one should be aware of value of plants for the better existence of human civilization. Bilva is an indigenous secred tree besides incomparable medicinal value,so it must be protected.
Green manuring is the practice of enriching soil fertility by plowing under or incorporating green manure crops into the soil while still green or soon after flowering. It improves soil structure and fertility by adding nutrients like nitrogen. Common green manure crops in India include dhaincha, glyricidia, and karanja, which are plowed under at the flowering stage. The benefits of green manuring include increased organic matter, improved soil structure, increased nutrient availability and crop yields. Proper timing and crop selection is important for effective green manuring.
This document discusses 15 medicinal herbs found in the Baran district: Bhumyamalaki, Nahi, Parpoti, Apamarg, Shankhapushpi, Datura, Kantakari, Makoi, Duddhi, Gorakshaganjaa, and others. For each herb, it provides the Latin name, a brief physical description, and their therapeutic uses to treat conditions like hemorrhage, jaundice, pain, fever, diabetes, skin diseases, and more. The conclusion notes that while medicinal plants can be effective alternatives to modern medicine with fewer side effects, some plants like Datura are poisonous, so care must be taken when using herbs.
Millet research status and breeding program mes in Nepalhari paneru
The document discusses millets, which are small-seeded grasses grown as cereal crops around the world. In Nepal, finger millet is an important staple food, especially in hilly regions. While research has led to some improved varieties, more work is needed to develop millet varieties with higher yields, disease resistance, early maturity, and stress tolerance to improve productivity. Techniques like hybridization combined with selection may help breed new high-yielding varieties with desired traits, though the small floret size of millets limits cross-breeding and requires techniques like emasculation or genetic male sterility systems.
Propagation methods of Important Medicinal Plantsvandanashukla18
Propagation methods for Azadirachta indica, Rauvolfia serpentina,Terminalia chebula,Terminalia bellirica, Embelica officinalis by seeds and other vegetative parts.
Huzaifa Ismail presented on the production technology of castor bean. Some key points:
- Castor bean is native to East Africa and has been grown in India and Egypt for its oil and seeds. It is drought resistant and grown in dry areas.
- It is mainly grown in Sindh and districts of Punjab like Multan and Bahawalpur. Seed bed preparation involves deep plowing and soil is kept moist.
- Sowing is done in July-August through dibbling, drilling or keera methods. Fertilizers, irrigation, weeding and insect control are important management practices.
- Harvesting begins 90-120 days after sowing through multiple pickings
- Isabgol (Plantago ovata) is an annual herb native to Persia and West Asia that is cultivated for its husk and seeds, which have laxative and soothing properties.
- The plant's husk contains mucilage made of xylose, arabinose, and galacturonic acid that absorbs and retains water, making it an effective treatment for diarrhea and intestinal irritation.
- Isabgol is grown as a winter crop in parts of India like Gujarat and Rajasthan, with varieties including Gujrat Isabgol-1 and Jawahar Isabgol-4; it grows best in sandy loam soil and requires cool, dry weather between
- Roses originated in China and are widely cultivated globally for their flowers and other uses. The top rose importing countries are Germany, USA, France, Switzerland, and UK, while the main exporters are the Netherlands, Columbia, Ecuador, Kenya, Israel, and Zimbabwe.
- There are over 150 rose species, with common varieties including hybrid tea roses, floribundas, grandifloras, miniature roses, climbers, and ramblers. Roses require specific growing conditions including temperatures between 15-18°C, soil pH between 6.2-6.8, and irrigation methods like drip irrigation.
- Rose cultivation involves land preparation, planting, use of manures and fertil
1. Jamun is a tropical tree native to India, Pakistan, Malaysia, Burma and Sri Lanka that is commonly grown for its medicinal properties and fruit.
2. Extensive collections of Jamun germplasm have been made across India and characterized, with several elite selections identified based on traits like fruit size, shape, and quality.
3. While no standard cultivars exist, propagation is commonly done through seeds which have high recalcitrance, as well as grafting and micropropagation techniques. Breeding programs aim to develop early maturing varieties with improved yield and fruit quality.
Green manuring is the practice of enriching soil fertility by plowing under or incorporating green manure crops into the soil while still green or soon after flowering. It improves soil structure and fertility by adding nutrients like nitrogen. Common green manure crops in India include dhaincha, glyricidia, and karanja, which are plowed under at the flowering stage. The benefits of green manuring include increased organic matter, improved soil structure, increased nutrient availability and crop yields. Proper timing and crop selection is important for effective green manuring.
This document discusses 15 medicinal herbs found in the Baran district: Bhumyamalaki, Nahi, Parpoti, Apamarg, Shankhapushpi, Datura, Kantakari, Makoi, Duddhi, Gorakshaganjaa, and others. For each herb, it provides the Latin name, a brief physical description, and their therapeutic uses to treat conditions like hemorrhage, jaundice, pain, fever, diabetes, skin diseases, and more. The conclusion notes that while medicinal plants can be effective alternatives to modern medicine with fewer side effects, some plants like Datura are poisonous, so care must be taken when using herbs.
Millet research status and breeding program mes in Nepalhari paneru
The document discusses millets, which are small-seeded grasses grown as cereal crops around the world. In Nepal, finger millet is an important staple food, especially in hilly regions. While research has led to some improved varieties, more work is needed to develop millet varieties with higher yields, disease resistance, early maturity, and stress tolerance to improve productivity. Techniques like hybridization combined with selection may help breed new high-yielding varieties with desired traits, though the small floret size of millets limits cross-breeding and requires techniques like emasculation or genetic male sterility systems.
Propagation methods of Important Medicinal Plantsvandanashukla18
Propagation methods for Azadirachta indica, Rauvolfia serpentina,Terminalia chebula,Terminalia bellirica, Embelica officinalis by seeds and other vegetative parts.
Huzaifa Ismail presented on the production technology of castor bean. Some key points:
- Castor bean is native to East Africa and has been grown in India and Egypt for its oil and seeds. It is drought resistant and grown in dry areas.
- It is mainly grown in Sindh and districts of Punjab like Multan and Bahawalpur. Seed bed preparation involves deep plowing and soil is kept moist.
- Sowing is done in July-August through dibbling, drilling or keera methods. Fertilizers, irrigation, weeding and insect control are important management practices.
- Harvesting begins 90-120 days after sowing through multiple pickings
- Isabgol (Plantago ovata) is an annual herb native to Persia and West Asia that is cultivated for its husk and seeds, which have laxative and soothing properties.
- The plant's husk contains mucilage made of xylose, arabinose, and galacturonic acid that absorbs and retains water, making it an effective treatment for diarrhea and intestinal irritation.
- Isabgol is grown as a winter crop in parts of India like Gujarat and Rajasthan, with varieties including Gujrat Isabgol-1 and Jawahar Isabgol-4; it grows best in sandy loam soil and requires cool, dry weather between
- Roses originated in China and are widely cultivated globally for their flowers and other uses. The top rose importing countries are Germany, USA, France, Switzerland, and UK, while the main exporters are the Netherlands, Columbia, Ecuador, Kenya, Israel, and Zimbabwe.
- There are over 150 rose species, with common varieties including hybrid tea roses, floribundas, grandifloras, miniature roses, climbers, and ramblers. Roses require specific growing conditions including temperatures between 15-18°C, soil pH between 6.2-6.8, and irrigation methods like drip irrigation.
- Rose cultivation involves land preparation, planting, use of manures and fertil
1. Jamun is a tropical tree native to India, Pakistan, Malaysia, Burma and Sri Lanka that is commonly grown for its medicinal properties and fruit.
2. Extensive collections of Jamun germplasm have been made across India and characterized, with several elite selections identified based on traits like fruit size, shape, and quality.
3. While no standard cultivars exist, propagation is commonly done through seeds which have high recalcitrance, as well as grafting and micropropagation techniques. Breeding programs aim to develop early maturing varieties with improved yield and fruit quality.
Micropropagation is a proven means of producing millions of identical plants under a controlled and aseptic condition, independent of seasonal constraints. It not only provides economy of time and space but also gives greater output and allows further augmentation of elite disease free propagules.India is homeland of many important fruit crops such as Indian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis Gaertn), bael (Aegle marmelos Corr.), Guava (, Psidium guajava), jamun or black plum (Syzygium cuminii L. Skeels.), Mango (Mangifera indica) and Papaya (Carica papaya).
This document discusses techniques for seed coating and pelleting to improve seed vigor and crop establishment. Seed coating involves applying a thin substance to the seed coat to enhance germination without changing the seed shape. Pelleting encloses seeds in a small quantity of inert material to facilitate precision planting and provide nutrients. Specific benefits include more even application of nutrients or chemicals, less waste, easier planting, and improved seedling emergence, stands, and weed control. Common coating and pelleting materials include gums, polymers, clays, and limestone.
The document discusses the classification, formulations, and methods of application of herbicides. It describes how herbicides are classified based on their method of application, mode of action, mobility, and time of application. The document also outlines common herbicide formulations like emulsifiable concentrates, wettable powders, and granules. It provides details on application methods for both soil-applied and foliar-applied herbicides.
Turmeric is a plant with a root, plant, flower, and leaves. According to traditional Ayurvedic medicine, turmeric acts as a natural antibiotic while also strengthening digestion and improving intestinal health. It purifies and warms the blood while stimulating new blood tissue formation.
This document discusses weed management in wheat crops. It provides background on the origin and history of wheat, noting it first grew in the Middle East around 11,000 years ago and was cultivated widely by 4,000 BC. Weeds can cause up to 35% crop loss globally and 3% loss specifically in wheat. They affect wheat quality and compete for water and nutrients. The document outlines cultural, mechanical, and chemical weed control methods for wheat fields, including using weed-free seed, crop rotation, tillage, and herbicides. It also describes common wheat weeds in the region and recommended herbicide applications and timings.
Goods can be categorized based on excludability and rivalrousness into private goods, public goods, common resources, and club goods. Private goods are excludable and rival, while public goods are non-excludable and non-rival. Common resources are non-excludable but rival, which can lead to overuse and degradation of the resource. Club goods are excludable but non-rival up to a point of congestion. The tragedy of the commons refers to how individuals acting in their own self-interest can ultimately deplete a common resource, as was conceptualized by Lloyd and Hardin.
Plant growth regulators are molecules that influence plant development and include natural and synthetic hormones. Natural hormones include auxins, gibberellins, ethylene, abscisic acid, and cytokinins. They control various growth processes like elongation, flowering, fruit ripening, and responses to stress. Common synthetic regulators are NAA and 2,4-D which are used as rooting agents and herbicides respectively to induce uncontrolled growth. Both natural and synthetic regulators have various agricultural and horticultural applications.
Biodynamic farming is a method that treats farms as living systems that interact with the environment. It aims to build healthy soil and produce nourishing food. Key principles include using biodynamic preparations to stimulate soil nutrient cycles and composting. The preparations are made from manures and plants combined with parts of animals and fermented, and are believed to enhance soil and plant health. Biodynamic farming follows lunar and planetary rhythms and cycles of nature. Experimental results show biodynamic techniques can increase yields and nutrient levels compared to chemical-based farming.
This document summarizes information about milk thistle. It describes the general appearance and uses of milk thistle, including that extracts from its seeds have been used to treat liver disorders, gallbladder disorders, high cholesterol, and mushroom poisoning. Some potential side effects are discussed, such as nausea, diarrhea, and rashes. Conditions that may make someone unsuitable for milk thistle supplements include excess acid in the body, low potassium, high blood pressure, liver problems, and kidney or heart issues. Dosage and contraindications are also mentioned.
Azolla cultivation guide ( Rich proteins feed for cattle poultry fish and pig)Amar Sawant
This document provides information on cultivating the aquatic fern Azolla. It notes that Azolla is a sustainable feed source for various livestock that is high in nutrients. The document outlines the benefits of Azolla, including as a feed source, biofertilizer, weed control, and for mosquito control. It then provides detailed instructions for cultivating Azolla, including creating a pond, adding soil and nutrients, and maintaining optimal growing conditions. Tips are included for harvesting and feeding Azolla to animals. In conclusion, the document states that Azolla cultivation can reduce costs associated with feed and fertilizer when grown properly.
Rice is a plant that originated in Asia, with the earliest records dating back to 3500 BC in Thailand. It is predominantly grown and consumed in Asia, with over 90% of global production occurring across Asian countries. There are several varieties of rice, including indica, japonica, and javanica, which differ in traits like plant height, tillering ability, and grain characteristics. Rice is grown across a variety of ecosystems, including irrigated, rainfed lowland, upland, and deepwater conditions, with different production levels depending on water availability. The morphology of rice includes roots, stems, leaves, panicles, spikelets, and grains.
Jeevamrut is a microbial culture prepared from cow dung, urine, jaggery, pulses flour, and soil. It is used as a natural fertilizer in organic farming to provide nutrients to crops. The document discusses the ingredients and procedure for making both liquid and solid forms of Jeevamrut. Benefits include improving soil pH and microbial levels while increasing crop yields and plant/soil health. Precautions include keeping the mixture in shade and avoiding direct sunlight or long storage times.
This document discusses the field of ethnobotany, which studies the relationship between societies and plants. It provides examples of traditional medicine systems in Asia that incorporate extensive knowledge of herbal medicines, including Ayurveda (India), Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tibetan medicine, and Unani medicine. The document notes that ethnobotany is important for the conservation of medicinal plant resources and community development. It discusses specific ethnobotanical studies conducted in India, China, and Northeast India to document traditional knowledge and its application to sustainable management of medicinal plant resources.
Cymbopogon flexuosus, commonly known as lemon grass, is a tall perennial grass native to Asia, South America, and Africa. It has tufted stems that arise from short rhizomes and contain a distinct citrus flavor. There are two main varieties - C. flexuosus var. flexuosus, which has reddish stems and high oil content, and C. flexuosus var. albescens, which has white stems and lower oil content. Lemongrass oil is extracted through steam distillation and has various pharmacological properties including antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and insect repellent effects. It is cultivated for its oil, which is used in
Production Technology of Papaya 5 (1).pptxmukeshmehta53
This document provides information on the production technology of papaya. Some key points:
- Papaya is a tropical fruit cultivated worldwide in tropical and subtropical regions. The major producing states in India are Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, and Karnataka.
- Common varieties grown in India include Coorg Honey Dew, Arka Prabhat, Surya, and Red Lady Dwarf. Propagation is primarily through seeds, though tissue culture is also used.
- Papaya grows best in warm, humid climates without frost and requires well-drained soil. Proper spacing and planting methods are outlined. The document details production practices and pest/disease management.
This PPT contains the Production Technology of Curry leaf. This includes Curry leaf Taxonomy, Origin, Distribution, Varieties, Land Preparation, Soil, Propagation, Irrigation, Manure and Fertilizer, Disease, Pests and management, Harvesting, Yield with Clear Image.
This document discusses hybrid seed production techniques in cucurbits such as cucumber. It notes that most cucurbits are monoecious with male and female flowers on the same plant. For hybrid seed production, male and female plants must be isolated and hand-pollinated. The female flowers are bagged before opening and rubbed with pollen from the male variety. After pollination, the bags are replaced to prevent cross-pollination. Seeds are later harvested from mature fruits. Key production steps include isolation, rouging, harvesting at maturity, and seed extraction methods like fermentation.
This document summarizes information about banana cultivation in Maharashtra, India. It discusses the leading banana varieties grown in the state like Basrai, key cultivation practices including soil and climate requirements, planting methods, irrigation, fertilization and intercultural operations. It also outlines some of the major banana diseases found in the region such as Panama wilt, sigatoka leaf spot and bunchy top virus, and their management strategies. Maharashtra is one of the top banana producing states in India with an average yield of 28.7 tons/ha, significantly higher than the national average of 13.8 tons/ha.
Syzygium cumini, commonly known as jamun, is a tropical tree native to India and other parts of Asia. It produces purplish-black fruits that are high in anthocyanins. The tree has great economic importance as most parts are used in traditional medicine and its wood is strong and termite resistant. The fruits contain many phytochemicals and minerals that have been shown to have health benefits such as controlling blood sugar, antioxidant effects, anti-inflammatory properties, and more. There is potential for the fruits and other parts of the tree to be developed into nutraceuticals. However, more clinical research is still needed to study the effects of S. cumini extracts on human health.
The document discusses various in situ conservation methods for medicinal plants, including biosphere reserves, national parks, sanctuaries, sacred groves, reserved and protected forests, and wetlands. It defines each method and provides examples of areas in India that utilize each approach. In situ conservation aims to protect medicinal plants within their natural habitats to maintain genetic diversity while allowing sustainable use of resources. Methods engage local communities and consider ecological, social, and economic factors.
Micropropagation is a proven means of producing millions of identical plants under a controlled and aseptic condition, independent of seasonal constraints. It not only provides economy of time and space but also gives greater output and allows further augmentation of elite disease free propagules.India is homeland of many important fruit crops such as Indian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis Gaertn), bael (Aegle marmelos Corr.), Guava (, Psidium guajava), jamun or black plum (Syzygium cuminii L. Skeels.), Mango (Mangifera indica) and Papaya (Carica papaya).
This document discusses techniques for seed coating and pelleting to improve seed vigor and crop establishment. Seed coating involves applying a thin substance to the seed coat to enhance germination without changing the seed shape. Pelleting encloses seeds in a small quantity of inert material to facilitate precision planting and provide nutrients. Specific benefits include more even application of nutrients or chemicals, less waste, easier planting, and improved seedling emergence, stands, and weed control. Common coating and pelleting materials include gums, polymers, clays, and limestone.
The document discusses the classification, formulations, and methods of application of herbicides. It describes how herbicides are classified based on their method of application, mode of action, mobility, and time of application. The document also outlines common herbicide formulations like emulsifiable concentrates, wettable powders, and granules. It provides details on application methods for both soil-applied and foliar-applied herbicides.
Turmeric is a plant with a root, plant, flower, and leaves. According to traditional Ayurvedic medicine, turmeric acts as a natural antibiotic while also strengthening digestion and improving intestinal health. It purifies and warms the blood while stimulating new blood tissue formation.
This document discusses weed management in wheat crops. It provides background on the origin and history of wheat, noting it first grew in the Middle East around 11,000 years ago and was cultivated widely by 4,000 BC. Weeds can cause up to 35% crop loss globally and 3% loss specifically in wheat. They affect wheat quality and compete for water and nutrients. The document outlines cultural, mechanical, and chemical weed control methods for wheat fields, including using weed-free seed, crop rotation, tillage, and herbicides. It also describes common wheat weeds in the region and recommended herbicide applications and timings.
Goods can be categorized based on excludability and rivalrousness into private goods, public goods, common resources, and club goods. Private goods are excludable and rival, while public goods are non-excludable and non-rival. Common resources are non-excludable but rival, which can lead to overuse and degradation of the resource. Club goods are excludable but non-rival up to a point of congestion. The tragedy of the commons refers to how individuals acting in their own self-interest can ultimately deplete a common resource, as was conceptualized by Lloyd and Hardin.
Plant growth regulators are molecules that influence plant development and include natural and synthetic hormones. Natural hormones include auxins, gibberellins, ethylene, abscisic acid, and cytokinins. They control various growth processes like elongation, flowering, fruit ripening, and responses to stress. Common synthetic regulators are NAA and 2,4-D which are used as rooting agents and herbicides respectively to induce uncontrolled growth. Both natural and synthetic regulators have various agricultural and horticultural applications.
Biodynamic farming is a method that treats farms as living systems that interact with the environment. It aims to build healthy soil and produce nourishing food. Key principles include using biodynamic preparations to stimulate soil nutrient cycles and composting. The preparations are made from manures and plants combined with parts of animals and fermented, and are believed to enhance soil and plant health. Biodynamic farming follows lunar and planetary rhythms and cycles of nature. Experimental results show biodynamic techniques can increase yields and nutrient levels compared to chemical-based farming.
This document summarizes information about milk thistle. It describes the general appearance and uses of milk thistle, including that extracts from its seeds have been used to treat liver disorders, gallbladder disorders, high cholesterol, and mushroom poisoning. Some potential side effects are discussed, such as nausea, diarrhea, and rashes. Conditions that may make someone unsuitable for milk thistle supplements include excess acid in the body, low potassium, high blood pressure, liver problems, and kidney or heart issues. Dosage and contraindications are also mentioned.
Azolla cultivation guide ( Rich proteins feed for cattle poultry fish and pig)Amar Sawant
This document provides information on cultivating the aquatic fern Azolla. It notes that Azolla is a sustainable feed source for various livestock that is high in nutrients. The document outlines the benefits of Azolla, including as a feed source, biofertilizer, weed control, and for mosquito control. It then provides detailed instructions for cultivating Azolla, including creating a pond, adding soil and nutrients, and maintaining optimal growing conditions. Tips are included for harvesting and feeding Azolla to animals. In conclusion, the document states that Azolla cultivation can reduce costs associated with feed and fertilizer when grown properly.
Rice is a plant that originated in Asia, with the earliest records dating back to 3500 BC in Thailand. It is predominantly grown and consumed in Asia, with over 90% of global production occurring across Asian countries. There are several varieties of rice, including indica, japonica, and javanica, which differ in traits like plant height, tillering ability, and grain characteristics. Rice is grown across a variety of ecosystems, including irrigated, rainfed lowland, upland, and deepwater conditions, with different production levels depending on water availability. The morphology of rice includes roots, stems, leaves, panicles, spikelets, and grains.
Jeevamrut is a microbial culture prepared from cow dung, urine, jaggery, pulses flour, and soil. It is used as a natural fertilizer in organic farming to provide nutrients to crops. The document discusses the ingredients and procedure for making both liquid and solid forms of Jeevamrut. Benefits include improving soil pH and microbial levels while increasing crop yields and plant/soil health. Precautions include keeping the mixture in shade and avoiding direct sunlight or long storage times.
This document discusses the field of ethnobotany, which studies the relationship between societies and plants. It provides examples of traditional medicine systems in Asia that incorporate extensive knowledge of herbal medicines, including Ayurveda (India), Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tibetan medicine, and Unani medicine. The document notes that ethnobotany is important for the conservation of medicinal plant resources and community development. It discusses specific ethnobotanical studies conducted in India, China, and Northeast India to document traditional knowledge and its application to sustainable management of medicinal plant resources.
Cymbopogon flexuosus, commonly known as lemon grass, is a tall perennial grass native to Asia, South America, and Africa. It has tufted stems that arise from short rhizomes and contain a distinct citrus flavor. There are two main varieties - C. flexuosus var. flexuosus, which has reddish stems and high oil content, and C. flexuosus var. albescens, which has white stems and lower oil content. Lemongrass oil is extracted through steam distillation and has various pharmacological properties including antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and insect repellent effects. It is cultivated for its oil, which is used in
Production Technology of Papaya 5 (1).pptxmukeshmehta53
This document provides information on the production technology of papaya. Some key points:
- Papaya is a tropical fruit cultivated worldwide in tropical and subtropical regions. The major producing states in India are Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, and Karnataka.
- Common varieties grown in India include Coorg Honey Dew, Arka Prabhat, Surya, and Red Lady Dwarf. Propagation is primarily through seeds, though tissue culture is also used.
- Papaya grows best in warm, humid climates without frost and requires well-drained soil. Proper spacing and planting methods are outlined. The document details production practices and pest/disease management.
This PPT contains the Production Technology of Curry leaf. This includes Curry leaf Taxonomy, Origin, Distribution, Varieties, Land Preparation, Soil, Propagation, Irrigation, Manure and Fertilizer, Disease, Pests and management, Harvesting, Yield with Clear Image.
This document discusses hybrid seed production techniques in cucurbits such as cucumber. It notes that most cucurbits are monoecious with male and female flowers on the same plant. For hybrid seed production, male and female plants must be isolated and hand-pollinated. The female flowers are bagged before opening and rubbed with pollen from the male variety. After pollination, the bags are replaced to prevent cross-pollination. Seeds are later harvested from mature fruits. Key production steps include isolation, rouging, harvesting at maturity, and seed extraction methods like fermentation.
This document summarizes information about banana cultivation in Maharashtra, India. It discusses the leading banana varieties grown in the state like Basrai, key cultivation practices including soil and climate requirements, planting methods, irrigation, fertilization and intercultural operations. It also outlines some of the major banana diseases found in the region such as Panama wilt, sigatoka leaf spot and bunchy top virus, and their management strategies. Maharashtra is one of the top banana producing states in India with an average yield of 28.7 tons/ha, significantly higher than the national average of 13.8 tons/ha.
Syzygium cumini, commonly known as jamun, is a tropical tree native to India and other parts of Asia. It produces purplish-black fruits that are high in anthocyanins. The tree has great economic importance as most parts are used in traditional medicine and its wood is strong and termite resistant. The fruits contain many phytochemicals and minerals that have been shown to have health benefits such as controlling blood sugar, antioxidant effects, anti-inflammatory properties, and more. There is potential for the fruits and other parts of the tree to be developed into nutraceuticals. However, more clinical research is still needed to study the effects of S. cumini extracts on human health.
The document discusses various in situ conservation methods for medicinal plants, including biosphere reserves, national parks, sanctuaries, sacred groves, reserved and protected forests, and wetlands. It defines each method and provides examples of areas in India that utilize each approach. In situ conservation aims to protect medicinal plants within their natural habitats to maintain genetic diversity while allowing sustainable use of resources. Methods engage local communities and consider ecological, social, and economic factors.
Conservation & Sustainable Utility of Medicinal Plants - Dr Akhilraj A RAkhilraj A R
This document summarizes the conservation and sustainable use of medicinal plants. It discusses how medicinal plants have been used for centuries as the primary healthcare for 80% of developing countries. However, increasing demand and habitat loss have endangered many species. Overharvesting, deforestation, and lack of traditional knowledge threaten medicinal plants. Conservation strategies like protected areas, propagation, and reducing anthropogenic pressures can help sustainably use the estimated 6,000-7,000 medicinal plant species in India. Both in situ and ex situ conservation are needed to protect biodiversity and ensure continued access to medicinal plants.
The document discusses strategies for conserving medicinal plants, which include both in-situ conservation of plants in their natural habitats as well as ex-situ conservation methods like gene banks, herbal gardens, and nurseries. It outlines threats to medicinal plants from habitat loss and overharvesting and the need to protect endangered species. Various national and international agencies have formulated policies aimed at sustainably using plant resources while preserving biodiversity and supporting traditional knowledge.
Challenges and Strategies of Marketing of Medicinal PlantsAI Publications
Fieldwork undertaken in specific locations between 2019 and 2021 is crucial to the findings of this study. This study draws on secondary data collected from interviews with key informants at medical drug manufacturing firms in Rajasthan's Jaisalmer area. The study's overarching goal is to assess the current state of the market for medicinal plants, with a focus on easily accessible varieties, as well as the opportunities, threats, and tactics associated with marketing these products in the region under investigation.
Commercial Cultivation and Processing of MAP in MeghalayaSanjay Talukdar
Understood requirements from forest departments, village forest committees and other stakeholders, gathered information, researched, planned & designed the proposal for Forest Department of Meghalaya.
Secondary research, planning & designing the project which included the implementation plan, budgeting, feasibility study analysis.
Demand and Supply Situation for Medicinal PlantsAI Publications
From 2020 to 2015, it was predicted that the demand for medicinal plants in India will increase at an annual pace of between 17 and 23 percent to meet the needs of both domestic and international consumers. Small-scale farmers stand to gain financially and economically from a well-organized medicinal plant production and administration system. Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha are the three main Indian medical traditions, and together they are expected to bring in more than $500 million annually. In 2015, the gap between demand and supply of MAPs was predicted to be between 50,000 and 250,000 tons. In 2020, this hole was predicted to grow from 250,000 to 500,000 metric tons. Modified accelerated production (MAP) industries provide labor opportunities in economically depressed states, raising the standard of living and tax base of the area.
Conservation of Medicinal Plants/ B. Pharm/ Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry I ...Pranita Sunar
rich medicinal plant heritage.
A variety of medicinal plants are found primarily in forests, while some are also cultivated.
Conservation is the process of managing the biosphere in order to increase its benefit to the current generation while preserving the potential for future generations.
Conservation of Plant resource is a global concern since we are unaware of what we're losing or what we'll need in the future.
Many medicinal plants are threatened by various primary and secondary factors. Habitat loss due to increasing human activity, forest decline, spread of alien species, destructive collection of plant species, industrialization, over exploitation, changes in agricultural practices, excessive use of agrochemicals, natural and manmade calamities, genetic erosion etc., are threats to medicinal plants.
In India, an extensive amount of medicinal plants are extracted out of the wild to fulfil the rising demand of raw materials for both domestic and international trade. The effect is that the natural resources are quickly running out.
Medicinal plants promote livelihood security, farming, cultural identity, and health. Therefore, the germplasm needs to be conserved, grown and maintained for future use.
Studies in Ethnobotany Focus on Traditional Plant Applications and Indigenous...AI Publications
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Forest, Animal and Fisheries Research that discusses the field of ethnobotany. Ethnobotany studies the relationships between plants and traditional societies, including how indigenous groups use plants for food, medicine, and other purposes. The article provides background on ethnobotany and discusses research on traditional plant knowledge and medicinal plant use among indigenous groups in India and other areas. It describes the authors' fieldwork methods for collecting plant specimens and interviewing traditional healers to document ethnobotanical knowledge and medicinal plant uses.
The present study aims to emphasize the local traditional herbal treatment used for two major gynec problems: painful delivery and retention of placenta in domestic cattle. Data collection was done through individual survey, pre-structured questionnaires, group discussions and field study on ailing animals, their method of treatment by local healers, plants materials collection, methods of drug preparation, dose and modes of drug administration with repetitions in the subsequent periods for verification of accuracy. Altogether 12 plant species belonging to 10 families used in 10 preparations and 14 plants belonging to 13 families used in 12 preparations for treatment of painful delivery and retained of placenta respectively. Mostly single plant preparations are used for treatment. Almost all the plant parts like whole plant, root, rhizome, leaves, flowers, fruit, seeds, seed-oil, bark etc are used in the preparations. Findings are encouraging i.e. percentage of success in treatment is above 90%, elderly people have more knowledge of traditional herbal treatment, and traditional herbal practitioners use single plants or plant parts for drug preparation to treat these aliments.
All these plants of ethnoveterinary importance and herbal preparations need to be popularized for their wide application and acceptance.
ABSTRACT- Medicinal plants have been used from the Vedic era. For thousands of years, they have been used to treat and prevent many types of diseases along with epidemics. Some medicinal plants also utilized as pleasant condiments, to flavor, to dye, for conserve food etc. Almost every portion of the plant has own medicinal properties. Different types of secondary metabolites found in the medicinal plants which play an important role in many kinds of diseases and also used for manufacturing medicines. A large number of the plants are also reported to possess many other activities like anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-insecticidal, anti-parasitic, antibiotic, anti-hemolytic properties etc, also used widely by the tribal people all over the world. The traditional medicinal uses of 23 plants species belonging to different families are reported in this review article. Key-words- Traditional medicine, Medicinal plants, Anti-oxidant, Medicinal plants
A Survey on Ethnoveterinary Medicines used by the Tribal Peoples of Kalasapad...ijtsrd
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Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Effects of Leaf and Root Extracts o...inventionjournals
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Costus speciosus: Medicinally Wild Edible Stout of OdishaSanjeet Kumar
- Costus speciosus is a wild rhizomatous plant found in Odisha, India that has nutritional and medicinal value. It is used extensively in traditional medicine by rural and tribal people.
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- In addition to its medicinal properties, C. speciosus is a good source of nutrients like vitamins, carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. Mass cultivation of the plant through tissue culture could help conserve it while
ABSTRACT- Aritar is hilly area and altitude of the area varies from 800-3000 meter. The region harbor different tribal communities like Lepcha, Bhutia, Sherpa, Limboo, Newar, Chettri, Bhaun, Rai, Tamang, Sunwar, and Gurung. Due to the diversity of different tribal communities, traditional healers of different groups are found in this area. Medicinal importances of different plants were recorded after conducting interview with traditional healers, old man, women of different tribal communities of the area. The traditional medicinal uses of 50 plants species belonging to 38 families are reported in my study.
Key-words- Ethnomedicinal, Aritar, East Sikkim, Traditional healers, Lepcha, Bhutia, Sherpa, Limboo, Newar, Chettri, Bhaun, Rai, Tamang, Sunwar, Gurung
This document discusses a study on the phytochemical constituents and physicochemical properties of Moringa oleifera plants around Bule Hora, Ethiopia. Researchers qualitatively tested Moringa oleifera extracts for various phytochemicals and quantitatively analyzed selected physicochemical properties. Phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, and steroid-glycosides were found in high amounts in the plant extracts, while anthraquinones, proteins, and fixed oils/fats were not detected. The study also measured moisture content, total ash value, saponification value, refractive index, acid value, and solubility of ethanol and methanol extracts. The results suggest Moringa oleifera contains active phytoc
Banana is the fourth largest produced food crop of the world and its demand is increasing day by day. It is available throw out the year and its cost is very less in comparison to other fruits. With the development in science new tissue culture protocols are standardized for mass propagation of Musa (Banana) on the basis of effects of plant growth regulators. BAP (6-Benzyl Amino Purine), KN (Kinetin) are most widely used cytokinins for shoot proliferation and IAA (Indole -3-acetic acid), NAA (Naphathalene acetic acid) are widely used auxins for root induction.
Loss of Flora of Ethnobotanical Significance in Indian Thar Desert and its Co...ijtsrd
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Bilva conservation and propagation
1. Bilva: Conservation and Propagation Method for prevention of
being extinct.
21 May 2018 1
Presented By:- Guide:-
Dr. Gagendra Gautam
M.D Scholar(Dravyaguna)
Govt. Ayurveda College Patna
Dr.(Prof.) Vijay Shankar Dubey
M.D. Ph.D
Govt. Ayurveda College Patna
2. Introduction
It is amazing for us when it comes to our knowledge that
the plant which is integral part of our religious and
cultural life, in addition to its medicinal properties.
Bilva (Aegle marmelos ) has been in danger of sliding
down towards extinction[Tandon and Thayil (1995)].
Endangered Status:The foundation for revitalization of local
health traditions (FRLHT), Banglore, India listed bael
(A.marmelos) as rare, endangered and
threatened (RET) species, specifically
endangered species.
3. Why is Bilva on the verge of extinction?
1.Bilva is a medium size tree which conventionally propagates
through seed. Conventional method of its propagation are
season dependent, slow and labour intensive.
2.Seed have short viability and low vigor due to which seed
germination index is low.
3.Seeds are embedded in fruit which takes almost eleven month
to mature, hence seed production is very slow and also it is
prone to insect attack.
4.Few method of reproduction of bilva other than conventional
method are successful.
4. 5.Vegetative propagation of plant through root suckers is slow,
difficult and cumbersome.
6.Hundred of medicinal formulations are described in ayurvedic
texts and other traditional medicine. Today alone in ayurveda
about 66 formulations available in market having bilva and its
part as important ingredient. This presents intense pressure on
current population of the plants.
5. 7.People are generally not properly aware of the medicinal
value and present condition of plant population in the country,
so they are indifferent towards the conservation of plants.
8.Indiscriminate exploitation of natural resources causes habitat
loss, which resulted in the disappearance of bilva in wild
source and the species became vulnerable.
6. Conservation & Propagation methods
1.Afforestation:-It is a conventional method of plant
conservation. To prevent bilva from extinction strong
afforestation is need of time along with development of
new varieties.
2.Employment of pre and post harvest management
technique for the purpose of seed germination and vigour
and also for mass multiplication of seedlings.
7. 3. Production of viable seed:- For this purpose fruit colour
is employed. The fruits are divided in three colour group:-
a. Greenish
b. Greenish-yellow
c. Yellow
Seeds are obtained from these fruits and grown in nursery and later
on transferred to field. The result was as follows:-
Colour of Fruits Germination
& Vigour
a. greenish 40-45%
b. greenish-yellow 50-55%
c. yellow 70-75%
Thus post harvesting of fruits are critical for the germination and
vigour of seed.
8. 4. Clonal micropropagation:-Varghese et al(1993), Ajit
kumar & Seeni (1998) developed this method for the
propagation of bilva. They used mature nodal explants for
the clonal propagation.
5.Ethanoconservation:-
Since Bilva has multiple useful properties, its over-exploitation
has had historical concern. In order to prevent overexploitation,
the ethanoconservationists had attached this tree with the Lord
Shiva and goddess Laxmi so that people can pay regard to this
important useful plant species and avoid destroying it.The
traditional herbal healer can collect required plant parts as per
their need in appropriate season and conserve the plant species
from disappearing.
9. 6.National Medicinal Plant Board:-It is an organization of
government of India working for the conservation, distribution,
development and propagation of medicinal plants. It has placed
bilva in priority list of 32 medicinal plants. About 35
promotional projects have been sanctioned by National
Medicinal Plant Board in last five years for the study of
various aspects of Bilva which includes ex-situ and in-situ
conservation, Intercropping, large scale propagation, value
addition etc. For the purpose of cultivation and sustainable
utilization of bilva plants, NMPB had also started two major
schemes: Contractual farming and promotional projects.
7. There is a need traditional institutions, NGOs, educational
institutions to come forward to conserve such an useful tree
species by formulating and implementing certain regulatory
mechanism along with like-minded organizations.
10. Conclusion
Bilva is an indigenous plant species which are described in vedic literature.
Almost all the ayurvedic text has description of medicinal properties of Bilva.
It is only plant whose apkva phala (Unripe fruit) are used in medicine.Tri-
foliate leaves of the plant represents three gods Bramha,Vishnu And
Mahesh.
It is also indicator of three mahaguna Satva, Raja, And Tama. These three guna
are driving force of human life. This trifoliate leaves also denotes the human
health i.e. physical, mental and spiritual well-being. Bilva is attached to
people culturally. They used bael patra for the worship of lord Shiva and
Laxmi.
There are hundred of traditional formulations in which bilva is used as an
ingredient. Its medicinal properties causes its overexploitation. In the
consequence today bilva is on the verge of extinction.
For the conservation and promotion of this plant species a lot of methods such
as afforestation, tissue culture, ethanoconservation etc. are employed. Apart
from this National Medicinal Plant Board, CCRAS, ICMAR and many
other organizations are conducting projects for the very purpose of this plant
species.
11. References
http://lifesciencesleaflets.ning.com/ . Physiol. Mol. Biol. Plants,
14(4)–October, 2008
Aegle marmelos:A Review on its Medicinal PropertiesPushpendra K.
Patel*1, Jyoti Sahu 1, Lokesh Sahu , Narendra K.1 Prajapati, B.K. Dubey
Research journal of botany
http://www.academicjournals.org/JMPR
Indian journal of traditional knowledge
Yadav, K., Singh, N. - In vitro propagation and biochemical analysis of
field established wood apple (Aegle marmelos L.)
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284679150
Bael (Aegle marmelos) Extraordinary Species of India: A Review Neeraj,
Vinita Bisht and Vishal Johar*
https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.603.213
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