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Conservation of Medicinal Plants/ B. Pharm/ Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry I notes.

The document discusses the conservation of medicinal plants in India, highlighting their rich biodiversity and the various threats they face, such as habitat loss and over-exploitation. It emphasizes the need for conservation strategies, including ex-situ and in-situ approaches, to protect these plants for future generations and meet the growing international market demand. The importance of community involvement and sustainable practices is also underscored in the conservation efforts.

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Conservation of Medicinal Plants B.PharmIVthSemester Pharmacognosy&Phytochemistry I Pranita Sunar Asst. Professor, Mata Gujri College of Pharmacy, Kishanganj.
Content 1. Introduction 2. Definition 3. Threats to medicinal plants 4. Need for conservation of medicinal plants 5. Conservation strategies for medicinal plants
Introduction • India is floristically rich and is recognized as medicinal plant garden of the world. It has a rich medicinal plant heritage. • A variety of medicinal plants are found primarily in forests, while some are also cultivated. • Conservation is the process of managing the biosphere in order to increase its benefit to the current generation while preserving the potential for future generations. • Conservation of Plant resource is a global concern since we are unaware of what we're losing or what we'll need in the future.
Definition Conservation is defined as protection, restoration and enhancement of variety of life forms in an area so that the abundant distribution of species and communities contributes to the sustainable development. The primary goal is to preserve the genetic potential of species and population to adapt both long-term and short-term environmental changes and avoid extinction.
Threats to medicinal plants • Many medicinal plants are threatened by various primary and secondary factors. Habitat loss due to increasing human activity, forest decline, spread of alien species, destructive collection of plant species, industrialization, over exploitation, changes in agricultural practices, excessive use of agrochemicals, natural and manmade calamities, genetic erosion etc., are threats to medicinal plants. • 70 to 80 medicinal plants out of 300, are suspected to be threatened or endangered in South India. Therefore, it's important to find a balance between protection and utilization of these medicinal plants.
Need for conservation of medicinal plants • To meet the requirements of expanding regional and international markets healthcare products and needs of growing populations. • In India, an extensive amount of medicinal plants are extracted out of the wild to fulfil the rising demand of raw materials for both domestic and international trade. The effect is that the natural resources are quickly running out. • Medicinal plants promote livelihood security, farming, cultural identity, and health. Therefore, the germplasm needs to be conserved, grown and maintained for future use.
Conservation strategies for medicinal plants The two main strategies are involved in conservation of endangered species of medicinal plants:  Ex-Situ Conservation  In-Situ Conservation 1. Ex-Situ Conservation Ex-situ conservation is the preservation or protection of species outside their natural habitats. This involves conservation of genetic resources of wild as well as cultivated species on a diverse body of techniques and facilities. It fulfills the requirement of present or future economic, social and environmental needs.
It includes the following: 1. Field gene banks (method of planting plants for conservation of genes), Arboretum such as Pinetum, Bamboosetum, Palmetum and Orchidarium etc. 2. Storage of plant parts/tissues viz., buds, seeds, embryos, meristems, callus, ovule, pollen etc. 3. Cryo banks and DNA banks. *Cryopreservation The process of freezing biological material (germplasm) at extreme low temperatures,(-196 °C/-321 °F) in liquid nitrogen (N2). At these low temperatures, all biological activity stops, including the biochemical reactions. The process of cooling and storing cells, tissues, or organs at very low temperatures to maintain their viability.
2. In-Situ Conservation • In-situ conservation is the on-site conservation or the conservation of genetic resources in natural habitats of plant or animal species (i.e., within the ecosystem to which it is adapted). No In-situ conservation project can succeed without the complete cooperation and involvement of local people. It includes the following: • Biosphere reserves : Sundarban reserve forest in Bangladesh & Siruvani hills in South India . • Sacred Groves: Ficus religiosa (Peepal) tree and Ficus benghalensis (Banyan) tree. • Sanctuaries: Mahananda wildlife sanctuaries, Sundarban wildlife sanctuary, Chinnar wildlife sanctuary. • National parks, • Protected areas.
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