The document summarizes the 10 amendments that make up the Bill of Rights in the US Constitution. It provides context around the debate between Federalists and Anti-Federalists, with Anti-Federalists wanting additional protections for individual rights added in the form of a Bill of Rights. It then proceeds to summarize each of the 10 amendments, including key rights they protect such as freedom of religion, speech, press; rights of criminal defendants; limits on searches and seizures; and the reservation of powers not delegated to the federal government to the states and people.

2. Bill of Rights

3. The Bill of Rights
10
The Bill of Rights make up the first _______ amendments in the U.S.
Constitution

4. Federalist vs. Anti-Federalist
Anti-Federalist:
- Opposed the Constitution
- Were concerned that a strong national government was a threat to individual rights.
- Feared that the President would become a king
AND…..
- Wanted a Bill of Rights to be added to the Constitution

5. Federalist vs. Anti-Federalist
The Federalists (John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton) said:
- Separation of Powers along with Checks and Balances protected the rights
of the people
- Is a list of ten rights really going to cover all the rights American citizens
want/need? If you can cover all of them, then why have any at all.

6. First Amendment
“Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free
exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people
peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.”
Religion
Speech
Assembly
Press
• Freedom of _______ , _______ , _______ , _______ and _______
Petition
Examples:
- Martin Luther King Jr’s “I Have A Dream Speech”
- Petitioning a local representative to express how you would like
them to vote

7. Second Amendment
“A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to
keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.”
The Right to Bear _______
Arms
- Originally written to protect common people from British soldiers.
- Protect self, home, and other personal property.

8. Third Amendment
“No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the
Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law”
-A.K.A.  The Quartering Amendment
-Response to the British Quartering Act which forced American colonists to
house (quarter) and feed British soldiers as needed.
Examples:
None – There has never been a case involving the Third Amendment

9. Fourth Amendment
“The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable
searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause,
supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons
or things to be seized”
- Protects people from unreasonable search and seizures.
Example/Reason:
-Before and during the Revolutionary War the British would search ships and homes without
warrants or cause
-New Jersey vs. T.L.O. – She (T.L.O.) argued her 4th Amendment rights had been violated.

10. Fifth Amendment
“No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of
a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or
public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be
compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process
of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.”
- Protects citizens from unfair treatments of the court
- Guarantees the rights to due process and grand jury screening of criminal indictments
Example:
- Miranda vs. Arizona (1966) -- defendants must be informed of their rights to an attorney and against
self-incrimination prior to interrogation by police.

12. Sixth Amendment
“In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State
and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to
be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory
process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence.”
Allows a
defendant the
right to:
- A speedy and public trial
- A trial by an impartial jury
- Compel witnesses to appear in court
- Be informed of criminal charges
- Assistance of counsel
- Confront witnesses
Reason:
- The British would take American criminals,
especially soldiers, to court in Great Britain, often
without a jury.

13. 7th Amendment
“In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury
shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States,
than according to the rules of the common law.”
-Protects citizens’ rights to a jury trial in court cases that are not about criminal acts (cases involving
money, property, or family matters)
Reason:
To protect American Colonists against any unfair British treatment, no matter the crime.

14. Eighth Amendment
“Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual
punishments inflicted.”
cruel
unusual
- Protects citizens from _______ and _______ punishment
- Whipping, branding, or depriving prisoners of food
- Prevents unreasonable fines or bails

15. Ninth Amendment
“The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or
disparage others retained by the people.”
-Citizens have rights beyond those explicitly listed in the Constitution
-This amendment was crucial in getting the Anti-Federalists to ratify the Constitution

16. Tenth Amendment
“The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the
States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.”
-Any powers not specifically delegated to the national government are state powers
-Keeps the federal government from becoming too powerful
Example:
- The Constitution doesn’t define marriage as being between a man and a
woman, so several states have legalized same-sex marriages while others have
not.