Willow silage is increasingly gaining importance as an alternative winter fodder in the Mountainous region of Bhutan. This Potential Good Practice Note talks about the package of practices of growing willow and ensiling willow twigs and leaves. The technique of silage making is simple, affordable, replicable and user friendly. This practice is undertaken with the objective to propagate willow and promote biomass ensiling techniques at farmers' level with an ultimate aim to address fodder shortage in winter.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Management of Rangelands Through Controlled Shrub Burning (BHGP10 - Potential...copppldsecretariat
This note showcases a study, undertaken by the Livestock Sector of Paro Dzongkhag, of controlled shrubs burning in the alpine area of Soe Yaksa which was conducted to see its effect on rangeland regeneration. The trial was initially started in 2004 but the burning could be implemented only in February 2006 due to unfavourable weather conditions.
The preliminary findings reveal that the burning trials led to an increase of 26% of edible species of vegetation. After five to six month of burning trials, an excellent ground cover of edible grasses, sedges and broadleaf was observed in the area.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Agroforestry practices can help sustain hill field cultivation and productivity for small upland farms. Contour hedgerows with nitrogen-fixing trees and food crops can conserve soils on steep slopes and improve soil fertility. Alley cropping with mixed plantings of crops like papaya, pineapple, and tea within hedgerows provides soil conservation while also producing edible and marketable products. However, maintaining hedgerows requires labor and limited land, so alternatives that integrate soil-improving legumes into hill field crops are also discussed to enhance soil fertility without consuming as much land. Overall, agroforestry approaches aim to support sustainable agriculture through soil conservation, improvement, and diversified production.
Structural diversity and nutrient recycling potentials of three selected agro...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Homegardens in Kerala mimic forest ecosystems on account of the tree components included and are agroforestry systems that integrate different agricultural crops and enterprises as per the needs and interests of the farm family. Analysis of the structural diversity and nutrient recycling potentials of three agroforestry homegardens in southern Kerala revealed multi-tier cropping patterns with cropping intensities ranging from 177.18 to 187.04%. Two of the homegardens included livestock components adding to the nutritional security of the family. Diversity indices were in the order 0.92, 1.53 and 0.86. The quantum of litter fall varied with the tree canopies and species, amounting to 473.6, 425.37 and 345.11 kg adding 7.02, 7.517 and 5.165 kg NPK annually in the three homegardens. Maximum nutrient additions were recorded for nitrogen and potassium and least for phosphorus.
This document discusses the classification of agroforestry systems. It defines agroforestry and lists some of its benefits. Agroforestry systems can be classified based on their structure, function, socioeconomic conditions, and ecology. Structurally, they are classified based on the nature and arrangement of components. Functionally, they may have productive or protective roles. Socioeconomically, systems can be commercial, intermediate, or subsistence. Ecologically, systems are suitable for humid/subhumid lowlands, semi-arid/arid lands, or highlands. Common agroforestry practices include alley cropping, silvopasture, shelterbelts, and windbreaks.
This document provides information on various types of agroforestry systems including agrisilviculture, shifting cultivation, taungya system, and intercropping. It defines agroforestry as a land management system involving trees and agricultural crops grown together. The key types of agroforestry systems discussed are agrisilviculture, silvipastoral, agrisilvipastoral, and hortisilviculture. Shifting cultivation and taungya systems integrate trees with annual crops but require farmers to periodically clear new plots of land. Intercropping involves growing tree and crop components simultaneously in arrangements like border planting, alternate rows, or strips.
Trees with edible parts in forest and agroforests in Jambi landscapeCIFOR-ICRAF
This document discusses trees with edible parts found in forests and rubber agroforests in Jambi, Indonesia. It finds that forest areas have higher tree species diversity and density than rubber agroforests. A total of 13 tree species with edible fruits, nuts, or other parts were identified across forest and agroforest sites. Rubber agroforests provide some food and mimic some aspects of forest, but have lower species diversity dominated by rubber trees. Maintaining diverse food-producing trees remains a challenge for agroforestry systems to support food security.
1) Terrestrial carbon sequestration involves photosynthesis fixing more carbon than is released by respiration, storing excess carbon in biomass and soils over time.
2) Carbon is sequestered in live biomass like trees and roots, dead biomass like coarse and fine litter, wood products, and soil organic matter.
3) Afforestation projects that convert agricultural or grazing land to forests can sequester 1-5 tons of carbon per hectare per year on average by planting fast-growing tree species.
Integrating trees and shrubs with agricultural enterprises can provide economic and ecological benefits through agroforestry systems. These systems include alleycropping, where crops are grown between rows of trees; silvopasture, which combines trees, livestock grazing, and forage production; windbreaks; and forest farming of nontimber forest products. While agroforestry offers advantages, it also involves complex interactions that require planning to balance the needs of different components. Case studies demonstrate how farmers have successfully implemented agroforestry.
Management of Rangelands Through Controlled Shrub Burning (BHGP10 - Potential...copppldsecretariat
This note showcases a study, undertaken by the Livestock Sector of Paro Dzongkhag, of controlled shrubs burning in the alpine area of Soe Yaksa which was conducted to see its effect on rangeland regeneration. The trial was initially started in 2004 but the burning could be implemented only in February 2006 due to unfavourable weather conditions.
The preliminary findings reveal that the burning trials led to an increase of 26% of edible species of vegetation. After five to six month of burning trials, an excellent ground cover of edible grasses, sedges and broadleaf was observed in the area.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Agroforestry practices can help sustain hill field cultivation and productivity for small upland farms. Contour hedgerows with nitrogen-fixing trees and food crops can conserve soils on steep slopes and improve soil fertility. Alley cropping with mixed plantings of crops like papaya, pineapple, and tea within hedgerows provides soil conservation while also producing edible and marketable products. However, maintaining hedgerows requires labor and limited land, so alternatives that integrate soil-improving legumes into hill field crops are also discussed to enhance soil fertility without consuming as much land. Overall, agroforestry approaches aim to support sustainable agriculture through soil conservation, improvement, and diversified production.
Structural diversity and nutrient recycling potentials of three selected agro...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Homegardens in Kerala mimic forest ecosystems on account of the tree components included and are agroforestry systems that integrate different agricultural crops and enterprises as per the needs and interests of the farm family. Analysis of the structural diversity and nutrient recycling potentials of three agroforestry homegardens in southern Kerala revealed multi-tier cropping patterns with cropping intensities ranging from 177.18 to 187.04%. Two of the homegardens included livestock components adding to the nutritional security of the family. Diversity indices were in the order 0.92, 1.53 and 0.86. The quantum of litter fall varied with the tree canopies and species, amounting to 473.6, 425.37 and 345.11 kg adding 7.02, 7.517 and 5.165 kg NPK annually in the three homegardens. Maximum nutrient additions were recorded for nitrogen and potassium and least for phosphorus.
This document discusses the classification of agroforestry systems. It defines agroforestry and lists some of its benefits. Agroforestry systems can be classified based on their structure, function, socioeconomic conditions, and ecology. Structurally, they are classified based on the nature and arrangement of components. Functionally, they may have productive or protective roles. Socioeconomically, systems can be commercial, intermediate, or subsistence. Ecologically, systems are suitable for humid/subhumid lowlands, semi-arid/arid lands, or highlands. Common agroforestry practices include alley cropping, silvopasture, shelterbelts, and windbreaks.
This document provides information on various types of agroforestry systems including agrisilviculture, shifting cultivation, taungya system, and intercropping. It defines agroforestry as a land management system involving trees and agricultural crops grown together. The key types of agroforestry systems discussed are agrisilviculture, silvipastoral, agrisilvipastoral, and hortisilviculture. Shifting cultivation and taungya systems integrate trees with annual crops but require farmers to periodically clear new plots of land. Intercropping involves growing tree and crop components simultaneously in arrangements like border planting, alternate rows, or strips.
Trees with edible parts in forest and agroforests in Jambi landscapeCIFOR-ICRAF
This document discusses trees with edible parts found in forests and rubber agroforests in Jambi, Indonesia. It finds that forest areas have higher tree species diversity and density than rubber agroforests. A total of 13 tree species with edible fruits, nuts, or other parts were identified across forest and agroforest sites. Rubber agroforests provide some food and mimic some aspects of forest, but have lower species diversity dominated by rubber trees. Maintaining diverse food-producing trees remains a challenge for agroforestry systems to support food security.
1) Terrestrial carbon sequestration involves photosynthesis fixing more carbon than is released by respiration, storing excess carbon in biomass and soils over time.
2) Carbon is sequestered in live biomass like trees and roots, dead biomass like coarse and fine litter, wood products, and soil organic matter.
3) Afforestation projects that convert agricultural or grazing land to forests can sequester 1-5 tons of carbon per hectare per year on average by planting fast-growing tree species.
Integrating trees and shrubs with agricultural enterprises can provide economic and ecological benefits through agroforestry systems. These systems include alleycropping, where crops are grown between rows of trees; silvopasture, which combines trees, livestock grazing, and forage production; windbreaks; and forest farming of nontimber forest products. While agroforestry offers advantages, it also involves complex interactions that require planning to balance the needs of different components. Case studies demonstrate how farmers have successfully implemented agroforestry.
Agroforestry based forage production systems for hillsSunil Kumar
The document discusses agroforestry based forage production systems for hills. It provides background on the issues of low fodder availability and quality in hilly areas. It then discusses various agroforestry systems suitable for different agro-climatic zones in hills like silvipasture, alley cropping and hortipasture systems. These systems help improve fodder production and quality as well as income opportunities by integrating trees with crops and livestock. Research findings show that agroforestry systems provide higher total biomass and productivity per unit area compared to sole cropping or grazing systems.
This document discusses how agroforestry can be mainstreamed in biodiversity conservation efforts. It outlines several ways that agroforestry contributes to biodiversity conservation by reducing pressure on natural forests, providing habitat, and serving as a benign land use matrix. The document argues that landscape-scale approaches that integrate protected areas, agroforestry, and other land uses are needed. It provides examples of agroforestry practices that embody conservation principles like maintaining genetic diversity and enhancing ecological processes. Finally, it proposes several options for mainstreaming agroforestry, such as linking it to conservation planning, expanding agroforestry options, and strategic alliances between agroforestry and conservation organizations.
This document discusses silvopasture systems, which involve the combined production of woody plants and pasture. Key aspects covered include using trees and shrubs to provide fodder, live fences, and scattered plantings to supplement pasture forage. Benefits of silvopasture systems include increased income diversity and wildlife habitat as well as soil improvement through tree roots and nutrient cycling. The document provides examples of grass and tree species suitable for silvopasture systems and their observed yields under experiments in India.
This document discusses the design and development of agroforestry systems in low rainfall regions of India to combat climate change. It begins by outlining the challenges facing arid lands such as soil erosion from wind and water, vegetation degradation, salinization, and land degradation from overgrazing, deforestation, and poor irrigation practices. It then discusses how agroforestry systems can help sequester carbon and provide economic benefits through various tree-crop-livestock integrated models. Specifically, it evaluates traditional agroforestry systems in Rajasthan that integrate trees like Prosopis cineraria with crops and livestock. It concludes that agroforestry interventions have promise for providing consistent economic returns along with environmental benefits
Bobwhite Quail Suitability Index and Summary ReportCammie Coffey
This report evaluates the suitability of 250 acres of land along the Bosque River in Texas for northern bobwhite quail habitat. An evaluation tool was used to assess five habitat components: nesting cover, brood cover, protective cover, food, and interspersion. Each component was found to have a limiting factor. For nesting cover it was quantity, brood cover was accessibility to plants, protective cover was quantity of loafing areas, food was accessibility, and interspersion was distance to woody cover. Management recommendations include thinning forests, strip disking, prescribed burning, and replacing grass with native plants to improve all factors.
Analysis of forest tree species retention and cultivation in rural farming sy...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed forest tree species retention and cultivation in rural farming systems in Cross River State, Nigeria. The study found that tree retention and cultivation is influenced by their roles in soil protection, climate moderation, and biodiversity conservation. Trees were found to significantly predict the quantity and income of forest products. However, trees in high forest areas provided greater quantity and income than trees on farmlands. While trees on both farmlands and in forests contribute to rural incomes, trees in forests had a higher contribution. The study recommends improving tree retention and cultivation on farmlands to increase benefits and reduce pressure on primary forests.
11.[36 45]response of maize (zea mays l) yield and yield components to rates ...Alexander Decker
This study examined the effects of different phosphorus fertilizer rates on maize yield and yield components in two locations in Kogi State, Nigeria. The experiment used a randomized complete block design with seven phosphorus rates (0-120 kg/ha) applied to maize. Results showed that phosphorus application significantly increased plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, stem girth, cob weight, and grain yield compared to the control in both locations. The highest cob weights and optimum grain yields were obtained from 100-120 kg P/ha. Based on the results, 100-120 kg P/ha is recommended for maize cultivation in the soils studied.
1. The document presents a study on the yield, carbon density, and impact of climate change on Bagras trees grown in a corn-based hedgerow intercropping agroforestry system in Northern Mindanao, Philippines.
2. A yield model was developed that found yield variation was best accounted for by site index, age, basal area, and rainfall. The study also found that yield relative to stand and climatic characteristics was highest in woodlots, followed by boundaries, then alleys.
3. The study estimated the aboveground carbon density per tree and found it was highest in woodlots, then boundaries, then alleys.
4. The results also suggested that future decreases
The document discusses the importance of seedling quality for timber and bioenergy production. It notes that seedling quality impacts growth performance and wood properties. High quality seedlings are described as having desirable characteristics like disease resistance, robust stems, balanced shoot-root ratios, and genetic traits suited to the planting site. The document recommends selecting seedlings based on these traits to optimize reforestation and production of high quality wood and biomass.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
1. The study examined the effects of mulching and irrigation on cocoa seedling survival and establishment during the dry season in Ghana.
2. Results showed that irrigation and mulching significantly increased soil moisture content. Cocoa seedlings raised in topsoil, mulched and irrigated had the highest survival rate of 94.5%, while seedlings without irrigation or mulching had the lowest survival rate of 47.1%.
3. Irrigation had a significant positive effect on cocoa seedling survival, plant height, and leaf number. Seedling survival was 89.6% under irrigation versus 65.6% without irrigation. Mulching alone did not significantly affect seedling survival.
Managing crop production uncertainties and climate variability though a map-based system. The document discusses how Bungulla Farming, which operates 7,200 hectares of cropping land in Australia, uses a map-based system to manage risks and increase productivity in the face of increasing input costs, volatile grain prices, and climate change impacts like decreasing rainfall. Key data layers like soil nutrients, climate records, water availability, and machinery operations are integrated into interactive farm maps to help make strategic decisions at critical points and increase nitrogen use efficiency and targeted weed control.
Fruit based agroforestry systems in drylandsGovindBose
1) The document describes a seminar on fruit-based agroforestry systems in dryland areas given by Govind Bose.
2) It discusses the characteristics of drylands and why fruit-based agroforestry is suitable for these areas. Major systems include guava, aonla, ber, pomegranate, and custard apple.
3) The advantages are higher income, employment, and protective foods. Factors that affect the systems include variety selection, planting, mulching, weed control and nutrient management.
Effect of Cutting Frequency on Forage Growth and Yield in Elephant Grass in t...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Pot experiment was conducted at Ndele, Rivers state, southern rainforest of Nigeria to determine the effect of cutting frequency on forage growth and yield in elephant grass, Pennisetum purpureum. The study was a single factor experiment of cutting intervals (5 days; 10 days; 15 days and 20 days) replicated 3 times, arranged in a randomized complete block design using replicates as blocks. Data collected were plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, forage fresh weight and dry weight. Results showed that cutting frequency significantly influenced plant height or growth rate, leaf area and number of leaves. Leaf area and number of leaves reduced with higher frequency or shorter interval of cutting. Grasses cut at 20 days interval recorded the greatest number of leaves and highest leaf area. Cutting frequency markedly affected forage fresh weight and dry matter production (dry weight) and there was noticeable forage yield reduction in grasses cut at 5 days interval (higher frequency) with progressive cuttings as against those cut at 20 days interval (low frequency). Grasses cut at 20 days interval recorded the highest growth and leaf production, the most forage fresh weight and dry matter yield. 20 days interval is hereby recommended for cutting Pennistum purpureum cutting or gracing in southern rainforest of Nigeria.
1) Trees on private land make up a significant portion of the growing stock in India, accounting for 25% in total. However, regulations make harvesting and selling wood from private lands difficult.
2) Regulations vary significantly between states. Forest-rich states like Madhya Pradesh have more regulations due to concerns over poaching, while forest-poor states like Haryana have less regulation.
3) Implementing regulations fully would require numerous verification steps, creating a large regulatory burden for both landowners and regulators. Simplifying and streamlining regulations could reduce these burdens while still maintaining environmental protections.
This document discusses the potential for agroforestry to help address challenges of the 21st century related to increasing global needs for food, energy, and environmental sustainability. It notes projections for increases in global population, food and energy demands, greenhouse gas emissions, and biodiversity loss. Agroforestry is presented as a land use approach that can help balance production and conservation goals. The document reviews how various temperate agroforestry practices such as silvopasture, alley cropping, riparian buffers, and windbreaks can contribute to food security, rural prosperity, energy security, environmental benefits like carbon sequestration and water quality improvement, and biodiversity conservation when implemented on a large scale in North America
1) The document discusses how agroforestry and community forestry can help mitigate climate change and promote sustainable green communities. It outlines various agroforestry systems that combine trees, crops, and livestock.
2) Benefits of agroforestry include reducing poverty and hunger, improving food security and nutrition, providing medicinal plants, and countering global warming. Community forests can be established using agroforestry methods.
3) Scaling up agroforestry and community forestry programs and linking them to climate change initiatives like REDD+ can help create sustainable green communities that protect the environment, support local economies and agriculture, and maximize renewable resources.
1) The document discusses converting marginal cropland to perennial grassland pasture, using the example of the Moore family in Texas who switched from row crops to cattle grazing.
2) Establishing pasture can improve soil health, reduce costs and risks, and provide ecological benefits like reduced erosion compared to annual cropping.
3) Key considerations for the transition include a financial analysis, selecting suitable grass varieties, and methods for establishing the new pastureland.
Response of late season maize soybean intercropping to nitrogen in the humid ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the response of late season maize/soybean intercropping to nitrogen fertilizer in southern Nigeria. The study investigated different nitrogen rates (0-100 kg/ha) and crop arrangements (sole and mixed cropping) on maize and soybean yield. The results showed that nitrogen fertilization increased yields for both crops in both sole and mixed systems. Applying 100 kg/ha nitrogen to maize increased various yield components by 15-153% compared to no nitrogen. For soybean, 100 kg/ha nitrogen increased yield components by 14-120% over no nitrogen. Optimum soybean yield was obtained at 50 kg/ha nitrogen. Intercropping maize and soy
Oats as a Potential High Altitude Winter Fodder Crop - Promoting a Productive...copppldsecretariat
Soeyaksa, a semi-nomadic community inhabits the high altitude rangelands in Bhutan. Due to rugged topography and cold temperature, livestock rearing is the only agricultural activity practiced by this community who experienced the lack of winter fodder as a major issue in year 2001. Owing to which a fodder promotional program was initiated. This included on-farm tests to compare oats with the traditional fodder crop,
This Potential GP note captures how a fodder promotional program has immensely benefited alpine communities during seven years of continued efforts and unfailing support, concluding that the program should be scaled-up in similar alpine areas of Bhutan. The introduction of Oats as a winter fodder resulted in less labour demand, reduced animal mortality and increased lactation period. Above all, the adoption of introduced winter fodder saved time for women and they were able to participate in other development activities.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Growth, yield and economic returns of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophth...Md. Atick Chowdhury
The influence of stocking density plays one of the major roles in the final production for profitable aquaculture. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of stocking density on growth, yield and economic return of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus). The fish were reared in cages at three different stocking densities. Fishes were stocked at 19, 22 and 25 fish/m3 densities indicated as T1, T2 and T3. After 90 days of the experimental period, growth and yield parameters were studied and economic analysis regarding farm profitability was carried out. Fish growth performance significantly decreased with increasing stocking density. The mean yields were 12.27 ± 0.08, 14.00 ± 0.14 and 15.01 ± 0.20 kg/m3 in T1, T2 and T3, respectively and showed significant variations (P < 0.05) with increasing stocking density. RGR, SGR, PER between 19 and 22 fish/m3 were not significantly different, but they were significantly higher than 25 fish/m3. The FCR was significantly lower in 19 and 22 fish/m3 than the 25 fish/m3 stocked cages. Environmental parameters were within the acceptable range. The benefit-cost analysis revealed significantly higher BCR in 19 and 22 fish/m3. Overall, best farm profitability was achieved from the stocking density of 22 fish/m3 among three stocking densities experimented in the study.
Agroforestry based forage production systems for hillsSunil Kumar
The document discusses agroforestry based forage production systems for hills. It provides background on the issues of low fodder availability and quality in hilly areas. It then discusses various agroforestry systems suitable for different agro-climatic zones in hills like silvipasture, alley cropping and hortipasture systems. These systems help improve fodder production and quality as well as income opportunities by integrating trees with crops and livestock. Research findings show that agroforestry systems provide higher total biomass and productivity per unit area compared to sole cropping or grazing systems.
This document discusses how agroforestry can be mainstreamed in biodiversity conservation efforts. It outlines several ways that agroforestry contributes to biodiversity conservation by reducing pressure on natural forests, providing habitat, and serving as a benign land use matrix. The document argues that landscape-scale approaches that integrate protected areas, agroforestry, and other land uses are needed. It provides examples of agroforestry practices that embody conservation principles like maintaining genetic diversity and enhancing ecological processes. Finally, it proposes several options for mainstreaming agroforestry, such as linking it to conservation planning, expanding agroforestry options, and strategic alliances between agroforestry and conservation organizations.
This document discusses silvopasture systems, which involve the combined production of woody plants and pasture. Key aspects covered include using trees and shrubs to provide fodder, live fences, and scattered plantings to supplement pasture forage. Benefits of silvopasture systems include increased income diversity and wildlife habitat as well as soil improvement through tree roots and nutrient cycling. The document provides examples of grass and tree species suitable for silvopasture systems and their observed yields under experiments in India.
This document discusses the design and development of agroforestry systems in low rainfall regions of India to combat climate change. It begins by outlining the challenges facing arid lands such as soil erosion from wind and water, vegetation degradation, salinization, and land degradation from overgrazing, deforestation, and poor irrigation practices. It then discusses how agroforestry systems can help sequester carbon and provide economic benefits through various tree-crop-livestock integrated models. Specifically, it evaluates traditional agroforestry systems in Rajasthan that integrate trees like Prosopis cineraria with crops and livestock. It concludes that agroforestry interventions have promise for providing consistent economic returns along with environmental benefits
Bobwhite Quail Suitability Index and Summary ReportCammie Coffey
This report evaluates the suitability of 250 acres of land along the Bosque River in Texas for northern bobwhite quail habitat. An evaluation tool was used to assess five habitat components: nesting cover, brood cover, protective cover, food, and interspersion. Each component was found to have a limiting factor. For nesting cover it was quantity, brood cover was accessibility to plants, protective cover was quantity of loafing areas, food was accessibility, and interspersion was distance to woody cover. Management recommendations include thinning forests, strip disking, prescribed burning, and replacing grass with native plants to improve all factors.
Analysis of forest tree species retention and cultivation in rural farming sy...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed forest tree species retention and cultivation in rural farming systems in Cross River State, Nigeria. The study found that tree retention and cultivation is influenced by their roles in soil protection, climate moderation, and biodiversity conservation. Trees were found to significantly predict the quantity and income of forest products. However, trees in high forest areas provided greater quantity and income than trees on farmlands. While trees on both farmlands and in forests contribute to rural incomes, trees in forests had a higher contribution. The study recommends improving tree retention and cultivation on farmlands to increase benefits and reduce pressure on primary forests.
11.[36 45]response of maize (zea mays l) yield and yield components to rates ...Alexander Decker
This study examined the effects of different phosphorus fertilizer rates on maize yield and yield components in two locations in Kogi State, Nigeria. The experiment used a randomized complete block design with seven phosphorus rates (0-120 kg/ha) applied to maize. Results showed that phosphorus application significantly increased plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, stem girth, cob weight, and grain yield compared to the control in both locations. The highest cob weights and optimum grain yields were obtained from 100-120 kg P/ha. Based on the results, 100-120 kg P/ha is recommended for maize cultivation in the soils studied.
1. The document presents a study on the yield, carbon density, and impact of climate change on Bagras trees grown in a corn-based hedgerow intercropping agroforestry system in Northern Mindanao, Philippines.
2. A yield model was developed that found yield variation was best accounted for by site index, age, basal area, and rainfall. The study also found that yield relative to stand and climatic characteristics was highest in woodlots, followed by boundaries, then alleys.
3. The study estimated the aboveground carbon density per tree and found it was highest in woodlots, then boundaries, then alleys.
4. The results also suggested that future decreases
The document discusses the importance of seedling quality for timber and bioenergy production. It notes that seedling quality impacts growth performance and wood properties. High quality seedlings are described as having desirable characteristics like disease resistance, robust stems, balanced shoot-root ratios, and genetic traits suited to the planting site. The document recommends selecting seedlings based on these traits to optimize reforestation and production of high quality wood and biomass.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
1. The study examined the effects of mulching and irrigation on cocoa seedling survival and establishment during the dry season in Ghana.
2. Results showed that irrigation and mulching significantly increased soil moisture content. Cocoa seedlings raised in topsoil, mulched and irrigated had the highest survival rate of 94.5%, while seedlings without irrigation or mulching had the lowest survival rate of 47.1%.
3. Irrigation had a significant positive effect on cocoa seedling survival, plant height, and leaf number. Seedling survival was 89.6% under irrigation versus 65.6% without irrigation. Mulching alone did not significantly affect seedling survival.
Managing crop production uncertainties and climate variability though a map-based system. The document discusses how Bungulla Farming, which operates 7,200 hectares of cropping land in Australia, uses a map-based system to manage risks and increase productivity in the face of increasing input costs, volatile grain prices, and climate change impacts like decreasing rainfall. Key data layers like soil nutrients, climate records, water availability, and machinery operations are integrated into interactive farm maps to help make strategic decisions at critical points and increase nitrogen use efficiency and targeted weed control.
Fruit based agroforestry systems in drylandsGovindBose
1) The document describes a seminar on fruit-based agroforestry systems in dryland areas given by Govind Bose.
2) It discusses the characteristics of drylands and why fruit-based agroforestry is suitable for these areas. Major systems include guava, aonla, ber, pomegranate, and custard apple.
3) The advantages are higher income, employment, and protective foods. Factors that affect the systems include variety selection, planting, mulching, weed control and nutrient management.
Effect of Cutting Frequency on Forage Growth and Yield in Elephant Grass in t...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Pot experiment was conducted at Ndele, Rivers state, southern rainforest of Nigeria to determine the effect of cutting frequency on forage growth and yield in elephant grass, Pennisetum purpureum. The study was a single factor experiment of cutting intervals (5 days; 10 days; 15 days and 20 days) replicated 3 times, arranged in a randomized complete block design using replicates as blocks. Data collected were plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, forage fresh weight and dry weight. Results showed that cutting frequency significantly influenced plant height or growth rate, leaf area and number of leaves. Leaf area and number of leaves reduced with higher frequency or shorter interval of cutting. Grasses cut at 20 days interval recorded the greatest number of leaves and highest leaf area. Cutting frequency markedly affected forage fresh weight and dry matter production (dry weight) and there was noticeable forage yield reduction in grasses cut at 5 days interval (higher frequency) with progressive cuttings as against those cut at 20 days interval (low frequency). Grasses cut at 20 days interval recorded the highest growth and leaf production, the most forage fresh weight and dry matter yield. 20 days interval is hereby recommended for cutting Pennistum purpureum cutting or gracing in southern rainforest of Nigeria.
1) Trees on private land make up a significant portion of the growing stock in India, accounting for 25% in total. However, regulations make harvesting and selling wood from private lands difficult.
2) Regulations vary significantly between states. Forest-rich states like Madhya Pradesh have more regulations due to concerns over poaching, while forest-poor states like Haryana have less regulation.
3) Implementing regulations fully would require numerous verification steps, creating a large regulatory burden for both landowners and regulators. Simplifying and streamlining regulations could reduce these burdens while still maintaining environmental protections.
This document discusses the potential for agroforestry to help address challenges of the 21st century related to increasing global needs for food, energy, and environmental sustainability. It notes projections for increases in global population, food and energy demands, greenhouse gas emissions, and biodiversity loss. Agroforestry is presented as a land use approach that can help balance production and conservation goals. The document reviews how various temperate agroforestry practices such as silvopasture, alley cropping, riparian buffers, and windbreaks can contribute to food security, rural prosperity, energy security, environmental benefits like carbon sequestration and water quality improvement, and biodiversity conservation when implemented on a large scale in North America
1) The document discusses how agroforestry and community forestry can help mitigate climate change and promote sustainable green communities. It outlines various agroforestry systems that combine trees, crops, and livestock.
2) Benefits of agroforestry include reducing poverty and hunger, improving food security and nutrition, providing medicinal plants, and countering global warming. Community forests can be established using agroforestry methods.
3) Scaling up agroforestry and community forestry programs and linking them to climate change initiatives like REDD+ can help create sustainable green communities that protect the environment, support local economies and agriculture, and maximize renewable resources.
1) The document discusses converting marginal cropland to perennial grassland pasture, using the example of the Moore family in Texas who switched from row crops to cattle grazing.
2) Establishing pasture can improve soil health, reduce costs and risks, and provide ecological benefits like reduced erosion compared to annual cropping.
3) Key considerations for the transition include a financial analysis, selecting suitable grass varieties, and methods for establishing the new pastureland.
Response of late season maize soybean intercropping to nitrogen in the humid ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the response of late season maize/soybean intercropping to nitrogen fertilizer in southern Nigeria. The study investigated different nitrogen rates (0-100 kg/ha) and crop arrangements (sole and mixed cropping) on maize and soybean yield. The results showed that nitrogen fertilization increased yields for both crops in both sole and mixed systems. Applying 100 kg/ha nitrogen to maize increased various yield components by 15-153% compared to no nitrogen. For soybean, 100 kg/ha nitrogen increased yield components by 14-120% over no nitrogen. Optimum soybean yield was obtained at 50 kg/ha nitrogen. Intercropping maize and soy
Oats as a Potential High Altitude Winter Fodder Crop - Promoting a Productive...copppldsecretariat
Soeyaksa, a semi-nomadic community inhabits the high altitude rangelands in Bhutan. Due to rugged topography and cold temperature, livestock rearing is the only agricultural activity practiced by this community who experienced the lack of winter fodder as a major issue in year 2001. Owing to which a fodder promotional program was initiated. This included on-farm tests to compare oats with the traditional fodder crop,
This Potential GP note captures how a fodder promotional program has immensely benefited alpine communities during seven years of continued efforts and unfailing support, concluding that the program should be scaled-up in similar alpine areas of Bhutan. The introduction of Oats as a winter fodder resulted in less labour demand, reduced animal mortality and increased lactation period. Above all, the adoption of introduced winter fodder saved time for women and they were able to participate in other development activities.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Growth, yield and economic returns of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophth...Md. Atick Chowdhury
The influence of stocking density plays one of the major roles in the final production for profitable aquaculture. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of stocking density on growth, yield and economic return of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus). The fish were reared in cages at three different stocking densities. Fishes were stocked at 19, 22 and 25 fish/m3 densities indicated as T1, T2 and T3. After 90 days of the experimental period, growth and yield parameters were studied and economic analysis regarding farm profitability was carried out. Fish growth performance significantly decreased with increasing stocking density. The mean yields were 12.27 ± 0.08, 14.00 ± 0.14 and 15.01 ± 0.20 kg/m3 in T1, T2 and T3, respectively and showed significant variations (P < 0.05) with increasing stocking density. RGR, SGR, PER between 19 and 22 fish/m3 were not significantly different, but they were significantly higher than 25 fish/m3. The FCR was significantly lower in 19 and 22 fish/m3 than the 25 fish/m3 stocked cages. Environmental parameters were within the acceptable range. The benefit-cost analysis revealed significantly higher BCR in 19 and 22 fish/m3. Overall, best farm profitability was achieved from the stocking density of 22 fish/m3 among three stocking densities experimented in the study.
Changes in Selected Soil Physical Properties and Maize Yields as Affected by ...IJEAB
The study was conducted at Abakaliki to determine the changes in selected soil physical properties and maize yields as affected by animal wastes application in Abakaliki southeastern Nigeria in 2014 and 2015 cropping seasons. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with four treatment replicated five times. The treatments were poultry droppings at 5 tha-1 (PD), cow dung at 5 tha-1 (CD), mixture of PD + CD at 5 tha-1 and control (C) – non application of amendment. Bulk density, total porosity, moisture content, aggregate stability and mean weight diameter were determine in the laboratory using appropriate procedure while plant height, leaf area index and grain yield were also, measured in the field using recommended methods. The results showed positive changes in selected soil physical properties and maize yield in the two cropping seasons with the application of animal wastes. Also, improvement in soil physical properties and maize yields were higher in the second cropping season when compared to the first cropping season. Poultry dropping is recommended for farmers to use as fertilizer in maize production because plots treated with poultry droppings recorded the highest maize grain yield in the two cropping season than other treatments.
11.assessment of growth support potentials of different substrates for the cu...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed four different substrates (banana leaves, sawdust, palm trunk fiber, and coconut coir) for cultivating the straw mushroom (Volvoriella volvaceae). Banana leaves and sawdust supported mushroom growth, while palm trunk fiber and coconut coir did not. Banana leaves had higher biological efficiency (19.93%) than sawdust (10.05%), and produced higher mushroom yields. Proximate analysis showed banana leaves substrates had larger reductions in fiber and increases in protein after cultivation compared to sawdust. The study provides information on appropriate substrates and cultivation techniques for mushroom farming in Nigeria.
Effect of different Mulching Materials on the Yield of Quality Protein Maize ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Field research was conducted on the effects of different mulching materials on the yield of Quantity protein maize which include polythene sheet, dry grasses and control. The different mulching materials were tested on nine (9) ridges each measuring 10m. The research was laid out in a completely randomized block design each treatment replicated three times. The parameters measured include weight of cobs, weight of 100grain, and total grain, there was no statistical difference in the weight cobs among all the treatments, similarly, there was also no statistical different in the weight of 100 grain. As far the weight of grain per 5m 2 there was a significant difference among the treatments with polythene sheet covered plots that have 0.25kg, however, the grass-mulched plots 0.16kg was statistically similar to the control plots 0.15kg. And finally for store weight observed per 5m 2 , polythene sheet covered plots were significantly higher than grass-mulched plots which are also significantly different to control plots with the values of 1.23kg, 1.21kg and 0.71kg respectively.
Poultry manure application and fallow improves peanut production in a sandy s...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
To meet our food security demands, Papua New Guinea (PNG) needs to improve smallholder subsistence agriculture by promoting the production of cash crops that mature early and have a high market value. Peanut is a typical example of a cash crop which potentially has a high market value, but pod yields are low due to declinein soil quality. A field experiment was conducted under 4 different land use systems (LUS) to evaluate the effects of continuous peanut cultivation on peanut pod yield and on selected soil properties. Peanut pod yield declined significantly under the continuous peanut and peanut/corn rotation systems; while the poultry manure and land fallow systems significantly increased pod yield. Over the 3 cropping seasons, significant changes in organic carbon; extractable potassium and CEC in all cropping systems occurred, while changes in total N was significant in the peanut/corn rotation and poultry manure cropping systems only. No significant changes in bulk density; field capacity; electrical conductivity; soil pH and available phosphorus were observed in all the 4 LUS over the 3 cropping seasons. We suggest that adequate fallow periods of more than 1 year and poultry manures are applied to enhance soil quality and improve peanut productivity and/or sustain peanut production in marginal lands under continuous cultivation
A preliminary yield model for natural yushania alpina bamboo in kenyaAlexander Decker
1) The study developed a yield model for Yushania alpina bamboo in Kenya to estimate bamboo biomass and sustainable harvest levels.
2) Field data was collected from 25 sample plots measuring bamboo culm density, diameter, height, weight, and moisture content.
3) The yield model estimates culm green weight as a function of diameter, height, density, and moisture content, with an R2 of 0.82 and root mean square error of 1.45kg.
The document discusses various topics related to nutrient cycling and soil improvement in agroforestry systems. It defines nutrient cycling as the circulation of nutrient elements between living and non-living components of an ecosystem. It also explains how nutrient cycling differs from energy flow in being a cyclic process that recycles and transforms nutrients. The document then discusses how trees play an important role in nutrient cycling by recapturing leached nutrients via deep roots. It also covers topics like carbon sequestration, microclimate amelioration through agroforestry, and various methods of soil improvement involving the integration of trees on farms.
This document discusses smallholder farmers' agricultural land use and challenges in forest-fringed communities in Ghana. It finds that the dominant land uses are food crop and animal production, but farmers face problems like poor soils, small farm sizes, climate variability, weeds, and pests. The study assessed how agroforestry, which integrates trees and crops, could help address these land use problems. It administered surveys to farmers and reviewed secondary data, finding that agroforestry has potential to improve soil fertility, boost food production, and provide alternative income sources when crop yields are low. However, the document recommends that more extension efforts by government agencies could further optimize agroforestry's benefits for farmers in forest-
Feed resources and seasonal nutrient composition of predominant forages for s...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes two studies on feed resources and seasonal nutrient composition of forages for small ruminant production in Iwo Local Government Area of Osun state, Nigeria. Study I found that male respondents reared sheep while females reared goats. Animals grazed natural grasslands and were sometimes supplemented with kitchen wastes, cassava, and corn gluten. Study II analyzed predominant forages in wet and dry seasons and found grasses, legumes and shrubs present only in wet season. Browse plants were available year-round. Nutrient composition varied between seasons and forage types, with crude protein and ether extract generally lower in dry season. The document concludes farmers should improve housing, feeding, and provide dry
This document summarizes a study on the production economics of mat-sedges (Cyperus tegetum Roxb.) cultivation under different water management practices in West Bengal, India. The study found that the treatment of rainfall during the kharif season, 2 irrigations during winter, and 3 irrigations during summer along with rice straw mulching during winter and summer (W6) produced the highest benefit-cost ratio of 1.89 in the first year and 2.93 in the second year. The lowest benefit-cost ratio was obtained from the treatment of rainfall during kharif with one life-saving irrigation during winter and summer (W2), which was 1.11 in the first year and 1
This document compares two techniques for storing yam tubers to reduce post-harvest losses: storage in a wooden box and storage in an excavated pit. Fresh yam tubers were weighed and stored using each technique for 16 weeks. The tubers were weighed monthly to record weight loss. Storage in a wooden box prolonged the dormancy period to 4 months before sprouting, compared to 3 months for tubers stored in a pit. Overall, storage in a wooden box resulted in less weight loss (20% vs 17.23%) and was considered a more effective storage technique than using an excavated pit.
1. Switchgrass is a low-input, perennial grass that is well-suited to growing on marginal lands, producing 7-11 tonnes/ha of straw.
2. Dairy producers prefer switchgrass to wheat straw as livestock bedding due to its superior ability to absorb fluids and maintain a dry stall environment.
3. Feeding switchgrass in dairy rations can benefit rumen function for lactating cows and help prevent disorders in dry cows by reducing dietary potassium levels compared to alfalfa hay or wheat straw.
A field experiment on ‘Effect of nutrient management on grain yield of aerobic rice under irrigated condition during Pre-kharif season’ was conducted at Rice Research Station, Bankura, West Bengal, India during 2011 and 2012, respectively in upland situation of red and laterite areas of West Bengal. The experimental result revealed that grain yield of rice in aerobic situation was not significantly influenced by the irrigation schedules during pre-kharif season. Among the levels of nutrient management practices, highest grain yield (4.42 t ha-1) of aerobic rice [variety: Puspa (IET 17509)] was obtained from the treatment N2 [N1 (N, P2O5, K2O @ 80, 40, 40 kg ha-1) + Vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1]. It is the most promising approaches for saving water and labour. This is eco-friendly and environmentally safety. Rice production in aerobically is an important tool to mitigating the global warming i.e. climate change scenario.
Wood properties of detarium senegalense, a lesser used tropical timber growin...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the wood properties of Detarium senegalense, a lesser used tropical timber species in Nigeria. Some key findings include:
1. The basic density of D. senegalense is 610kg/m3, which is in the range of densities of commonly used commercial species. However, the heartwood only constitutes 9.02% of the total volume.
2. The mean fibre length is 0.91 mm, indicating it could be used as a source of short fibre for pulp and paper. Extractive content is also within suitable ranges for pulp and paper.
3. The high proportion of sapwood (75.98% of volume) suggests the wood
The document discusses the potential benefits of using bamboo in forest and landscape restoration. It notes that bamboo grows rapidly even in poor soils, helping to rehabilitate degraded land. Bamboo's extensive root systems also help control soil erosion and increase soil fertility. The document provides several examples of projects where bamboo has been successfully used to restore degraded land, including abandoned mining sites in Ghana and areas impacted by coastal erosion in Thailand. It argues that bamboo is a cost-effective approach to restoration and provides valuable ecosystem services like carbon sequestration, soil conservation, and economic opportunities for communities.
The influence of ‘sago-based vegeculture’ on forest landscapes in central Ser...CIFOR-ICRAF
Rural farmers in Maluku, eastern Indonesia, depend on sago starch extracted from sago palm as a staple food. They also practice shifting cultivation, growing vegetatively propagated crops such as taro, sweet potato and banana as supplementary foods. What impact does this sago-based vegeculture have on the forest landscape? This presentation, given by CIFOR scientist Masatoshi Sasaoka at the 10th International Sago Symposium held in Bogor, Indonesia on 29-31 October, shows results from a study evaluating that impact. Findings indicate that ‘sago-based vegeculture’ exerts relatively little pressure on the forest, and may contribute, to some extent, to forming and maintaining natural forest-dominated landscapes in central Seram. Such forest-friendly agriculture also appears to contribute to the relatively high local biodiversity and carbon stock.
Assessment of the Relative Suitability of Three Different Soils for Dry Seaso...IJEAB
The research was conducted at the project site of the University of Educatoion, Winneba - Mampong campus between mid - November 2007 and Mid-April 2008. The main objective of the study was to compare the relative suitability of three soils in supporting lettuce production in the dry season. The treatments were Calcic Vertisol (Akuse scries), Rodic Nitisol (Ejura sesries) and Chromic Luvisol (Bediest series). The randomized complete block design was used in a pot experience with the three treatments and each replicated three times. Plant height, fresh leaf mass, leaf dry matter yield, fresh root mass, gravimetric moisture content, total porosity, drainability and bulk density were the parameters considered. From the result Bediesi Series recorded the highest growth rate as measured by plant height (266.5mm), fresh leaf weight (30.6g), leaf dry matter weight (4.9g) at 7 weeks after transplanting as well as been the most succulent with 84% succulent. Fresh root weight however, was highest with Akuse Series followed by Bediesi Series and Ejura Series in that decreasing order. Ejura Series recorded the least value for all growth and yield parameters measured. For soil parameters, Akuse Series recorded the highest value for porosity (43.0%) and gravimetric moisture of 6.43 throughout the period of field drying for 8weeks. Ejura Series Bediesi Series also recorded the highest value for drainability after 25 minutes of drainage, followed by Bediesi Series and then Akuse Series. The result of this work indicated that the Bediesi Series is the best soil type among the soils evaluated for lettuce production in the dry season in Ghana.
Similar to Willow Silage: an Alternative to Winter Fodder (BHGP13 - Potential Good Practice Note) (20)
Recognising local innovation in livestock-keeping – a path to empowering womencopppldsecretariat
Prolinnova is an international network that involves a range of different stakeholders. The network promotes farmer-led approaches to development such as participatory innovation development. Farmers and natural resource users often find novel ways of using natural resources to address challenges and improve their livelihoods. In many rural communities, women do not have the same access as men to resources such as land. They also often have much less decision-making power or capacity. Giving recognition to, and supporting, the innovative capacity of women farmers is seen as an effective mechanism to strengthen their role in rural research and development.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Watershed Development and Livestock Rearing. Experiences and Learning from th...copppldsecretariat
This report documents the experiences of the Watershed Organisation Trust in implementing the Indo German Watershed Development Programme (IGWDP) in Maharashtra, India. The documentation is based on project completion reports, extensive field visits and discussions with field staff and livestock rearing communities.
The study demonstrates that watershed development has immense scope to secure livestock-based livelihoods and, at the same time, build the natural resource base. This is possible, provided key elements such as securing availability and access to CPRs; investments in CPR regeneration with ridge (largely comprising forest lands)-to-valley approach; integration of grazing-based livestock systems and water budgeting in watershed planning; protection of ‘high potential recharge zones’; and utilizing traditional livestock systems to manage watersheds post-project, are in place.
Presentation from the Livestock Inter-Agency Donor Group (IADG) Meeting 2010. 4-5 May 2010 Italy, Rome IFAD Headquarters.
The event involved approximately 45 representatives from the international partner agencies to discuss critical needs for livestock development and research issues for the coming decade.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Impact Assessment of the Community Animal Health System in Mandera West Distr...copppldsecretariat
The pastoralist communities in Kenya’s arid lands rely on their livestock for food and income, and basic veterinary care is one of the best ways to protect livestock assets and pastoralist livelihoods in these areas. This report examines the impact of a privatized, community-based veterinary service in the far northeast of Kenya, and focuses on the outcomes of clinical services provided by community-based animal health workers (CAHWs). Fatality rates in herds in treated by CAHWs using medicines from rural pharmacies were significantly lower than in herds where treatments were provided by untrained livestock keepers. The report adds to the substantial body of evidence already collected in Kenya on the impact and financial rationale for CAHW systems. Although many other countries have now legalized these systems and developed national guidelines for CAHW training, Kenya has yet to officially recognize CAHWs and overall, veterinary services in pastoralist areas often remain in the hands of untrained workers and unlicensed drug vendors.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
This Thematic Paper is part of a Toolkit for Project Design (Livestock Thematic Papers: Tools for Project Design) which reflects IFAD’s commitment to developing a sustainable livestock sector in which poor farmers and herders might have higher incomes, and better access to assets, services, technologies and markets.
The paper indents to be a practical tool for development practitioners, project designers and policymakers to define appropriate livestock development interventions. It also provides recommendations on critical issues for rural development and also possible responses and actions to encourage the socio-economic empowerment of poor livestock keepers.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
This Thematic Paper is part of a Toolkit for Project Design (Livestock Thematic Papers: Tools for Project Design) which reflects IFAD’s commitment to developing a sustainable livestock sector in which poor farmers and herders might have higher incomes, and better access to assets, services, technologies and markets.
The paper indents to be a practical tool for development practitioners, project designers and policymakers to define appropriate livestock development interventions. It also provides recommendations on critical issues for rural development and also possible responses and actions to encourage the socio-economic empowerment of poor livestock keepers.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
The Story of Rucibiraro Theresphore: a Farmer’s Inspiring Journey Out of Abso...copppldsecretariat
Janvier Gasasira, project coordinator of an IFAD-supported project in Rwanda, shared this story at the Second Global AgriKnowledge Share Fair IFAD, Rome, 26-29 September 2011.
Rucibiraro Theresphore, 49, received a cow from an IFAD project in Rwanda in 2007. Saving his earnings and opening a bank account, he was eventually able to purchase 2,500 chickens and another piece of land. Earlier this year he received the ‘best farmer’ award at the National Agriculture Show. Over the past four years, each of six neighbours received a cow from him through the project’s revolving fund – perhaps one of them will be the next ‘best farmer’.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
A single goat or a few hens will not lift a poor family out of poverty, but to participate in a well planned development project based on either a goat or a few hens can be and should be an educational process in which the participants learn to establish income generating activities
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Local Milk Sector in West Africa, Role of RPOs, Small and Medium Farmers in t...copppldsecretariat
Report from the Workshop held in Bamako on September 15 through 17, 2010.
French version also available: Filière Lait Local en Afrique de l’Ouest, rôle des OPR, des petits et moyens éleveurs dans la pleine expression de son potentiel. Actes de l’atelier tenu à Bamako du 15 au 17 septembre 2010
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Strengthening the Backyard Poultry. Experiences of AP Drough Adaptation Initi...copppldsecretariat
This process manual has emerged from experiences gained in the AP drought Adaptation Initiative (AP DAI), building on earlier experiences of WASSAN. The experiences have emerged from working with the Mandal Mahila Samakhyas (Federation of SHGs) in Mahabubnagar and Antapur districts of Andhra Pradesh.
The manual captures the essence of experience from field work. It provides a road-map and process steps for organizations that wish to initiate programs to strengthem backyard poultry.
Though the experiences in APDAI started from introducing “improved”birds from research institutions., it has been realized that improving the management systems and easing the constraints in traditional backyard poultry with local breeds is more important and sustained results.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Community of Practice for Pro-Poor Livestock Development (CoP-PPLD). Strategi...copppldsecretariat
This Strategic Framework is the result of a corporate effort conducted during the Inception Workshop (Rome, 12-13 January, 2009) to establish the Community of Practice for Pro-poor Livestock Development (CoP-PPLD). It describes key CoP-PPLD features, goals and results that we, as members, strive to achieve. The Strategic Framework also defines the principles that guide our decisions and actions in this global, inclusive partnership supporting Pro-poor livestock development as a tool for poverty reduction.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
The document outlines 7 initial proposed Megaprograms (MPs) that will guide research under the new CGIAR Consortium model. The MPs include: 1) Integrated agriculture systems for the poor, 2) Policies and markets for enabling agricultural incomes, 3) Sustainable increases in staple crop productivity, 4) Agriculture, nutrition and health, 5) Water scarcity and land degradation, 6) Forests and trees, and 7) Climate change. The bulk of livestock research is expected to be contained within MP3 on livestock and fish, but MP4 on health and nutrition and other MPs may also include some livestock components. A Consortium Board and CEO will oversee research, and performance will be measured through contracts between
Presentation from the Livestock Inter-Agency Donor Group (IADG) Meeting 2010. 4-5 May 2010 Italy, Rome IFAD Headquarters.
The event involved approximately 45 representatives from the international partner agencies to discuss critical needs for livestock development and research issues for the coming decade.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Small Ruminant Rearing – Product Markets, Opportunities and Constraintscopppldsecretariat
This report aims to place the economic context of small ruminant rearing within broader policy and institutional frameworks, and studies the value chains of goat and sheep meat, goat and sheep skin, and sheep wool. The study also documents some of the approaches and practices on small ruminant rearing submitted in response to SAPPLPP’s call for the same.
The objective of the study is the analysis and documentation of approaches and practices related to market prospects, and identification of opportunities for facilitating access of small-holder livestock owners to more remunerative markets.
The report successfully attempts to construct the value chains of three important products of the small ruminant sector - meat, leather and wool.
यह बकरी का जो व्यापार हैं -
कभी खूब घना
कभी मुट्ठी भर चना
और कभी वोह भी मना
(Jainul Aabeedin, West Bengal)
This business of goats -
Sometimes it flourishes
Sometimes it yields only a handful of chickpeas
And sometimes even that is denied
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Mixed Service of Human and Animal Health in Pastoral Zones: An Innovative and...copppldsecretariat
This document presents briefly an experience lesson learnt from two projects carried out by AVSF:
- The Project of Securization of Pastoral Systems N’Gourti-Termit, implemented by AVSF in partnership with the NGO KARKARA up North of Zinder region in the districts of N’gourti and Tesker, North-East of Niger.
- The Programme for food security for populations and livestock living in a nomadic environment, implemented by AVSF in partnership with the NGO ADESAH in the districts of Ber and Salam, circle of Tombouctou, North Mali.
The particularity of these two projects has consisted in implementing a mixed health service (animal and human) in pastoral zones.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Unpacking the 'Poor Productivity' Myth - Women Resurrecting Poultry Biodivers...copppldsecretariat
1800 women of East Godavari, Andhra Pradesh spell out the new principles for in-situ indigenous poultry development! This initiative lead to a remarkable reduction in mortality, tripled financial benefits from poultry rearing, worked as a trigger to diversify agriculture practices and allowed women to reclaim their lost poultry heritage.
This note captures the women’s journey from marginalization to empowerment and answers two key questions…
How can indigenous backyard poultry contribute to livelihood development?
&
Are these initiatives sustainable?
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Development of Village Institutions for Equitable & Sustainable Access to Nat...copppldsecretariat
This Good Practice Note illustrates the practice of local institutional development and its role in pro-poor livestock development in the context of village Jhabla in Udaipur district of Rajasthan in the western part of India.
The work initiated by Seva Mandir in late 1980s has borne fruit as after two decades it demonstrates its robustness in gripping local community dynamics and assisting in providing better opportunities for livestock rearing. It highlights the need to reconsider inclusion of communities in governing their natural resources especially the forests and open pasture lands, which is a step in the right direction.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
This Good Practice challenges the misconception that community managed commons are more degraded than privatised ones.
Working in the most arid areas of Madhya Pradesh, Tree Grower Cooperative Societies secure community tenure over common land, build local social capital though multi-stakeholder village institutions to fulfil the Community based Natural Resource Management dream. This leads to a significant increase in biomass, vegetative cover, fodder and water availability that provides a boost to livestock development and establishes the importance of village institutions in Common Property Resource management.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Backyard Poultry Farming Through Self-Help Groups in West Bengal - Towards Go...copppldsecretariat
The Scheme 'Distribution of cocks, drakes and cockerels, etc.' involves the distribution of Rhode Island Red (RIR) chickens and Khaki Campbell (KC) ducks to rural households. This is a centrally-sponsored family-based Scheme wherein the Department of Animal Resources Development, Government of West Bengal distributes poultry birds to marginal rural households throughout the State. This scheme shows that not only can it contribute to rural poverty reduction but also that, despite some shortcomings and the rather high subsidies, it is possibly bankable and could be strengthened and scaled-up through appropriate public private partnerships.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Making Modern Poultry Markets Work for the Poor - An example of Cooperative D...copppldsecretariat
In the central plains of Madhya Pradesh, women poultry producers are learning how to beat diseases, build sheds, maintain account books and negotiate a remunerative price for their Broiler birds. Under the aegis of their cooperative, they have become entrepreneurs and successfully feed a complicated and volatile poultry market. This note captures the processes they adopted to break entry barriers and become a viable enterprise.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Making Modern Poultry Markets Work for the Poor - An example of Cooperative D...
Willow Silage: an Alternative to Winter Fodder (BHGP13 - Potential Good Practice Note)
1. Code: BHGP13
Potential Good Practice Note
Willow Silage:
An Alternative to Winter Fodder
Introduction
Bhutan has a traditional farming system within which livestock production plays a very crucial
role. Availability of adequate quality feed and fodder, therefore, is the single most important
factor in livestock development in Bhutan
(NFFDP1 2006) The importance of trees as
fodder sources is well established, and,
especially for Bhutanese, tree fodder remains an
important resource, providing approximately
20% of the fodder requirement. Tree fodders
used vary with elevation and other climatic
factors, but mostly consist of Ficus, Bambusa,
Quercus and Salix species (Roder 1992). In
Bhutan, Willow (Salix babylonica) is the most
popular species, which is found in abundance
throughout the country at elevations ranging
from 800 to 3,000 masl. It is by far the most
important tree fodder species at elevations above
2,500 m (Roder 1981). In fact, it is the most
common species in high altitudes throughout the
Himalayas. In Leh, an Indian state of Kashmir, it
is the only tree available and a very important
source of fodder for ruminants.
Willow grows well under harsh climatic
condition and even in poor soil type over a wide
range of altitudes starting from sub-tropics to
alpine areas. The plant normally grows up to the
height of 8 – 12 meters and branches well with
clustered long leaves. One of the reasons for its
selection as fodder tree is that it can survive well
under both dry and wet conditions and produce
more biomass for silage making. Beside fodder,
the tree is widely used for live fencing,
protection of river bank and preventing soil erosion. The easiest way of propagation is through
semi hard cuttings of desired length. Prior to planting, the cuttings are dipped in water to
prevent desiccation under dry condition.
1
National Feed and Fodder Development Programme
2. 2 Willow Silage: An Alternative to Winter Fodder
The new flush of branches is ready for harvest after three years. However, due care needs to be taken
while harvesting fodder leaves to avoid damage to the new branches and subsequent biomass yield.
The species is widely promoted in Thimphu valley of Bhutan and other regions with similar agro-
climatic conditions.
Following an initial survey carried out in 1981 in Table 1: An Overview of Main Motives for
Bumthang district (2,600 – 3,000 m) in east central Planting Salix Babylonicaa
Bhutan, Salix babylonica was clearly the preferred
fodder tree species (Roder 1982). Farmers surveyed had Uses Respondents (%)
planted an average of over 17 plants per household and
the number increased by 24% during the year of the Fodder 80
survey (Roder 1981). Similarly, in eastern Bhutan, farmers
indicated their preference for this species (Wangdi 1992). Fencing 77
No other tree fodder species are presently planted by Fuel 77
farmers in temperate areas. Willow is a fodder of
excellent quality with milk production potentials equal to Erosion Control 3
that of white clover. While a number of research studies
indicate the potential of willow leaves as a nutritious
For Sale (branches for 6
fodder resource in the Himalayan belt, the making of planting)
willow silage in Bhutan was only started in 2005.
a
Data from Willow Survey 1995, n =
During the winter season, because of fodder shortage, 35 Farmers
farmers allow cattle to graze freely in forest areas, which
contravenes the Forest and Environment Act, 1955, as the
cattle are alleged to cause widespread damage to tree regeneration. This write-up talks about the
package of practices of growing willow and ensiling willow twigs and leaves. The technique of
silage making is simple, affordable, replicable and user friendly.
The study was undertaken with objectives to propagate willow and promote biomass ensiling
technique at farmers' level with an ultimate aim to address fodder shortage in winter.
Method of Silage Making
The method is simple as the new flush of willow branches becomes ready for making silage during
late autumn. In order to establish the usefulness of the technique in the field, trials were conducted
for three consecutive years from 2005 at 5 different locations at Genekha, Tsaluna and Khasadrapsu
under Thimphu. Information was also gathered through consultations and interactions with
interested farmers. The technique used in the process of silage making is as under:
« In each location, pits were dug to a size of 4m3 for two pits and 6m3 for one pit. Depth of each
pit is suitably maintained to facilitate easy compaction of twig and leafy material and to ensure
minimum aeration.
« To protect ensiled material from moisture and air, a thick polythene sheet is spread
Pit filling:
evenly on the floor and along inner walls of a pit. A good quality polythene sheet is reusable
twice.
« The harvested willow twigs and leaves without chopping are then evenly laid in the pit. Each
time when the material is laid to a height of 2 ft, it is pressed manually. The process is repeated
until the compressed material reaches to the brim of the pit (silo).
«is then covered with polythene and gunny bags followed by bamboo mats/ planks.
The pit
The pit thus covered are further compressed by heavy stones or sealed by earth of 1 ft
thickness. The pit is compacted once again by stamping on it. This is to expel the remaining air
from the pit.
« Temporary sheds are prepared to protect the pit from rain and sunlight. The time required for
silage to be ready for feeding the animals is one month.
3. Potential Good Practice Note • Code: BHGP13 3
Findings
Most willow cuttings of less than a meter height failed to survive the cold and dry winter.
However, those that survived continued its growth into the next season although the dry
matter yield was poor. In order to ensure better feeding quality of silage, the best time
observed for ensiling the willow twigs and leaves is between mid October and end of
November. This is the time when dry matter yield and fodder quality of willow are maximum.
Willow leaves generally contain high protein, low crude fibre and high acid detergent fibre
(Nasi 1984). Various studies have confirmed that Salix babylonica leaves have high nutritional
quality comparable to common forages such as Lucerne (Medicago sativa) and that they can be
fed to ruminants without any adverse side
effects.
To determine the nutritive value of the
silage, samples from all the locations were
analysed. It was found that the silage
contained 87.89% dry matter. The nutrient
content of dry matter is as presented in
Figure 1.
The nutrient content of a good willow silage
is comparable to that of green willow
biomass according to the findings of
Wangchuk et al. (2008). The fodder quality of
willow silage is better when compared with other
commonly used winter fodders as presented in
Figure 2 (Wangchuk et al. 2008). Further, the
feeding of willow silage saved other fodder
resources, which are fed during late winter.
The detailed cost benefit ratio is not calculated
since data from the trials over the last three years
is yet to be collected and analysed. However,
expenditure for producing 900 kg of silage in-situ
is presented in Table 2.
Table 2: Production Cost of Willow Silage (per kg)
Average total end product Parameters Nos Rate (Nu2) Amount
(silage): (Nu)
Silo size: 4.5 m3
Excavation of earth 2 men 200/day/head 400
Kg silage/m3 = 200 kg
3
4.5 m x 200 kg = 900 kg Construction of temporary shed 1 man 200/day 200
The production cost per kg of
silage is Nu. 2.79/- Polythene sheet 9m 35 315
Local labour for 8 men 200/day/head 1,600
harvest/transport/ensiling
Total Expenditure 2,515
2
Ngultrum (Nu) is the currency of Bhutan with an approximate exchange rate of 1 US$ = Nu 47.14
4. 4 Willow Silage: An Alternative to Winter Fodder
Recommendations for use
For successful establishment of willow, cuttings of more than a meter height should be used for
planting. If the soil is dry during establishment, provide sufficient irrigation till the cuttings are
adequately established. Initial care from stray cattle during establishment is crucial. Once
established, willow requires less inputs for fodder production. The best time to harvest willow
leaves and twigs is from mid October till end of November. The preserved willow leaves
owned by a family help to meet the requirements of their livestock for the period December to
February.
The process of ensiling should be completed within a day. Similarly, rainy and cloudy weather
needs to be avoided while ensiling. Silage should be closed properly every time after use for
feeding. If the tree height is maintained short, cattle can graze the standing tree, thus saving
manpower for lopping branches. Farmers often lop branches of big trees for the cattle to graze
beneath the trees.
Willow silage is increasingly gaining importance as an alternative winter fodder. One
important point to note is that the production of willow silage is an eco-friendly venture and
application of inorganic fertilizers is discouraged. There are presently 25 households involved
in this practice and this number shall double to 50 households by autumn of 2009. The farmers
are aware of the potential of willow silage. The Royal Government of Bhutan is assisting
farmers by providing them some required material (polythene sheets) and guiding them
during the ensiling process.
Feeding of silage to milking cows has improved milk production by 50% per animal per day
(Pers commn 2007). It is observed that this technology is gradually spreading in the field.
Most farmers involved in this practice are active members of the Peri Urban Farmers
Association who have direct access to profitable markets in Thimphu.
Silage Making
5. Potential Good Practice Note • Code: BHGP13 5
References
Perscommn 2007. Personal Communication with Farmers in 2007
Nasi, M. (1984). Evaluation of various types of forest biomass and wood processing residues as
feed for ruminants. Journal of Agriculture Science in Finland 56: 3, 205-212
NFFDP (2006). leaflet on “Practical solutions to optimise the use of feed and fodder resources”
Roder, W. (1992) Experiences with tree fodders in temperate regions of Bhutan. Agroforestry
Systems 17:263-270,1992
Roder, W. (1981) Willow (Salix babylonica) – A fodder to rely on. Bhutan J Animal Husbandry
4: 7-9
Wangchuk, K., Lepcha, I. and Wangda, P. (2008). Forage Production-A handbook for feed and
fodder development worker in Bhutan, 2nd edition, 73-75.
Wangdi, K. (1992). Those five years – Review of Pasture Development in Eastern Dzongkhags.
HLDP/AHD Thimphu
Author: Karna Bahadur Ghalley, Livestock Production Supervisor – I, Livestock Sector,
Thimphu Dzongkhag, Bhutan
Contributors: SAPPLPP Country Team Bhutan, Renewable Natural Resource Research Center,
Jhakar, Bumthang, Bhutan & Regional Coordination Team, New Delhi