This document discusses allergic rhinitis, its causes, symptoms and complications. It causes an inflammation of the nasal mucosa from repeated exposure to allergens like pollens, dust mites and molds. Symptoms include a runny nose, sneezing, itchy eyes and fatigue. Chronic nasal congestion can lead to asthma, sinusitis, ear infections or sleep disturbances. The immune system produces antibodies and inflammatory cells to fight foreign antigens but in allergies it overreacts to usually harmless allergens.
Montelukast is a selective and orally active leukotriene receptor antagonist that inhibits the Cysteinyl leukotriene CysLT1 receptor. Each 10 mg film-coated Loctril tablet contains 10.4 mg Montelukast sodium, which is equivalent to 10 mg of Montelukast.
This document discusses levocetirizine and montelukast fixed dose combination for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. It provides background on allergic rhinitis and the role of leukotrienes in causing inflammation. Newer generation oral antihistamines like levocetirizine are recommended as first-line treatment. Montelukast is an anti-leukotriene agent that acts on the cysteinyl leukotriene receptor. The document examines the market for fixed dose combinations of levocetirizine and montelukast in India, finding it is growing rapidly at 69% annually with Montair-LC as the current leading brand. Major prescribers of the fixed dose
This document discusses asthma, allergies, and the drug montelukast. It provides information on leukocytes, mast cells, inflammation, histamine, and leukotrienes. It describes how asthma and allergies are triggered by various factors and cause symptoms. It explains that montelukast is a leukotriene receptor antagonist used to control asthma and seasonal allergies by blocking the effects of leukotrienes in the lungs and airways. The document also provides details on the pharmacokinetics, mechanism of action, and dosing of montelukast.
Ceflenic (Cefuroxime + Clavulanic Acid by Techno Drugs Ltd.)Faruk Hossain
This document provides information about the drug Ceflenic, which is a combination of cefuroxime and clavulanic acid. It details the manufacturer, active ingredients, mechanism of action, product profile, indications for use, pregnancy and lactation guidelines, efficacy studies, unique selling points, and competitive market analysis. Ceflenic is an antibiotic produced using WHO-approved methods to treat a variety of bacterial infections, such as respiratory, skin, and urinary tract infections, through inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis and protection against beta-lactamase enzymes.
Montelukast is a leukotriene receptor antagonist used as a maintenance treatment for asthma and seasonal allergies. It works by blocking the action of leukotriene D4 on cysteinyl leukotriene receptors in the lungs and other tissues, inhibiting inflammation. Montelukast is FDA approved for chronic asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. It is commonly used off-label for allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and other conditions. Studies have shown montelukast can improve chronic urticaria and atopic dermatitis when used as an add-on treatment. The drug is generally well tolerated, with headache and abdominal pain being the most common side effects
Clacef( cefuroxime + clavulanic acid) presentationSultan Mahmud
This document provides information about the presentation of the drug Clacef® tablet. It begins with introducing the drug and contact information for the product executive. It then provides background on antibiotics in general, how they work, what they are used to treat. It discusses cephalosporins specifically, their classification and mechanism of action. It describes cefuroxime, clavulanic acid, and how their combination works to overcome antibiotic resistance from beta-lactamase producing bacteria. The document reviews indications for Clacef® and provides market analysis data on cefuroxime-containing brands. It concludes with actions to take to promote Clacef® to doctors and ensure proper stocking in pharmacies.
This document discusses allergic rhinitis, its causes, symptoms and complications. It causes an inflammation of the nasal mucosa from repeated exposure to allergens like pollens, dust mites and molds. Symptoms include a runny nose, sneezing, itchy eyes and fatigue. Chronic nasal congestion can lead to asthma, sinusitis, ear infections or sleep disturbances. The immune system produces antibodies and inflammatory cells to fight foreign antigens but in allergies it overreacts to usually harmless allergens.
Montelukast is a selective and orally active leukotriene receptor antagonist that inhibits the Cysteinyl leukotriene CysLT1 receptor. Each 10 mg film-coated Loctril tablet contains 10.4 mg Montelukast sodium, which is equivalent to 10 mg of Montelukast.
This document discusses levocetirizine and montelukast fixed dose combination for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. It provides background on allergic rhinitis and the role of leukotrienes in causing inflammation. Newer generation oral antihistamines like levocetirizine are recommended as first-line treatment. Montelukast is an anti-leukotriene agent that acts on the cysteinyl leukotriene receptor. The document examines the market for fixed dose combinations of levocetirizine and montelukast in India, finding it is growing rapidly at 69% annually with Montair-LC as the current leading brand. Major prescribers of the fixed dose
This document discusses asthma, allergies, and the drug montelukast. It provides information on leukocytes, mast cells, inflammation, histamine, and leukotrienes. It describes how asthma and allergies are triggered by various factors and cause symptoms. It explains that montelukast is a leukotriene receptor antagonist used to control asthma and seasonal allergies by blocking the effects of leukotrienes in the lungs and airways. The document also provides details on the pharmacokinetics, mechanism of action, and dosing of montelukast.
Ceflenic (Cefuroxime + Clavulanic Acid by Techno Drugs Ltd.)Faruk Hossain
This document provides information about the drug Ceflenic, which is a combination of cefuroxime and clavulanic acid. It details the manufacturer, active ingredients, mechanism of action, product profile, indications for use, pregnancy and lactation guidelines, efficacy studies, unique selling points, and competitive market analysis. Ceflenic is an antibiotic produced using WHO-approved methods to treat a variety of bacterial infections, such as respiratory, skin, and urinary tract infections, through inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis and protection against beta-lactamase enzymes.
Montelukast is a leukotriene receptor antagonist used as a maintenance treatment for asthma and seasonal allergies. It works by blocking the action of leukotriene D4 on cysteinyl leukotriene receptors in the lungs and other tissues, inhibiting inflammation. Montelukast is FDA approved for chronic asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. It is commonly used off-label for allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and other conditions. Studies have shown montelukast can improve chronic urticaria and atopic dermatitis when used as an add-on treatment. The drug is generally well tolerated, with headache and abdominal pain being the most common side effects
Clacef( cefuroxime + clavulanic acid) presentationSultan Mahmud
This document provides information about the presentation of the drug Clacef® tablet. It begins with introducing the drug and contact information for the product executive. It then provides background on antibiotics in general, how they work, what they are used to treat. It discusses cephalosporins specifically, their classification and mechanism of action. It describes cefuroxime, clavulanic acid, and how their combination works to overcome antibiotic resistance from beta-lactamase producing bacteria. The document reviews indications for Clacef® and provides market analysis data on cefuroxime-containing brands. It concludes with actions to take to promote Clacef® to doctors and ensure proper stocking in pharmacies.
Telmisartan is a new angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) that has several potential advantages over other ARBs. It has the strongest binding affinity to the AT1 receptor compared to other ARBs. This may provide stronger and longer-lasting blood pressure lowering effects. Telmisartan also has partial agonist effects on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, which can improve insulin resistance and exert anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative effects in the vasculature. Studies in animals and cells suggest Telmisartan may have insulin sensitizing effects and protect against diabetic complications by blocking upregulation of VEGF and AGE-RAGE protein expression in the retina. While more randomized clinical trials
This document provides information about amoxicillin-clavulanic acid combination. It discusses the classifications of bacteria based on gram stain and other characteristics. It then discusses various classes of anti-infective drugs including antibiotics that target the bacterial cell wall, nucleic acid synthesis, and protein synthesis. The document focuses on amoxicillin-clavulanic acid by outlining its formulations, pharmacokinetics, rationale for combination, spectrum of activity against various bacteria, indications, dosing, contraindications, precautions, adverse effects, drug interactions, and storage requirements. It concludes by comparing the price of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid to other competitor brands in Nepal.
Esomeprazole Product Presentation for MPO's.
The primary uses of esomeprazole are gastroesophageal reflux disease, treatment and maintenance of erosive esophagitis, treatment of duodenal ulcers caused by H. pylori, prevention of gastric ulcers in those on chronic NSAID therapy, and treatment of gastrointestinal ulcers associated with Crohn's disease.
Esomeprazole is the most advanced PPI for acid regulation. It is more effective than omeprazole at reducing acid production due to higher bioavailability from less first-pass metabolism. Esomeprazole has indications for treating GERD, dyspepsia, H. pylori infection, erosive esophagitis, NSAID-induced ulcers, and pathological hypersecretory conditions. It has typical PPI side effects like diarrhea and headaches. Esomeprazole has drug-drug interactions and its dosage depends on the condition being treated, ranging from once daily for GERD to twice daily for Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
This document summarizes information about Dexlansoprazole (DEXILANT), a proton pump inhibitor used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). It notes that GERD is common worldwide, with prevalence rates ranging from 5-48% depending on the country. DEXILANT contains two types of pellets that release at different pH levels to provide dual delayed release of the drug. It is indicated for healing erosive esophagitis, maintaining healing of EE, and treating heartburn from symptomatic non-erosive GERD. The document reviews dosage forms, advantages like flexibility with timing, potential off-label uses, and common side effects like gas and nausea.
The document provides market data on antihistamine drugs in Bangladesh for the first quarter of 2015. It details the total market size of 293.60 crore and lists the top selling generic drugs by value, led by cetirizine at 68.79 crore. The market share of each generic is also shown, with cetirizine and fexofenadine each holding 23% and 22% respectively. Growth rates for the market are provided, with rupatadine seeing the highest growth of 67.93%. Brand performance data for rupatadine brands in Bangladesh is outlined. Finally, the document introduces Exalin, a new 10mg rupatadine tablet from Opso Saline
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) like omeprazole irreversibly inhibit the gastric H+/K+-ATPase enzyme to reduce acid secretion. They are effective for treating acid-related disorders like GERD and peptic ulcers. PPIs have high bioavailability but require acidic conditions for activation. Common side effects include diarrhea and headache, while long term use may increase risks of infections, fractures, and nutrient deficiencies. Drug interactions are rare due to short half-lives, but some PPIs inhibit CYP2C19 and decrease clopidogrel effectiveness.
The aim of sharing this material is to help the needful students and provide detailed material for given topic. it is easy to lean in creative way with minimum contents.you all are most welcome for suggestions to improve it an to make it more creative easy and graspable. thank you
The A to Z of AR management-A comprehensive overview (1).pptxAmberkesarwani1
The document provides an overview of allergic rhinitis (AR) including:
- AR affects 10-25% of the global population and 20-30% in India. The burden is large as it constitutes about 55% of all allergies.
- AR is classified based on symptom duration and severity. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms, history, and physical exam findings. Tests include allergen tests, nasal provocation tests, and examining nasal cytology.
- Treatment involves intranasal corticosteroids, oral/intranasal antihistamines, leukotriene receptor antagonists, immunotherapy, and symptom-based approaches. The ARIA guideline recommends a step-up treatment approach based
The document discusses acid peptic disorders and treatments such as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). It notes that while all PPIs are generally effective, they differ in properties like onset of action and ability to control symptoms rapidly. Rabeprazole is highlighted as a PPI that may have advantages over others due to its faster onset of activity from more rapid activation rates, potentially providing quicker symptom relief. Clinical studies demonstrate rabeprazole's effectiveness in treating gastroesophageal reflux disease.
This document discusses prokinetics, which are drugs that enhance gastrointestinal motility. It describes the normal control pathways of GI motility, including hormonal and neural pathways. It then discusses various phases of GI motility including the cephalic, gastric, and intestinal phases. The document outlines several prokinetic drug categories and examples, including muscarinic agonists, anticholinesterases, dopamine D2 blockers, 5-HT4 agonists, and motilin agonists. It discusses the mechanisms of action and advantages/disadvantages of various prokinetic drugs. Novel therapies for improving GI motility in critically ill patients are also mentioned.
The document discusses histamine and antihistamines. It covers the receptors and functions of histamine, the historical development and molecular basis of antihistamines, and the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of first and second generation H1 antihistamines. It also addresses the efficacy, adverse effects, and uses of H1 antihistamines in allergic disease and special situations. Examples of first generation H1 antihistamines available at KCMH are provided.
Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a fused beta-lactam ring. They include imipenem, meropenem, ertapenem, and aztreonam (a monobactam). Carbapenems have broad spectra of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Imipenem is inactivated by renal dipeptidases but combined with cilastatin. Meropenem and ertapenem are more stable. Aztreonam only covers gram-negatives but is useful in penicillin allergic patients. Carbapenems are used to treat various infections including respiratory, abdominal, skin and bone infections.
This document discusses monoclonal antibody treatments for asthma, focusing on omalizumab. It defines asthma and describes its symptoms and classifications. It explains the role of IgE in asthma and the mechanism of action of omalizumab, which inhibits IgE binding to prevent mast cell degranulation. It covers the pharmacokinetics, dosing, safety, and indications of omalizumab. It also briefly mentions other monoclonal antibodies in development for treating asthma, such as mepolizumab, anti-TNF antibodies, and antibodies targeting IL-13, TIM-1, and tissue kallikrein 1.
This document summarizes the neuronal pathways, receptors, and pharmacological treatments involved in nausea and vomiting. It describes:
1) The neuronal pathways from the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the brainstem to the vomiting center that mediate the vomiting reflex.
2) The types of receptors in the brainstem and gastrointestinal tract that are stimulated to cause nausea and vomiting.
3) The classes of drugs that act on these receptors, including 5-HT3 antagonists, antihistamines, cannabinoids, and dopamine antagonists.
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone that enhances glucose-dependent insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells. GLP-1 levels are reduced in patients with type 2 diabetes. Therapeutic strategies that augment the GLP-1 pathway include GLP-1 receptor agonists such as exenatide and liraglutide, as well as dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors which prevent the breakdown of endogenous GLP-1. These incretin-based therapies lower blood glucose levels with a low risk of hypoglycemia and promote weight loss, offering an important treatment option for patients with type 2 diabetes.
This document discusses the neuroanatomy and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting. It outlines the various receptor types involved in emesis, including dopamine, 5-HT3, opioid, histamine, and muscarinic receptors. It then describes different drug classes that act on these receptors, such as 5-HT3 antagonists, phenothiazines, butyrophenones, antihistamines, corticosteroids, cannabinoids, metoclopramide, domperidone, cisapride and other prokinetic agents. The mechanisms of action, uses, and adverse effects of selected antiemetic medications are also summarized.
Fungal infections remain a major cause of illness and death, especially in immunocompromised patients. Voriconazole is a broad-spectrum triazole antifungal that is effective against a wide range of fungi including Aspergillus and Candida. Studies have shown voriconazole to have higher response and survival rates compared to amphotericin B for invasive aspergillosis. It is also as effective as fluconazole for esophageal candidiasis. Voriconazole can be used alone or in combination with other antifungals as salvage therapy for refractory infections.
Drugs used for the treatment of myocardial ischemiask-yasmeen
This document provides information on drugs used for the treatment of myocardial ischemia. It discusses the types of myocardial ischemia including stable, unstable, and variant angina. It then describes the heart and coronary arteries and risk factors for myocardial ischemia. The main drug classes used for treatment are discussed in detail, including nitrates, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, potassium channel activators, antiplatelet drugs, ACE inhibitors, and cholesterol lowering medications. Adverse effects, pharmacokinetics and contraindications are summarized for each drug class. Additional treatments beyond medications are also mentioned.
This document discusses the treatment of diabetes with a focus on the drug Sitagliptin. It provides details on Sitagliptin's mechanism of action as an inhibitor of DPP-4, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy in reducing HbA1c and glucose levels, safety profile, recommended dosage, drug interactions, and regulatory approval history. Sitagliptin represents an effective newer treatment option for type 2 diabetes with a good tolerability profile.
This document discusses paediatric asthma management from theory to clinical practice. It provides an overview of childhood asthma as a global health issue, outlines factors influencing prevalence, and discusses the burden of childhood asthma. It also covers evaluating asthma control, Global Initiative for Asthma treatment guidelines, and strategies for maintaining control or stepping up treatment in response to loss of control. Key studies comparing inhaled versus oral therapies and the efficacy of different controller medications are summarized.
This document provides an overview of pediatric asthma evaluation and management. It begins with definitions of asthma and approaches to diagnosis, including distinguishing asthma from other causes of wheezing and cough. Risk factors for the development of asthma are discussed. The document then covers objective measures of asthma control, approaches to classifying asthma severity, and stepwise treatment approaches for different age groups. It also discusses phenotypes of childhood wheezing disorders and management of exercise-induced asthma. The role of viral infections in asthma development and exacerbations is noted. Guidelines for initiating long-term control therapy are presented, as is discussion of severe asthma.
Telmisartan is a new angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) that has several potential advantages over other ARBs. It has the strongest binding affinity to the AT1 receptor compared to other ARBs. This may provide stronger and longer-lasting blood pressure lowering effects. Telmisartan also has partial agonist effects on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, which can improve insulin resistance and exert anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative effects in the vasculature. Studies in animals and cells suggest Telmisartan may have insulin sensitizing effects and protect against diabetic complications by blocking upregulation of VEGF and AGE-RAGE protein expression in the retina. While more randomized clinical trials
This document provides information about amoxicillin-clavulanic acid combination. It discusses the classifications of bacteria based on gram stain and other characteristics. It then discusses various classes of anti-infective drugs including antibiotics that target the bacterial cell wall, nucleic acid synthesis, and protein synthesis. The document focuses on amoxicillin-clavulanic acid by outlining its formulations, pharmacokinetics, rationale for combination, spectrum of activity against various bacteria, indications, dosing, contraindications, precautions, adverse effects, drug interactions, and storage requirements. It concludes by comparing the price of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid to other competitor brands in Nepal.
Esomeprazole Product Presentation for MPO's.
The primary uses of esomeprazole are gastroesophageal reflux disease, treatment and maintenance of erosive esophagitis, treatment of duodenal ulcers caused by H. pylori, prevention of gastric ulcers in those on chronic NSAID therapy, and treatment of gastrointestinal ulcers associated with Crohn's disease.
Esomeprazole is the most advanced PPI for acid regulation. It is more effective than omeprazole at reducing acid production due to higher bioavailability from less first-pass metabolism. Esomeprazole has indications for treating GERD, dyspepsia, H. pylori infection, erosive esophagitis, NSAID-induced ulcers, and pathological hypersecretory conditions. It has typical PPI side effects like diarrhea and headaches. Esomeprazole has drug-drug interactions and its dosage depends on the condition being treated, ranging from once daily for GERD to twice daily for Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
This document summarizes information about Dexlansoprazole (DEXILANT), a proton pump inhibitor used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). It notes that GERD is common worldwide, with prevalence rates ranging from 5-48% depending on the country. DEXILANT contains two types of pellets that release at different pH levels to provide dual delayed release of the drug. It is indicated for healing erosive esophagitis, maintaining healing of EE, and treating heartburn from symptomatic non-erosive GERD. The document reviews dosage forms, advantages like flexibility with timing, potential off-label uses, and common side effects like gas and nausea.
The document provides market data on antihistamine drugs in Bangladesh for the first quarter of 2015. It details the total market size of 293.60 crore and lists the top selling generic drugs by value, led by cetirizine at 68.79 crore. The market share of each generic is also shown, with cetirizine and fexofenadine each holding 23% and 22% respectively. Growth rates for the market are provided, with rupatadine seeing the highest growth of 67.93%. Brand performance data for rupatadine brands in Bangladesh is outlined. Finally, the document introduces Exalin, a new 10mg rupatadine tablet from Opso Saline
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) like omeprazole irreversibly inhibit the gastric H+/K+-ATPase enzyme to reduce acid secretion. They are effective for treating acid-related disorders like GERD and peptic ulcers. PPIs have high bioavailability but require acidic conditions for activation. Common side effects include diarrhea and headache, while long term use may increase risks of infections, fractures, and nutrient deficiencies. Drug interactions are rare due to short half-lives, but some PPIs inhibit CYP2C19 and decrease clopidogrel effectiveness.
The aim of sharing this material is to help the needful students and provide detailed material for given topic. it is easy to lean in creative way with minimum contents.you all are most welcome for suggestions to improve it an to make it more creative easy and graspable. thank you
The A to Z of AR management-A comprehensive overview (1).pptxAmberkesarwani1
The document provides an overview of allergic rhinitis (AR) including:
- AR affects 10-25% of the global population and 20-30% in India. The burden is large as it constitutes about 55% of all allergies.
- AR is classified based on symptom duration and severity. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms, history, and physical exam findings. Tests include allergen tests, nasal provocation tests, and examining nasal cytology.
- Treatment involves intranasal corticosteroids, oral/intranasal antihistamines, leukotriene receptor antagonists, immunotherapy, and symptom-based approaches. The ARIA guideline recommends a step-up treatment approach based
The document discusses acid peptic disorders and treatments such as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). It notes that while all PPIs are generally effective, they differ in properties like onset of action and ability to control symptoms rapidly. Rabeprazole is highlighted as a PPI that may have advantages over others due to its faster onset of activity from more rapid activation rates, potentially providing quicker symptom relief. Clinical studies demonstrate rabeprazole's effectiveness in treating gastroesophageal reflux disease.
This document discusses prokinetics, which are drugs that enhance gastrointestinal motility. It describes the normal control pathways of GI motility, including hormonal and neural pathways. It then discusses various phases of GI motility including the cephalic, gastric, and intestinal phases. The document outlines several prokinetic drug categories and examples, including muscarinic agonists, anticholinesterases, dopamine D2 blockers, 5-HT4 agonists, and motilin agonists. It discusses the mechanisms of action and advantages/disadvantages of various prokinetic drugs. Novel therapies for improving GI motility in critically ill patients are also mentioned.
The document discusses histamine and antihistamines. It covers the receptors and functions of histamine, the historical development and molecular basis of antihistamines, and the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of first and second generation H1 antihistamines. It also addresses the efficacy, adverse effects, and uses of H1 antihistamines in allergic disease and special situations. Examples of first generation H1 antihistamines available at KCMH are provided.
Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a fused beta-lactam ring. They include imipenem, meropenem, ertapenem, and aztreonam (a monobactam). Carbapenems have broad spectra of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Imipenem is inactivated by renal dipeptidases but combined with cilastatin. Meropenem and ertapenem are more stable. Aztreonam only covers gram-negatives but is useful in penicillin allergic patients. Carbapenems are used to treat various infections including respiratory, abdominal, skin and bone infections.
This document discusses monoclonal antibody treatments for asthma, focusing on omalizumab. It defines asthma and describes its symptoms and classifications. It explains the role of IgE in asthma and the mechanism of action of omalizumab, which inhibits IgE binding to prevent mast cell degranulation. It covers the pharmacokinetics, dosing, safety, and indications of omalizumab. It also briefly mentions other monoclonal antibodies in development for treating asthma, such as mepolizumab, anti-TNF antibodies, and antibodies targeting IL-13, TIM-1, and tissue kallikrein 1.
This document summarizes the neuronal pathways, receptors, and pharmacological treatments involved in nausea and vomiting. It describes:
1) The neuronal pathways from the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the brainstem to the vomiting center that mediate the vomiting reflex.
2) The types of receptors in the brainstem and gastrointestinal tract that are stimulated to cause nausea and vomiting.
3) The classes of drugs that act on these receptors, including 5-HT3 antagonists, antihistamines, cannabinoids, and dopamine antagonists.
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone that enhances glucose-dependent insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells. GLP-1 levels are reduced in patients with type 2 diabetes. Therapeutic strategies that augment the GLP-1 pathway include GLP-1 receptor agonists such as exenatide and liraglutide, as well as dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors which prevent the breakdown of endogenous GLP-1. These incretin-based therapies lower blood glucose levels with a low risk of hypoglycemia and promote weight loss, offering an important treatment option for patients with type 2 diabetes.
This document discusses the neuroanatomy and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting. It outlines the various receptor types involved in emesis, including dopamine, 5-HT3, opioid, histamine, and muscarinic receptors. It then describes different drug classes that act on these receptors, such as 5-HT3 antagonists, phenothiazines, butyrophenones, antihistamines, corticosteroids, cannabinoids, metoclopramide, domperidone, cisapride and other prokinetic agents. The mechanisms of action, uses, and adverse effects of selected antiemetic medications are also summarized.
Fungal infections remain a major cause of illness and death, especially in immunocompromised patients. Voriconazole is a broad-spectrum triazole antifungal that is effective against a wide range of fungi including Aspergillus and Candida. Studies have shown voriconazole to have higher response and survival rates compared to amphotericin B for invasive aspergillosis. It is also as effective as fluconazole for esophageal candidiasis. Voriconazole can be used alone or in combination with other antifungals as salvage therapy for refractory infections.
Drugs used for the treatment of myocardial ischemiask-yasmeen
This document provides information on drugs used for the treatment of myocardial ischemia. It discusses the types of myocardial ischemia including stable, unstable, and variant angina. It then describes the heart and coronary arteries and risk factors for myocardial ischemia. The main drug classes used for treatment are discussed in detail, including nitrates, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, potassium channel activators, antiplatelet drugs, ACE inhibitors, and cholesterol lowering medications. Adverse effects, pharmacokinetics and contraindications are summarized for each drug class. Additional treatments beyond medications are also mentioned.
This document discusses the treatment of diabetes with a focus on the drug Sitagliptin. It provides details on Sitagliptin's mechanism of action as an inhibitor of DPP-4, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy in reducing HbA1c and glucose levels, safety profile, recommended dosage, drug interactions, and regulatory approval history. Sitagliptin represents an effective newer treatment option for type 2 diabetes with a good tolerability profile.
This document discusses paediatric asthma management from theory to clinical practice. It provides an overview of childhood asthma as a global health issue, outlines factors influencing prevalence, and discusses the burden of childhood asthma. It also covers evaluating asthma control, Global Initiative for Asthma treatment guidelines, and strategies for maintaining control or stepping up treatment in response to loss of control. Key studies comparing inhaled versus oral therapies and the efficacy of different controller medications are summarized.
This document provides an overview of pediatric asthma evaluation and management. It begins with definitions of asthma and approaches to diagnosis, including distinguishing asthma from other causes of wheezing and cough. Risk factors for the development of asthma are discussed. The document then covers objective measures of asthma control, approaches to classifying asthma severity, and stepwise treatment approaches for different age groups. It also discusses phenotypes of childhood wheezing disorders and management of exercise-induced asthma. The role of viral infections in asthma development and exacerbations is noted. Guidelines for initiating long-term control therapy are presented, as is discussion of severe asthma.
1) A randomized clinical trial of 576 adults with acute sore throat found that a single dose of oral dexamethasone did not increase the proportion of patients with complete resolution of symptoms at 24 hours compared to placebo.
2) However, at 48 hours significantly more patients in the dexamethasone group experienced complete resolution of symptoms than those in the placebo group.
3) The study found no other significant differences between the dexamethasone and placebo groups in secondary outcomes such as duration of symptoms, health care use, time off work, or medication use.
This randomized controlled trial examined the effectiveness of short-term daily prednisolone doses during infections to reduce relapse rates in patients with frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome. The study found that the intervention group, who received daily prednisolone for 7 days during infections, had significantly fewer relapses over one year compared to the control group. Specifically, the intervention was associated with a 59% reduction in relapse rates. The number needed to treat was 6, meaning this intervention reduced relapse frequency to less than 3 per year for every 6 patients treated. Overall, short-term daily prednisolone during infections appears effective for reducing relapses in this patient population.
Daily Steroids during infections in frequently relapsing Nephrotic syndromesidharth kumar sethi
This document summarizes a randomized controlled trial that examined the effectiveness of short-term daily prednisolone doses during infectious illnesses in reducing relapse rates in patients with frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome. The study found that the intervention group, who received daily prednisolone during infections, had significantly fewer relapses and infections over one year compared to the control group. Specifically, the intervention was associated with a 59% reduction in relapse rates. The number needed to treat was 6, meaning this intervention reduced relapse frequency to less than 3 per year for every 6 patients treated.
In acute loss of asthma contro always systemic steroidsoe add increase the do...Envicon Medical Srl
This document discusses whether escalating the dose of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) is appropriate for acute loss of asthma control in children to reduce the need for oral corticosteroids. It presents evidence on both sides of the argument. Studies that doubled the ICS dose after asthma symptoms were established did not show benefit, but studies that substantially increased the dose early on (e.g. quadrupling the dose) found a modest reduction in need for oral steroids. However, extremely high ICS doses should be avoided due to growth suppression concerns. The definition of "loss of control" versus an actual exacerbation is also debated.
Management of severe asthma an update 2014avicena1
This document discusses the management of severe asthma. It begins by defining several phenotypes of severe asthma, including refractory asthma and steroid-dependent asthma. It then reviews the diagnostic criteria for severe asthma established by the American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society, which requires one or more major criteria and two or more minor criteria. The document further discusses approaches to diagnosing and treating severe asthma, including evaluating for alternative diagnoses, assessing treatment compliance and triggers, addressing comorbidities, and considering immunotherapy options. It emphasizes the importance of phenotyping and endotyping asthma to enable personalized treatment approaches.
Journal reading (tht kl) - comparative efficacy and safety of various anti-mic...Bob Sindunata
This study compared the efficacy of amoxicillin, azithromycin, and gatifloxacin in treating acute rhinosinusitis. All three drugs significantly reduced symptoms and improved radiographic findings. Gatifloxacin was the most effective based on symptom and radiographic scoring, and had the fewest adverse effects. Azithromycin was also effective with fewer adverse effects than amoxicillin. The study concluded that gatifloxacin is the best treatment option for acute rhinosinusitis.
Introduction true vertigo is a type of vertigo identifieniraj57
This study compared the effectiveness of hyoscine and diazepam in treating true vertigo in 69 patients in an emergency department. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either 5 mg of hyoscine or 10 mg of diazepam. Vertigo severity was assessed before and 1 and 2 hours after drug administration in different positions. Diazepam was significantly more effective at relieving vertigo in all positions compared to hyoscine based on treatment success rates. Complete relief of vertigo occurred in 40-63% of patients given diazepam but only 2.6-12.5% of those given hyoscine. The study suggests that diazepam is a better option than hyoscine for
The document discusses immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis. It provides evidence that sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) is effective for treating allergic rhinitis based on multiple meta-analyses and clinical studies. SLIT significantly reduces rhinitis symptoms and medication use compared to placebo. While local reactions are common, systemic reactions are rare with SLIT. The efficacy of SLIT is comparable to subcutaneous immunotherapy and certain pharmacotherapies but SLIT has a better safety profile. SLIT may also be more cost-effective long-term due to the reduced need for symptomatic drugs.
1) The study compared the efficacy of fluticasone propionate alone or in combination with salmeterol in achieving asthma control as defined by guidelines over 1 year in 3,421 patients with uncontrolled asthma.
2) Treatment was stepped up until total control was achieved or the maximum dose was reached, and significantly more patients achieved total and well-controlled asthma with salmeterol/fluticasone than with fluticasone alone.
3) The study confirms that guideline-defined asthma control can be achieved in the majority of patients through aggressive dose titration of controller medications.
This study assessed the safety and efficacy of the herbal cough syrup Mykoff in 50 patients with coughs of various causes. 84% of patients experienced excellent or good relief of cough symptoms. Cough severity, frequency, chest discomfort and sputum quantity all significantly decreased over the course of treatment. Most patients found the remedy acceptable. Only one adverse event occurred, deemed unlikely related to the medication. The study concluded that Mykoff is an effective and safe treatment for coughs of short duration from various etiologies.
Systemic steroids in preschool children with recurrent wheezing exacerbationsEnvicon Medical Srl
Oral corticosteroids are commonly prescribed for preschool children experiencing wheezing exacerbations, however their efficacy in this age group is unclear. A recent meta-analysis of 11 clinical trials found no significant difference in hospitalization rates between oral corticosteroid and placebo groups overall. However, outpatient studies showed higher hospitalization with corticosteroids, while emergency department studies showed lower rates. Additional corticosteroid courses were less likely with corticosteroid treatment based on two inpatient studies. The efficacy of oral corticosteroids appears to depend on the treatment setting for preschool wheezing exacerbations.
Global Medical Cures™ | Nexium- Pediatric PostMarketing Adverse Event ReviewGlobal Medical Cures™
Global Medical Cures™ | Nexium- Pediatric PostMarketing Adverse Event Review
DISCLAIMER-
Global Medical Cures™ does not offer any medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or recommendations. Only your healthcare provider/physician can offer you information and recommendations for you to decide about your healthcare choices.
Study of efficacy between topicallyadministered Eberconozole & topically admi...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document summarizes information on chronic urticaria, including its prevalence, causes, impact on quality of life, and treatment options. It notes that chronic urticaria affects approximately 1% of people with acute urticaria and has a significant negative impact on quality of life. First-line treatment includes non-sedating antihistamines, sometimes at higher off-label doses. If patients do not respond sufficiently to antihistamines alone, second-line options include doxepin, leukotriene antagonists, short-term corticosteroids, dapsone, sulfasalazine, and narrowband UVB phototherapy. The document reviews evidence on the efficacy and safety of these second-
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Comparative Evaluation of the Effect of Doxycycline As An Adjunct to Non-Surg...QUESTJOURNAL
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1) A 4-year-old boy presented with ear pain and fullness. He had a fever for 2 days and examination found discharge from his middle ear, leading to a diagnosis of acute otitis media.
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The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
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Bilastine A novel Anti -histamine
1. BILASTINE – A NOVEL ANTI-HISTAMINE
By
Dr.Pavithra.A.,Pharm.d
2. Bilastine
Non-sedating Oral H1 Antihistamine
Indications and Clinical use
Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis- For the symptomatic relief of nasal and non-nasal
symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) in patients 12 years of age and
older.
Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria-For the relief of the symptoms associated with
chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) (e.g. pruritus and hives), in patients 18 years
of age and older.
Regulatory Approval
It has been approved in India by the DCGI in February 2019
3. HOW BILASTINE IS SUPERIOR THAN LEVOCETRIZINE AND
FEXOFENADINE
Sno Characteristics Bilastine Fexofenadine Levocetirizine
1. H1 receptor selectivity +++ + ++
2. Indicated for allergic
rhinoconjunctivitis?
yes No No
3. Indicated for allergic rhinitis? yes yes yes
4 Indicated for urticaria? yes yes yes
5 Paediatric indication? No (ongoing
studies )
(children ≥3
years)
(children ≥ 2
years)
4. Sno Characteristics Bilastine Fexofenadine Levocetirizine
6 Dosage adjustment in renal
impairment?
No No Yes (in moderate-
to severe)
7 Dosage adjustment in hepatic
impairment?
No No Yes (if
concomitant renal
dysfunction)
8 Interaction with food? Yes (given on
empty
stomach )
Not mentioned No
9 Use in pregnancy and lactation? Caution (very
limited data)
No Caution
10 Clinically relevant drug interactions? No Yes (antacids) Unlikely (no
available data)
5. Sno Characteristics Bilastine Fexofenadine Levocetirizine
11 Can patients drive and operate
machinery (i.e., lack of sedative
potential)?
Yes (caution:
drowsiness)
Yes(impairment
unlikely)
Yes (check drug
response when
intending to drive)
12 Contraindications None None Severe renal
impairment
13 Number of ARIA recommended
antihistamine properties
10 9.5 6.5
A.Data obtained from Summary of Product Characteristics for each individual compound (available from
http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/).
B. Score is derived from ARIA recommended antihistamine properties.6 (0.5 is given for each characteristic
where “caution” is recommended). ±, negligible; +, mild; ++, moderate; +++, marked.
6. CLINICAL EVIDENCE
Effectiveness of bilastine and fexofenadine among allergic Rhinitis patients in
Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
Compared the effectiveness of Bilastine and Fexofenadine in treatment of allergic Rhinitis patients.
This was an observational, single centred, two arm, parallel-group, comparative clinical study conducted
in the Department of pharmacology & Therapeutics, among the patients attending out patient
department of Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) Department.
Patients were divided randomly in two groups A and B. Patients of group A were allowed to take tab
Bilastine 20 mg OD whereas, patients of group B were allowed to take tab. Fexofenadine Hydrochloride
120 mg OD orally for two weeks.
Evaluation of total nasal symptom score was done . Total nasal symptom score (TNSS) was composed
of the sum of five individual symptom scores (sneezing, rhinorrhoea, nasal obstruction, nasal itching
and difficult sleep).
7. The maximum score for TNSS was 15 for each recorded time point.
The baseline Total Nasal Symptom Score (TNSS) were compared between two groups. The mean TNSS was
significantly reduced in our study group. Baseline TNSS was 13.55 and 13.45 in Group A and Group B
respectively.
Reduction in this parameter first become apparent in the 24 hours and was maintained till 2nd week.
The mean change of TNSS score was 8.71 in Group A and 9.78 in Group B from baseline to 24 hours.
Similarly, the mean change of TNSS score was 6.94 in Group A and 7.65 in Group B from baseline to 1st
week.
The mean change of TNSS score was 2.7 in Group A and 3.43 in Group B from baseline to 2nd week.
Bilastine showed significant improvement in quality
of life of Allergic rhinitis patients and proved to be
more effective than fexofenadine in reducing the
TNSS score, when used alone in allergic rhinitis
patient.
Graphical presentation of mean changes in TNSS from Day 0 to after 1 day, 1 week and 2
weeks in both Group A & B. TNSS scores decreased at 2 weeks.
8.
9. A Comparative, Three-Arm, Randomized ClinicalTrial to Evaluate the Effectiveness and
Tolerability of Bilastine vs Fexofenadine vs Levocetirizine at the Standard Dose and Bilastine
vs Fexofenadine at Higher Than the Standard Dose (Up-Dosing) vs Levocetirizine and
Hydroxyzine (in Combination) in Patients with Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria
This was a randomized, comparative, open-label, three-arm, and single-
centre study. Participants were recruited from April 2020 till October
2020 and followed up for four weeks.
This study was done in a tertiary care hospital in Ahmedabad.
The primary outcome measures included improvement in urticaria
symptoms, somnolence, and quality of life (QoL)
10. Well-controlled urticaria at end of 2nd and 4th week
by bilastine, fexofenadine and levocetirizine.
On up-dosing, in the bilastine arm, it was further
reduced to 5.25±3.09 from 12.56±3.08 (58.6%
reduction), whereas in fexofenadine it was
reduced to 5.65±2.64 from 11.06±2.49 (48.9% ↓).
After addition of hydroxyzine in the
levocetirizine arm, it was reduced to 8.0±3.14 from
13.68±3.9 (41.5% ↓) at week 4.
Figure 1 No. of patients showing improvement in urticaria measured at week 2 and week 4.
11. Quality of Life
Quality of life was assessed by using the CU-Q2oL, which asked questions about pruritus,
swelling, and impact on life activities, sleep problems, looks and limits in order to obtain
the patient’s view of both the overall impact of chronic urticaria and the effectiveness of
its treatment.
Bilastine was statistically significant (p<0.05) in the improvement of quality of life by
CU2QoL as compared to both the other arms.
Figure 3 Changes in QoL measured during the follow-up visits (week 2 and 4)
12. Somnolence
A major concern with increasing doses of H1-antihistamines is that of somnolence. Sleepiness with the
drug was measured by VAS(visual analog scale ).
Levocetirizine had a higher mean VAS score, and it increased when hydroxyzine was added.
On day14, fexofenadine had a lower score than levocetirizine but higher than bilastine. The somnolence
score of bilastine and fexofenadine did not increase when their dose was increased.
Bilastine was statistically better (p<0.05) than the other two arms as a non-sedating antihistamine
Figure 2 Sleepiness with drug as assessed by VAS.
13. Excellent tolerability profile.
Faster onset, and longer duration of action.
Non-sedative nature
Improves quality of life
BILASTINE WHEN COMPARED TO FEXOFENADINE AND LEVOCETIRIZINE