Birth weight is an important factor in delivery management. Antenatal ultrasound has turned out to be one of the clinicians most vital devices for surveying fetal age, growth and prosperity. Contrasted Physical examination of the pregnant uterus is the most precise strategy for evaluating fetal size and growth along with the utilization of ultrasound imaging and estimating of the different fetal parameters. Objective To evaluates the antenatal assessments of fetal weight in pregnancies by using Johnsons formula, Hadlocks formula and Ultrasonography. Comparison of these different methods with the actual birth weight of these babies after delivered. Material and methods Two hundred singleton term pregnancies within 48 hours were randomly selected to participate in this prospective cohort study. Variables included such as abdominal circumference, Biparietal diameter, and Femur length. Parameters to obtain estimated fetal weight Results The mean birth weight of Hadlock formula is closest to the mean of actual birth weight. In the study population, more primigravida delivered babies with very low birth weight and more multigravida delivered babies of birth weight 3500 gms. Johnsons and ultrasound Hadlocks formula had a marked tendency to overestimate the fetal weight. Error was within 350 Gms in 84.7 , 70.8 and 84 of cases by Dares, Johnsons and ultrasound Hadlocks formula. Dr. Pushpamala Ramaiah | Dr. Lamiaa Ahmed Elsayed | Dr. Grace Lindsey | Dr. Ayman Johargy ""Estimation of Fetal Size and Weight using Various Formulas"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23231.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/23231/estimation-of-fetal-size-and-weight-using-various-formulas/dr-pushpamala-ramaiah
This document discusses multiple pregnancy, including twins and higher order multiples. It covers the incidence, risks, types (dizygotic/monozygotic), complications, diagnosis and management of twin pregnancies. Key points include:
- Twins account for a significant percentage of preterm births and low birthweight infants.
- Determining chorionicity and zygosity is important for risk assessment and management.
- Monochorionic twins carry risks of complications like twin-twin transfusion syndrome requiring specialized care.
- Complications include preterm birth, growth discordance, fetal demise of one twin, and others. Careful monitoring and possible interventions may be needed.
This document discusses placenta accreta syndrome, including risk factors, diagnostic methods, and management strategies. It begins with an overview of placenta accreta classifications. Ultrasound and MRI are important diagnostic tools, with ultrasound being the primary method. Risk factors include prior c-sections, placenta previa, and uterine surgeries. Early diagnosis allows for elective c-section and interventions like arterial embolization to reduce bleeding. Hysterectomy is often needed to control hemorrhage but conservative approaches aim to preserve the uterus. Proper multidisciplinary care and prevention of delays in management can improve outcomes for this serious condition.
An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside of the uterus, usually in the fallopian tubes. Risk factors include previous ectopic pregnancy, infections, scarring of the fallopian tubes, and fertility treatments. Ectopic pregnancies can cause life-threatening bleeding if not treated properly. Diagnosis involves beta-hCG levels and ultrasound imaging. Treatment options include medication with methotrexate, expectant management with close monitoring, or surgery depending on the stability of the patient and characteristics of the ectopic pregnancy.
This document discusses induction of labor, including:
1. Induction of labor aims to stimulate uterine contractions to achieve a normal vaginal delivery before spontaneous labor begins, usually done after 36 weeks of gestation.
2. The incidence of induction has increased globally from 90 per 1,000 live births in 1989 to 184 per 1,000 live births in 1997.
3. Cervical ripening methods like prostaglandin gels are often used before labor induction to soften and dilate the cervix, making induction more successful and reducing the length of the induction process.
The document discusses various types of abnormal uterine action during labor including inefficient contractions, hyperactive contractions, and abnormal patterns of contraction. Specific conditions like uterine inertia, hypertonic uterus, constriction rings, and cervical dystocia are described along with their causes, clinical features, and management. Overall the document provides an overview of deviations from normal uterine function during labor and delivery.
This document discusses multiple pregnancy, including twins and higher order multiples. It covers the incidence, risks, types (dizygotic/monozygotic), complications, diagnosis and management of twin pregnancies. Key points include:
- Twins account for a significant percentage of preterm births and low birthweight infants.
- Determining chorionicity and zygosity is important for risk assessment and management.
- Monochorionic twins carry risks of complications like twin-twin transfusion syndrome requiring specialized care.
- Complications include preterm birth, growth discordance, fetal demise of one twin, and others. Careful monitoring and possible interventions may be needed.
This document discusses placenta accreta syndrome, including risk factors, diagnostic methods, and management strategies. It begins with an overview of placenta accreta classifications. Ultrasound and MRI are important diagnostic tools, with ultrasound being the primary method. Risk factors include prior c-sections, placenta previa, and uterine surgeries. Early diagnosis allows for elective c-section and interventions like arterial embolization to reduce bleeding. Hysterectomy is often needed to control hemorrhage but conservative approaches aim to preserve the uterus. Proper multidisciplinary care and prevention of delays in management can improve outcomes for this serious condition.
An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside of the uterus, usually in the fallopian tubes. Risk factors include previous ectopic pregnancy, infections, scarring of the fallopian tubes, and fertility treatments. Ectopic pregnancies can cause life-threatening bleeding if not treated properly. Diagnosis involves beta-hCG levels and ultrasound imaging. Treatment options include medication with methotrexate, expectant management with close monitoring, or surgery depending on the stability of the patient and characteristics of the ectopic pregnancy.
This document discusses induction of labor, including:
1. Induction of labor aims to stimulate uterine contractions to achieve a normal vaginal delivery before spontaneous labor begins, usually done after 36 weeks of gestation.
2. The incidence of induction has increased globally from 90 per 1,000 live births in 1989 to 184 per 1,000 live births in 1997.
3. Cervical ripening methods like prostaglandin gels are often used before labor induction to soften and dilate the cervix, making induction more successful and reducing the length of the induction process.
The document discusses various types of abnormal uterine action during labor including inefficient contractions, hyperactive contractions, and abnormal patterns of contraction. Specific conditions like uterine inertia, hypertonic uterus, constriction rings, and cervical dystocia are described along with their causes, clinical features, and management. Overall the document provides an overview of deviations from normal uterine function during labor and delivery.
The document discusses various uterus sparing techniques for prolapse surgery in young women who desire to preserve fertility and menstrual function. It describes Shirodkar's sling operation, which has been shown to have high rates of normal vaginal delivery and low recurrence rates of prolapse. Laparoscopic sacrohysteropexy is indicated for young women with prolapse as it has better efficacy than vaginal sacrospinous fixation and results in fewer mesh complications compared to sacral colpopexy with hysterectomy. While sacral colpopexy has high success rates, it also carries risks of serious mesh-related complications requiring reoperation years later.
Migration of intrauterine devices (IUCDs) from the uterus can occur, ranging from expulsion to perforation into other organs. Imaging plays an important role in diagnosing migrated IUCDs. The case report describes 4 cases of migrated IUCDs diagnosed by x-ray, ultrasound, CT, and treated by laparotomy, hysteroscopic or cystoscopic removal. Migrated IUCDs can cause complications and their removal is usually recommended even if asymptomatic.
MANAGEMENT OF VAULT PROLAPSE BY DR SHASHWAT JANIDR SHASHWAT JANI
This document discusses the management of vault prolapse, which is the descent of the vaginal cuff after a hysterectomy. It defines vault prolapse and lists risk factors. Conservative management includes pessaries but surgery is often needed. Surgical options include vaginal approaches like sacrospinous ligament fixation or abdominal approaches like sacral colpopexy. The document compares techniques and factors to consider in surgical planning like prolapse severity and patient factors. Prevention techniques like culdoplasty at time of hysterectomy are also discussed.
This document discusses intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), defined as restricted fetal growth where the fetus does not reach its growth potential. IUGR complicates 5-10% of pregnancies and is a leading cause of stillbirths. It can be difficult to diagnose and distinguish SGA babies from those with true IUGR. The document outlines various causes of IUGR including maternal, fetal, and placental factors. Screening involves fundal height measurements, ultrasound assessments of biometric measures and Doppler of umbilical artery blood flow. Abnormal Doppler readings and estimated fetal weight below the 3rd percentile are strongly associated with adverse neonatal outcomes. Management involves surveillance and timing of delivery depends on underlying etiology and gestational age.
This document provides information on PROM (prelabor rupture of membranes) and PPROM (premature prelabor rupture of membranes). It defines PROM as rupture of membranes beyond 28 weeks of gestation but before labor, while PPROM is rupture before 37 weeks. The document discusses pathogenesis, incidence, causes, signs/symptoms, investigations, complications and management for PROM and PPROM. It provides details on evaluating for chorioamnionitis and managing based on gestational age, including expectant management with antibiotics or induction of labor/C-section depending on the situation.
1) The document discusses the mechanism of labor in breech presentations, which involves the birth of the buttocks in the first stage, shoulders in the second stage, and head in the third stage.
2) It describes the types of breech presentations and factors that predispose to breech, as well as techniques for diagnosing and managing breech presentations through vaginal delivery or cesarean section.
3) Complications of breech delivery are outlined for both mother and baby, including increased risks of trauma, asphyxia, and need for operative intervention like cesarean section.
Bad obstetric history (BOH) refers to previous unfavorable fetal outcomes such as recurrent pregnancy loss, stillbirth, neonatal death, or congenital anomalies. The document defines BOH and provides examples of conditions that can contribute to BOH, such as preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, thyroid disorders, thrombophilia, and other medical complications. It also discusses evaluating and managing patients with a history of BOH to help identify underlying causes and improve future obstetric outcomes.
Multiple pregnancies are associated with increased risks for both the mother and fetuses. Maternal risks include preeclampsia, anemia, preterm labor, and postpartum hemorrhage. Fetal risks are also increased and include low birth weight, prematurity, intrauterine growth restriction, congenital anomalies, and twin-twin transfusion syndrome in monochorionic twins. Careful antenatal monitoring and management can help prolong gestation and improve outcomes.
- Induction of labor is recommended for post-term pregnancies (greater than 42 weeks) due to increased risks of complications. Risks increase further as pregnancy progresses beyond 42 weeks.
- For low-risk pregnancies between 41-42 weeks, induction can be considered but is not necessarily recommended since perinatal outcomes do not significantly differ from 40-41 weeks. The risks and benefits should be discussed with the patient.
- Fetal surveillance with non-stress tests and ultrasound amniotic fluid measurements twice weekly is recommended for pregnancies beyond 42 weeks declining induction. Delivery is recommended if any test results cause concern for the fetal environment.
This document discusses adherent placenta, beginning with an introduction defining it as an abnormal invasion of the placenta directly into the uterus due to a defect in the decidua basalis. It then covers the types of adherent placenta, risk factors, incidence, significance, diagnosis, and methods for diagnosing adherent placenta antenatally through clinical suspicion and ultrasound techniques like color Doppler to improve outcomes. The goal is to emphasize the importance of early antenatal diagnosis to avoid catastrophic emergencies.
This document discusses miscarriage and related topics in obstetrics and gynecology. It defines different types of miscarriage such as threatened, inevitable, incomplete, and missed/silent miscarriage. It covers etiologies, risk factors, clinical presentations, investigations and management approaches for miscarriage. Key points include that 50% of spontaneous miscarriages are due to chromosomal abnormalities, infection is an unclear cause of recurrent miscarriage, and management involves either conservative expectant monitoring or surgical evacuation of retained products of conception.
Obstetric cholestasis is a pregnancy-specific condition characterized by severe pruritus and abnormal liver function tests. It occurs in 0.5-1% of pregnancies in Europe and up to 12% in Chile. Risks include vitamin K deficiency in the mother and potential fetal complications like preterm labor and stillbirth. Management involves close monitoring, vitamin K supplementation, antihistamines, ursodeoxycholic acid, and early delivery between 37-38 weeks or once fetal lung maturity is reached. Prognosis is typically good with rapid postpartum recovery, though recurrence risk in future pregnancies is around 90%.
This document discusses twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS), which occurs in some monochorionic twin pregnancies when blood vessels between the twins' placentas allow unbalanced blood flow from one twin to the other. This can cause one twin to become anemic and growth restricted (the donor) while the other becomes overloaded (the recipient). The syndrome is diagnosed when one twin shows polyhydramnios while the other shows oligohydramnios. Management depends on gestational age and disease stage, and may include amnioreduction, laser ablation of connecting vessels, or septostomy. Without treatment, both twins are at high risk of complications or death.
Preterm labor is defined as the onset of labor before 37 weeks of gestation. It can be spontaneous or medically indicated and accounts for a majority of neonatal deaths and disabilities. Risk factors include multiple pregnancies, infections, cervical insufficiency, and genetic factors. Management involves tocolytic drugs to delay labor, corticosteroids to improve neonatal outcomes, and careful fetal monitoring during labor. Prematurity and its complications remain a major challenge in obstetrics.
This document discusses gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD), specifically hydatidiform moles. It defines a hydatidiform mole as a pregnancy characterized by vesicular swelling of placental villi, usually with the absence of an intact fetus. Molar pregnancies can be complete or partial based on whether there is a fetus present. Complete moles have no fetus and are diploid, while partial moles may contain defective fetuses and are usually triploid. Symptoms include vaginal bleeding and an enlarged uterus. Diagnosis involves beta-hCG levels and ultrasound showing a "snowstorm" pattern. Treatment is surgical evacuation followed by chemotherapy for high-risk cases to prevent invasive tumors.
Cervical ripening is the preparation of the cervix for labour and delivery. The Bishop score is the commonest used methodology to assess it. For more like this visit my page on YouTube https://www.youtube.com/@mudiagaakpoghene2243
This document discusses the differential diagnosis of pelvic masses according to age group and site of involvement. It describes various benign and malignant causes of pelvic masses including functional cysts, fibroids, ovarian tumors, pregnancy, endometriosis, tubo-ovarian abscess. The diagnosis involves taking a detailed history, examination, and investigations like ultrasound, CA-125. The management depends on the underlying cause and may include observation, medical therapy, surgery or staging laparotomy.
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) can be classified as symmetrical or asymmetrical based on ultrasound measurements of head and abdominal circumference. Symmetrical IUGR results in proportional growth restriction from early pregnancy insults while asymmetrical IUGR shows brain sparing and a decreased abdominal circumference from late pregnancy placental insufficiency. IUGR is diagnosed through clinical assessment, ultrasound measurements of fetal size below the 10th percentile, and abnormal Doppler velocimetry of the umbilical artery. Management depends on gestational age, with delivery near term for growth restriction and observation with fetal surveillance for earlier restriction unless severe complications arise. Long term risks for infants with IUGR include metabolic and neurological sequel
Obstructed labour occurs when the vaginal delivery of the fetus is arrested due to a mechanical obstruction. It can be caused by maternal factors like a contracted pelvis or fetal macrosomia. Diagnosis involves a clinical examination showing signs of maternal distress, frequent contractions with no relaxation, and an inability to feel or engage the fetal presenting part. Management involves preventative measures and early detection of potential obstructions, as well as curative measures like caesarean section to immediately terminate labour and prevent complications like rupture of the uterus.
This document compares two methods for estimating fetal weight near term - Johnson's formula based on symphysiofundal height measurements and Hadlock's formula based on ultrasound measurements. A study of 100 pregnancies found that Johnson's formula overestimated fetal weight in all cases, while Hadlock's formula both overestimated and underestimated depending on actual birth weight. Hadlock's formula produced a more accurate estimation of fetal weight within 100g in 68% of cases compared to 30% for Johnson's formula. Although ultrasound using Hadlock's formula was more accurate, Johnson's formula provides a low-cost alternative that is still reasonably accurate when ultrasound is unavailable.
Comparison of Various Clinical Methods of Birth Weight Estimation in Term Pre...CrimsonPublishers-PRM
Comparison of Various Clinical Methods of Birth Weight Estimation in Term Pregnancy by Darshit G Prajapati in Perceptions in Reproductive Medicine_Crimson Publishers
The document discusses various uterus sparing techniques for prolapse surgery in young women who desire to preserve fertility and menstrual function. It describes Shirodkar's sling operation, which has been shown to have high rates of normal vaginal delivery and low recurrence rates of prolapse. Laparoscopic sacrohysteropexy is indicated for young women with prolapse as it has better efficacy than vaginal sacrospinous fixation and results in fewer mesh complications compared to sacral colpopexy with hysterectomy. While sacral colpopexy has high success rates, it also carries risks of serious mesh-related complications requiring reoperation years later.
Migration of intrauterine devices (IUCDs) from the uterus can occur, ranging from expulsion to perforation into other organs. Imaging plays an important role in diagnosing migrated IUCDs. The case report describes 4 cases of migrated IUCDs diagnosed by x-ray, ultrasound, CT, and treated by laparotomy, hysteroscopic or cystoscopic removal. Migrated IUCDs can cause complications and their removal is usually recommended even if asymptomatic.
MANAGEMENT OF VAULT PROLAPSE BY DR SHASHWAT JANIDR SHASHWAT JANI
This document discusses the management of vault prolapse, which is the descent of the vaginal cuff after a hysterectomy. It defines vault prolapse and lists risk factors. Conservative management includes pessaries but surgery is often needed. Surgical options include vaginal approaches like sacrospinous ligament fixation or abdominal approaches like sacral colpopexy. The document compares techniques and factors to consider in surgical planning like prolapse severity and patient factors. Prevention techniques like culdoplasty at time of hysterectomy are also discussed.
This document discusses intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), defined as restricted fetal growth where the fetus does not reach its growth potential. IUGR complicates 5-10% of pregnancies and is a leading cause of stillbirths. It can be difficult to diagnose and distinguish SGA babies from those with true IUGR. The document outlines various causes of IUGR including maternal, fetal, and placental factors. Screening involves fundal height measurements, ultrasound assessments of biometric measures and Doppler of umbilical artery blood flow. Abnormal Doppler readings and estimated fetal weight below the 3rd percentile are strongly associated with adverse neonatal outcomes. Management involves surveillance and timing of delivery depends on underlying etiology and gestational age.
This document provides information on PROM (prelabor rupture of membranes) and PPROM (premature prelabor rupture of membranes). It defines PROM as rupture of membranes beyond 28 weeks of gestation but before labor, while PPROM is rupture before 37 weeks. The document discusses pathogenesis, incidence, causes, signs/symptoms, investigations, complications and management for PROM and PPROM. It provides details on evaluating for chorioamnionitis and managing based on gestational age, including expectant management with antibiotics or induction of labor/C-section depending on the situation.
1) The document discusses the mechanism of labor in breech presentations, which involves the birth of the buttocks in the first stage, shoulders in the second stage, and head in the third stage.
2) It describes the types of breech presentations and factors that predispose to breech, as well as techniques for diagnosing and managing breech presentations through vaginal delivery or cesarean section.
3) Complications of breech delivery are outlined for both mother and baby, including increased risks of trauma, asphyxia, and need for operative intervention like cesarean section.
Bad obstetric history (BOH) refers to previous unfavorable fetal outcomes such as recurrent pregnancy loss, stillbirth, neonatal death, or congenital anomalies. The document defines BOH and provides examples of conditions that can contribute to BOH, such as preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, thyroid disorders, thrombophilia, and other medical complications. It also discusses evaluating and managing patients with a history of BOH to help identify underlying causes and improve future obstetric outcomes.
Multiple pregnancies are associated with increased risks for both the mother and fetuses. Maternal risks include preeclampsia, anemia, preterm labor, and postpartum hemorrhage. Fetal risks are also increased and include low birth weight, prematurity, intrauterine growth restriction, congenital anomalies, and twin-twin transfusion syndrome in monochorionic twins. Careful antenatal monitoring and management can help prolong gestation and improve outcomes.
- Induction of labor is recommended for post-term pregnancies (greater than 42 weeks) due to increased risks of complications. Risks increase further as pregnancy progresses beyond 42 weeks.
- For low-risk pregnancies between 41-42 weeks, induction can be considered but is not necessarily recommended since perinatal outcomes do not significantly differ from 40-41 weeks. The risks and benefits should be discussed with the patient.
- Fetal surveillance with non-stress tests and ultrasound amniotic fluid measurements twice weekly is recommended for pregnancies beyond 42 weeks declining induction. Delivery is recommended if any test results cause concern for the fetal environment.
This document discusses adherent placenta, beginning with an introduction defining it as an abnormal invasion of the placenta directly into the uterus due to a defect in the decidua basalis. It then covers the types of adherent placenta, risk factors, incidence, significance, diagnosis, and methods for diagnosing adherent placenta antenatally through clinical suspicion and ultrasound techniques like color Doppler to improve outcomes. The goal is to emphasize the importance of early antenatal diagnosis to avoid catastrophic emergencies.
This document discusses miscarriage and related topics in obstetrics and gynecology. It defines different types of miscarriage such as threatened, inevitable, incomplete, and missed/silent miscarriage. It covers etiologies, risk factors, clinical presentations, investigations and management approaches for miscarriage. Key points include that 50% of spontaneous miscarriages are due to chromosomal abnormalities, infection is an unclear cause of recurrent miscarriage, and management involves either conservative expectant monitoring or surgical evacuation of retained products of conception.
Obstetric cholestasis is a pregnancy-specific condition characterized by severe pruritus and abnormal liver function tests. It occurs in 0.5-1% of pregnancies in Europe and up to 12% in Chile. Risks include vitamin K deficiency in the mother and potential fetal complications like preterm labor and stillbirth. Management involves close monitoring, vitamin K supplementation, antihistamines, ursodeoxycholic acid, and early delivery between 37-38 weeks or once fetal lung maturity is reached. Prognosis is typically good with rapid postpartum recovery, though recurrence risk in future pregnancies is around 90%.
This document discusses twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS), which occurs in some monochorionic twin pregnancies when blood vessels between the twins' placentas allow unbalanced blood flow from one twin to the other. This can cause one twin to become anemic and growth restricted (the donor) while the other becomes overloaded (the recipient). The syndrome is diagnosed when one twin shows polyhydramnios while the other shows oligohydramnios. Management depends on gestational age and disease stage, and may include amnioreduction, laser ablation of connecting vessels, or septostomy. Without treatment, both twins are at high risk of complications or death.
Preterm labor is defined as the onset of labor before 37 weeks of gestation. It can be spontaneous or medically indicated and accounts for a majority of neonatal deaths and disabilities. Risk factors include multiple pregnancies, infections, cervical insufficiency, and genetic factors. Management involves tocolytic drugs to delay labor, corticosteroids to improve neonatal outcomes, and careful fetal monitoring during labor. Prematurity and its complications remain a major challenge in obstetrics.
This document discusses gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD), specifically hydatidiform moles. It defines a hydatidiform mole as a pregnancy characterized by vesicular swelling of placental villi, usually with the absence of an intact fetus. Molar pregnancies can be complete or partial based on whether there is a fetus present. Complete moles have no fetus and are diploid, while partial moles may contain defective fetuses and are usually triploid. Symptoms include vaginal bleeding and an enlarged uterus. Diagnosis involves beta-hCG levels and ultrasound showing a "snowstorm" pattern. Treatment is surgical evacuation followed by chemotherapy for high-risk cases to prevent invasive tumors.
Cervical ripening is the preparation of the cervix for labour and delivery. The Bishop score is the commonest used methodology to assess it. For more like this visit my page on YouTube https://www.youtube.com/@mudiagaakpoghene2243
This document discusses the differential diagnosis of pelvic masses according to age group and site of involvement. It describes various benign and malignant causes of pelvic masses including functional cysts, fibroids, ovarian tumors, pregnancy, endometriosis, tubo-ovarian abscess. The diagnosis involves taking a detailed history, examination, and investigations like ultrasound, CA-125. The management depends on the underlying cause and may include observation, medical therapy, surgery or staging laparotomy.
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) can be classified as symmetrical or asymmetrical based on ultrasound measurements of head and abdominal circumference. Symmetrical IUGR results in proportional growth restriction from early pregnancy insults while asymmetrical IUGR shows brain sparing and a decreased abdominal circumference from late pregnancy placental insufficiency. IUGR is diagnosed through clinical assessment, ultrasound measurements of fetal size below the 10th percentile, and abnormal Doppler velocimetry of the umbilical artery. Management depends on gestational age, with delivery near term for growth restriction and observation with fetal surveillance for earlier restriction unless severe complications arise. Long term risks for infants with IUGR include metabolic and neurological sequel
Obstructed labour occurs when the vaginal delivery of the fetus is arrested due to a mechanical obstruction. It can be caused by maternal factors like a contracted pelvis or fetal macrosomia. Diagnosis involves a clinical examination showing signs of maternal distress, frequent contractions with no relaxation, and an inability to feel or engage the fetal presenting part. Management involves preventative measures and early detection of potential obstructions, as well as curative measures like caesarean section to immediately terminate labour and prevent complications like rupture of the uterus.
This document compares two methods for estimating fetal weight near term - Johnson's formula based on symphysiofundal height measurements and Hadlock's formula based on ultrasound measurements. A study of 100 pregnancies found that Johnson's formula overestimated fetal weight in all cases, while Hadlock's formula both overestimated and underestimated depending on actual birth weight. Hadlock's formula produced a more accurate estimation of fetal weight within 100g in 68% of cases compared to 30% for Johnson's formula. Although ultrasound using Hadlock's formula was more accurate, Johnson's formula provides a low-cost alternative that is still reasonably accurate when ultrasound is unavailable.
Comparison of Various Clinical Methods of Birth Weight Estimation in Term Pre...CrimsonPublishers-PRM
Comparison of Various Clinical Methods of Birth Weight Estimation in Term Pregnancy by Darshit G Prajapati in Perceptions in Reproductive Medicine_Crimson Publishers
Comparison of Various Clinical Methods of Birth Weight Estimation in Term Pre...CrimsonPublishers-PRM
Comparison of Various Clinical Methods of Birth Weight Estimation in Term Pregnancy by Darshit G Prajapati in Perceptions in Reproductive Medicine_Crimson Publishers
This study aimed to develop a predictive tool for unplanned cesarean delivery (CD) in nulliparous women using prenatal maternal and fetal characteristics. Over 2,200 nulliparous women were prospectively studied across seven Irish hospitals. Multivariate analysis identified that maternal age, BMI, height, fetal abdominal circumference, and head circumference can predict CD risk. A nomogram was developed and showed good predictive ability, with an AUC of 0.69. The tool may help counsel women on their chances of a vaginal delivery versus an elective CD.
Placental Elastography in Intrauterine Growth Restriction: A Case–control Studyasclepiuspdfs
Background: Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is related to poor fetal outcome. Though, various tools are available for evaluation of IUGR they are notreliable inearly diagnosis of IUGR. Shear wave elastography (SWE) can be used to study the change in mechanical properties of various disease which can be a potential technique for early diagnosis of IUGR. Objective: The objective of the study was to compare the differences in SWE values of placentas between IUGR and normal pregnancies. Methodology: Normal second- and third-trimester pregnancies and IUGR pregnancies between 24 and 42 weeks period of gestation (POG), meeting the inclusion criteria were matched for age group and POG. SWE of placenta was performed in supine position during quiet respiration. The SWE of placenta was measured by placing the region of interest in relatively homogeneous area. The placental elasticity values obtained in pregnancies complicated by IUGR were compared with that of normal controls. Umbilical artery (UA) and fetal middle cerebral artery (MCA) Doppler findings were correlated with placental elasticity value of IUGR pregnancies.
— This study was conducted to find out if AFI ≤ 5 cms has any clinical significance in identifying the subsequent fetal distress & associated maternal & perinatal outcomes, in pregnancies beyond 37 weeks. Methodology: This is a prospective case control study done from July 2010 to July 2012 (24 months) at Dr Vasantrao Pawar Medical College, Hospital and Research Center. Adgaon, Nashik. It study the pregnancy outcome comparison of 58 Anenatal Cases(ANCs)as Study Group with diangosis of oligohydramnios (AFI ≤ 5 cms) by ultrasound after 37 completed weeks of gestation w e r e compared with 58 ANCs (Control Group) with no oligohydramnios (AFI > 5 cms). These two groups were matched for other variables like age, parity, gestational age and any pregnancy complication. Results: There was significant difference between two groups. Hypertension and Preeclampsia were found significantly more in ANCs with oligohydramnios. FHR deceleration was also significantly higher in women with oligohydramnios. Women require LSCS were also significantly more in women with oligohydramnios. Newborn borned by women with oligohydramnios had significantly more chances to admit in NICU than in newborn born by women without oligohydramnios. Conclusion: It can be concluded from this study that women with oligohydramnios poor pregancy outcomes. Determination of AFI can be used as an adjunct to other fetal surveillance methods. Determination of AFI can be used as valuable screening test for predicting fetal distress in labour, requiring caesarean section.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of various maternal, fetal, and technical factors on the accuracy of sonographic fetal weight estimation (SFWE). The study analyzed over 9,000 SFWEs performed within a week of delivery. It found that several maternal factors, including higher weight, height, BMI, older age, diabetes, and multiparity were associated with underestimation of fetal weight. Fetal factors like male sex were also linked to underestimation, while breech presentation slightly improved accuracy. Experience level of the sonographer had little effect. Overall, the models assessed explained less than 10% of errors, suggesting most inaccuracy comes from limitations of SFWE formulas themselves.
Umbilical cord magnesium levels and neonatal resuscitation in infants exposed...Maria Adelus
1) The study examined whether a short interpregnancy interval (IPI) of less than 24 months is associated with more severe forms of morbidly adherent placentation (MAP).
2) The study found that a shorter IPI was not associated with more severe MAP. Short IPI did not impact severity of MAP nor provide any protective effects.
3) This suggests that IPI does not need to be considered when counseling patients about future pregnancy planning or risk stratification for MAP.
perineal outcome after restrictive use of episiotomyarbin joshi
This study evaluated perineal outcomes in primi-gravidas after restrictive use of episiotomy in Nepal. The episiotomy rate was 22% and the majority (43.2%) experienced first degree tears. Only one woman (1.4%) experienced a third degree tear, with no long-term complications. Having a baby weighing 2.5kg or more significantly increased mean tear length and nearly doubled the risk of a second or third degree tear. The restrictive episiotomy protocol was successfully implemented with no significant complications observed.
This cross-sectional study examined gestational weight gain and perinatal outcomes in 1462 pregnant women in southern India. The study found that 37.41% of women gained less than the recommended weight based on IOM guidelines, while 21.41% gained more. Less than optimal weight gain was associated with a higher risk of preterm delivery (adjusted odds ratio 3.58). However, gestational weight gain was not significantly associated with other maternal or neonatal outcomes. This suggests the IOM guidelines may not be an appropriate standard for monitoring gestational weight gain in this population.
Ultrasonographic Cervical Length Measurement at 10-14- and 20-24-weeks’ Gesta...AI Publications
Preterm labor is a regular occurrence in pregnancy; an estimated 15 million babies are born prematurely each year, with the number increasing. This was a prospective study of pregnant women who came to the Maternity Teaching Hospital in Erbil, Kurdistan Province, Iraq, for an outpatient clinic. On a manageable sample of 150 singleton pregnancies. In this study, one hundred fifty singleton asymptomatic pregnancies encountered the inclusion criteria during the study period, 69 primi gravid, 81 multi gravid. The correlation between the cervical length at 20–24 weeks and preterm delivery was moderately poor (r =0.715), and this correlation was highly significant (P < 0.001). In another word, a better correlation was found between preterm delivery and cervical length at 20–24 weeks than at 10–14 weeks in the prediction of preterm delivery. This study also points towards the importance of serial ultrasound scans to detect those who are at higher risk. There was no statistically significant effect of age, parity. Finally, the findings revealed that trans vaginal ultrasound is more accurate at 20-24weeks than 10-14weeks gestation for prediction of preterm labor, it can be used routinely to prevent preterm birth.
This document discusses the relationship between evidence-based medicine and aesthetic plastic surgery. It provides definitions of evidence-based medicine and outlines its five primary components. The document then examines several examples of how evidence-based medicine has been applied to specific procedures in plastic surgery, including breast augmentation, breast reduction, abdominoplasty, and facelifts. It analyzes various studies that have evaluated topics like antibiotics, drain usage, pocket irrigation, and smoking effects. The document also questions whether evidence-based medicine standards may discourage surgical innovation and constrain surgeons from achieving optimal outcomes for individual patients.
Evidence based medicine and cosmetic surgerydrmoradisyd
This document discusses the relationship between evidence-based medicine and aesthetic plastic surgery. It provides definitions of evidence-based medicine and outlines its five primary components. The document then examines several examples of how evidence-based medicine has been applied to topics in aesthetic plastic surgery, including bariatric surgery outcomes, breast augmentation practices like antibiotic use and drain usage, and outcomes of facelifts with or without drain usage. It acknowledges that while plastic surgery literature often contains lower levels of evidence, the field should aim to both appreciate existing evidence and continue raising the overall level of evidence to best serve patients.
The comparison of dinoprostone and vagiprost for induction of lobar in post t...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
This study analyzed data from 4,618 women who had spontaneous vaginal deliveries at term to develop norms for fetal descent in labor. The results show:
1) Multiparous women and those who labored spontaneously without augmentation had faster fetal descent at all stations compared to nulliparous women and those whose labor was induced or augmented.
2) The median time to descend between station levels was less than 2 hours, though there was wide variation, with some women spending over 12 hours at the same high station.
3) By 6 cm dilation, the median station was 0 for nulliparous women and -1 for multiparous women. 95% of all women were at station 0
O número de cirurgias bariátricas aumentou dramaticamente nos últimos anos devido ao aumento taxas de obesidade nos Estados Unidos. Muitos desses procedimentos são em mulheres de em idade fértil, a perda de peso não só proporciona melhores resultados de saúde na gravidez, mas também apresenta desafios. Diretrizes são necessárias para mulheres em idade fértil considerando especialmente a gravidez e que desejam amamentar seus bebês.
Resultados de este estudo retrospectivo sugere que as mulheres pós-bariátricas grávidas se beneficiariam de consultas clínicas pré-natais para atender às necessidades suplementares. Consultas pré-natais com consultores de lactação e nutricionistas certificados podem contribuir com o estado nutricional e o aconselhamento da amamentação podem melhorar os resultados da amamentação para a díade. Encaminhamentos para nutricionistas e consultores de lactação
para dar continuidade à assistência durante todo o período fértil, incluindo a parte inicial do vida do bebê.
(Tradução livre de Marcus Renato de Carvalho)
Current point of view in preterm labor management in albania (2)Alexander Decker
This study examined the use of maintenance tocolysis therapy to prevent preterm labor in Albania. The study included 325 pregnant women between 28-32 weeks gestation hospitalized for preterm labor. Women received tocolysis therapy for over one month. Those between 28-30 weeks (n=200) had greater benefits, with pregnancy prolonged by 6-8 weeks on average. The authors conclude maintenance tocolysis therapy can considerably prolong pregnancy for women diagnosed with preterm labor between 28-32 weeks gestation, though larger studies are still needed.
Current Point of View in Preterm Labor Management in AlbaniaRustem Celami
The document discusses a study conducted in Albania on the use of maintenance tocolysis therapy to prevent preterm labor. The study included 325 pregnant women between 28-32 weeks gestation hospitalized for preterm labor. Women received tocolysis therapy for over one month. Those between 28-30 weeks gestation saw more prolonged pregnancies compared to the 30-32 weeks group. The study concluded that maintenance tocolysis therapy can considerably benefit women diagnosed with preterm labor and help prolong their singleton pregnancies when medical intervention is not urgently needed. However, more research is still required.
This study analyzed data from over 15,000 infants in the UK Millennium Cohort Study to examine the relationship between breastfeeding and hospitalization for diarrhea and respiratory infections in the first 8 months of life. The results showed that exclusive breastfeeding, compared to no breastfeeding, was associated with a lower risk of hospitalization for both diarrhea and respiratory infections after adjusting for various confounding factors. Partial breastfeeding also showed a protective effect, but it was weaker than exclusive breastfeeding. The protective effects of breastfeeding decreased after breastfeeding cessation. The study suggests that increased rates of exclusive and prolonged breastfeeding could significantly reduce hospitalizations in the UK.
Endometrioma and how it affects IVF outcome : modified procedure with encoura...Mohamed Walaa El Deeb
1) Endometriomas are common in women with endometriosis and infertility, affecting up to 50% of subfertile women. Surgical removal carries risks of reducing ovarian reserve.
2) A meta-analysis found no significant difference in ovarian response or pregnancy rates between surgery vs no treatment prior to IVF. However, large endometriomas over 4cm may interfere with oocyte retrieval.
3) The authors propose a modified aspiration technique for large, recurrent endometriomas as an alternative to repeated surgery. Preliminary results show encouraging pregnancy rates without complications. Larger studies are still needed.
Similar to Estimation of Fetal Size and Weight using Various Formulas (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
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2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID - IJTSRD23231 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2019 Page: 992
delivery. If undelivered beyond this time interval the
measurements will be repeated within 48 hours. Therefore
Multiple gestations, Patient with polyhydraminos or
oligohydramnios., Abnormal lie, Preterm labor, Fetal
malformations, Antepartum hemorrhage, Eclampsia, Obese
patients (>90kg), Uterine / ovarian mass complicating
pregnancy were excluded.
Data Collection: Real time ultrasound scan, equipment
Philip HD 7 was used to measure abdominal circumference
(AC), Biparietal diameter (BPD), Head Circumference (HC),
and femur length (FL). Consent: Prior to allocation,
participants were counseled regarding the study, and
explained that ultrasound which is a routine for obstetrics
cases is a non-invasive and safe procedure. Consent was
obtained in a designated form.
Research questions: was with regard to a. What would be
the accuracy of antenatal assessment of fetal weight in
pregnancies by using Johnson’s formula, Had lock formula
and Ultrasonography? B. Comparison of these different
methods with the actual birth weight of these babies after
delivery.
Statistical Analysis: After completion of the study,
continuous data were analyzed and presented as mean ±
standard deviation, andcategorical variableswerepresented
as count and percentage. The clinical and Sonographic EFW
were compared with the actual weight and accuracy of birth
weight was determined by calculating: Mean of simpleerror
(EFW-BW), Mean of absolute error (absolute value of [EFW-
BW]), Mean of absolute percentage error (%) (Absolute
value of [EFW-BW] x 100/BW), Radio (%) of estimates
within 10% of actual birth weight (true when absolute
percentage error was not more than 10%). Inferential
Statistical analysis was performed using Chi Square test and
Wilcoxon signed-rank test, P value <0.05 was considered as
significant.
Results: Two hundred mothers were included in this study,
Mean (SD) for maternal age was 24.48 (SD±2.8) years, and
for gestational age of participantswas38.9 (SD±1.25) weeks.
Descriptive statistics regarding variable birth weight is as
below.
Actual birth weight Primigravida Multigravida
<2000gms 62.9% 37.1%
X2 = 11.205 df=4 p=0.024
2001 – 2500 gms 46.7% 53.3%
2501 – 3000 gms 44.8% 55.2%
3001 – 3500 gms 39.3% 60.7%
>3500 gms 40.0% 60.0%
EFW (kg) Had lock formula (N) % Johnson’s formula (N) % Birth weight (N) %
1.5-2 - - - 3 1.5
2-2.5 7 3.5 4 2 23 11.5
2.5-3 55 27.5 63 31.5 88 44
3-3.5 91 45.5 81 40.5 64 32
3.5-4 46 23 42 21 17 8.5
>4 1 0.5 10 5 5 2.5
The above table shows that majority of the birth weight were distributed between 2.5-3.5kg. P value for both Hadlock formula
and Johnson’s formula were 0.5 i.e. >0.05 which is not significantly correlated.
Comparison of Mean weight of two formulae:
Formula Mean birth weight in gms S.D in gms
Had lock 3213.85 371.472
Johnson’s 3227.548 401.17
Birth weight 3025.4 445.172
The mean birth weight of Had lock formula is closest to the mean of actual birth weight. The data is detailed in the table given
below.
Actual birth weight in (gms) Had lock formula Johnson’s formula
1500-2000gms 231.6 268.5
2001-2500 294.9 293.7
2501-3000 316.0 314.1
3001-3500 330.6 331.7
3501-4000 357.0 363.8
>4000 339.0 396.8
Percentage of Cases with Error in Grams which shows that there is no significant difference by finding out the frequency of
closeness by specific method with respect actual birth weight.
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID - IJTSRD23231 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2019 Page: 993
Error(gms)
Percentage of cases.
Dare’s Johnson’s USG –Had lock’s
Up to 150 gms 45.2 % 33.3 % 27.7 %
Up to 250 gms 68.2 % 57.1 % 59.4 %
Up to 350 gms 84.7 % 70.8 % 84 %
Up to 450 gms 96.1 % 87.5 % 96.6 %
Up to 550 gms 98.5 % 94.9 % 99.4 %
As there is no significant difference between the mean weights of two formulae, percentile error was calculated as shown
below: Calculated using the formula Percentile error=mean error/actual birth weight×100.
Percentile
Error %
Had lock’s Formula % Johnson’s Formula %
5 65 32.5 60 30
10 46 23 50 25
15 18 9 29 14.5
20 25 12.5 20 10
25 20 10 10 5
30 11 5.5 11 5.5
>35 15 7.5 20 10
Methods
Mean simple
error ± SD
Mean absolute
error ± SD
Mean absolute percentage
error Mean ± SE
Dare’s formula 84.8 ± 218 18 ± 14 9.0 ± 0.18
Johnson’s formula 157.4 ± 258 24 ± 17 10.2 ± 0.27
USG – Had lock’s 148.5 ± 216 23 ± 12 7.4 ± 0.20
Absolute simple error = estimate - actual birth weight.
Standardized absolute error = (value of absolute simple error/actual birth weight) x 100.
SD = standard deviation. The above mentioned table denotes the accuracy of birth weight of the babies by three methods of
antenatal fetal weight estimations, calculated by comparing their Mean simple error, mean absolute error and mean absolute
percentage error. Paired t test were used to assess their accuracy in terms of correlation coefficient with the actual birth
weight.
Methods Mean simple error Correlation coefficient
Dare’s formula 84.8 ± 218 0.878
Johnson’s formula 157.4 ± 258 0.829
USG – Had lock’s 148.5 ± 216 0.893
Discussion:
The mean simple error is least in Dare method than USG but
when correlation coefficient was calculated in different
methods, it was evident that USG seems to be correlating
well with actual birth weight than Dare’s and Johnson’s
methods which seems to be least correlated and this
correlation was statistically significant. After applying
wilcoxon rank sum test to the mean absolute percentage
error of Dare’s formula and ultrasound methods, the
difference among the mean absolute percentage errors of
these two methods were statistically significant. Hence
antenatal assessment of the birth weight of the babies is
more accurate with USG method followed by clinical
estimation of the birth weight by Dare’s formula. When
compared with normal birth weight babies estimatedwithin
the 10% of actual birth weight by different methods with
large for gestational age babies from the above table it is
evident that it is statistically not significant.
Fetal weight estimation using a measuring tape applied to
two different clinical formulas was asaccurateas ultrasound
estimates for predicting the infant’s actual birth weight
within 10%.Although the results of our study revealed that
the accuracy within 10% of actual birth weight in Dare’s
clinical estimated fetal weight was slightly higher than
sonographic estimated fetal weight followed by Johnson’s
formula of estimating fetal weight (67.3%, 62.7%and 59.9%
respectively) but the difference of the accuracy was
insignificant and this is similar with the previous studies by,
Maria RT et al who correctly estimated the actual birth
weight within 10% in 61%, 57% and 65% of the cases using
two clinical formulas(Johnson’s formula and Dare’sformula)
and ultrasound estimate, respectively. In our study, mean
absolute percentage error is 9.0± 0.18, 10.2 ±0.27 and
7.4±0.20 for Dare’s formula, Johnson’s formula and
ultrasound – Had lock’s formula respectively which clearly
shows ultrasound estimation is more accurate in the fetal
weight estimation.
The correlation coefficient for the various methods in
present study when compared with actualbirth weight were
0.878, 0.829 and 0.893 for Dare’sformula,Johnson’sformula
and ultrasound-Had lock’s formula respectively. A study by
Moigan Kalantari et al 2013 correlated with our study in
exploring a new formula for estimating fetal weight, which
also showed that adding STT to other variables(BPD and FL)
in predictive models of fetal weight would provide the best
estimation (r2=0.77) and the predictive strength of each
4. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID - IJTSRD23231 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2019 Page: 994
formula using STT or AC along withBPDandFL wouldbethe
same (r2=0.7)
The result shows that the mean birth weight of Had lock is
closest to the mean of actualbirthweightincomparisonwith
the Johnson’s formula. But there is no significant difference
between mean of Had lock and Johnson formulae. The mean
of Had lock is 3213.85 ±371.472grams and the mean weight
of Johnson is 3227.548 ±401.1 gms. The result shows the p
value obtained for the mean birth weightof Had lockformula
and Johnson’s formula which is <0.01.This indicates that
both formulae are highly significant in obtaining the mean
birth weight but not when taken individually. The mean
error of the Had lock formula is least because Had lock
formula uses four parameters and Johnson’s formula uses
only one parameter (SFH) for estimating fetal weight. The
mean error of Johnson formula is 202.148gms and the mean
error of the Had lock formula is 188gms Percentile error of
<20% is 77% in Had lock formula compared to 79% in
Johnson’s formula. Percentile error of Johnson’s formula.
The fetal weights are overestimated between1.5-2.5kgbirth
weights. Overestimation is more in Johnson’s formula
because that is influenced by thematernalobesity andliquor
volume. Between 2.5 – 3.5 Kg estimation is en par with
actual birth weight.
Conclusion:
This study was undertaken at the Institute of obstetrics and
gynecology, hospital in southern region of Tamilnadu to
compare the various methods of fetal weight estimation at
term pregnancy among200 patients with singleton
pregnancy. The cases were randomly selected and detailed
obstetrical history was taken. The gestational age of all the
patients was known and all the cases delivered within one
week of measurement. Fetal weight was estimated by using
different formula and was compared to the actual weight of
the baby taken immediately after birth and a comparative
analysis was done. Of the 200 cases, 45.4% were
primigravida and 54.6% were multigravida. Most of the
women were in the average reproductiveagegroupof 20-30
years. Most of the patients had normal vaginal delivery
(53.9%) and 39.7% delivered by lower segment caesarean
section. The sex distribution of the babies in the study
population showed that more male babies were born.
Majority of the babies at birth weighed between 2501-3000
gms. In the study population, more primigravida delivered
babies with very low birth weight and more multigravida
delivered babies of birth weight > 3500 gms.
Johnson’s and ultrasound-Had lock’s formula had a marked
tendency to overestimate the fetal weight. Error was within
350 gms in 84.7%, 70.8% and 84% of cases by Dare’s,
Johnson’s and ultrasound-Had lock’s formula. The mean
simple error and the mean absolute error wasleastbyDare’s
formula followed by ultrasound-Had lock’s and Johnson’s
formula. The mean absolute percentage error was least by
ultrasound – Had lock’s formula followed by Dare’s formula
and Johnson’s formula. The coefficientcorrelation calculated
for different methods showed that ultrasound seems to be
correlating well with actual birth weight than Dare’s and
Johnson’s formula. The estimates within 10% of actual birth
weight were 67.3%, 62.7% and59.9%with Dare’s, Johnson’s
and ultrasound-Had lock’s formula which was not
statistically significant. Antenatalassessmentof birth weight
by ultrasound seems to be better for estimating low-birth
weight babies and for large for gestational age babies.
The clinician’s estimate using the palpation method is by far
the most accurate in any age of gestation, followed by
Johnson’s Method, and the Modified Johnson’s Method with
the least accurate estimate. At 34-37 weeks age of gestation,
the palpation method had the closest estimate. At 37 weeks
age of gestation and above, the Dare’s Method is more
superior. Experience affects clinical estimate when using
abdominal palpation,the valuesobtained byseniorresidents
were noted to be closer to actual compared to second and
third year residents. The Johnson’s Method, Dare’s Method
and the Modified Johnson’s Methodhoweverarenotaffected
by experience. Although it can be observed that estimates
are closer in patients with lower BMI, this was not
statistically significant.
Clinical estimation of birth weight may be as accurate as
routine ultrasonography estimation, except in low-birth-
weight babies. From our study, it can be concluded that
antenatal fetal weight can be estimated with considerable
accuracy by abdominal girth, symphysio-fundal height and
ultrasound Had lock’s formula. Abdominalgirth, symphysio-
fundal height is simple, inexpensive and of immense value in
developing country like ours, hence it can be used anywhere
even by domiciliary midwives to predict fetal weight.
Accuracy of Johnson’s formula waslessthanabdominalgirth
x symphysio-fundal height and ultrasound – Had lock’s
formula.
References:
[1] Esinler D. Bircon O., Sahin E.G., Kandemir O., Yalvac S.,
2015, finding the best formula to predict the fetal
weight: Comparison of 18 formulas, Vol 18, No 2.
[2] Susan Campbell Westerway, 2012, Estimating fetal
weight for best clinical outcome, Australian Journal of
Ultrasound in Medicine. 15(1), 13 to 17.
[3] Carol .B. Benson& Peter .M. Doubilet, 2014, the history
of imaging in obstetrics, Radiology, RSNA Journals, Vol
273.
[4] O’Conner C, Farah N, O’Higgins A, Segurado R,
Fitzpatrick C, Turner MJ, et, al. 2013, Longitudinal
measurement of fetal thigh soft tissue parameters and
its role in the prediction of birth weight. Prenatal
Diagnosis. 28:1-7.
[5] Lee W, Deter R, Sangi-Haghpeykar H, Yeo L, Romero R.
2013, Prospective validation of fetal weight estimation
using fractional limb volume. Ultrasound
obstetGynecol.;41:198-203
[6] IssabelleMonnier, Annie Ego, Alexandra Benachi,
Pierre-Yves Ancel, JenniferZeitlin, 2018,comparison of
the Had lock and INTERGROWTH formulas for
calculating estimated fetal weight in a preterm
population in France, American journal of Obstetrics
and Gynecology, Volume 219, Issue 5.
[7] Kumari A, Goswami S, MukherjeeP. 2013,Comparative
study of various methods of fetal weight estimation in
term pregnancy, Journal of south Asian federal
obstetrics and gynecology. 5(1), 22-25.
[8] Moigan Kalantari, Arizou Negahdari, Shima
Roknsharifi, Mostafa Oorbani, 2013, A new formulafor
estimating fetal weight, Iranian Journal of
Reproductive medicine, 11(11), 933-938.