The document discusses depression, including its definition as a mood disorder characterized by severe sadness, inability to feel pleasure, and debilitating symptoms. It notes depression is often comorbid with other conditions and a primary cause of self-harm and suicide. Causes are believed to be biological, genetic, environmental, and neurochemical factors interacting. Symptoms include behavioral, cognitive, communication, mood, and physical changes. The document provides details on various symptoms and assessments used to evaluate suicide risk. It also discusses pharmacological treatments for depression including tricyclic antidepressants, MAOIs, and SSRIs.
Psychological disorders with age and their management pptBhavya Vashisht
Three personality disorders are discussed: Borderline Personality Disorder is characterized by instability in relationships, self-image, emotions and impulsivity. Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder involves perfectionism, order and control that interferes with tasks. Paranoid Personality Disorder includes distrust and suspiciousness of others' motives. All three can be treated through psychotherapy and sometimes medications to modify symptoms and promote healthy development.
Somatic Symptom & Related Disorders for NCMHCE StudyJohn R. Williams
Quick review of the essential points— DSM5 diagnosis criteria, assessments, treatments—of these disorders to better prepare for the National Clinical Mental Health Counseling Exam. This was informed by several exam prep programs, and can be used like flashcards or as a presentation.
OCD is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent obsessions and/or compulsions. It affects approximately 3% of the population worldwide and typically emerges between ages 20-24. While the exact cause is unknown, biological factors like abnormalities in brain circuits and serotonin levels are implicated. Treatment involves cognitive-behavioral therapy such as exposure response prevention and medication like SSRIs. Nursing management focuses on assessing coping abilities, role functioning, and providing psychoeducation on relationships between anxiety, thoughts, and behaviors.
1. Biological explanations for addiction initiation focus on genetics influencing dopamine levels and pleasure responses. Changes in neurotransmitters can biologically reinforce addictive behaviors.
2. Cognitive explanations emphasize how biases like overestimating control and focusing on benefits rather than risks can lead to addiction initiation. Addicts develop rationalizations to justify behaviors and maintain feelings of control.
3. Stress and traumatic experiences may increase vulnerability to addiction initiation as a coping mechanism. However, individual differences exist in what causes stress for different people.
The document discusses mental disorders and the stigma associated with them. Approximately 57.7 million Americans are affected by mental disorders each year, though many do not seek treatment due to feelings of embarrassment or shame. Stigma has long been associated with mental illness and prevents those suffering from accessing insurance, housing, jobs, and optimal treatment. However, the document emphasizes that mental disorders are real and treatable medical conditions. Understanding builds compassion for those suffering from mental disorders.
Psychological disorders can be understood from biological, psychological, and socio-cultural perspectives. They are classified in the DSM and include anxiety disorders like generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and PTSD. Mood disorders involve disturbances in mood like depression and bipolar disorder. Schizophrenia impacts thinking, perception, communication and behavior with symptoms like delusions and hallucinations. Personality disorders are chronic maladaptive patterns grouped into odd/eccentric, dramatic/emotionally problematic, and chronic fearfulness clusters which include paranoid, antisocial, avoidant, and obsessive-compulsive types.
This presentation provides an overview of several major psychological disorders including their characteristics and suspected causal factors. It discusses the criteria for determining abnormal behavior and classifying disorders according to the DSM-IV. Specific disorders covered include anxiety disorders, dissociative disorders, somatoform disorders, mood disorders like depression and bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and personality disorders. For each the major characteristics and potential causal factors are summarized.
The document discusses dissociative disorders as outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). It describes the four main dissociative disorders: dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, dissociative identity disorder, and depersonalization disorder. Treatment typically involves psychotherapy approaches like cognitive behavioral therapy, dialectical behavioral therapy, and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy. While medication cannot directly treat dissociative disorders, it may help manage related symptoms of anxiety or depression.
Psychological disorders with age and their management pptBhavya Vashisht
Three personality disorders are discussed: Borderline Personality Disorder is characterized by instability in relationships, self-image, emotions and impulsivity. Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder involves perfectionism, order and control that interferes with tasks. Paranoid Personality Disorder includes distrust and suspiciousness of others' motives. All three can be treated through psychotherapy and sometimes medications to modify symptoms and promote healthy development.
Somatic Symptom & Related Disorders for NCMHCE StudyJohn R. Williams
Quick review of the essential points— DSM5 diagnosis criteria, assessments, treatments—of these disorders to better prepare for the National Clinical Mental Health Counseling Exam. This was informed by several exam prep programs, and can be used like flashcards or as a presentation.
OCD is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent obsessions and/or compulsions. It affects approximately 3% of the population worldwide and typically emerges between ages 20-24. While the exact cause is unknown, biological factors like abnormalities in brain circuits and serotonin levels are implicated. Treatment involves cognitive-behavioral therapy such as exposure response prevention and medication like SSRIs. Nursing management focuses on assessing coping abilities, role functioning, and providing psychoeducation on relationships between anxiety, thoughts, and behaviors.
1. Biological explanations for addiction initiation focus on genetics influencing dopamine levels and pleasure responses. Changes in neurotransmitters can biologically reinforce addictive behaviors.
2. Cognitive explanations emphasize how biases like overestimating control and focusing on benefits rather than risks can lead to addiction initiation. Addicts develop rationalizations to justify behaviors and maintain feelings of control.
3. Stress and traumatic experiences may increase vulnerability to addiction initiation as a coping mechanism. However, individual differences exist in what causes stress for different people.
The document discusses mental disorders and the stigma associated with them. Approximately 57.7 million Americans are affected by mental disorders each year, though many do not seek treatment due to feelings of embarrassment or shame. Stigma has long been associated with mental illness and prevents those suffering from accessing insurance, housing, jobs, and optimal treatment. However, the document emphasizes that mental disorders are real and treatable medical conditions. Understanding builds compassion for those suffering from mental disorders.
Psychological disorders can be understood from biological, psychological, and socio-cultural perspectives. They are classified in the DSM and include anxiety disorders like generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and PTSD. Mood disorders involve disturbances in mood like depression and bipolar disorder. Schizophrenia impacts thinking, perception, communication and behavior with symptoms like delusions and hallucinations. Personality disorders are chronic maladaptive patterns grouped into odd/eccentric, dramatic/emotionally problematic, and chronic fearfulness clusters which include paranoid, antisocial, avoidant, and obsessive-compulsive types.
This presentation provides an overview of several major psychological disorders including their characteristics and suspected causal factors. It discusses the criteria for determining abnormal behavior and classifying disorders according to the DSM-IV. Specific disorders covered include anxiety disorders, dissociative disorders, somatoform disorders, mood disorders like depression and bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and personality disorders. For each the major characteristics and potential causal factors are summarized.
The document discusses dissociative disorders as outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). It describes the four main dissociative disorders: dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, dissociative identity disorder, and depersonalization disorder. Treatment typically involves psychotherapy approaches like cognitive behavioral therapy, dialectical behavioral therapy, and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy. While medication cannot directly treat dissociative disorders, it may help manage related symptoms of anxiety or depression.
The document discusses psychological disorders and provides information about several types of disorders:
1) It describes obsessive-compulsive disorder and gives an example of someone diagnosed with it.
2) It discusses different approaches to understanding psychological disorders such as the medical model and biopsychosocial approach.
3) It summarizes several types of psychological disorders including anxiety disorders, somatoform disorders, dissociative disorders, and mood disorders.
Lesson about abnormal psychology which help to understand who are suffering from psychological problems and guide us to understand other peoples behavior, attitude. some of the type of abnormal behavior are the DID, somatoform, hypochondriasis and understanding psychosomatic behavior.
This document provides information on several dissociative and somatic symptom disorders. It defines dissociative amnesia, depersonalization/derealization disorder, and dissociative identity disorder. It also covers somatic symptom disorder, illness anxiety disorder, functional neurological symptom disorder, factitious disorder, and Munchausen syndrome. The diagnostic criteria for each disorder are outlined, including symptoms, duration, and impacts on functioning.
-Definition of mental health
-Definition of mental illness
-When do you need to see a psychiatrist?
-Causes of mental illness
-Consequences of mental illness
-Treatment team
-Medications used in mental illness
-Myths and facts about mental illness (misconceptions)
Diagnostic Criteria:
exposure to actual or threatened death, serious, or sexual violence in one( or more) of the following ways:
1) Directly experiencing the traumatic events.
2) Witnessing in person
3) Learning that the traumatic event occur to close family member or friend.
4) Experiencing repeated or extreme exposure to aversive details of the traumatic events.
Dissociative disorders & conversion disordersULLEKH P G
Dissociative disorders involve disruptions or breakdowns in how a person integrates their thoughts, memory, identity, and perception of the environment. Common types include dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, dissociative identity disorder, trance/possession disorders, and conversion disorder. These disorders often develop as a result of trauma or abuse during childhood and involve defense mechanisms like repression and dissociation. People with dissociative disorders experience symptoms like memory loss, identity confusion, anesthesia or paralysis without physical cause, and lack of conscious control over their own behavior. Treatment involves psychotherapy to help people process the underlying traumatic experiences and integrate their sense of self.
This document defines and describes various psychological disorders. It discusses approaches to understanding disorders including biological, psychological, sociocultural, and biopsychosocial models. Specific anxiety, mood, dissociative, psychotic, and personality disorders are defined. Treatments including biomedical therapies, electroconvulsive therapy, psychosurgery, and various psychotherapies are also summarized.
Conceptual understanding and outline for basic history taking in Psychiatric disorders, formulating a diagnosis based on the information and planning appropriate management for the same.
Major depressive disorder is one of the most common psychiatric disorders, affecting nearly 17% of the population. It is characterized by depressed mood or loss of interest/pleasure for at least two weeks, along with other symptoms such as changes in appetite, sleep, energy levels, concentration, feelings of worthlessness and thoughts of death or suicide. Biological factors like abnormalities in neurotransmitter systems, hormones, and sleep patterns are implicated in its etiology. Treatment involves medications and psychotherapy.
This document provides information on bipolar disorders, including their characteristics, diagnostic criteria, and specifiers. Key points include:
- Bipolar disorders involve disturbances in mood ranging from depression to mania. Major types include Bipolar I, Bipolar II, and Cyclothymic Disorder.
- Diagnosis requires meeting criteria for depressive, hypomanic or manic episodes. Hypomanic episodes involve elevated mood for 4+ days with 3+ symptoms. Manic episodes last 1+ weeks with similar but more severe symptoms.
- Specifiers further characterize episodes, such as with anxious distress, mixed features, or rapid cycling. Organic causes and substance use can also induce bipolar-
This document discusses various mental health issues affecting special populations and nursing responsibilities in addressing them. It covers problems commonly seen in adolescents like anxiety, mood disorders, and substance abuse. It also addresses issues for women like premenstrual syndrome, postpartum depression, menopause, and postpartum psychosis. Other sections discuss the elderly, victims of violence and abuse, the handicapped, and those with HIV/AIDS. For each population, it outlines common problems, causes, symptoms, and nursing management strategies including treatment, counseling, education, and social support.
Phenomological differences between Unipolar & Bipolar depressionDr.Mohammad Hussein
The document discusses differences between unipolar and bipolar depression in terms of course, symptoms, and psychosocial factors. Some key differences highlighted include: the age of onset being 6 years younger for bipolar disorder; bipolar disorder involving more depressive episodes; bipolar depressions being shorter in duration and quicker to onset; and greater short-term mood variability seen in bipolar depressed participants. Regarding symptoms, studies show inconsistent findings. Psychosocially, low social support and negative life events are associated more with bipolar depression, while neuroticism increases depressive symptoms in both. Cognition during episodes shows low self-esteem in both, but bipolar linked to negative style; after episodes, bipolar involves higher self
This document provides an outline and overview of various psychiatric conditions that can affect children, including anxiety disorders, depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and other conditions. It discusses the prevalence, symptoms, risk factors, comorbidities, and treatment approaches for each. Rating scales are also mentioned as a tool used in evaluating children. The document focuses in more depth on anxiety disorders, separation anxiety disorder, attachment disorders, school refusal, selective mutism, childhood depression, childhood bipolar disorder/mania, and early-onset schizophrenia.
MY DEAR COLLEAGUES HERE IS MY LITTLE INITIATIVE TO HELP U ALL PRESENTING INFRONT OF YOU THE TOPIC SOMATOFORM DISORDER, IT IS VERY ESSENTIAL IN THE FIELD OF PSYCHIATRY........
Signs & symptoms of psychiatric disordersRichard Asare
This document describes the signs and symptoms of common psychiatric disorders. It begins by defining the difference between symptoms reported by patients and signs observed by clinicians. It then discusses several major psychiatric disorders like anxiety, depression, mania, and schizophrenia. For each disorder, it provides details on the typical symptoms patients experience as well as signs clinicians observe during examinations. Throughout, it emphasizes that symptoms can sometimes become signs when further explored by clinicians. The document aims to help readers better understand and differentiate between psychiatric disorders.
OCPD and OCD share some similarities but have key differences in onset, course, and treatment. OCPD develops early in life as a personality trait, while OCD can develop at any age as a mental disorder. OCPD is stable over time, while OCD fluctuates in severity and can be persistent despite treatment. Perfectionism is pervasive in OCPD and justified as improving efficiency, whereas OCD involves non-productive time spent on compulsions to neutralize obsessions. Interpersonal problems are usually the reason OCPD patients seek treatment due to need for control, while OCD patients seek treatment due to distress from obsessions and compulsions. OCPD may receive anxiolytics or CBT,
Depression
Background
Pathophysiology
• The monoamine theory of depression is that it results from a central deficit in the monoamine neurotransmitters serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine.
• Other reported physiological features include ↑cortisol and a blunted TSH response.
• However, there is no widely accepted and definitively proven biological model of depression.
Epidemiology
• Time course: for most it is an episodic illness, but for other it follows a more chronic course.
• Incidence: 5% annual risk, 20% lifetime risk.
Presentation
DSM and NICE criteria
These are based on DSM-4, though DSM-5 does not significantly differ.
Major depressive disorder is ≥2 weeks of low mood and/or anhedonia, and at least 4 symptoms out of:
• ↓Energy or fatigue.
• ↓Concentration
• ↓Weight/appetite.
• Disturbed sleep, which commonly includes early waking. Diurnal pattern to symptoms also seen, with symptoms often worse in the morning.
• Slowing of thought and movements (psychomotor slowing) or agitation.
• Ideas of worthlessness or guilt.
• Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide.
• All but the last 2 are considered 'biological' symptoms.
Depression is a leading cause of disability worldwide, affecting approximately 350 million people. Women are more likely to experience depression than men, especially after childbirth where approximately 2 out of 10 women will experience postpartum depression. Families struggle when a member has depression as the individual is less able to fulfill their roles, placing additional responsibilities on other family members. While depression is treatable, only a small portion of those with depression receive treatment due to lack of access to care and social stigma surrounding mental health issues.
The document discusses psychosocial wellness and disorders. It defines psychosocial wellness as explaining how people think, feel, behave and find purpose. It notes that nearly 25% of Americans experience mental disorders annually. Common risk factors include personality traits, environment, and biology. The document outlines characteristics of wellness like realism and intimacy, and challenges people face like developing identity and managing emotions. It discusses treatment options like therapy and lifestyle changes to manage disorders.
Suicide awareness in the corrections environmentZoey Lovell
This document discusses suicide awareness and prevention in corrections environments. It defines suicide and provides statistics on suicide rates by state and in jails. It identifies chronic and predisposing risk factors for suicide and discusses the jail environment, mental health issues, and behaviors that indicate high risk of suicide. It outlines interventions, assessments, and guiding principles for suicide prevention programs in corrections.
The document discusses psychological disorders and provides information about several types of disorders:
1) It describes obsessive-compulsive disorder and gives an example of someone diagnosed with it.
2) It discusses different approaches to understanding psychological disorders such as the medical model and biopsychosocial approach.
3) It summarizes several types of psychological disorders including anxiety disorders, somatoform disorders, dissociative disorders, and mood disorders.
Lesson about abnormal psychology which help to understand who are suffering from psychological problems and guide us to understand other peoples behavior, attitude. some of the type of abnormal behavior are the DID, somatoform, hypochondriasis and understanding psychosomatic behavior.
This document provides information on several dissociative and somatic symptom disorders. It defines dissociative amnesia, depersonalization/derealization disorder, and dissociative identity disorder. It also covers somatic symptom disorder, illness anxiety disorder, functional neurological symptom disorder, factitious disorder, and Munchausen syndrome. The diagnostic criteria for each disorder are outlined, including symptoms, duration, and impacts on functioning.
-Definition of mental health
-Definition of mental illness
-When do you need to see a psychiatrist?
-Causes of mental illness
-Consequences of mental illness
-Treatment team
-Medications used in mental illness
-Myths and facts about mental illness (misconceptions)
Diagnostic Criteria:
exposure to actual or threatened death, serious, or sexual violence in one( or more) of the following ways:
1) Directly experiencing the traumatic events.
2) Witnessing in person
3) Learning that the traumatic event occur to close family member or friend.
4) Experiencing repeated or extreme exposure to aversive details of the traumatic events.
Dissociative disorders & conversion disordersULLEKH P G
Dissociative disorders involve disruptions or breakdowns in how a person integrates their thoughts, memory, identity, and perception of the environment. Common types include dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, dissociative identity disorder, trance/possession disorders, and conversion disorder. These disorders often develop as a result of trauma or abuse during childhood and involve defense mechanisms like repression and dissociation. People with dissociative disorders experience symptoms like memory loss, identity confusion, anesthesia or paralysis without physical cause, and lack of conscious control over their own behavior. Treatment involves psychotherapy to help people process the underlying traumatic experiences and integrate their sense of self.
This document defines and describes various psychological disorders. It discusses approaches to understanding disorders including biological, psychological, sociocultural, and biopsychosocial models. Specific anxiety, mood, dissociative, psychotic, and personality disorders are defined. Treatments including biomedical therapies, electroconvulsive therapy, psychosurgery, and various psychotherapies are also summarized.
Conceptual understanding and outline for basic history taking in Psychiatric disorders, formulating a diagnosis based on the information and planning appropriate management for the same.
Major depressive disorder is one of the most common psychiatric disorders, affecting nearly 17% of the population. It is characterized by depressed mood or loss of interest/pleasure for at least two weeks, along with other symptoms such as changes in appetite, sleep, energy levels, concentration, feelings of worthlessness and thoughts of death or suicide. Biological factors like abnormalities in neurotransmitter systems, hormones, and sleep patterns are implicated in its etiology. Treatment involves medications and psychotherapy.
This document provides information on bipolar disorders, including their characteristics, diagnostic criteria, and specifiers. Key points include:
- Bipolar disorders involve disturbances in mood ranging from depression to mania. Major types include Bipolar I, Bipolar II, and Cyclothymic Disorder.
- Diagnosis requires meeting criteria for depressive, hypomanic or manic episodes. Hypomanic episodes involve elevated mood for 4+ days with 3+ symptoms. Manic episodes last 1+ weeks with similar but more severe symptoms.
- Specifiers further characterize episodes, such as with anxious distress, mixed features, or rapid cycling. Organic causes and substance use can also induce bipolar-
This document discusses various mental health issues affecting special populations and nursing responsibilities in addressing them. It covers problems commonly seen in adolescents like anxiety, mood disorders, and substance abuse. It also addresses issues for women like premenstrual syndrome, postpartum depression, menopause, and postpartum psychosis. Other sections discuss the elderly, victims of violence and abuse, the handicapped, and those with HIV/AIDS. For each population, it outlines common problems, causes, symptoms, and nursing management strategies including treatment, counseling, education, and social support.
Phenomological differences between Unipolar & Bipolar depressionDr.Mohammad Hussein
The document discusses differences between unipolar and bipolar depression in terms of course, symptoms, and psychosocial factors. Some key differences highlighted include: the age of onset being 6 years younger for bipolar disorder; bipolar disorder involving more depressive episodes; bipolar depressions being shorter in duration and quicker to onset; and greater short-term mood variability seen in bipolar depressed participants. Regarding symptoms, studies show inconsistent findings. Psychosocially, low social support and negative life events are associated more with bipolar depression, while neuroticism increases depressive symptoms in both. Cognition during episodes shows low self-esteem in both, but bipolar linked to negative style; after episodes, bipolar involves higher self
This document provides an outline and overview of various psychiatric conditions that can affect children, including anxiety disorders, depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and other conditions. It discusses the prevalence, symptoms, risk factors, comorbidities, and treatment approaches for each. Rating scales are also mentioned as a tool used in evaluating children. The document focuses in more depth on anxiety disorders, separation anxiety disorder, attachment disorders, school refusal, selective mutism, childhood depression, childhood bipolar disorder/mania, and early-onset schizophrenia.
MY DEAR COLLEAGUES HERE IS MY LITTLE INITIATIVE TO HELP U ALL PRESENTING INFRONT OF YOU THE TOPIC SOMATOFORM DISORDER, IT IS VERY ESSENTIAL IN THE FIELD OF PSYCHIATRY........
Signs & symptoms of psychiatric disordersRichard Asare
This document describes the signs and symptoms of common psychiatric disorders. It begins by defining the difference between symptoms reported by patients and signs observed by clinicians. It then discusses several major psychiatric disorders like anxiety, depression, mania, and schizophrenia. For each disorder, it provides details on the typical symptoms patients experience as well as signs clinicians observe during examinations. Throughout, it emphasizes that symptoms can sometimes become signs when further explored by clinicians. The document aims to help readers better understand and differentiate between psychiatric disorders.
OCPD and OCD share some similarities but have key differences in onset, course, and treatment. OCPD develops early in life as a personality trait, while OCD can develop at any age as a mental disorder. OCPD is stable over time, while OCD fluctuates in severity and can be persistent despite treatment. Perfectionism is pervasive in OCPD and justified as improving efficiency, whereas OCD involves non-productive time spent on compulsions to neutralize obsessions. Interpersonal problems are usually the reason OCPD patients seek treatment due to need for control, while OCD patients seek treatment due to distress from obsessions and compulsions. OCPD may receive anxiolytics or CBT,
Depression
Background
Pathophysiology
• The monoamine theory of depression is that it results from a central deficit in the monoamine neurotransmitters serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine.
• Other reported physiological features include ↑cortisol and a blunted TSH response.
• However, there is no widely accepted and definitively proven biological model of depression.
Epidemiology
• Time course: for most it is an episodic illness, but for other it follows a more chronic course.
• Incidence: 5% annual risk, 20% lifetime risk.
Presentation
DSM and NICE criteria
These are based on DSM-4, though DSM-5 does not significantly differ.
Major depressive disorder is ≥2 weeks of low mood and/or anhedonia, and at least 4 symptoms out of:
• ↓Energy or fatigue.
• ↓Concentration
• ↓Weight/appetite.
• Disturbed sleep, which commonly includes early waking. Diurnal pattern to symptoms also seen, with symptoms often worse in the morning.
• Slowing of thought and movements (psychomotor slowing) or agitation.
• Ideas of worthlessness or guilt.
• Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide.
• All but the last 2 are considered 'biological' symptoms.
Depression is a leading cause of disability worldwide, affecting approximately 350 million people. Women are more likely to experience depression than men, especially after childbirth where approximately 2 out of 10 women will experience postpartum depression. Families struggle when a member has depression as the individual is less able to fulfill their roles, placing additional responsibilities on other family members. While depression is treatable, only a small portion of those with depression receive treatment due to lack of access to care and social stigma surrounding mental health issues.
The document discusses psychosocial wellness and disorders. It defines psychosocial wellness as explaining how people think, feel, behave and find purpose. It notes that nearly 25% of Americans experience mental disorders annually. Common risk factors include personality traits, environment, and biology. The document outlines characteristics of wellness like realism and intimacy, and challenges people face like developing identity and managing emotions. It discusses treatment options like therapy and lifestyle changes to manage disorders.
Suicide awareness in the corrections environmentZoey Lovell
This document discusses suicide awareness and prevention in corrections environments. It defines suicide and provides statistics on suicide rates by state and in jails. It identifies chronic and predisposing risk factors for suicide and discusses the jail environment, mental health issues, and behaviors that indicate high risk of suicide. It outlines interventions, assessments, and guiding principles for suicide prevention programs in corrections.
This document provides an overview of several common mental health disorders including schizophrenia, major depression, bipolar disorder, and borderline personality disorder. It discusses the causes and symptoms of each disorder as well as treatment approaches. Key points include that the causes of mental illness involve both genetic and environmental factors, schizophrenia affects about 1% of the global population, and treatments focus on medications as well as therapies like cognitive behavioral therapy and skills training. Recovery is possible for people with mental illness through hope, appropriate treatment and supports, and management of ongoing symptoms.
This document discusses addiction, suicide, and violence. It defines addiction as a chronic brain disease caused by compulsive substance use despite harmful consequences. Addiction affects the brain's reward, motivation, and memory systems. The document discusses signs of addiction, factors that contribute to addiction like genetics and mental health issues, and the neurochemical effects of addiction on the brain. It also outlines various treatment approaches for addiction including detoxification, counseling, support groups, and relapse prevention. The most effective treatments use a combination of approaches and engage social support systems.
This document provides information about mental health first aid. It discusses the importance of preserving life when someone may be a danger to themselves or others, preventing mental health problems from worsening, and promoting recovery. Common mental disorders include depression, anxiety, psychosis, substance use disorders, and personality disorders. Basic principles of mental health first aid include assessing risk, listening non-judgmentally, providing reassurance and encouraging professional help. The document also discusses specific disorders like depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety, psychosis, and substance use disorder as well as how to help someone experiencing these issues.
The document discusses various topics related to psychological health including:
1. Characteristics of psychologically healthy people such as accepting oneself, having a realistic outlook, and coping effectively with change.
2. The structure and functions of the nervous system and mind, including receiving and interpreting messages and producing thoughts and emotions.
3. Factors that influence personality such as temperament, family interactions, and life experiences.
4. Several theories of personality development including Freud's framework, Erikson's psychosocial stages, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
5. Causes and treatments for psychological disorders, as well as examples of common disorders like depression, anxiety disorders, and ADHD.
Psychological health involves effectively dealing with life's challenges and responding positively to environmental changes. Psychologically healthy people accept themselves, have realistic outlooks, function independently, form relationships, and cope with change. The nervous system receives and interprets messages through electrical and chemical signals, producing thoughts, emotions, and responses. Personality is influenced by biological, cultural, social, and psychological factors and can be understood through theories like Freud's framework, Erikson's stages of development, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Psychological disorders are prevalent and treatable conditions that interfere with adjustment and growth.
The document discusses psychotic disorders and provides guidance on responding to someone experiencing psychosis. It defines psychosis and lists common symptoms involving changes in emotion, thinking, perception and behavior. Early intervention is important to reduce negative long-term impacts. The main steps outlined are to assess safety risks, listen without judgment, provide reassurance and encourage seeking professional help. Self-help strategies and local support services are also recommended.
We have discussed mental illness of men, women, and children and its causes, types, symptoms, treatments, conditions, and resources on the occasion of World Mental Health Day 10th October 2022
Beh225 Ms Lee Moon - Psychological Disorders PresentationMsLeeMoon
The document discusses several common psychological disorders including depression, anxiety disorders, panic disorder, psychosomatic disorders, dissociative disorders, sexual disorders, personality disorders, and other disorders like schizophrenia and childhood disorders. Symptoms, causes, and treatment options are described for each disorder type.
This document discusses the assessment and management of patients experiencing psychiatric and behavioral emergencies. It covers topics such as normal versus abnormal behavior, pathophysiology of common disorders, performing a mental status exam, diagnosing specific conditions like schizophrenia and depression, safely restraining violent patients, and general strategies for de-escalation and transport. The goal is to provide emergency personnel with knowledge and skills for responding effectively to mental health crises.
This document provides an overview of mood disorders including major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. It discusses categories of mood disorders, symptoms, treatment, nursing assessments, nursing diagnoses, outcomes, interventions, and evaluations. Special populations such as the elderly are also addressed. Suicide is described in terms of risk factors and the nurse's role in prevention and response.
This document provides an overview of normal and abnormal behaviors as well as how to handle behavioral emergencies. It discusses what is considered normal behavior and lists some specific abnormal behaviors like maladaptive behaviors that interfere with functioning. It also outlines common behavioral disorders like cognitive disorders, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and personality disorders. The document describes how to assess and deal with behavioral emergencies, ensuring safety and rendering medical care before transporting the patient. It provides tips for dealing with challenging patients and discusses the use of restraints if needed.
American Family - Chapter 9, Understanding Mental Illnessbartlettfcs
This document provides an overview of mental and emotional problems, including definitions of mental disorders, types of mental disorders (organic vs. functional), and specific disorders such as anxiety disorders, mood disorders, eating disorders, conduct disorder, schizophrenia, and personality disorders. It discusses suicide risk factors and warning signs, the grieving process and its stages, and ways to support those who are grieving.
Anxiety in Women : What You Need to KnowDineanddiet
Anxiety is a common mental health condition that affects people of all genders, including women. In this response, I will provide you with some information about anxiety in women, including its prevalence, symptoms, causes, and available treatment options. It's important to note that while this information is generally applicable, each individual's experience with anxiety may vary.
Prevalence:
Anxiety disorders are more prevalent in women compared to men. According to research, women are approximately twice as likely as men to be diagnosed with anxiety disorders. This higher prevalence may be influenced by a combination of biological, hormonal, and sociocultural factors.
Symptoms:
Anxiety can manifest in various ways, and individuals may experience a range of symptoms. Common symptoms of anxiety include:
Excessive worrying or fear
Restlessness or feeling on edge
Irritability
Difficulty concentrating or focusing
Sleep disturbances, such as trouble falling asleep or staying asleep
Muscle tension or aches
Fatigue or feeling tired easily
Panic attacks, which involve sudden and intense periods of fear or discomfort
Causes and Risk Factors:
The causes of anxiety in women are multifaceted and can involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and psychological factors. Some common risk factors for developing anxiety include:
Family history of anxiety or other mental health disorders
Personal history of trauma or stressful life events
Chronic medical conditions
Hormonal changes, such as those occurring during menstrual cycles, pregnancy, or menopause
Sociocultural factors, such as gender roles, societal expectations, or experiences of discrimination or inequality
Treatment Options:
Fortunately, anxiety disorders are treatable, and various treatment options are available. These may include:
Psychotherapy: Therapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), can help individuals identify and modify negative thought patterns and behaviors associated with anxiety.
Medication: Antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), may be prescribed by a healthcare professional to help manage anxiety symptoms.
Lifestyle modifications: Engaging in regular exercise, practicing stress-management techniques (e.g., meditation, deep breathing exercises), maintaining a healthy diet, and getting enough sleep can support overall mental well-being.
Support network: Building a strong support system and reaching out to friends, family, or support groups can provide emotional support and help alleviate feelings of isolation.
Self-Care and Coping Strategies:
In addition to formal treatment, self-care strategies can be beneficial in managing anxiety. These may include:
Prioritizing self-care activities, such as engaging in hobbies, practicing mindfulness, or engaging in activities that bring joy and relaxation.
Maintaining a balanced lifestyle with healthy habits, including regular exercise, a balanced diet, and adequate sleep.
The document provides an overview of several topics related to psychological disorders, including:
1) It describes diagnostic categories in the DSM-IV-TR manual such as impulse-control disorders, eating disorders, and substance abuse disorders.
2) It discusses the prevalence of psychological disorders and treatment-seeking behavior. Many people experience symptoms but do not seek treatment.
3) It outlines several types of anxiety disorders like generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and phobias. It also describes posttraumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and mood disorders.
The documents discuss the causes and effects of anxiety, depression, eating disorders, suicide, and mood swings in teens. Some key causes mentioned include abuse, stress, mental illness, medicine side effects, loss, and hormonal changes during puberty. Effects range from worry and sadness to more severe outcomes like suicide. Depression is identified as a major risk factor for suicide and eating disorders. Drug and alcohol abuse can also contribute to mood instability in teenagers.
Snack N Yak 3 - Other Mental Health Related Concerns Handout - Snack N Yak 3Sarah Rach
The document discusses several mental health issues that commonly affect college students. It provides statistics and details on eating disorders like anorexia and bulimia, which predominantly impact women. Substance abuse and its effects on individuals and society are reviewed. Post-traumatic stress disorder is explained, including what can cause it and its common signs and symptoms. Self-injury and sexual assault are also covered, outlining their emotional and psychological impacts. Treatment options discussed for various conditions include psychotherapy, medication, support groups, and self-care practices.
This is the Final for Dr. Bachman's Psychopathology Course for Webster University. This has been uploaded to assist with studying for the Counselor's Examination.
Similar to Major depressive edisode_ppt_2010 (4) (20)
Hypomania is a milder form of mania characterized by less severe symptoms that do not significantly impair functioning or require hospitalization. Symptoms include inflated self-esteem, decreased need for sleep, rapid speech, distractibility, increased goal-directed activities and involvement in pleasurable activities with high risk of negative consequences. Mania is characterized by persistent elevated or irritable mood, increased activity, and poor judgment. Pharmacological treatment involves mood stabilizers like lithium to reduce elevated mood along with antipsychotics or benzodiazepines to calm symptoms until the mood stabilizer takes effect. Psychological treatments and monitoring medication adherence are also important to prevent relapse and support functioning.
The document summarizes the events leading up to and surrounding the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840 between British representatives and various Māori chiefs. It discusses the reasons the British wanted to establish a treaty with the Māori, including lawlessness among British settlers and the need for protection and governance. It also notes disagreements between the English and Māori translations of the treaty and differences in understandings around land and sovereignty. The treaty was ultimately signed by 45 Māori leaders on February 6, 1840 but not all important tribes or areas had the opportunity to sign.
The document summarizes the events leading up to and surrounding the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840 between British representatives and various Māori chiefs. It discusses the reasons the British wanted to establish a treaty with the Māori, including lawlessness among British settlers and the need for protection and governance. It also notes disagreements between the English and Māori translations of the treaty and differing understandings of its implications, such as land ownership and sovereignty. Over 500 Māori eventually signed the treaty, though some important tribes refused.
The document summarizes the events leading up to and surrounding the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840 between Maori chiefs and the British Crown. It discusses how the growing lawlessness of British settlers in New Zealand and the risk of other countries claiming the land led Maori chiefs to seek British protection through a treaty. However, disagreements arose due to mistranslations of key terms in the Maori version of the treaty and some important tribes refusing to sign. Ultimately, just over 500 Maori signed the treaty, though debate continues around interpretation of its meaning and implications.
MyPortfolio is a free eportfolio and social networking system available to all Unitec students that allows them to store and display their academic work and reflections. Students can login using their Moodle credentials and take their portfolio with them after graduating. Within MyPortfolio, students can create different "pages" to selectively share artifacts like essays, photos, or assessments with specified audiences like friends, family, tutors, or potential employers. All artifacts are private by default until added to a page and shared.
MyPortfolio is a free eportfolio and social networking system for students at Unitec. It allows students to store and display digital artifacts like essays, artwork, and other works. Students can control who views different artifacts by organizing them into pages and setting access permissions for each page. This allows students to showcase their work to potential employers, friends and family, and tutors through customized pages with different intended audiences. The work stored in MyPortfolio is private by default, but students can choose to make select pages or artifacts publicly visible.
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TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
2. a mood disorder, in which depressive symptoms are
severe, where there is extraordinary sadness and
dejection, and the inability to take pleasure in activities.
the symptoms are all-pervasive and debilitating in most
areas of the client’s existence.
DSM IV – AXIS 1
co-morbidity – mood disorders often coexist with other
conditions such as personality, eating, anxiety, and
substance abuse disorders.
depression is one of the primary causes of self-harm and
suicide.
3. Aetiology
Biopsychosocial model of causation (combination of
factors interacting that causes the illness)
genetic
gene-environment interaction
neurochemical
hormone systems and circadian rhythms
4. Indicators and Symptoms
Behavioural changes
Cognitive changes
Communication changes
Moods changes
Alternations in physical functioning
5. Behavioural changes
Social and emotional withdrawal &
decreased interest in, and pleasure from,
previously enjoyable activities.
Less effective in areas of work or family
relations.
Substance abuse
Overall alcohol dependence and
depression co-morbidity
6. Cognitive changes
Increasingly egocentric
Catastrophic thinking or catastrophising and
inappropriate guilt. i.e. thoughts about self:
incompetent, faulty, unlovable and a failure
thoughts about others: uncaring and unhelpful.
thoughts about world: a place of despair and desolation,
and the future as gloomy
Difficulty concentrating on activities
Immobilised by cognitive difficulties involved in ordinary
decision-making process
Cognitive spectrum: narrows with negative thoughts and
ideas being frequently ruminated over
Self –deprecating beliefs, negative expectation of others
and a sense of doom may contribute to thoughts of
death and suicidal ideation
7. Communication changes
Narrowing and repetitive focus of their
thoughts
Negative self-absorption in combination
with insufficient energy and interest in
others: unlikely to initiate a conversation,
taking a long time to answer an
question, and give a short reply
8. Mood changes
Significant lower mood for at least 2
weeks
Sadness, anguish and misery, along
with a feeling of separation from others,
and a feeling of hopelessness and
powerlessness, constitute the pain of
depression.
Cry a lot.
9. Alterations in physical functioning
Sleep disturbances, particularly insomnia
Fatigue
Sexual desire diminished
Disturbed appetite for food, with
subsequent loss of weight and constipation
Psychomotor disturbances for very
depressed people
Somatisation
10. Suicide Assessment
Assessment Of Risk
Definition:
The voluntary/intentional act of taking one’s
own life especially by a person of years of
discretion and sound mind(merriam-webster,
2009)
An attempt by an individual to solve a problem
that they find overwhelming (US Dept of
Veterans Affairs, 2009)
11. Suicide assessment
suicide risk assessment should
specifically
focus on the collection of data related
to suicide risk factors including
suicidal ideation and level of planning
(Schwartz & Rogers, 2004)
13. SAD PERSONS ESCAPE
S sex (Male higher risk for suicide)
A age (15-24 or over 65)
D depression
14. P.E.R.S.O.N.S.
P previous attempt
E ethanol abuse
R rational thinking
S support system
O organized plan
N No spouse/partner
S Sickness
15. E.S.C.C.A.P.E.
E experience of adversity
S sexually abused
C co-morbidity issues
C cultural factors
A anxiety
P personality factors
E events
17. LAA (under Operation
SAVE)
LOOK for the warning signs
Assess for risk and protective factors
Ask the questions
***SAVE (Signs, Assess,Validate
person’s experience,Encourage
treatment and expedite getting help)
18. LOOK FOR THE WARNING
SIGNS
FIRST THREE
Threatening to hurt or kill self
Looking for ways to kill self; seeking
access to pills, weapons or other
means
Talking or writing about death, dying
or suicide
19. Other signs
Hopelessness
Feeling trapped – like there’s no way
out
Withdrawing from friends, family or
society
Increasing alcohol or drug abuse
Anxiety, agitation, unable to sleep or
sleeping all the time
Dramatic changes in mood
20. Other Signs
Acting reckless or engaging in risky
activities, seemingly without thinking
No reason for living, no sense of
purpose in life
Rage, anger, seeking revenge
21. FACTORS THAT INCREASE SUICIDE
RISK
Current ideation, intent, plan, access to
means
Previous suicide attempt or attempts
Alcohol / Substance abuse
Current or previous history of psychiatric
diagnosis
Impulsivity and poor self control
Hopelessness – presence, duration,
severity
Recent losses – physical, financial, personal
22. Risk Factors
Recent discharge from an inpatient
psychiatric unit
Family history of suicide
History of abuse (physical, sexual or
emotional)
Co-morbid health problems, especially a
newly diagnosed problem or worsening
symptoms
Age, gender, race (elderly or young adult,
unmarried, white, male, living alone)
Same- sex sexual orientation
23. PROTECTIVE FACTORS
Positive social support
Spirituality
Sense of responsibility to family
Children in the home, pregnancy
Life satisfaction
25. ASK the Questions
Are you feeling hopeless about the
present/future?
Have you had thoughts about taking
your life?
When did you have these thoughts and
do you have a plan to take your life?
Have you ever had a suicide attempt?
26. GENETIC AND BIOLOGIC FACTORS
Social & Demographic factors
CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY
Personality traits & Cognitive
Styles
Exposure to
stress &
Adversity
Psychiatric
morbidity
Suicide &
suicide attempt
37. Nursing interventions
For suicide prevention
Problems relating to this suicidal
episode relating to Depression could
be Powerlessness, social isolation,
disturbed sleep pattern, hygiene
deficit.
38. Nursing Priorities will be to identify
the areas of life within the control of
the patient and how he can make
changes.
40. Develop a rapport & therapeutic
relationship with him to build up trust;
Listening carefully, maintain eye
contact and remain calm.
Rationale is to know why he is having
feeling of isolation and whether the
feelings come from a specific
experiences with people or from fear
of rejection.
41. Interview the patient and give ample
time to relay his story; to know what
led to desperation and depression
and to know his most pressing
problems.
Any previous suicidal attempt
Any unresolved issues.
42. Ask if he has any plan to hurt himself,
as this will reduce the likelihood of
acting.
Pay attention to his talk of having a
weapon like gun, and watch for
unsafe behavior as this could be a
warning signs.
43. Encourage visitation by his support
family and friends and get them
involve in activities with the patient
To alleviate his fear of rejection, and
increase his level of participation in
the activities.
44. Encourage early initiation of anti
depressant drugs as this takes time to
enact its therapeutic effect.
45. Get him involved in the activities that
he enjoy before that help to
counteract feelings of helplessness
and powerlessness.
Get him involved in his /her care, this
will allow him to feel that he has some
key say and control.
46. Avoid using PPE e.g mask, gown,
gloves if the patient does not demand
standard precautions and not having
any contagious disease such as
H1N1,HIV
To reduce his fear of rejection.
47. keep a strict record of sleeping
pattern. Accurate baseline data is
important in planning care to assist
this experience.
At night, provide warm baths,
soothing music, and medication when
indicated to promote relaxation, rest,
and sleep.
48. Avoid giving client caffeine. Caffeine
is a central nervous system stimulant
that may interfere with the client’s rest
and sleep.
Administer sedative prn to help client
achieve sleep until normal sleep
pattern is restored.
49. Maintain a safe environment by
removing a potentially harmful items out
of the patients reach.
Depending on the level of risks, constant
observation (gate keeper) might be
highly necessary.
52. Phamacology Tricyclic
Action of medication:
• Inhabit serotonin and noradrenalin reuptake
• Lead to extra transmitters available for receptor
binding
• These two substances appear as
neurotransmitters in synapses in the brain
regions involved with the state of alertness
• In the depressions, serotonin would be
decreased in the synaptic spaces
53. Phamacology Tricyclic
Side effects:
sedation, dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision,
seizures and urinary retention.
Postural hypotension and serious cardiac problems such
as heart block and arrhythmias.
They can lead to life threatening consequences if taken
in large quantities, such as in suicide attempts.
In the case of severely depressed patients where a
potential for suicide is predicted, close supervision is
required and when the person is not an inpatient, the
dispensing, sublethal quantities is recommended.
54. Phamacology Tricyclic
Signs of tricyclic overdose:
agitation, confusion, drowsiness, delirium,
convulsion, bowel and bladder paralysis,
disturbances with the regulation of blood
pressure and temperature and dilated pupils.
55. Pharmacology Tricyclic
Contraindications:
• Once the drug start to take effect and the patients
may become a risk for suicide.
• MAOIs should not be started within one week of
tricyclic therapy. Tricyclic drugs should not be
commenced within two weeks of stopping a MAOI.
• The tricyclics are a special risk with depressed people
because of their severe cardiac toxicity if taken in large
doses. Caution is warranted in patients with cardiac
disease and with older patients.
• Tricyclics may also impair reaction times, especially
at the beginning of treatment.
• Alcohol may increase the sedative effects of tricyclics.
57. Phamacology Tricyclic
Patient education:
• Help the client develop an understanding of why the medications
have been prescribed.
• Help the client discuss issues related to their medications with doctors
or nurses.
• Inform the client of the time it will take for a marked effect to be
experienced from the medication and that it is important for them to
keep taking the medication even though they have not noticed an initial
improvement in their condition.
• Warn of problems when driving or operating machinery if sedation is
experienced.
• Tell the client to discuss with their doctor if they become pregnant or
intend to breastfeed.
• Warn about the effect that alcohol may have if combined with
antidepressant medication.
58. Pharmacology MAOI’S
Action of medication
Mono- Amine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOI’s)
MAOI’s work by inhibiting both types of the
enzyme MAO A and B that metabolise serotonin
and noradrenalin.
59. Pharmacology
Side Effects
Adverse effects include drowsiness or insomnia,
agitation, fatigue, gastrointestinal disturbances,
weight gain, hypotension, dizziness, dry mouth
and skin, sexual dysfunction, constipation and
blurred vision.
60. Pharmacology
Contraindications
MAOI’s should not be started within one week of
tricyclic therapy and conversely, tricyclic drugs
should not be commenced within two weeks of
stopping a MAOI.
61. Pharmacology
Interaction
The major concern with the use of these drugs is
their potential to interact with specifics foods that
contain tyramine, and drugs such as adrenaline,
noradrenalin, and vasoconstrictors they result in
excessive and dangerous elevation in blood
pressure which is known as a hypertensive crisis.
62. Pharmacology
Patient Education
Avoid: alcoholic drinks especially Chianti
and red wine
Other antidepressants drugs, nasal and
sinus decongestants, narcotics and
adrenaline
Stimulants, hay fever and asthma drugs
64. Pharmacology SSRI
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
(SSRI) .
Action of Medication
A group of antidepressant drugs it inhibits
the reuptake of serotonin at the presynaptic
membrane, this leads to an increased
availability of serotonin in the synapse and
therefore at the receptors, thereby
promoting serotonin transmission.
65. Pharmacology
Side effects
Side effects are similar to those of the
tricyclic group expect that they do not
have the cardiovascular, sedative and
anticholinergic side effects. Most
common side effects are nausea,
diarrhoea, anxiety and restlessness,
insomnia, sexual disturbances, loss of
appetite, weight loss and headache.
66. Pharmacology
Contraindications:
One major contraindication of SSRIs
is the use of MAOIs at the same time,
this is likely to cause severe serotonin
syndrome/toxidrome.
People taking SSRIs should also
avoid taking alcohol, diuretics as they
increase the toxicities of SSRIs.
67. Pharmacology
Interaction
SSRI should not be combined with
MAOI therapy.
Hypertensive crisis may occur if
taken within 14 days of MAOIs.
Use with cimetidine may result in
increased concentrations of SSRIs
in the blood stream.
70. ELECTROCONVULSIVE
THERAPY
BACKGROUND
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) was invented and introduced into Italy
during 1938. ECT is one of the oldest medical treatments available and
is still in use today at psychiatric units and in psychiatric hospitals. It is
an effective treatment for severe depression, catatonia, certain forms of
mania and schizophrenia. ECT is used when other forms of treatment
such as psychopharmacologic medication and psychotherapy have
failed. It is internationally accepted to be an effective intervention
method for severe depression. The ECT treatment works quicker than
an antidepressant drug. Resent research findings have revealed that
the ECT treatment is safe to administer to patients.
The reason for this treatment being so effective is still a mystery.
The success rate is: eight (8) out of ten (10) patients experience a
remarkable improvement. That gives us an 80% success rate.
71. THE PROCEDURE
The ECT is usually performed under the supervision
of a prescribing Psychiatrist. The patient is
anaesthetised and given muscle relaxants. Two metal
electrodes are placed at strategic points on the
patient’s head. The electrodes are placed, either one
on each side of the head (unilateral) or both on the
same side of the head (bilateral). An electric current
is transmitted.
72. RISKS AND COMPLICATIONS
Research has indicated that the ECT does not cause
brain damage, because only a little amount of
electricity passes through and therefore no harm to
the tissues. Due to the anaesthesia, the ECT carries
a small degree of risk. Some immediate side effects
that might occur are: confusion, headache, temporary
difficulties with short-term memory, queasiness and
sore muscles. Side effects last only for a few hours.
73. PATIENT RIGHTS
The treatment needs to be carefully discussed with
the patient. Should the patient be severely mentally
ill, the Mental Health Act makes provision to
administer the ECT without the consent of the patient.
The Psychiatric Nurse should ensure that the patient
and the family are informed regarding the ECT
procedure and the reason for obtaining consent from
a third party.
74. INFORMED CONSENT
If the patient is a voluntary patient, not under the
Mental Health Act and the Psychiatrist believes that
the patient is capable of providing informed consent,
the patient would only undergo ECT if he/she agrees.
If the patient is incapable of giving informed
consent and the Psychiatrist believes that the
patient’s condition is life threatening, then the
Psychiatrist would consent on the patient’s behalf,
even though the patient refuses the treatment.
Or, if the patient is detained as an involuntary
patient under the Mental Health Act, he/she could
appeal to the Mental Health Review Board against
his/her involuntary status.
75. ASPECTS TO BEAR IN MIND
Electroconvulsive (ECT) therapy treats various
mental illnesses by inducing a controlled seizure
into the patient.
It is unknown how ECT actually works, but it is
thought that the seizure “resets” the brain.
Common side effects include temporary short-term
memory problems.
76. References
American Psychiatric Association (2004). Practice Guidelines for the Assessment and Treatment o
Patients with Suicidal Behaviors, 2nd ed. Arlington:USA.
Boyd, M. A. (2008). Psychiatric Nursing, Contemporary Practice. (4th ed.) Philadelphia: Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins.
Elder, R., Evans K. & Nizette, D. (2009). Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing. (2nd ed.) Sydney:
Mosby Elsevier.
Fortinash, K.M., & Holoday Worret, P.A. (2003). Psychiatric nursing care plans (4th ed.). Missouri:
Mosby
Frazier, S. & Jacoby, I. (1985). Electroconvulsive Therapy. Retrieved February 05, 2010, from
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (2003).Elder care strategies. New York
Rudd M.D., Berman, A.L., Joiner, T.E., Nock, M.K., Silverman, M.M., Mandrusiak, M., Van Orden, K.,
& Witte, T. (2006) Warning signs for suicide: Theory, research and clinical applications. Suicide and Life
Threatening Behavior; 36, 255-62.
77. Schultz, J.M., & Videbeck, S.L. (2005). Lippincott’s manual of psychiatric nursing care plans (8th ed.).
Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Schwartz, R., & Rogers, J. (2004). Suicide assessment and evaluation strategies: a primer for
counselling psychologists. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 17(1), 89-97. Retrieved July 8, 2009, from
CINAHL with Full Text database
State of Victoria (2010). Electroconvulsive Therapy. Retrieved February 05, 2010, from
www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au