant. It was also shown that pregnant women in their third trimesters and multigravidae had the highest prevalence of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia while pregnant women in their second trimester had the highest prevalence of anaemia. In conclusion the study has shown that the prevalence of anaemia, iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia among pregnant women in the studied area were still high and can be considered public health problem.
Alteration of iron stores in women of reproductive age with HIV in Abidjan (C...Open Access Research Paper
The aim of this study is to evaluate and to characterize the iron metabolism in women of reproductive age infected by VIH in Abidjan. In order to review the iron stores in women of reproductive age, 180 women were recruited in a specialized center for treatment of HIV (ICBRA) based on the criteria for inclusion and exclusion. The mean age of women was 34.7 ± 0.5 years with extremes of 18 and 45 years. These women were classified into two groups of subjects namely 120 HIV positive women and 60 HIV negative as control women. Blood samples were taken from each of the selected women. Assays of various biological indicators (haematological and biochemical parameters) assessment of iron status were performed by different kits adequate for the automatic COBAS INTEGRA 400 Plus. The results of our investigations have demonstrated that all the searched biological has been degraded in enrolled women. Indeed our study found that for all subjects 79.4 % of women reported an abnormal iron status namely 71.7 % and 83.3 % respectively in control women and women with HIV. Abnormal iron status consisted of iron deficiency, iron deficiency anaemia, inflammatory anaemia and inflammatory anaemia associated with iron deficiency. Among the observed various components of iron status, inflammatory anaemia revealed the high prevalence rates in both groups of subjects (46.7 % vs 67.5 %). Our findings have then indicated that HIV infection has dramatically altered iron stores in women of reproductive especially those living with HIV/AIDS.
Globally 165 million children under-five
years of age are stunted. Hence development of local
therapeutic nutritional intervention is recommended by WHO.
Present study was designed to find the efficacy of the
nutritional intervention for the recovery of impaired lipid
metabolism and correlation of weight for height% with
cholesterol, triglyceride in malnourished children. 105 test and
100 control SAM children without infection, of 1 to 5 years of
age and either sex were enrolled. Test group was given
treatment of nutritional intervention therapy, providing 2.5 to
3gm Protein and 90-100 kcal /kg body Weight/day, for the
three months. Their Anthropometric, and Biochemical
parameters were measured before and after the nutritional
therapy. Before the nutritional intervention treatment P values
for Serum Total cholesterol, Triglyceride, Weight for height
%, were insignificant suggestive of similar baseline
characteristics at enrollment. After nutritional intervention
treatment P values for Serum Total cholesterol, Triglyceride,
Weight for height % were highly significant. The r value of
Pearson correlation coefficient for triglycerides in the study
group and its ANOVA model was very significant, showing
poor positive correlation with weight for height % while for
total cholesterol it was found to be insignificant. Depending on
results we conclude that it is the most effective food supplement
for the speedy recovery of the impaired lipid metabolism in
SAM children and the use of weight for height % as a
anthropometric marker for the pre-indication of fatty liver in
malnourished children
Prevalence of Anamiea and Its Predictors in Pregnant Women Attending Antenata...iosrjce
Background: Anemia impairs cognitive development, reduces physical work capacity and in severe cases
increases risk of mortality particularly during prenatal period. In India, 16% of maternal deaths are attributed
to anemia. However, high prevalence of anemia among pregnant women persists in India despite the
availability of effective, low-cost interventions for prevention and treatment. Aknowledge of them
sociodemographic factors associated with anemia will help to formulate multipronged strategies to attack this
important public health problem in pregnancy.
Objective: To assess the prevalence of anaemia and its predicting factors among pregnant women attending
antenatal clinic at Tertiary care center.
Study Design: Descriptive cross-sectional study
Methods: A hospital based cross-sectional study design was conducted from January 2014 – September 2014
among 5788 pregnant womens who had been attending antenatal clinic. Red blood cell morphology and Hgb
level determination were assessed following the standard procedures. Socio-demographic data was collected by
using a structured questionnaire. The data entered and analyzed by using the SPSS version 16.0 statistical
software. P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
Result: Overall prevalence of anemia among the pregnant women was found to be 86.37%. Factors such as
diet, level of education of women and their husbands and socioeconomic status were found to be significantly
associated with the prevalence of anemia in pregnancy.
Conclusion: The present study showed high prevalence of anemia and the majority of them were of the
moderate type (hemoglobin: 10-10.9 g/dl). Low socioeconomic class, illiteracy, Multiparous were significantly
associated with high prevalence of anemia during pregnancy in Indian women.
The study tested whole wheat muffins with different amounts of added phytosterols (0mg, 400mg, and 800mg) to determine if phytosterols were an acceptable food additive for lowering cholesterol. Sensory testing found no significant difference between the muffins, while objective tests found the 800mg muffin had higher moisture and the control muffin was taller and required more force to penetrate. Both the sensory and objective results support phytosterols as an acceptable additive that could help reduce heart disease risk factors like high cholesterol.
This document summarizes a study on biochemical nutritional indicators in children with protein energy malnutrition (PEM) in Nepal. The study aimed to determine biochemical parameters related to PEM and compare them to well-nourished children. 120 children aged 6-59 months were divided into a PEM group and control group based on weight-for-height measurements. Biochemical tests found significantly lower mean total protein, albumin, and calcium levels in the PEM group compared to controls, indicating higher rates of hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, and hypocalcemia in PEM children. Educational status and occupations of parents of PEM children also differed significantly from parents of control children.
Effect of Piper crocatum Extract Against Weight Loss and Liver Enzyme Levels ...iosrphr_editor
Piper crocatum is one of Indonesian medicinal plant that contain flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and saponins. Aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of Piper crocatum aqueous extract against a decrease in body weight (BW) and the activity of enzymes involved in lipid metabolism (AMPK, ACC, FAS) in liver obese rats. This study used four groups of Sprague dawley rat (n = 6), including normal group (N), obese controls (OC), Piper crocatum extract dose 1260 mg/kgBW (PcA), and Piper crocatum extract dose of 1890 mg/kgBW (PcB). Measurement of metabolic liver enzyme levels (AMPK, ACC, FAS) are using ELISA kit (CusabioTM). Results of this study showed that the PcA group produce the highest reduction in body weight (4.52%), and the lowest levels of ACC (9.13 ng/g) and FAS (360.68 ng/g) which was significantly different from obese control group (95% CI). Piper crocatum extract can't activate AMPK. The highest levels in rat liver AMPK is in N group with 8.42 ng/g, but this value is not significantly different from other groups.
This study examined the effects of consuming probiotic yogurt on serum cholesterol levels in 46 individuals with hypercholesterolemia in Shiraz, Iran. The participants were divided into two groups, with one group consuming 300g per day of probiotic yogurt containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacteria, and the other consuming regular yogurt, over two 6-week periods. Blood samples analyzed before and after each period found that consumption of probiotic yogurt significantly reduced LDL ("bad") cholesterol levels compared to regular yogurt. Additionally, probiotic yogurt reduced total cholesterol and increased HDL ("good") cholesterol, though not significantly. The results suggest that probiotic bacteria like L. acidophilus and Bifidobacteria can
Under nutrition is often an invisible and silent
emergency.2 It recognizes that hunger and malnutrition are rooted
in poverty, deprivation, and under development, and that they are
the result of inadequate access to the basic requirements for
nutritional well-being, including safe and adequate food, care,
health, education and a clean environment.1 Present study was
designed to find the efficacy of the nutritional intervention for the
recovery of impaired carbohydrate metabolism and correlation of
weight and height with PP-Sugar and BMI after nutritional
rehabilitation.105 test and 100 control SAM children without
infection, of 1 to 5 years of age and either sex were enrolled. Test
group was given treatment of nutritional intervention therapy,
providing 2.5 to 3gm Protein and 90-100 kcal / kg body
Weight/day, for the three months.
Their blood sugar, BMI, weight and height were measured before
and after the nutritional therapy. Before the nutritional
intervention treatment P values for F and PP blood glucose, BMI,
Weight and height were insignificant suggestive of similar baseline
characteristics at enrollment. After nutritional intervention
treatment P values for F and PP blood glucose, BMI, Weight and
height were significant suggestive.
The r value of Pearson correlation coefficient for Sugar PP in the
study group was, showing poor positive correlation with height and
r value for BMI in the study group was showing poor negative
correlation with height.
The r value of Pearson correlation coefficient for Sugar PP in the
study group was, showing poor negative correlation with weight
and r value for BMI in the study group was showing poor positive
correlation with weight.
Depending on results the investigators conclude that for the speedy
recovery of the impaired carbohydrate metabolism in SAM
children it is the most effective food supplement.
Works Cited Milne, Anne C., Alison Avenell, and Jan Potter. Meta-.docxkeilenettie
Works Cited
Milne, Anne C., Alison Avenell, and Jan Potter. "Meta-Analysis: Protein and Energy Supplementation in Older People."
Annals of Internal Medicine
144.1 (2006): 37-48.
ProQuest.
Web. 1 Oct. 2014.
Meta-Analysis: Protein and Energy Supplementation in Older People Anne C. Milne, MSc; Alison Avenell, MD; and Jan Potter, MBChB Background: Protein and energy undernutrition is common in older people, and further deterioration may occur during illness. Purpose: To assess whether oral protein and energy supplementa tion improves clinical and
nutritional outcomes for older people in the hospital, in an institution, or in the community. Data Sources: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CEN TRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE,
HealthStar, CINAHL, BIOSIS, and CAB abstracts. The authors included English- and non-English-language studies and hand-searched journals, contacted manufacturers, and sought information from trialists. The date of the most recent search of CENTRAL and MEDLINE is June 2005. Study Selection: Randomized and quasi-randomized controlled tri als of oral protein and energy
supplementation compared with placebo or control treatment in older people. Data Extraction: Two reviewers independently assessed trials for inclusion, extracted data, and assessed trial quality. Differences were resolved by consensus. Data Synthesis: Fifty-five trials were included (n = 9187 randomly tions (Peto odds ratio, 0.72 [95% Cl, 0.53 to 0.97]) and reduced mortality (Peto odds ratio, 0.66 [CI, 0.49 to 0.90]) for those un dernourished at baseline. Few studies reported evidence that suggested any change in mortality, morbidity, or function for those given supplements at home. Ten trials reported gastrointestinal disturbances, such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, with oral supplements. Limitations: The quality of most studies, as reported, was poor, particularly for concealment of allocation and blinding of outcome assessors. Many studies were too small or the follow-up time was too short to detect a statistically significant change in clinical out come. The clinical results are dominated by 1 very large recent trial in patients with stroke. Although this was a high-quality trial, few participants were undernourished at baseline. Conclusions: Oral nutritional supplements can improve nutritional status and seem to reduce mortality and complications for under nourished elderly patients in the hospital. Current evidence does not support routine supplementation for older people at home or for well-nourished older patients in any setting. assigned participants). For patients in short-term care hospitals who were given oral supplements, evidence suggested fewer complica-Ann Intern Med. 2006:144:37-48. For author affiliations, see end of text.
www.annals.OIJ
ndernutrition among older people is a continuing source of concern (1, 2). Older people have longer periods of illness and longer hospital stays (3), and data show tha.
Estimation of Fetal Size and Weight using Various Formulasijtsrd
Birth weight is an important factor in delivery management. Antenatal ultrasound has turned out to be one of the clinicians most vital devices for surveying fetal age, growth and prosperity. Contrasted Physical examination of the pregnant uterus is the most precise strategy for evaluating fetal size and growth along with the utilization of ultrasound imaging and estimating of the different fetal parameters. Objective To evaluates the antenatal assessments of fetal weight in pregnancies by using Johnsons formula, Hadlocks formula and Ultrasonography. Comparison of these different methods with the actual birth weight of these babies after delivered. Material and methods Two hundred singleton term pregnancies within 48 hours were randomly selected to participate in this prospective cohort study. Variables included such as abdominal circumference, Biparietal diameter, and Femur length. Parameters to obtain estimated fetal weight Results The mean birth weight of Hadlock formula is closest to the mean of actual birth weight. In the study population, more primigravida delivered babies with very low birth weight and more multigravida delivered babies of birth weight 3500 gms. Johnsons and ultrasound Hadlocks formula had a marked tendency to overestimate the fetal weight. Error was within 350 Gms in 84.7 , 70.8 and 84 of cases by Dares, Johnsons and ultrasound Hadlocks formula. Dr. Pushpamala Ramaiah | Dr. Lamiaa Ahmed Elsayed | Dr. Grace Lindsey | Dr. Ayman Johargy ""Estimation of Fetal Size and Weight using Various Formulas"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23231.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/23231/estimation-of-fetal-size-and-weight-using-various-formulas/dr-pushpamala-ramaiah
Prof.pushpamala research paper publication 1440 fetal size estimationDr.Pushpamala Ramaiah
This study evaluated the accuracy of estimating fetal size and weight using Johnson's formula, Hadlock's formula, and ultrasonography in 200 pregnancies. Abdominal circumference, biparietal diameter, and femur length measured via ultrasound were used as parameters in the formulas. The mean estimated fetal weight from Hadlock's formula was closest to the actual mean birth weight. Estimates from Johnson's formula and ultrasound-Hadlock's formula tended to overestimate fetal weight. Estimates were within 10% of the actual birth weight for 67.3% using Dare's formula, 62.7% using ultrasound, and 59.9% using Johnson's formula. Ultrasonography provided the most accurate estimates of fetal weight compared to
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
Implicitly or explicitly all competing businesses employ a strategy to select a mix
of marketing resources. Formulating such competitive strategies fundamentally
involves recognizing relationships between elements of the marketing mix (e.g.,
price and product quality), as well as assessing competitive and market conditions
(i.e., industry structure in the language of economics).
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Biochemical changes associated with protein energy malnutrition among pregnant women in enugu metropolis of nigeria
1. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.4, No.14, 2014
48
Biochemical Changes Associated with Protein Energy
Malnutrition among Pregnant Women in Enugu Metropolis of
Nigeria
Ikeyi Ada
Department of Science Laboratory Technology
(Biochemistry Option)
Institute of Management Science, Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria
Email: adaikeyi@yahoo.com
Joshua Parker Elijah
Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
Email: parker.joshua.unn.edu.ng; and parkeselisco@yahoo.co.uk
Odiba Arome Solomon (Corresponding author)
Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
Email: arome.odiba@gmail.com
Abstract
Serum total protein, albumin, urea, total cholesterol, creatinine and calcium were evaluated in three groups of
female subjects as part of an investigation on the biochemical changes associated with protein energy
malnutrition (PEM) in pregnant women. The first group were 52 pregnant women with low total protein (<52g/l),
the second group were 50 pregnant women with normal total protein (>52g/l) while the third group were 50 non-
pregnant, non-lactating, apparently healthy women with normal total protein (>63kg). All the subjects were
resident in Enugu metropolis and aged between 20 to 40 years. The pregnant subjects were in different
gestational stages of pregnancy, having different parity and attending the antenatal clinic of Parklane Specialist
Hospital, Enugu. The results show that there was no significant difference between the mean serum total protein
of the different age groups (p>0.05). Parity (ie the number of children had by mother) correlated negatively
(p<0.05) with serum total protein, urea, total cholesterol, creatinine and calcium. Gestational stage of pregnancy
in trimesters correlated negatively and significantly with serum total protein and serum calcium (p<0.05). The
results also revealed that serum total cholesterol did not correlate significantly with serum total protein, urea,
total cholesterol, creatinine and calcium (p>0.05 in each case). Urea levels correlated significantly and positively
with serum total protein (r = + 0.246, p<0.05), and creatinine (r = +0.275, p<0.05). creatinine correlated
positively with serum total protein (r = +0.497,p<0.05), urea (r = +0. 275, p<0.05) and calcium ( r = + 0.356,
p<0.05). Calcium negatively and significantly correlated with gestational stage of pregnancy in trimesters (r = -
0.288, p<0.05) and correlated positively and significantly with serum total protein (r = + 0.681, p<0.05) and
creatinine (r = + 0.0356, p<0.05).
Keywords: Protein energy malnutrition (PEM), Pregnancy, Biochemical, Gestation.
1.1 Introduction
Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) results when the body’s need for protein, energy or both cannot be satisfied
by the diet. Worldwide, an estimated 852 million people are undernourished with most (815 million), living in
developing countries (WHO, 2002; FAO, 2004) Poverty is the main underlying cause of malnutrition and its
determinants (Sachs and McArthur, 2005). The degree and distribution of Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) in
a given population depends on many factors – the political and economic situation, level of education and
sanitation, the season and climate conditions, food production, cultural and religious food customs, breastfeeding
habits, prevalence of infectious diseases, the existence and effectiveness of nutrition programmes and the
availability and quality of health services (FAO, 2004; Salama et al., 2004).
Malnutrition continues to be a major health burden in developing countries. It is globally the most important risk
factor for illness and death with hundreds of millions of pregnant women and young children particularly
affected (Muller and Krawinkel, 2005). Poor nutrition in pregnancy in combination with infections is a common
cause of maternal and infant mortality and morbidity, low birth weight and intrauterine Growth Retardation
(IUGR) (Pena and Bacalao, 2002). In Nigeria, maternal death per 100,000 births is put at 800 while percentage
low birth weight stands at twenty (Enwonwu et al., 2004).
The nutritional status of a person depends on food consumption and not solely the production and availability of
food. Dietary energy supply measurement assume that available food is distributed and consumed in relation to
requirement which is often not the case (WHO, 2001).
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Low birth weight babies have increased risk of mortality, morbidity and development of malnutrition. Children
who suffer from malnutrition are more likely to have slowed growth, delayed development, difficulty in school
and high rates of illness and they may remain malnourished to adulthood (Scrimshaw, 1998; Abidoye and Eze,
2000). IUGR is associated with poor cognitive and neurological development for the infant and in adulthood,
susceptibility to cardiovascular disease, diabetes and renal disease (De Onis et al., 1998).
Malnutrition remains one of the world’s highest priority health issues not only because its effects are so
widespread and long lasting but also because it can be eradicated. Eradication is best carried out at the preventive
stage. Hence the need to identify groups of pregnant women at greater risk of developing PEM. Such high-risk
groups can be targeted in any planned intervention programme.
Pregnancy is a normal physiological process associated with major alterations affecting every maternal organ,
system and metabolic pathway (McGanity et al., 1994). This physiological process results in increased plasma
volume and red blood cells, decreased concentration of circulating nutrient-binding proteins and other
micronutrients (Ladipo, 2000).
The aim of this study is to investigate some of the biochemical changes associated with protein energy
malnutrition (PEM) in pregnant women in Enugu metropolis of Nigeria.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Study Subjects
Three groups of female volunteers were involved in this study. The first group were 52 pregnant women with
low total protein (<52g/l), the second group were 50 pregnant women with normal total protein (>52g/l), while
the third group were 50 non pregnant, non lactating, apparently healthy women (>52g/l). All the subjects were
between 20-40 years of age. All the pregnant subjects were attending antenatal clinic of Parklane Specialist
Hospital, were in different gestational stages of pregnancy with different parity. Subjects with complications
such as hypertension, diabetes, HIV/AIDS on admission were excluded.
2.2 Collection of Blood Samples and Preparation of Serum
Blood (2.5mls) was collected from each volunteer by venepuncture and delivered into clean and duely
labelled specimen containers. The blood was allowed to clot and then centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 10 minutes.
Using a Pasteur pipette serum was separated from the cells and delivered into a clean and dry bottle. It was
stored frozen at –200
C until it was used.
2.3 Preparation of Reagents
The reagents used were high performance enzymatic colorimetric commercial analytical kits (Biosystems
Reagents and Instruments, Barcelona, Spain). These commercial kits were purchased and used according to the
manufacturer’s direction for all the parameters assayed.
2.4 Determination of serum total protein
Principle: The serum total protein was determined using the Biuret method. The protein in the sample reacted
with copper II ion in alkaline mediun forming a coloured complex that was measured spectrophotometrically
Determination of serum protein was carried out according to the method of Gornall et al. (1949) and
Berg et al. (1984).
2.5 Determination of Serum Albumin Concentration
The measurement of serum albumin was by the quantitative method using (B.C.G) Bromocresol green. This
method is based on the quantitative binding of albumin in the sample to the indicator 3, 3’, 5, 5’ – tetra bromo-m
cresol sulphonephthalein (BCG) (Bromocresol Green). This will form a complex known as the Albumin – BCG
complex. This complex absorbs maximally at 578nm, the absorbance (A) being directly proportional to the
concentration of Albumin in the sample.
The determination of serum albumin concentration was done according to the method of Doumas et al. (1971).
2.6 Determination of Serum Total Cholesterol
The total cholesterol concentration of the test individuals was determined using cholesterol enzymatic endpoint
method. Cholesterol is determined after enzymatic hydrolysis and oxidation. The indicator quinoneimine is
formed from hydrogen peroxide and 4-aminoantipyrine in the presence of phenol and peroxide. The free and
esterified cholesterol in the sample originates by means of the coupled reactions described below, a coloured
complex is formed that can be measured spectrophotometrically.
The concentration of serum total cholesterol was determined according to the methods of Allain et al.
(1974) and Meiattini et al. (1978).
2.7 Determination of serum urea concentration
The urea concentration of the test individuals were determined by the urease – salicylate enzymatic method. This
uses the enzyme urease to hydrolyze urea. The ammonia produced reacts with alkaline hypochlorite and phenol
in the presence of a catalyst to form indophenol. The coloured complex is measured spectrophotometrically. The
determination of serum albumin concentration was done according to the method of Cheestbrough (1998).
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2.8 Determination of serum creatinine concentration
Creatinine in the sample reacted with picrate in alkaline medium to form a coloured complex. The coloured
complex is measured spectrophotometrically. It is measured within a short period to avoid interference from non
creatinine substances.
The serum concentration of serum albumin concentration was done according to the methods of Bartels
and Bohmer (1971) and Fabiny and Ertingshausen (1971).
2.9 Determination of serum calcium concentration
Calcium in the sample reacted with methylthymol blue in alkaline medium to form a coloured complex. The
coloured complex was measured spectrophotometrically. Hydroxyquinoline was included in the reagent to avoid
magnesium interference.
The determination of serum albumin concentration was done according to the methods of Gindler and King
(1972) and Barnett et al. (1973).
Statistical Analysis
The data were analysed using the SPSS package of windows version 11.00 (SPSS Corporation, IL). Differences
between the means were separated and analysed for statistical difference using the one way ANOVA while
correlations between parameters were calculated using the Pearsons correlation coefficient. Difference in means
with p values < 0.05 were accepted as significant. Data were presented as means ± standard deviations.
3.0 RESULTS
Three groups of female subjects were involved in this study. The first group represented 52 pregnant women
with low total protein, the second group represented 50 pregnant women with normal total protein while the third
group represented 50 non pregnant, non lactating apparently healthy women. All the subjects were aged between
20 and 40 years. All the pregnant subjects were in various gestational stages of pregnancy, and different parity.
The mean age was 28.90 ± 5.31 for all the subjects studied.
3.1 Distribution of Mean Values of Measured Parameters in the Subjects
Fig. 1 shows the means values of serum total protein, albumin, globulin, cholesterol, urea, creatinine and calcium
of all the subjects studied.
3.2 Effect of Age on the Different Parameters Measured
Figs. 2 to 5 show the results of all parameters measured for mothers in different age groups divided according to
Fig. 1: Distribution of mean values of measured parameters in the
subjects
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Serum total
Protein
Albumin Globulin Serum
Cholesterol
Urea Creatinine Calcium
Group
MeanConc.(mg/dl)
Pregnant Low S.T.P
Pregnant Normal S.T.P
Non-pregnant Normal S.T.P
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their level of serum total protein. There was no significant difference in the means of the serum total protein of
mothers of different age ranges and other parameters measured (p>0.05). Therefore age may not affect the level
of serum total protein of a mother and also other parameters measured. A test of correlation showed that age of
mother did not correlate significantly with serum total protein. However age of mother correlated positively and
significantly with parity only (r = + 0.545) (p<0.05) and no other parameter measured (p>0.05 in each case).
Fig. 2: Concentration of serum total cholesterol of both pregnant
and non-pregnant subjects with different levels of serum total
protein
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Pregnant low STP Pregnant normal STP Non-pregnant Normal
STP
Group
MeanCholesterolConc.(mg/dl)
< 25
25 - 33
> 33
Fig. 3: Concentration of serum urea of both pregnant and non-
pregnant subjects with different levels of serum total protein
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Pregnant low STP Pregnant normal STP Non-pregnant Normal
STP
Group
MeanSerumUreaConc.(mg/dl)
< 25 Years
25 - 33 Years
> 33 Years
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Fig. 4: Concentration of serum creatinine of both pregnant and non-
pregnant subjects with different levels of serum total protein
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Pregnant low STP Pregnant normal STP Non-pregnant Normal
STP
Group
MeanSerumCreatinineConc.(mg/dl)
< 25 Years
25 - 33 Years
> 33 Years
Fig. 5: Concentration of serum calcium of both pregnant and non-
pregnant subjects with STP
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Pregnant low STP Pregnant normal STP Non-pregnant Normal
STP
Group
MeanSerumCaConc.(mg/dl)
< 25 Years
25 - 33 Years
> 33 Years
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DISCUSSION
Pregnancy is a physiological condition severely aggravated by protein energy malnutrition. This makes protein
energy malnutrition (PEM) the most widespread and disabling public health problem among women especially
in developing countries like Nigeria.
The demand for both energy and nutrient is increased during pregnancy and for well nourished women only a
small amount of additional energy is required (WHO, 1999). Pregnancy is also associated with major alterations
in every maternal organ, system and metabolic pathway. Values of biochemical parameters may change as the
pregnancy advances from first to third trimester and to parturition and then return towards normal during post
partum period. The two major physiological forces driving these changes are:
(1) The increase in plasma volume, increase in red blood cells and decreased concentrations of circulating
nutrient-binding proteins and micronutrients.
(2) The ever increasing levels of estrogen and progesterone as well as other placental related hormones,
which have particular impact on maternal lipids (cholesterol) (McGanity et al., 1994).
These two physiological modifications result in two dominant effects: the first reduces levels of biochemical
substances such as albumin and haemoglobin which return to normal 8–10 weeks post partum. The second
causes lipids to rise during pregnancy and return to normal at post partum. The major consequences of protein
energy malnutrition (PEM) are mainly poor weight gain in pregnancy, anaemia leading to high risk delivery and
low birth-weight babies that fail to thrive.
The result of this investigation showed that all the biochemical parameters measured viz serum total protein,
Albumin, urea, total cholesterol, creatinine and calcium were significantly reduced in pregnant PEM individual
compared with pregnant and non-pregnant controls.
This agrees with the studies of Onyeneke et al. (2003) which suggests that abnormalities in serum levels of
biochemical parameters occur in any form of PEM and are related to the severity of the condition (Fig. 1).
The result of this investigation also showed there was no significant difference in the mean serum total protein
in the different age groups (see Figs. 2–5). Therefore age of mother may not be a factor and may not affect the
level of serum total protein and other parameters measured. This agrees with the study of Okwu et al. (2007),
which showed that the lower age groups (below 20 years and 20–24 years) presented higher prevalence of PEM
than other age groups, with the effect more prominent in rural areas than in urban areas.
In addition, Lapido (2000) suggested that many pregnancies in developing countries are unplanned, coupled with
inadequate dietary intake due to dietary taboos associated with pregnancy, gender and other cultural beliefs.
The results from assessment of biochemical parameters showed that serum total cholesterol did not significantly
correlate with serum total protein or any other parameters measured (p> 0.05 in each case). Serum total
cholesterol therefore may not be a factor in changes associated with low serum total protein and protein energy
malnutrition. These findings are in consonance with the view of Toigo et al. (2000) that low serum cholesterol in
PEM may reflect energy imbalance. Total serum cholesterol therefore is a useful marker for energy intake but
not for protein intake.
The serum urea levels were found to correlate significantly and positively with serum total protein (r = + 0.246,
p< 0.05) and serum creatinine level (r = + 0.275, p< 0.05) only. Its correlation with other parameters were not
significant (p>0.05 in each case). This suggests that as the serum total protein increases, serum urea and
creatinine levels increase with it and vice versa.
A test of correlation further revealed that serum creatinine correlated positively and significantly with serum
total protein level (r = + 0.497, p < 0.05), serum urea level (r = + 0.275, p < 0.05) and serum calcium levels (r =
+ 0.356, p < 0.05). This suggests that as serum total protein increases, serum creatinine, serum urea and serum
calcium levels increase and vice versa.
However, serum calcium was found to positively and significantly correlate with serum total protein level (r = +
0.681, p<0.05) and serum creatinine level only (r = + 0.0356, p < 0.05). This suggests that as serum total protein
increases, serum calcium levels and serum creatinine levels increase with it and vice versa.
These factors are pointers to Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM). Toigo et al. (2000) reported
that in individuals with PEM, there is low serum concentration of creatinine, suggesting a decreased skeletal
muscle mass or a low dietary protein intake.
Summary/Conclusion
In summary, the serum total protein which is known to correlate positively and significantly with protein energy
malnutrition was found to also correlate positively and significantly with serum levels of urea, creatinine and
calcium. Serum total cholesterol did not correlate significantly with serum total protein or any other parameter
measured (p>0.05 in each case).
The serum levels of urea, creatinine, calcium and cholesterol have been implicated in this study as Biochemical
indices or Biochemical Markers of PEM in pregnant women. Serum total cholesterol may however be a useful
marker for energy intake and not for protein intake. This agrees with the work of Toigo et al. (2000) which listed
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urea, creatinine, calcium and cholesterol as serum Biochemical indices or serum biochemical markers of PEM.
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