Brain Electrical Oscillation Signature Profiling and Narco Analysis are widely used to determine criminal behavior.

1. Narco Analysis
BY SANIYA ZEDI
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

3. Introduction
 NARCO-ANALYSIS refers to the practice of administering barbiturates or
certain other chemical substances ( pentothal sodium ) , to lower a
subject’s inhibitions, in the hope that the subject will more freely share
information and feelings.
 The term Narco-Analysis is used to describe a diagnostic and
psychotherapeutic technique that uses psychotropic drugs, particularly
barbiturates, to induce a stupor in which mental elements with strong
associated affects come to the surface, where they can be exploited by the
therapist.
 It’s a psychotherapy conducted while the patient is in a sleep like state
induced by barbiturates or other drugs.

4. Procedure
 In the Narco Analysis Test, the subjects inhibitions are lowered by
interfering with his nervous system at the molecular level. In this state, it
becomes difficult though not impossible for him to lie .In such sleep-like
state efforts are made to obtain "probative truth" about the crime.

5. Drugs Used

6. Mechanism of Action

7. Set up

8. TEAM

9.  A psychiatrist certifies that the subject’s mental status as fit, as a number of psychiatric
conditions like clinical depression and psychosis are contra-indicative.
 forensic psychologist is the one who is going to conduct the interview • The questions are
selected very carefully and should be concise, precise & relevant.
 Anaesthesiologist Administration of drug • Maintenance of narcotic state • To monitor
levels of sedation and oxygen saturation
 general physician •He has to certify that the subject is fit for undergoing this procedure •
Also he has to be attentive all through the procedure towards any significant changes , if any,
the subject’s vital physiological signs.
 Videography The whole process of any subject undergoing narco-analysis is videographed

10. Technique

11. Pre-test Interview
Post-test Interview

12. Report

13. Practice
 Define Narco-analysis?
 Mention the concentration of drug used?
 Mechanism of action?
 Team requirement.

14. BEOSP
BY SANIYA ZEDI
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

15. BEOSP
 BEOSP also known as brain fingerprinting is a neuro-psychological method
of interrogation in which the accuser’s participation in the crime is
investigated by studying their brain’s response.
 BRAIN ELECTRICAL OSCILLATION SIGNATURE PROFILING
 BEOSP is a computer-based technology to identify the perpetrator of a
crime accurately and scientifically by measuring brain-wave responses to
crime-relevant words or pictures presented on a computer screen.

16.  The technique is not for interrogation. It does not require any questions or
any answers. It reveals objectively whether information is present in the
brain, regardless of whether any false or truthful statements are made by
the subject. The brain does the talking.

17. Application
 The test measures individual brain-wave responses to relevant words,
pictures or sounds presented by a computer. The measurements are
recorded in fractions of a second after the stimulus is presented, before
the subject is able to formulate or control a response. In a major milestone
for the company, the results of this patented testing methodology have
been ruled admissible in court as scientific evidence.
 The technology has many exciting applications in several very large
markets: national security, medical diagnostics, advertising, insurance fraud
and in the criminal justice system.

18. Principle
 Neural processing / activation are different during retrieval of knowledge acquired through
experience in comparison with retrieval of knowledge acquired through conceptual learning.
Retrieval of Experiencing Knowledge may have components of sensory-motor mental imageries
representing reality contacts and verifications, though the knowledge derived is only subjectively
verified and interpreted.
 Extensive research in Neuroscience has shown that the brain activation pattern is significantly
different during ‘remembering’ and ‘knowing’. Remembrance is always that of past personal
episodes which constitutes the experiences of the individual. On the other hand knowing
represents retrieval from the knowledge bank of the brain used for recognition of the entities of
world and their conceptualizations.

21. WORKING
Brain Fingerprinting testing works as follows:
 Words or pictures relevant to a crime are flashed on a computer screen, along with other
irrelevant words or pictures.
 Electrical Brain responses are measured non-invasively through a patented headband
equipped with sensors.
 Lawrence Farwell had discovered that a scientific brain-wave response called a MERMER
(Memory and Encoding Related Multifaceted Electroencephalographic Response) is elicited
when the brain processes noteworthy information it recognizes.
 Thus, when details of the crime that only the perpetrator would know are presented, a
MERMER is emitted by the brain of a perpetrator, but not by the brain of an innocent suspect.
In Farwell Brain Fingerprinting, a computer analyses the brain response to detect the MERMER,
and thus determines scientifically whether the specific crime-relevant information is stored in
the brain of the suspect.

22. Visual probes
 Used when testing is carried out after a long lapse
 Focuses the subject’s memory on the issues related to the event
 Visual probe is presented before auditory probes
 Neutral and crime scene photographs are presented to the subject
 Each visual probe is presented for an appropriate duration
 Visual information can be used as core probes for seeking EK of
participation in an act from a subject
 Visual information selected based on:
1. Direct relevance with case
2. Relevance with the life events of the subject
3. Neutral events

23. Recording
 Subject seated in a soundproof room
 32 channels recording of the electrical activity of the brain
 30 cephalic electrodes- reference electrodes on the ear lobes
 2 channels for recording the eye movements
 Baseline recordings done with eyes closed and eyes open
 Neutral probes presented before probes related to the crime scene
 The EEG was acquired and analyzed

24. Detection
 The fundamental difference between the perpetrator of a crime and an innocent person is
that the perpetrator, having committed the crime, has the details of the crime stored in his
memory, and the innocent suspect does not. This is what Brain fingerprinting testing
detects scientifically, the presence or absence of specific information.
 In a Brain fingerprinting test, relevant words, pictures or sounds are presented to a subject
by a computer in a series with irrelevant and control stimuli. The brainwave responses to
these stimuli are measured using a patented headband equipped with EEG sensors. The
data is then analysed to determine if the relevant information is present in the subject’s
memory. A specific, measurable brain response known as a P300, is emitted by the brain of
a subject who has the relevant information stored in his brain, but not by a subject who
does not have this record in his brain.

27.  The human brain stores information in the form of signals in different sensory modalities all
through the waking periods. These signals are classified in terms of their relationship
perceived as function of experience and existing knowledge, as well as new relationship
produced through sequential processing. The process is called encoding which is primary, if
individual has directly participated or experienced. It is considered secondary when the
information is obtained from secondary sources such as watching, listening etc.
 Primary encoding is deep seated as the individual himself/herself will have shared or
participated in the experience/act/event. Such encoded information can be found when the
brain is activated by using portion of the information relating to the act/event which is part
of the event. The brain of the subject who has participated in such event, will respond
differently from that of a person who either has not participated or received the same
information from secondary sources.
 The retrieval of information by Brain Mapping is based on this principle. By using this
technique, it is possible to identify the precise individual who has perpetrated crime and
can be differentiated from that of those who have acquired information from the secondary
sources. The individuals who have Primary encoded information will show the characteristic
brain responses which are indicative of the possession of first hand knowledge [personally
acquired] of the event.

28. Legal status
 The technology of Brain mapping developed has revolutionized the causes
of crime investigation in the country and has obtained laurels and
recognitions by the Judiciary and Investigating agencies. Further, the Brain
mapping technology has survived a series of legal challenges under Article
20 (3) and Article 21 of Indian Constitution.
 The best feature of this test is that it does not require oral responses,
hence preventing alteration of statements by the subject.

29. Advantages
 • No response required from subject
 • No interaction with subject during the procedure
 • Non invasive technique
 • No human factor
 • No suggestibility
 • Monitoring of brain for presence of experience of the concerned

30. Practice
 What is BEOSP?
 What is MERMER?
 How does BEOSP work?