The document discusses the origins and ratification of the Bill of Rights. It notes that the First Congress proposed 12 amendments to address states' concerns about protecting citizens' rights and state power. The first two amendments were not ratified, but articles 3 through 12 were ratified by three-fourths of state legislatures and became the first ten amendments to the US Constitution, known as the Bill of Rights.

1. The Bill of Rights
• Added to the Constitution in response to state concerns
about protecting the rights of citizens and the power of the
states.
• The First Congress of the U.S. proposed 12 amendments on
September 25, 1789 to address the concerns of states.
• The first two amendments, concerning the number of
constituents (people) for each Representative and the
compensation (payment) of Congressmen, were not
ratified.
• Articles 3 to 12 were ratified (agreed upon) by threefourths of the state legislatures, and became the first ten
amendments to the Constitution, also known as the Bill of
Rights.

2. The Bill of Rights
Amendment I
Congress shall make no law respecting an
establishment of religion, or prohibiting the
free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom
of speech, or of the press; or the right of the
people peaceably to assemble, and to petition
the Government for a redress of grievances.
Freedoms
granted by this
amendment?
1. Freedom of religion 2. Freedom of speech
3. Freedom of the press 4. Freedom to assemble
5. Freedom to petition government for grievances
Summary
Guarantees our freedom of
speech, religion, press, and to assemble
peaceably.

3. The Bill of Rights
Amendment II
A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the
security of a free State, the right of the people to
keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.
Questions:
What are “arms”?
What does infringe mean?
What is a militia? Why did we need one?
How is this Amendment being discussed today?
Summary
Guarantees the right to bear arms

4. The Bill of Rights
Amendment III
No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in
any house, without the consent of the Owner,
nor in time of war, but in a manner to be
prescribed by law.
Question
Why might The Founding Fathers have thought
that this was important enough to be included in
The Bill of Rights?
Summary
Prohibits the quartering of troops in private
residences.

5. The Bill of Rights
Amendment IV
Question
The right of the people to be secure in their
persons, houses, papers, and effects, against
unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be
violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon
probable cause, supported by Oath or
affirmation, and particularly describing the place
to be searched, and the persons or things to be
seized.
Are there exceptions where law enforcement
would not need a warrant?
Plain view clause
Summary
Protects against unreasonable search and seizure.

6. The Bill of Rights
Amendment V
No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or
otherwise infamous crime, unless on a
presentment or indictment* of a Grand
Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval
forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in
time of War or public danger; nor shall any person
be subject for the same offence to be twice put in
jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in
any criminal case to be a witness against
himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or
property, without due process of law; nor shall
private property be taken for public use, without
just compensation.
Indictment: (n)
a formal accusation initiating a criminal case

7. The Bill of Rights
Questions for
Amendment V:
List the rights granted in The Fifth Amendment:
•Due process of law
•Requires indictment by a grand jury
•Prohibits a person from being tried for the same
crime twice (double jeopardy)
•Gives defendants in trial the right not to testify
against themselves.
Summary
Protects the rights of people accused of a crime
by guaranteeing the due process of law, requiring
an indictment by a grand jury, prohibiting a
person from being tried for the same crime
twice, and giving defendants in trial the right not
to testify against themselves.

8. The Bill of Rights
Amendment VI
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall
enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an
impartial jury of the State and district wherein the
crime shall have been committed; which district
shall have been previously ascertained by law, and
to be informed of the nature and cause of the
accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses
against him; to have compulsory process for
obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the
Assistance of Counsel for his defense.
Summary
Guarantees the right to a speedy and public trial
before an impartial jury, right to an attorney and
the right to cross-examine the witnesses.

9. The Bill of Rights
Amendment VII
In Suits at common law, where the value in
controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right
of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact
tried by a jury shall be otherwise reexamined in
any Court of the United States, than according to
the rules of the common law.
Question:
How does a criminal trial differ from a civil one?
Summary
Guarantees the right to trial by jury in a civil case.

10. The Bill of Rights
Amendment VIII Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive
fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishment
inflicted.
"No cruel and unusual punishment is to be inflicted; it is
sometimes necessary to hang a man, villains often deserve
whipping, and perhaps having their ears cut off; but are we in the
future to be prevented from inflicting these punishments because
they are cruel?" Senator Samuel Livermore (New Hampshire) 1
Annals of Congress 754 (1789)
Question:
How should we define what is "cruel and
unusual"?
Summary
Prohibits excess bail and the use of cruel and
unusual punishment.

11. The Bill of Rights
Amendment IX
The enumeration in the Constitution of certain
rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage
others retained by the people.
*enumeration - numbered list
*construed – interpreted in a certain way
*disparage – represent of little worth
Question:
What do you think the Founding Fathers were
talking about here?
Summary
Guarantees that just because a right is not listed
in the Constitution does not mean the people do
not retain that right. (i.e. natural rights)

12. The Bill of Rights
Amendment X
The powers not delegated to the United States by
the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the
States, are reserved to the States respectively, or
to the people.
Questions:
Can States make laws in additional to the laws of
the federal government?
Can the States make laws that are in opposition to
laws created by the federal government.?
Summary
Means that all rights not given to the Federal
government in the Constitution are given to the
states and the people.
Examples
Education requirements, rules for marriage, state
taxes.