Allergic Rhinitis is an inflammatory disorder of the nasal mucosa caused by an IgE-mediated response to allergens. It is characterized by symptoms like sneezing, rhinorrhea, nasal congestion and pruritus. Allergic Rhinitis can negatively impact quality of life and productivity. It commonly begins in childhood or adolescence. While symptoms often improve with age, the disorder can develop or persist at any age. Treatment involves allergen avoidance, pharmacotherapy including antihistamines, intranasal corticosteroids and leukotriene inhibitors, as well as immunotherapy. Combination therapy with a second-generation antihistamine and montelukast has been shown to more effectively treat
This document discusses allergic rhinitis, including its definition, symptoms, classification, risk factors, and management approaches. It defines allergic rhinitis as an IgE-mediated inflammatory disorder of the nasal mucosa induced by allergen exposure. Symptoms include sneezing, rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, and pruritus. Treatment involves allergen avoidance, pharmacotherapy including antihistamines, intranasal corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, and immunotherapy. The combination of antihistamines and leukotriene modifiers is more effective for moderate-severe symptoms than monotherapy. Intranasal corticosteroids are also effective but a chronic treatment approach is needed.
The document summarizes drug treatments for allergies. It discusses how allergies result from an overreaction of the immune system to harmless substances. It then describes the main types of allergies and their symptoms. The document outlines the pathophysiology of allergies and the mechanisms of several classes of anti-allergy drugs, including antihistamines, corticosteroids, leukotriene inhibitors, thromboxane inhibitors, cytokine inhibitors, cromolyn, theophylline, decongestants, and anticholinergics. It concludes by mentioning some novel immunotherapy approaches targeting specific proteins or mediators involved in different types of allergies.
Allergic rhinitis is an inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa caused by exposure to inhaled allergens, affecting 0.8-39.7% of the world's population. It is commonly associated with allergic conjunctivitis and asthma as part of the unified allergic airway. Diagnosis is based on symptoms of sneezing, nasal congestion or obstruction, rhinorrhea, and nasal itching occurring in response to allergen exposure. Treatment involves reducing allergen exposure, pharmacological treatment with oral or intranasal antihistamines and intranasal corticosteroids, immunotherapy, and in some cases surgery.
This document summarizes information on allergic rhinitis and sinusitis. It discusses the pathophysiology, symptoms, diagnosis and management of allergic rhinitis. Intranasal corticosteroids are identified as the most effective treatment. It also covers the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic sinusitis, including complications. Imaging such as CT is recommended for complicated cases or recurrent sinusitis.
This document provides information on allergic rhinitis (AR), including its pathophysiology, classification, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management. Some key points:
- AR results from an IgE-mediated inflammatory response in the nasal mucosa triggered by allergens. It causes symptoms like sneezing, rhinorrhea, and nasal congestion.
- It affects 10-20% of the population and is classified based on duration (intermittent vs persistent) and severity (mild, moderate, severe).
- A family history of allergies or asthma increases risk. Patients often have concurrent conditions like asthma, conjunctivitis.
- Treatment involves avoidance of triggers,
Intranasal corticosteroids are considered the optimal first-line treatment for allergic rhinitis. They are more effective than oral antihistamines, intranasal antihistamines, cromolyn sodium, or decongestants. Allergic rhinitis is diagnosed based on symptoms, allergy testing, and ruling out other causes of nasal congestion and drainage. Treatment involves identification and avoidance of allergens, intranasal corticosteroids, oral antihistamines, and immunotherapy for persistent or severe cases.
Allergic rhinitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the nasal passages affecting over 20% of the population. It is characterized by sneezing, nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, and itching caused by an immune response to allergens such as pollen, dust mites, and animal dander. Treatment involves identifying and avoiding triggers, using intranasal corticosteroids as first line therapy to reduce inflammation, and oral antihistamines to relieve symptoms. Immunotherapy may be used for severe, treatment-resistant cases.
This document discusses allergic rhinitis, including its definition, symptoms, classification, risk factors, and management approaches. It defines allergic rhinitis as an IgE-mediated inflammatory disorder of the nasal mucosa induced by allergen exposure. Symptoms include sneezing, rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, and pruritus. Treatment involves allergen avoidance, pharmacotherapy including antihistamines, intranasal corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, and immunotherapy. The combination of antihistamines and leukotriene modifiers is more effective for moderate-severe symptoms than monotherapy. Intranasal corticosteroids are also effective but a chronic treatment approach is needed.
The document summarizes drug treatments for allergies. It discusses how allergies result from an overreaction of the immune system to harmless substances. It then describes the main types of allergies and their symptoms. The document outlines the pathophysiology of allergies and the mechanisms of several classes of anti-allergy drugs, including antihistamines, corticosteroids, leukotriene inhibitors, thromboxane inhibitors, cytokine inhibitors, cromolyn, theophylline, decongestants, and anticholinergics. It concludes by mentioning some novel immunotherapy approaches targeting specific proteins or mediators involved in different types of allergies.
Allergic rhinitis is an inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa caused by exposure to inhaled allergens, affecting 0.8-39.7% of the world's population. It is commonly associated with allergic conjunctivitis and asthma as part of the unified allergic airway. Diagnosis is based on symptoms of sneezing, nasal congestion or obstruction, rhinorrhea, and nasal itching occurring in response to allergen exposure. Treatment involves reducing allergen exposure, pharmacological treatment with oral or intranasal antihistamines and intranasal corticosteroids, immunotherapy, and in some cases surgery.
This document summarizes information on allergic rhinitis and sinusitis. It discusses the pathophysiology, symptoms, diagnosis and management of allergic rhinitis. Intranasal corticosteroids are identified as the most effective treatment. It also covers the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic sinusitis, including complications. Imaging such as CT is recommended for complicated cases or recurrent sinusitis.
This document provides information on allergic rhinitis (AR), including its pathophysiology, classification, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management. Some key points:
- AR results from an IgE-mediated inflammatory response in the nasal mucosa triggered by allergens. It causes symptoms like sneezing, rhinorrhea, and nasal congestion.
- It affects 10-20% of the population and is classified based on duration (intermittent vs persistent) and severity (mild, moderate, severe).
- A family history of allergies or asthma increases risk. Patients often have concurrent conditions like asthma, conjunctivitis.
- Treatment involves avoidance of triggers,
Intranasal corticosteroids are considered the optimal first-line treatment for allergic rhinitis. They are more effective than oral antihistamines, intranasal antihistamines, cromolyn sodium, or decongestants. Allergic rhinitis is diagnosed based on symptoms, allergy testing, and ruling out other causes of nasal congestion and drainage. Treatment involves identification and avoidance of allergens, intranasal corticosteroids, oral antihistamines, and immunotherapy for persistent or severe cases.
Allergic rhinitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the nasal passages affecting over 20% of the population. It is characterized by sneezing, nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, and itching caused by an immune response to allergens such as pollen, dust mites, and animal dander. Treatment involves identifying and avoiding triggers, using intranasal corticosteroids as first line therapy to reduce inflammation, and oral antihistamines to relieve symptoms. Immunotherapy may be used for severe, treatment-resistant cases.
This document discusses best practices for allergen immunotherapy. It provides an overview of its effectiveness for treating allergic rhinitis, asthma, and venom hypersensitivity based on updated meta-analyses. Guidelines developed by WHO and allergy societies recommend immunotherapy for patients who have not responded adequately to medications or avoidance measures. Precautions are discussed for special groups like children, pregnant women, and elderly patients. The document also covers patient selection, product preparation, dosing schedules, safety considerations, and managing treatment.
An adverse drug reaction (ADR) is any harmful or unpleasant medical occurrence that may be related to a medication. ADRs can range from mild to severe or life-threatening. They are classified based on their mechanism and severity. Common types of ADRs include side effects, allergic reactions, toxicity from overdose, and teratogenic or carcinogenic effects. Spontaneous reporting of suspected ADRs is important for monitoring drug safety. Several drugs have been withdrawn from the market over time due to serious ADRs. Prompt treatment depends on classifying the reaction and its severity.
This document discusses atopy, allergic rhinitis, and asthma. It defines atopy as a genetic predisposition to develop IgE-mediated hypersensitivity responses upon exposure to allergens. Allergic rhinitis, or hay fever, is an inflammatory disease of the nasal passages caused by an allergic reaction to airborne allergens like pollen and dust mites. Common symptoms include sneezing, stuffy nose, and runny nose. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory lung disease characterized by reversible airway obstruction, airway inflammation, and hyperresponsiveness to stimuli.
The document discusses various diseases of the nose and ear, including their causes, symptoms, and treatment options. It covers common colds, influenza, allergic rhinitis, sinusitis, otitis externa, otitis media, and more. For treatment, it recommends medications like antihistamines, decongestants, steroids, antibiotics, and provides dosage information. Prevention methods are also outlined, such as allergen avoidance and regular ear cleaning.
Allergic rhinitis is a common respiratory allergy caused by an immunologic reaction to allergens like dust, pollen, or animal dander. It affects 10-25% of the population. Diagnosis is based on history and symptoms of sneezing, congestion, and runny nose. Treatment includes allergen avoidance, antihistamines, nasal steroids, and immunotherapy. Nursing focuses on education about the condition, medications, and lifestyle modifications to reduce allergen exposure and control symptoms.
Asthma is a chronic disease characterized by episodic airway obstruction, airway hyperresponsiveness, and airway inflammation. It commonly presents with shortness of breath, wheezing, and cough. The pathophysiology involves type 2 inflammation driven by T helper 2 cells and cytokines like IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. Management involves avoiding triggers, using reliever medications like bronchodilators for acute symptoms and controller medications like inhaled corticosteroids to reduce inflammation. Other treatments target specific inflammatory pathways through monoclonal antibodies that inhibit IgE, IL-5, IL-4, and IL-13.
The document discusses allergic rhinitis, also known as hay fever. It provides statistics on the prevalence and burden of allergic rhinitis in the United States. It also outlines the causes, diagnosis, and treatment options for allergic rhinitis including avoidance strategies, medications, immunotherapy, and more.
Allergic rhinitis is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa affecting 10-20% of the population. It is caused by an IgE-mediated response to airborne allergens like dust mites, pollen, and animal dander. Symptoms include rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, sneezing, and itching. Allergic rhinitis is classified based on symptom duration and severity. Treatment involves avoidance of triggers, oral antihistamines, intranasal corticosteroids, and immunotherapy to relieve symptoms and inflammation. Allergic rhinitis and asthma often co-exist as part of a combined airway inflammatory disease.
Allergic rhinitis, or hay fever, is a common condition affecting 10-25% of the global population. It is an inflammation of the nasal passages caused by an immune system response to allergens like pollen, dust mites, or pet dander. Symptoms include sneezing, nasal congestion, runny nose, and itchy eyes. Allergic rhinitis can impair quality of life and work or school performance. Intranasal corticosteroids are the most effective treatment for both intermittent and persistent allergic rhinitis. The ARIA guidelines recommend intranasal corticosteroids as first-line treatment alone or in combination with oral antihistamines depending on the severity
Allergic rhinitis is an inflammation of the nasal passages caused by an immune response to common allergens like pollen, dust mites, or animal dander. It affects about 1 in 5 people in the UK and causes symptoms like sneezing, nasal congestion, and watery eyes. While it is usually diagnosed based on symptoms, skin or blood tests can help identify specific allergens. Treatment involves avoidance of triggers, oral antihistamines, intranasal corticosteroids, and immunotherapy for severe cases. Referral to an ENT specialist is recommended if symptoms persist despite treatment or if red flags for other conditions are present.
1. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that affects 15-20 million people in India. It is characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation.
2. Proper diagnosis involves assessing patient history of symptoms, performing a physical exam, and measuring lung function through methods like peak flow meters. Treatment involves a stepwise approach using reliever and preventer medications.
3. Relievers provide quick symptom relief but are not for regular use. Preventers help control inflammation and symptoms over the long-term and include inhaled corticosteroids, long-acting beta-agonists, and other drugs. Combination inhalers containing both a preventer and reliever are often ideal
Pharmacotherapy of Asthmatic patient in hospitalAhmanurSule5
This document provides an overview of asthma, including:
1. It defines asthma as a chronic inflammatory airway disorder characterized by reversible airway obstruction.
2. Environmental triggers and allergens can cause asthma symptoms by inducing inflammation and bronchospasm.
3. Treatment involves controlling inflammation with inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilation with inhaled beta-agonists for acute symptoms and prevention of exacerbations.
4. Proper inhaler technique and patient education are important for effective asthma management.
Allergic rhinitis (AR) is an atopic disease presenting with symptoms of sneezing, nasal congestion, clear rhinorrhea, and nasal pruritis. It is an IgE-mediated immune response that is against inhaled antigens in the immediate phase, with a subsequent leukotriene-mediated late phase
This document provides information about rhinosinusitis and allergic rhinitis. It defines rhinosinusitis as inflammation of the nose and paranasal sinuses that can be acute, lasting less than 4 weeks, or chronic, lasting more than 12 weeks. Allergic rhinitis involves inflammation of the nasal mucosa due to IgE-mediated reactions to allergens. Diagnosis involves taking a history, physical exam, and allergy tests like skin prick tests. Management focuses on allergen avoidance, pharmacotherapy including antihistamines, and immunotherapy for long-term treatment.
This document summarizes the medical management of rhinosinusitis (RS) and nasal polyps. It discusses the different types of RS including acute, chronic, allergic, and infectious. Treatment options are provided for each type based on severity and include nasal irrigation, topical and oral corticosteroids, antibiotics, decongestants, and immunotherapy. Surgical management is reserved for severe cases that do not respond to medical therapy. The goal of treatment is to reduce symptoms and recurrence in order to improve quality of life for patients with RS.
This document provides information on the definition, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of allergic rhinitis. It defines allergic rhinitis as an IgE-mediated inflammation of the nasal membranes characterized by sneezing, nasal congestion, nasal itching, and rhinorrhea. It affects individuals as early as childhood, with peak prevalence in the third decade of life. Diagnosis involves taking a medical history, performing a physical exam, and conducting tests like skin prick tests. Management includes allergen avoidance, pharmacotherapy with medications like antihistamines, intranasal corticosteroids, and immunotherapy for certain patients. The document provides detailed information on the classification, causes, and treatment approaches for
The document discusses the management of bronchial asthma. It provides details on the pathophysiology, classification, clinical presentation, investigations, and management of asthma. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by wheezing, breathlessness, and airway obstruction. It affects over 300 million people globally. Management involves reliever medications like bronchodilators for acute symptoms and controller medications like inhaled corticosteroids and leukotriene modifiers for long-term control of inflammation and prevention of exacerbations.
1) Pharyngo-tonsillitis refers to inflammation of the pharynx and/or tonsils that can be caused by viruses or bacteria. Clinical features include fever, sore throat, and tender lymph nodes.
2) Differentiating between viral and bacterial causes based on symptoms alone is difficult, but bacterial causes are more likely if the patient presents with purulent tonsils, toxic appearance, and severe throat pain.
3) Management involves symptomatic relief and considering rapid antigen detection tests or throat culture if antibiotics are warranted. For confirmed bacterial infections, penicillin is recommended for 10 days to prevent complications like rheumatic fever.
Seasonal allergic rhinitis, also known as hay fever, refers to nasal inflammation and symptoms that occur during specific seasons in response to outdoor airborne allergens such as pollen. It is distinguished from perennial allergic rhinitis which occurs year-round. There is often overlap between the two conditions. Allergic rhinitis is associated with asthma, and inflammation in the nose can lead to changes in the lower airways. Treatment involves allergen avoidance and medications such as antihistamines, decongestants and corticosteroids.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
This document discusses best practices for allergen immunotherapy. It provides an overview of its effectiveness for treating allergic rhinitis, asthma, and venom hypersensitivity based on updated meta-analyses. Guidelines developed by WHO and allergy societies recommend immunotherapy for patients who have not responded adequately to medications or avoidance measures. Precautions are discussed for special groups like children, pregnant women, and elderly patients. The document also covers patient selection, product preparation, dosing schedules, safety considerations, and managing treatment.
An adverse drug reaction (ADR) is any harmful or unpleasant medical occurrence that may be related to a medication. ADRs can range from mild to severe or life-threatening. They are classified based on their mechanism and severity. Common types of ADRs include side effects, allergic reactions, toxicity from overdose, and teratogenic or carcinogenic effects. Spontaneous reporting of suspected ADRs is important for monitoring drug safety. Several drugs have been withdrawn from the market over time due to serious ADRs. Prompt treatment depends on classifying the reaction and its severity.
This document discusses atopy, allergic rhinitis, and asthma. It defines atopy as a genetic predisposition to develop IgE-mediated hypersensitivity responses upon exposure to allergens. Allergic rhinitis, or hay fever, is an inflammatory disease of the nasal passages caused by an allergic reaction to airborne allergens like pollen and dust mites. Common symptoms include sneezing, stuffy nose, and runny nose. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory lung disease characterized by reversible airway obstruction, airway inflammation, and hyperresponsiveness to stimuli.
The document discusses various diseases of the nose and ear, including their causes, symptoms, and treatment options. It covers common colds, influenza, allergic rhinitis, sinusitis, otitis externa, otitis media, and more. For treatment, it recommends medications like antihistamines, decongestants, steroids, antibiotics, and provides dosage information. Prevention methods are also outlined, such as allergen avoidance and regular ear cleaning.
Allergic rhinitis is a common respiratory allergy caused by an immunologic reaction to allergens like dust, pollen, or animal dander. It affects 10-25% of the population. Diagnosis is based on history and symptoms of sneezing, congestion, and runny nose. Treatment includes allergen avoidance, antihistamines, nasal steroids, and immunotherapy. Nursing focuses on education about the condition, medications, and lifestyle modifications to reduce allergen exposure and control symptoms.
Asthma is a chronic disease characterized by episodic airway obstruction, airway hyperresponsiveness, and airway inflammation. It commonly presents with shortness of breath, wheezing, and cough. The pathophysiology involves type 2 inflammation driven by T helper 2 cells and cytokines like IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. Management involves avoiding triggers, using reliever medications like bronchodilators for acute symptoms and controller medications like inhaled corticosteroids to reduce inflammation. Other treatments target specific inflammatory pathways through monoclonal antibodies that inhibit IgE, IL-5, IL-4, and IL-13.
The document discusses allergic rhinitis, also known as hay fever. It provides statistics on the prevalence and burden of allergic rhinitis in the United States. It also outlines the causes, diagnosis, and treatment options for allergic rhinitis including avoidance strategies, medications, immunotherapy, and more.
Allergic rhinitis is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa affecting 10-20% of the population. It is caused by an IgE-mediated response to airborne allergens like dust mites, pollen, and animal dander. Symptoms include rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, sneezing, and itching. Allergic rhinitis is classified based on symptom duration and severity. Treatment involves avoidance of triggers, oral antihistamines, intranasal corticosteroids, and immunotherapy to relieve symptoms and inflammation. Allergic rhinitis and asthma often co-exist as part of a combined airway inflammatory disease.
Allergic rhinitis, or hay fever, is a common condition affecting 10-25% of the global population. It is an inflammation of the nasal passages caused by an immune system response to allergens like pollen, dust mites, or pet dander. Symptoms include sneezing, nasal congestion, runny nose, and itchy eyes. Allergic rhinitis can impair quality of life and work or school performance. Intranasal corticosteroids are the most effective treatment for both intermittent and persistent allergic rhinitis. The ARIA guidelines recommend intranasal corticosteroids as first-line treatment alone or in combination with oral antihistamines depending on the severity
Allergic rhinitis is an inflammation of the nasal passages caused by an immune response to common allergens like pollen, dust mites, or animal dander. It affects about 1 in 5 people in the UK and causes symptoms like sneezing, nasal congestion, and watery eyes. While it is usually diagnosed based on symptoms, skin or blood tests can help identify specific allergens. Treatment involves avoidance of triggers, oral antihistamines, intranasal corticosteroids, and immunotherapy for severe cases. Referral to an ENT specialist is recommended if symptoms persist despite treatment or if red flags for other conditions are present.
1. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that affects 15-20 million people in India. It is characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation.
2. Proper diagnosis involves assessing patient history of symptoms, performing a physical exam, and measuring lung function through methods like peak flow meters. Treatment involves a stepwise approach using reliever and preventer medications.
3. Relievers provide quick symptom relief but are not for regular use. Preventers help control inflammation and symptoms over the long-term and include inhaled corticosteroids, long-acting beta-agonists, and other drugs. Combination inhalers containing both a preventer and reliever are often ideal
Pharmacotherapy of Asthmatic patient in hospitalAhmanurSule5
This document provides an overview of asthma, including:
1. It defines asthma as a chronic inflammatory airway disorder characterized by reversible airway obstruction.
2. Environmental triggers and allergens can cause asthma symptoms by inducing inflammation and bronchospasm.
3. Treatment involves controlling inflammation with inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilation with inhaled beta-agonists for acute symptoms and prevention of exacerbations.
4. Proper inhaler technique and patient education are important for effective asthma management.
Allergic rhinitis (AR) is an atopic disease presenting with symptoms of sneezing, nasal congestion, clear rhinorrhea, and nasal pruritis. It is an IgE-mediated immune response that is against inhaled antigens in the immediate phase, with a subsequent leukotriene-mediated late phase
This document provides information about rhinosinusitis and allergic rhinitis. It defines rhinosinusitis as inflammation of the nose and paranasal sinuses that can be acute, lasting less than 4 weeks, or chronic, lasting more than 12 weeks. Allergic rhinitis involves inflammation of the nasal mucosa due to IgE-mediated reactions to allergens. Diagnosis involves taking a history, physical exam, and allergy tests like skin prick tests. Management focuses on allergen avoidance, pharmacotherapy including antihistamines, and immunotherapy for long-term treatment.
This document summarizes the medical management of rhinosinusitis (RS) and nasal polyps. It discusses the different types of RS including acute, chronic, allergic, and infectious. Treatment options are provided for each type based on severity and include nasal irrigation, topical and oral corticosteroids, antibiotics, decongestants, and immunotherapy. Surgical management is reserved for severe cases that do not respond to medical therapy. The goal of treatment is to reduce symptoms and recurrence in order to improve quality of life for patients with RS.
This document provides information on the definition, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of allergic rhinitis. It defines allergic rhinitis as an IgE-mediated inflammation of the nasal membranes characterized by sneezing, nasal congestion, nasal itching, and rhinorrhea. It affects individuals as early as childhood, with peak prevalence in the third decade of life. Diagnosis involves taking a medical history, performing a physical exam, and conducting tests like skin prick tests. Management includes allergen avoidance, pharmacotherapy with medications like antihistamines, intranasal corticosteroids, and immunotherapy for certain patients. The document provides detailed information on the classification, causes, and treatment approaches for
The document discusses the management of bronchial asthma. It provides details on the pathophysiology, classification, clinical presentation, investigations, and management of asthma. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by wheezing, breathlessness, and airway obstruction. It affects over 300 million people globally. Management involves reliever medications like bronchodilators for acute symptoms and controller medications like inhaled corticosteroids and leukotriene modifiers for long-term control of inflammation and prevention of exacerbations.
1) Pharyngo-tonsillitis refers to inflammation of the pharynx and/or tonsils that can be caused by viruses or bacteria. Clinical features include fever, sore throat, and tender lymph nodes.
2) Differentiating between viral and bacterial causes based on symptoms alone is difficult, but bacterial causes are more likely if the patient presents with purulent tonsils, toxic appearance, and severe throat pain.
3) Management involves symptomatic relief and considering rapid antigen detection tests or throat culture if antibiotics are warranted. For confirmed bacterial infections, penicillin is recommended for 10 days to prevent complications like rheumatic fever.
Seasonal allergic rhinitis, also known as hay fever, refers to nasal inflammation and symptoms that occur during specific seasons in response to outdoor airborne allergens such as pollen. It is distinguished from perennial allergic rhinitis which occurs year-round. There is often overlap between the two conditions. Allergic rhinitis is associated with asthma, and inflammation in the nose can lead to changes in the lower airways. Treatment involves allergen avoidance and medications such as antihistamines, decongestants and corticosteroids.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
2. Definition
Allergic rhinitis is clinically
defined as a symptomatic
disorder of the nose induced
by an IgE-mediated
inflammation after allergen
exposure of the membranes
lining the nose
3. Natural History
Onset is common in
childhood, adolescence and
early childhood .
Symptoms often wane in
older adults, but may
develop or persist at any
age
4. Natural History
No apparent gender
selectivity or predisposition
to developing AR
May contribute to a
number of other conditions
5. Allergic rhinitis
Inflammatory disorder of nasal mucosa,
characterized by pruritus, sneezing,
rhinorrhoea and nasal congestion.
Adversely affects social life, school
performance, and work productivity;
especially in patients with severe disease
Loss of productivity, missed school and
work days, and direct costs associated
with treatment create substantial costs to
society.
Lancet 2011; 378: 2112–22
33. Second Generation AH
Improve selectivity
Hepatic and Cardiovascular
side effects of terfanadine
and astemizole
Non sedating
Demonstrated efficacy for
AR symptoms
34. Wide Therapeutic Window of Second
Generation Antihistamines
The second generation H1-
antihistamines have a rapid onset of
action with persistence of clinical
effects for at least 24 hours, so these
drugs can be administered once a day.
They do not lead to the development of
tachyphylaxis and show a wide
therapeutic window (e.g. fexofenadine)
35. Significance of wide therapeutic
window (fexofenadine)
Low H1-antihistamine dose High
Ineffective Therapeutic Window
Not tested for
adverse effects
Maximum
Studied dose
(Fexo 1380 mg)
Minimally
effective dose
(Fexo 60 mg)
Howarth PH. Advanced Studies in Medicine. 2004;4(7A):S508-512
36. Third Generation AH
Minimal side effects
Increased duration of action
Positive effect on nasal
airflow
Reduction in nasal
congestion
37. Effects of leukotrienes on airways
Increased levels in nasal fluid after
allergen challenge
Contribute to both early and late phase
Nasal congestion
Sneezing, rhinorrhea
Chemoattractant for eosinophils
Promote eosinophil adhesion
Decrease eosinophil apoptosis
38. Leukotrine Inhibitors:
Competitively block binding of leukotrines to end
organs.
Montelukast is only FDA approved Leukotrine
inhibitor
Montelukast reduces exhaled Nitric oxide, a
marker for airway inflammation
Montelukast works through LC C4 and D$ which
are found in upper airway
Because Montelukast acts throughout the airway
this agent is a good choice for those with
concurrent Asthma and AR
39. Rationale for antihistamine-montelukast
combination in AR
Histamine
Responsible for rhinorrhea, nasal itching
and sneezing
Less evident effect on nasal congestion
Leukotrienes
Increase in nasal airway resistance and
vascular permeability
Blockage or inhibition of these two
mediators may provide additional benefits
compared to single mediator inhibition
40. Intra-nasal Steroids
Work mostly locally, thus avoid
unwanted side effects associated
with their oral or I/V use
• Newer formulations show even
lower systemic absorption
• Most effective against late-phase
mediators with some effect on
acute phase response.
41. Intra-nasal Steroids
Should be used in a chronic
manner
Higher dose results in greater
benefit
Judicious use in children and
pregnant women recommended
Large paed studies have not
shown significant adverse effects
42. Intra-nasal Steroids
First line drug in seasonal AR
However for perennial AR management
with I/N steroids alone has not proved to
be as beneficial
Depending upon severity of disease short
courses of oral steroids in addition to
topical symptomatic relief more
Fewer side effects (IOP)
44. Algorithm for management of AR
Allergic Rhinitis
Intermittent Symptoms Persistent Symptoms
Mild Moderate/Severe
Mild
Moderate/Severe
• Oral H1 Blocker
• Intranasal H1
Blocker
• Leukotrine
modifier
• Intranasal Steroid
• Oral H1 Blocker
• Intranasal H1 Blocker
• Nasal Cromone
• Leukotrine modifier
In PAR Pt. FU after 2-4 wks.
If failure step up, if improved continue for one month
Intranasal Steroid
Follow up after 2 wks.
Improved Failed
Step down
Review Dx
Compliance
Intranasal
Steroid
Itch/sneeze add
H1 Blocker
Rhinorrhea add
Ipratropium
Blockage: add oral
decongestant/steroid short term
45. Immunotherapy
Involves the sequential
administration of antigen to
patients with symptomatic, atopic
conditions to induce tolerance to
offending antigens
Effective in treatment of both AR &
Asthma
Generally safe and well tolerated
47. Selections of candidates for IT
Symptoms induced by allergen
exposure
Patients with rhinitis and
symptoms from lower airway
during peak allergen exposure
Insufficient control of symptoms
with AH and/or topical steroids
48. Summary…
Allergic rhinitis is associated with several co-
morbidities and affects quality of life and
productivity
Second generation antihistamines are
recommended for treatment of allergic rhinitis in
adults and children; fexofenadine has proven
efficacy, is devoid of sedation and has wide
therapeutic window
Leukotrienes play key role in allergic rhinitis;
montelukast is most throroughly tested
leukotriene antagonist
49. Summary
Antihistamine-montelukast combination
seems to be a more effective strategy than
monotherapy in the treatment of allergic
rhinitis in patients with moderate to severe
symptoms
Fexofenadine-montelukast combination
yields significant reduction in nasal
congestion and nasal resistance in allergic
rhinitis vs. fexofenadine
51. Place in therapy for antihistamine-montelukast
combination
Allergic rhinitis with nasal
congestion
Allergic rhinitis with
moderate-to-severe
symptoms