Bereavemen tby aina
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This document defines bereavement and summarizes normal and complicated bereavement reactions. It discusses definitions of bereavement, grief, and mourning. Normal bereavement reactions include protest, despair/detachment, and reorganization/recovery. Complicated bereavement can involve chronic, hypertrophic, or delayed grief and has risk factors like lack of social support. Finally, it compares bereavement to depression and provides an example case of a bereaved child exhibiting normal grief reactions.
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Cholesteatoma and chronic suppurative otitis media
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Headache
The document discusses various types of headaches including their causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. It provides details on migraines including pathophysiology, clinical features and management. Several secondary headaches are also outlined such as meningitis, intracranial hemorrhage, brain tumors and temporal arteritis. Diagnosis involves a neurological exam and imaging studies if needed. Treatment differs between acute attacks and prevention, and includes medications, lifestyle changes and avoiding triggers.
Pain management
1) The document discusses pain management and summarizes the anatomy and physiology of pain pathways in the human body. It describes how nociceptive signals are transmitted from peripheral nociceptors along the spinal cord to the brain.
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Mechanical ventilation provides positive pressure to move gas into the lungs. There are two main types: volume-controlled ventilation which preselects tidal volume and pressure-controlled ventilation which preselects pressure. Modes include controlled mandatory ventilation (CMV), assisted control ventilation (AC), and synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV). Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) is used to prevent alveolar collapse. Weaning involves gradually reducing ventilator support by shifting modes and rates until the patient can breathe independently. Complications include barotrauma, infection, and weakness.
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2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
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2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
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Bereavemen tby aina
- 1. BEREAVEMENT NUR AINA BINTI AB KADIR 082012100061
- 2. CONTENTS Definitions Normal reaction of bereavement Abnormal reaction of bereavement Differences between bereavement & depression
- 3. DEFINITIONS Bereavement: the fact of loss through death Bereavement reaction: any psychological, physiological or behavioral response to bereavement Bereavement process: un umbrella term that refers to the emergence of bereavement reactions over time
- 4. DEFINITIONS Grief: the feelings & associated behaviors, eg crying, accompanying the awareness of irrevocable loss Grieving process: the changing affective state over time Mourning: the social expressions of grief, including funerals, visitations, and rituals. Bereaved Deceased
- 5. NORMAL BEREAVEMENT REACTIONS Protest behaviour Despair and detachment Reorganize and recovery accept reality, ways to keep memory
- 6. COMPLICATED BEREAVEMENT Risk factors Multiple, sudden, unexpected deaths, suicide, murder,and stigmatized deaths Preexisting personality in the bereaved: insecurity, low self esteem, dependence, difficulties coping with stress, relationship Depression, prior substance abuse, multiple concurrent life stresses or other crises, perceived lack of support
- 7. COMPLICATED PROCESSES CHRONIC GRIEF HYPERTROPHIC GRIEF DELAYED GRIEF
- 8. CHRONIC GRIEF Most common Unremitting grief, highlighted by bitterness and idealization of the dead Extremely close relationship between the bereaved and the deceased Ambivalent, dependent, social supports are lacking
- 9. COMPLICATED BEREAVEMENT HYPERTROPHIC GRIEF After sudden and unexpected death Customary coping strategies are ineffective in mitigating anxiety Disruption of family stability Long term course DELAYED GRIEF Absent/inhibited grief Prolonged denial Anger, guilt
- 10. OTHERS UNRESOLVED GRIEF Arrests in the normal process of grief Common Depressive symptoms and syndromes, chronic mourning TRAUMATIC GRIEF Both grief & PTSD Grief more both chronic & hypertrophic Violence, victimization, volition Fear, horror, vulnerability, disintegration of cognitive assumptions may ensue
- 12. QUESTION. A 10 year-old girl is brought in for treatment by her father following the unexpected death of her mother due to a heart attack 6 weeks previously. The father is worried because the child is not sleeping well, has lost 7lb because of a decreased appetite, seems to be tired much of the time, and is preoccupied with memories of her mother. He notes that she cannot concentrate on her usual favourite television shows and has lost interest in many of her previous social activities. The patient reports that she deeply misses her mother, and she smiles in recalling many pleasant memories of their life together. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? A. Adjustment disorder with depressed mood B. Major depression C. Normal bereavement D. Dysthymic disorder E. Sleep disorder
- 13. REFERENCES Kaplan & Saddock’s, Synopsis of Psychiatry, volume 2. Case Files Psychiatry by Toy and Klamen,5th edition.