The document provides an overview of the history of libraries established by the Benedictine order of monks. It discusses the founding of the order by Saint Benedict in 529 AD at Monte Cassino in Italy, where he established the first monastery and library. The Rule of Saint Benedict prescribed principles of prayer, work, reading and scholarship that helped establish Benedictine monasteries as centers of learning across Europe with extensive libraries throughout the Middle Ages. Many important medieval libraries were founded at Benedictine monasteries, preserving classical and religious texts and engaging in copying, transcription and scholarship.
A scriptorium was a room in medieval monasteries where monks worked to copy, write, and illuminate manuscripts by hand. Scriptoria served several purposes, including copying religious texts for liturgy, study, and communication. Monks in various roles such as scribes, illuminators, and correctors worked in scriptoria. The practice of manually copying texts in monasteries began in the 6th century and helped preserve important works as the copying of texts was considered a spiritual duty. Scriptoria remained important centers of writing and book production until the late Middle Ages when secular copyshops emerged.
Carolus Magnus (Charlemagne) united much of Western Europe under his rule in the late 8th-early 9th centuries. He established new academies, encouraged the copying of manuscripts, and firmly established the power of the Catholic Church. Carolingian art was inspired by classical Roman forms and incorporated elements of Byzantine art, as seen in buildings like the Palatine Chapel at Aachen and illuminated manuscripts like the Gospel of Ebbo. The Ottonian period saw a renewed influence from Byzantium and one of the first monumental sculptures of the crucified Christ, the Gero Crucifix.
The Roman Catholic Church played a central role in medieval Europe. It was the center of religious and social life, owned a third of the land, and collected tithes from peasants. The Church taught that the seven sacraments were essential for salvation. Pilgrimages to sites like Jerusalem and Rome were also important for Christians to undertake. Monasteries were vital religious communities that housed monks following the Benedictine rule of poverty, chastity, and obedience and performed important social functions like farming, providing refuge, and copying manuscripts.
3 S2014 Lollards and Religion in Early 15th Century EnglandRobert Ehrlich
The ideas of Wyclif spread to the Lollards in England. A series of measures are put into place by Archbishop Arundel and Henry IV. Heretics are burnt. Sir John Oldcastle, former associate of Prince Hal in the Glendower campaign is arrested and executed. Chantry chapels and indulgences are ways of dealing with religious ideas of Purgatory in the afterlife and penance in this life.
The document discusses the relationship between the Catholic Church and European kings during the Middle Ages. It describes how the Church was granted lands and exemptions by rulers in exchange for administering territories and enforcing religious laws. Monasticism grew as a pious lifestyle and monasteries became centers of learning. Over time, the Church asserted more authority over kings through concepts like the Peace of God and exerted political power, especially under Pope Innocent III who believed the papacy had supreme power over emperors and kings.
The document provides an outline for a course on the use of libraries, study skills, and information and communication technology (ICT). It covers topics such as the brief history of libraries from ancient clay tablets to modern libraries, different types of libraries including academic, public and national libraries, study skills, using library resources and materials, understanding library catalogues and classification systems, copyright, databases, and bibliographic citation.
The Catholic Church was the most powerful organization in medieval Europe. It claimed authority over both religious and secular matters. The Church's power came from its role as a representative of God, its integration into daily life, and its ability to determine salvation or damnation through excommunication. Over time, the Church grew wealthy through donations and inheritance of land, and preserved learning through clergy who were literate in Latin. However, corruption grew as the Church's wealth and power increased.
Constantine the Great was the first Roman emperor to become Christian. He enforced correct Christian practice and after his death in 337, Byzantium was renamed Constantinople. Five special bishops had authority over church leaders, including the bishops of Rome, Alexandria, Antioch, Constantinople, and Jerusalem, and they argued over who was most powerful. The Christian church eventually split into the East and West branches.
A scriptorium was a room in medieval monasteries where monks worked to copy, write, and illuminate manuscripts by hand. Scriptoria served several purposes, including copying religious texts for liturgy, study, and communication. Monks in various roles such as scribes, illuminators, and correctors worked in scriptoria. The practice of manually copying texts in monasteries began in the 6th century and helped preserve important works as the copying of texts was considered a spiritual duty. Scriptoria remained important centers of writing and book production until the late Middle Ages when secular copyshops emerged.
Carolus Magnus (Charlemagne) united much of Western Europe under his rule in the late 8th-early 9th centuries. He established new academies, encouraged the copying of manuscripts, and firmly established the power of the Catholic Church. Carolingian art was inspired by classical Roman forms and incorporated elements of Byzantine art, as seen in buildings like the Palatine Chapel at Aachen and illuminated manuscripts like the Gospel of Ebbo. The Ottonian period saw a renewed influence from Byzantium and one of the first monumental sculptures of the crucified Christ, the Gero Crucifix.
The Roman Catholic Church played a central role in medieval Europe. It was the center of religious and social life, owned a third of the land, and collected tithes from peasants. The Church taught that the seven sacraments were essential for salvation. Pilgrimages to sites like Jerusalem and Rome were also important for Christians to undertake. Monasteries were vital religious communities that housed monks following the Benedictine rule of poverty, chastity, and obedience and performed important social functions like farming, providing refuge, and copying manuscripts.
3 S2014 Lollards and Religion in Early 15th Century EnglandRobert Ehrlich
The ideas of Wyclif spread to the Lollards in England. A series of measures are put into place by Archbishop Arundel and Henry IV. Heretics are burnt. Sir John Oldcastle, former associate of Prince Hal in the Glendower campaign is arrested and executed. Chantry chapels and indulgences are ways of dealing with religious ideas of Purgatory in the afterlife and penance in this life.
The document discusses the relationship between the Catholic Church and European kings during the Middle Ages. It describes how the Church was granted lands and exemptions by rulers in exchange for administering territories and enforcing religious laws. Monasticism grew as a pious lifestyle and monasteries became centers of learning. Over time, the Church asserted more authority over kings through concepts like the Peace of God and exerted political power, especially under Pope Innocent III who believed the papacy had supreme power over emperors and kings.
The document provides an outline for a course on the use of libraries, study skills, and information and communication technology (ICT). It covers topics such as the brief history of libraries from ancient clay tablets to modern libraries, different types of libraries including academic, public and national libraries, study skills, using library resources and materials, understanding library catalogues and classification systems, copyright, databases, and bibliographic citation.
The Catholic Church was the most powerful organization in medieval Europe. It claimed authority over both religious and secular matters. The Church's power came from its role as a representative of God, its integration into daily life, and its ability to determine salvation or damnation through excommunication. Over time, the Church grew wealthy through donations and inheritance of land, and preserved learning through clergy who were literate in Latin. However, corruption grew as the Church's wealth and power increased.
Constantine the Great was the first Roman emperor to become Christian. He enforced correct Christian practice and after his death in 337, Byzantium was renamed Constantinople. Five special bishops had authority over church leaders, including the bishops of Rome, Alexandria, Antioch, Constantinople, and Jerusalem, and they argued over who was most powerful. The Christian church eventually split into the East and West branches.
The Catholic Church played a central role in medieval European society. It provided religious services and sacraments, operated monasteries and universities, and was closely tied to political systems as many church officials also held government roles. The Pope headed the church hierarchy and claimed authority over all kings and emperors. This gave the Church tremendous power in the Middle Ages as it was the most powerful institution. However, as monarchies grew stronger they began contesting the Church's authority, leading to tensions over who had supremacy in religious and political matters - the Pope or secular rulers. This caused conflicts between the Catholic Church and monarchies throughout the medieval period.
The Book of Kells is an illuminated manuscript from the 9th century containing the four Gospels of the New Testament. While its original purpose was religious, it is considered a masterpiece of Celtic art. Experts believe it was first created at the monastery of Iona before being moved to Kells for protection from Viking raids. It remained at Kells monastery until the 16th century when it was given to Trinity College Dublin where it remains today. The extraordinary artwork and intricate illuminations found throughout are estimated to have taken 30 years to complete by hand.
During the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church worked to spread Christianity across Europe. Pope Gregory sent Augustine to convert the Anglo-Saxons in England in 597. Local parish priests administered sacraments, preached, and offered guidance to villagers. Monasteries and convents provided services like hospitals, schools, and copying ancient texts to preserve knowledge. The Church gained political power and influence over daily life through tithing, holidays, and canon law. Reformers like Francis of Assisi sought to return to a life of poverty and service to the poor.
The document discusses the spread of Christianity in Europe and Ireland from the 1st century CE through the 4th century CE. It outlines how Christianity reached Britain and was possibly known in Ireland during Roman times. It then describes how Christianity became established in the Roman Empire in the 4th century through emperors like Constantine. The document also examines how the church became organized through councils and the development of dioceses and parishes. Finally, it analyzes how St. Patrick incorporated existing Celtic traditions like festivals and sacred sites into Christian practices when converting Ireland, establishing monastic art and penitentials as characteristics of Irish Christianity.
This document provides background information on the creation of the King James Bible. It discusses that King James commissioned a new English translation of the Bible in 1604 to conform to the theology and structure of the Anglican Church. 47 translators were chosen, mostly Anglican priests, to create the translation over a period of 7 years. While based on previous Protestant translations, the King James Version aimed to be more in line with Anglican or "high church" views compared to translations like the Tyndale Bible. The completed King James Bible was published in 1611.
Christianity and Identity in Ireland 1: Early Christian Irelandjamiemcmillan
The document provides an overview of early Christian Ireland from 431-795 AD. It discusses the origins of the Irish people, how some came to believe in Christianity, the missions of Palladius and St. Patrick in the 5th century, and the emergence of influential Irish monasticism between the 5th-12th centuries under founding figures like Columcille and Finnian. Key aspects of Irish monastic life are outlined such as their spiritual emphasis on contemplation, scholarship, and evangelism. The summary concludes by noting how political and social changes eventually led to the secularization of some monasteries by the 8th century.
The document discusses art from the Middle Ages, including Romanesque and Gothic styles between 500-1500 AD. It provides examples of illuminated manuscripts, architecture like churches and castles, and sculptures that taught religious stories. Gothic art is characterized by pointed arches, rose windows, flying buttresses, and verticality to seem closer to heaven. Frescoes in places like Assisi showed biblical scenes to educate those who could not read.
The Roman Catholic Church grew in importance and became the central unifying institution in Western Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire. The Church spread Christianity through missionary work, brought Roman culture to Germanic tribes, and served important social, political, and religious roles for people during the Middle Ages. Church scholars in monasteries preserved classical literature and laid the foundations for later universities in Europe.
The document discusses the Protestant Reformation and the founding of New England colonies by Puritans and Pilgrims. It begins by explaining key figures of the Protestant Reformation like Martin Luther and John Calvin. It then discusses the founding of Plymouth colony by the Pilgrims in 1620 and their signing of the Mayflower Compact. Finally, it discusses the founding of the Massachusetts Bay colony by Puritans in 1630 led by John Winthrop and the growth of New England settlements in the following decades.
An overview of the Scottish winning entry for the competition to identify rare and valuable items buried in library collections across the UK. Part of the "Electric Connections 2008: Collaborating on Content" conference.
During the High Middle Ages, church bells held significance as they notified communities about events and marked the hours. This signified the central role of the Roman Catholic Church at the time as people relied on it for leadership, answers, and protection. The Church's hierarchy mirrored the feudal system with the Pope at the top governing bishops, archbishops, cardinals and priests. Through tithes, gifts of land, and its own holdings, the Church accumulated great economic power and influenced all aspects of medieval life and society.
This document provides information about the Petrobrusians, a 12th century Christian sect that was one of the earliest groups to oppose the authority of the Roman Catholic priesthood. It describes their founder, Peter of Bruys, who began preaching against Catholic corruption and clerical vices in southeastern France between 1117-1120. The document outlines five main teachings of the Petrobrusians that were criticized by Peter the Venerable in his treatise responding to their beliefs, including their rejection of infant baptism, building of churches, veneration of crosses, transubstantiation, and prayers for the dead. It concludes by stating that Peter of Bruys was publicly burned to death by an angry Catholic
Case study on library with history of libraryshabbirtg
The document provides a survey report on libraries that includes an introduction to libraries, a history of libraries from ancient times to modern eras, different types of libraries, case studies of national and international libraries, and a proposed library program. It discusses the definition and origins of libraries, the development of early libraries in places like India and Baghdad, and the growth of modern public and university libraries in the 18th-19th centuries. Case studies examine the Sufia Kamal National Library in Bangladesh and libraries abroad like the Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Library in Washington D.C.
From manuscripts to the modern world - Part 1SLV Education
The document discusses medieval manuscripts and the State Library of Victoria's collection. It provides details on the library's education programs, a medieval calligraphy workshop, and curriculum links. It then discusses what manuscripts are, their use in medieval society, aspects of daily medieval life, and the process and costs of manuscript production. Common features of manuscripts like miniatures, initials, borders, and rubrics are also overviewed.
This document summarizes luxury libraries from around the world. It describes the ornate Baroque library at Melk Abbey in Austria, with its impressive manuscript collection. It also details the enormous palace-monastery of Mafra in Portugal, including the highlight of its 88-meter long library. Finally, it provides brief overviews of the largest monastic library in the world at Admont Abbey in Austria, the National Széchényi Library in Budapest, and several other notable libraries from Portugal, Austria, Spain, the Czech Republic, and England.
An examination of africas contributions to the early christian movement part 1Rasta101
This document provides an overview of Africa's contributions to early Christianity. It discusses key figures and institutions that shaped early Christian thought and development, many of which originated in Africa. Specifically:
- Many early Church Fathers who influenced both Eastern and Western Christianity, such as Origen, Athanasius, Cyprian, Tertullian, and Augustine, were from North Africa and led important academic communities there.
- Alexandria, Egypt was a major center of early Christian learning and home to influential institutions like the Library of Alexandria, the Musaeum, and the Didascalium catechetical school, which provided models for later European universities.
- Other North African cities like Hippo,
This document provides a summary of the history of libraries from ancient Mesopotamia to modern times. It discusses important early libraries like those in Nippur, Nineveh, and Alexandria. It then covers periods of book destruction under the Qin Dynasty in China and the Nazis in Germany. The document highlights various efforts to collect and preserve texts through different eras, such as at the House of Wisdom in Baghdad and the scriptorium at the Vivarium monastery. In under 3 sentences, the document traces the rise and fall of libraries across civilizations and the ongoing efforts to save knowledge through times of loss.
The document discusses the rise of monasticism in Western Europe following the fall of the Western Roman Empire. It describes how monasteries provided religious, educational, and medical services that were lacking in manorial society. Monasteries became powerful landowners and centers of learning, preserving knowledge through copying manuscripts by hand. Monastic life required hard work, prayer, and religious services. Monasteries also provided opportunities for women to become nuns and serve religious roles.
This document provides information about several historic luxury libraries located in abbeys and monasteries across Europe. It describes the ornate Baroque library halls of Melk Abbey in Austria and the immense 88-meter long library at the Mafra National Palace in Portugal. It also discusses the largest monastic library in the world at Admont Abbey in Austria, the National Széchényi Library in Budapest, and the ornate Joanina Library at the University of Coimbra in Portugal. Finally, it briefly mentions several other notable historic libraries across Europe, including those at the Strahov Monastery in Prague, the Bodleian Library at Oxford University, and the Vatican Library in Rome.
This document defines librarianship and outlines its history and roles. It begins by defining a profession as a paid occupation requiring specialized training and qualifications. Librarianship is then defined as the administration of library resources and services, involving acquiring and organizing collections, and servicing users. The document traces the history of librarianship from ancient collections in Mesopotamia and Alexandria to its professionalization in the 19th century. It outlines the roles of modern librarians in areas like reference, collections, instruction, and technical services in both physical and digital libraries.
This ppt follow 7th grade World History spi 7.39 . . .Explain the importance of the Catholic church as a political, intellectual, and aesthetic institution, including founding of universities, political and spiritual roles of the clergy, creation of monastic and mendicant religious orders, preservation of the Latin language and religious texts, Thomas Aquinas’s synthesis of classical philosophy with Christian theology and the concept of “natural law.”
The church played a central role in medieval Europe. It was the most important institution, providing religious and social leadership during unstable times. The clergy owned a third of European land, making the church the largest landholder. The church also collected tithes and was generally responsible for record keeping. There were often power struggles between the Pope and kings. The church taught that receiving the seven sacraments was essential for salvation. Christians also expressed their faith through pilgrimages, art/architecture like cathedrals, and monastic life devoted to religion.
The Catholic Church played a central role in medieval European society. It provided religious services and sacraments, operated monasteries and universities, and was closely tied to political systems as many church officials also held government roles. The Pope headed the church hierarchy and claimed authority over all kings and emperors. This gave the Church tremendous power in the Middle Ages as it was the most powerful institution. However, as monarchies grew stronger they began contesting the Church's authority, leading to tensions over who had supremacy in religious and political matters - the Pope or secular rulers. This caused conflicts between the Catholic Church and monarchies throughout the medieval period.
The Book of Kells is an illuminated manuscript from the 9th century containing the four Gospels of the New Testament. While its original purpose was religious, it is considered a masterpiece of Celtic art. Experts believe it was first created at the monastery of Iona before being moved to Kells for protection from Viking raids. It remained at Kells monastery until the 16th century when it was given to Trinity College Dublin where it remains today. The extraordinary artwork and intricate illuminations found throughout are estimated to have taken 30 years to complete by hand.
During the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church worked to spread Christianity across Europe. Pope Gregory sent Augustine to convert the Anglo-Saxons in England in 597. Local parish priests administered sacraments, preached, and offered guidance to villagers. Monasteries and convents provided services like hospitals, schools, and copying ancient texts to preserve knowledge. The Church gained political power and influence over daily life through tithing, holidays, and canon law. Reformers like Francis of Assisi sought to return to a life of poverty and service to the poor.
The document discusses the spread of Christianity in Europe and Ireland from the 1st century CE through the 4th century CE. It outlines how Christianity reached Britain and was possibly known in Ireland during Roman times. It then describes how Christianity became established in the Roman Empire in the 4th century through emperors like Constantine. The document also examines how the church became organized through councils and the development of dioceses and parishes. Finally, it analyzes how St. Patrick incorporated existing Celtic traditions like festivals and sacred sites into Christian practices when converting Ireland, establishing monastic art and penitentials as characteristics of Irish Christianity.
This document provides background information on the creation of the King James Bible. It discusses that King James commissioned a new English translation of the Bible in 1604 to conform to the theology and structure of the Anglican Church. 47 translators were chosen, mostly Anglican priests, to create the translation over a period of 7 years. While based on previous Protestant translations, the King James Version aimed to be more in line with Anglican or "high church" views compared to translations like the Tyndale Bible. The completed King James Bible was published in 1611.
Christianity and Identity in Ireland 1: Early Christian Irelandjamiemcmillan
The document provides an overview of early Christian Ireland from 431-795 AD. It discusses the origins of the Irish people, how some came to believe in Christianity, the missions of Palladius and St. Patrick in the 5th century, and the emergence of influential Irish monasticism between the 5th-12th centuries under founding figures like Columcille and Finnian. Key aspects of Irish monastic life are outlined such as their spiritual emphasis on contemplation, scholarship, and evangelism. The summary concludes by noting how political and social changes eventually led to the secularization of some monasteries by the 8th century.
The document discusses art from the Middle Ages, including Romanesque and Gothic styles between 500-1500 AD. It provides examples of illuminated manuscripts, architecture like churches and castles, and sculptures that taught religious stories. Gothic art is characterized by pointed arches, rose windows, flying buttresses, and verticality to seem closer to heaven. Frescoes in places like Assisi showed biblical scenes to educate those who could not read.
The Roman Catholic Church grew in importance and became the central unifying institution in Western Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire. The Church spread Christianity through missionary work, brought Roman culture to Germanic tribes, and served important social, political, and religious roles for people during the Middle Ages. Church scholars in monasteries preserved classical literature and laid the foundations for later universities in Europe.
The document discusses the Protestant Reformation and the founding of New England colonies by Puritans and Pilgrims. It begins by explaining key figures of the Protestant Reformation like Martin Luther and John Calvin. It then discusses the founding of Plymouth colony by the Pilgrims in 1620 and their signing of the Mayflower Compact. Finally, it discusses the founding of the Massachusetts Bay colony by Puritans in 1630 led by John Winthrop and the growth of New England settlements in the following decades.
An overview of the Scottish winning entry for the competition to identify rare and valuable items buried in library collections across the UK. Part of the "Electric Connections 2008: Collaborating on Content" conference.
During the High Middle Ages, church bells held significance as they notified communities about events and marked the hours. This signified the central role of the Roman Catholic Church at the time as people relied on it for leadership, answers, and protection. The Church's hierarchy mirrored the feudal system with the Pope at the top governing bishops, archbishops, cardinals and priests. Through tithes, gifts of land, and its own holdings, the Church accumulated great economic power and influenced all aspects of medieval life and society.
This document provides information about the Petrobrusians, a 12th century Christian sect that was one of the earliest groups to oppose the authority of the Roman Catholic priesthood. It describes their founder, Peter of Bruys, who began preaching against Catholic corruption and clerical vices in southeastern France between 1117-1120. The document outlines five main teachings of the Petrobrusians that were criticized by Peter the Venerable in his treatise responding to their beliefs, including their rejection of infant baptism, building of churches, veneration of crosses, transubstantiation, and prayers for the dead. It concludes by stating that Peter of Bruys was publicly burned to death by an angry Catholic
Case study on library with history of libraryshabbirtg
The document provides a survey report on libraries that includes an introduction to libraries, a history of libraries from ancient times to modern eras, different types of libraries, case studies of national and international libraries, and a proposed library program. It discusses the definition and origins of libraries, the development of early libraries in places like India and Baghdad, and the growth of modern public and university libraries in the 18th-19th centuries. Case studies examine the Sufia Kamal National Library in Bangladesh and libraries abroad like the Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Library in Washington D.C.
From manuscripts to the modern world - Part 1SLV Education
The document discusses medieval manuscripts and the State Library of Victoria's collection. It provides details on the library's education programs, a medieval calligraphy workshop, and curriculum links. It then discusses what manuscripts are, their use in medieval society, aspects of daily medieval life, and the process and costs of manuscript production. Common features of manuscripts like miniatures, initials, borders, and rubrics are also overviewed.
This document summarizes luxury libraries from around the world. It describes the ornate Baroque library at Melk Abbey in Austria, with its impressive manuscript collection. It also details the enormous palace-monastery of Mafra in Portugal, including the highlight of its 88-meter long library. Finally, it provides brief overviews of the largest monastic library in the world at Admont Abbey in Austria, the National Széchényi Library in Budapest, and several other notable libraries from Portugal, Austria, Spain, the Czech Republic, and England.
An examination of africas contributions to the early christian movement part 1Rasta101
This document provides an overview of Africa's contributions to early Christianity. It discusses key figures and institutions that shaped early Christian thought and development, many of which originated in Africa. Specifically:
- Many early Church Fathers who influenced both Eastern and Western Christianity, such as Origen, Athanasius, Cyprian, Tertullian, and Augustine, were from North Africa and led important academic communities there.
- Alexandria, Egypt was a major center of early Christian learning and home to influential institutions like the Library of Alexandria, the Musaeum, and the Didascalium catechetical school, which provided models for later European universities.
- Other North African cities like Hippo,
This document provides a summary of the history of libraries from ancient Mesopotamia to modern times. It discusses important early libraries like those in Nippur, Nineveh, and Alexandria. It then covers periods of book destruction under the Qin Dynasty in China and the Nazis in Germany. The document highlights various efforts to collect and preserve texts through different eras, such as at the House of Wisdom in Baghdad and the scriptorium at the Vivarium monastery. In under 3 sentences, the document traces the rise and fall of libraries across civilizations and the ongoing efforts to save knowledge through times of loss.
The document discusses the rise of monasticism in Western Europe following the fall of the Western Roman Empire. It describes how monasteries provided religious, educational, and medical services that were lacking in manorial society. Monasteries became powerful landowners and centers of learning, preserving knowledge through copying manuscripts by hand. Monastic life required hard work, prayer, and religious services. Monasteries also provided opportunities for women to become nuns and serve religious roles.
This document provides information about several historic luxury libraries located in abbeys and monasteries across Europe. It describes the ornate Baroque library halls of Melk Abbey in Austria and the immense 88-meter long library at the Mafra National Palace in Portugal. It also discusses the largest monastic library in the world at Admont Abbey in Austria, the National Széchényi Library in Budapest, and the ornate Joanina Library at the University of Coimbra in Portugal. Finally, it briefly mentions several other notable historic libraries across Europe, including those at the Strahov Monastery in Prague, the Bodleian Library at Oxford University, and the Vatican Library in Rome.
This document defines librarianship and outlines its history and roles. It begins by defining a profession as a paid occupation requiring specialized training and qualifications. Librarianship is then defined as the administration of library resources and services, involving acquiring and organizing collections, and servicing users. The document traces the history of librarianship from ancient collections in Mesopotamia and Alexandria to its professionalization in the 19th century. It outlines the roles of modern librarians in areas like reference, collections, instruction, and technical services in both physical and digital libraries.
This ppt follow 7th grade World History spi 7.39 . . .Explain the importance of the Catholic church as a political, intellectual, and aesthetic institution, including founding of universities, political and spiritual roles of the clergy, creation of monastic and mendicant religious orders, preservation of the Latin language and religious texts, Thomas Aquinas’s synthesis of classical philosophy with Christian theology and the concept of “natural law.”
The church played a central role in medieval Europe. It was the most important institution, providing religious and social leadership during unstable times. The clergy owned a third of European land, making the church the largest landholder. The church also collected tithes and was generally responsible for record keeping. There were often power struggles between the Pope and kings. The church taught that receiving the seven sacraments was essential for salvation. Christians also expressed their faith through pilgrimages, art/architecture like cathedrals, and monastic life devoted to religion.
Genesis in Medieval Christian ScholarshipChris Heard
During the Middle Ages, Christian scholars sought to preserve the insights and teachings of the church fathers. In doing so, they also invented new forms of biblical commentary. This presentation introduces viewers to these developments. It’s intended for early-stage undergraduate students with minimal prior background in Christian studies, medieval studies, or biblical studies. Suggestions from colleagues with expertise in this field are most welcome. (A related presentation on “Genesis in Medieval Christian Creativity” is in the works.)
The Byzantine Empire had its capital in Constantinople and lasted from 330 AD to 1453 AD. It reached its peak in the 6th century under Justinian I. Byzantine art and architecture were heavily influenced by Christianity and featured grand churches like Hagia Sophia with massive domes, intricate mosaics, and icons. The Byzantine Empire declined as the Ottoman Empire rose and eventually conquered Constantinople in 1453, marking the end of the Byzantine era.
Medieval universities began as educational guilds in the 11th century, with the first in Bologna, Italy. They taught subjects like grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music and astronomy primarily through lectures since books were rare. Gothic architecture developed in the 12th century with pointed arches, flying buttresses, and stained glass windows, allowing larger and brighter churches. Illuminated manuscripts were hand-copied religious texts beautifully illustrated in monasteries. Overall life was difficult for peasants who lived under the feudal system, but monks and nuns provided services through monasteries.
John Bright's quote summarizes that a love of books allows one to personally meet and learn from history's great thinkers by reading their works in libraries. When entering a library, it feels like the dead are present and their books can answer questions as faithfully as when the authors left them.
This document provides a history of libraries from ancient Sumeria and Egypt to the modern era. It describes how early libraries evolved from clay tablets and papyrus collections housed in palaces and temples for official records, to libraries in Greece and the great Library of Alexandria which had hundreds of thousands of scrolls organized by subject. It then discusses the role of monasteries in preserving knowledge during the Dark Ages by copying manuscripts by hand, the growth of universities and their libraries, the invention of paper and the printing press which increased access to books, and the establishment of subscription libraries and modern public libraries open to all citizens beginning in the 19th century.
The document summarizes education and daily life in medieval universities. It notes that the first universities were founded in Salerno, Bologna, Paris, and London to educate the sons of wealthy townspeople for careers in the church or government. A typical student's day involved waking before dawn for prayers and classes, eating a meal of beef and oats, more afternoon classes, and studying into the night. Seven core subjects were taught including arithmetic, astronomy, and logic. Women were largely excluded from university education during this time.
The document discusses how monks in medieval Europe preserved classical knowledge by copying manuscripts and established monasteries that became centers of learning, agriculture, and community, thereby saving Western civilization during the Dark Ages through their scholarly work, agricultural innovations, and creation of monastic communities.
Persecution, past and present: memorialising martyrdom in ninth century CórdobaJamie Wood
This document provides an overview of a presentation about memorializing martyrdom in 9th century Córdoba. It discusses how Christian martyrs who were persecuted under Muslim rule were commemorated through writings, relics, and the construction of shrines. Authors such as Eulogius wrote "passiones" that detailed the suffering of martyrs to establish them as genuine saints. Their relics were collected and distributed to other regions to cultivate networks of religious sites dedicated to the martyrs. The document examines how martyrdom was promoted by these authors to inspire resilience among Christians living under Islamic rule in Al-Andalus.
This study guide, the second half of a two part study on how the early Christian church selected the books that comprise the canon of the New Testament, is one of a series to help leaders of a Bible study or Sunday School class who are too busy to research and prepare as well as they would like for the task. The entire series is engaging, colorful and challenging and is ready to go even at the last moment. More are in the works. Search using keyword "lessonstogo."
The document discusses the decline of serious learning and the rise of coffee houses in universities according to Anthony Wood from Oxford in the late 1500s-early 1600s. It then provides background information on Western Europe during 1500-1750 including the Protestant Reformation, Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment, and economic and social changes like mercantilism. Finally, it includes several primary source excerpts criticizing the Catholic Church from Martin Luther's Table Talk in the 1530s-1540s.
This document discusses how the internet and search engines like Google may be changing the way people think and process information. It notes that media shapes cognition according to media theorist Marshall McLuhan. Researchers have found that the technology people use can physically change the structure of the brain over time. While some argue this may lead to more discovery, others worry that digital technologies promote shallow thinking and may be making people less intelligent. The document advocates for teaching strong information literacy skills to help people make the most of new technologies and continue engaging in deep thinking.
Past masters from inte lex kierkegaard and existentialismJaclyn Lee Parrott
This document discusses existentialism and Søren Kierkegaard's views on reflection and action according to existentialism. It provides context on existentialism, noting it focuses on the individual's existence and free will. It then discusses Kierkegaard's influence in originating existentialism in the 19th century. The document recommends searching the InteLex Past Masters database, using search terms like "reflection action" in Kierkegaard's Journals and Papers to find relevant passages on this topic from his writings.
Effective and efficient google searching power point tutorialJaclyn Lee Parrott
This document provides guidance on effective Google searching. It discusses Google's mission to organize the world's information and make it accessible. It also notes that Google profiles users to target advertising and its products may change. The document then provides examples of basic Google searches and demonstrates more advanced search techniques. It stresses evaluating sources and avoiding plagiarism. Finally, it includes an exercise for readers to practice advanced Google searches.
Teaching information technology literacy outcomes assessment Jaclyn Lee Parrott
This document provides instructions and resources for students to complete exercises on using Google Advanced Search and Google Scholar Advanced Search techniques. It includes links to guides on advanced search tools, evaluating web resources, and APA citation style to assist students. It outlines exercises for students to practice personalized searches, finding full-text articles and specific journals, and provides examples of student responses evaluating the search tools. A survey found that 70% of students found the exercises worthwhile overall.
The document discusses how libraries are struggling with relevance in the digital age and how their design, services, and branding are changing as a result. It provides background on library construction trends between 1995-2008 and discusses how capital and operating costs are significant factors in library design and services. The document advocates that libraries establish relevance by creating a unified community vision, redefining roles and services both physically and digitally, effective branding, and smart technology integration. It also discusses challenges like balancing user needs with funding requirements and negotiating partnerships between different stakeholders. Overall, the document examines how libraries are adapting spaces, services, and branding to remain relevant institutions in a technology-driven world.
American Libraries is the bimonthly magazine of the American Library Association (ALA). It began in 1970 as a continuation of the ALA Bulletin, and is published 6 times per year both in print and digitally. The magazine covers topics relevant to libraries and librarians, including trends in technology, programming, and professional development. It features news and stories about public libraries, their importance for communities, and how they are adapting to serve users' needs in the digital age.
This document discusses accessibility and assistive technology for people with disabilities. It covers mobility impairments, standards and laws like the ADA that require accommodations, assistive devices, and the large portion of people with disabilities. Consistent standards are in place to ensure public accommodations can be accessed by all. Libraries have a responsibility to provide access and remove barriers for people with disabilities to use their services and materials. Assistive technology like speech recognition software and accessible websites can help support people. Resources for obtaining assistive technology include staff training, marketing, and libraries themselves.
The document discusses the role and history of theological librarianship. It provides an overview of the profession and describes some of the largest and local theological libraries. Theological libraries support institutions of higher education that focus on religious studies and training clergy. Their collections include scholarly resources on theology and related fields. Some of the largest institutions mentioned include the Graduate Theological Union Library. Local Hawaiian institutions discussed include the New Hope Christian College Library, Levinson-Krupp Memorial Library at Temple Emanu-El, and libraries at Chaminade University, the Benedictine Monastery of Hawaii, and the Carmelite Monastery.
The document provides an overview of homeschooling including its history, reasons why parents choose it, and famous people who were homeschooled. It discusses how homeschooling works and resources that public libraries can provide to support homeschooling families, such as curriculum materials, programs, and services tailored to their needs. The bibliography at the end lists additional resources on the topic of homeschooling and library services.
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It seems that current missionary work requires spending a lot of money, preparing a lot of materials, and traveling to far away places, so that it feels like missionary work. But what was the result they brought back? It's just a lot of photos of activities, fun eating, drinking and some playing games. And then we have to do the same thing next year, never ending. The church once mentioned that a certain missionary would go to the field where she used to work before the end of his life. It seemed that if she had not gone, no one would be willing to go. The reason why these missionary work is so difficult is that no one obeys God’s words, and the Bible is not the main content during missionary work, because in the eyes of those who do not obey God’s words, the Bible is just words and cannot be connected with life, so Reading out God's words is boring because it doesn't have any life experience, so it cannot be connected with human life. I will give a few examples in the hope that this situation can be changed. A375
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The Book of Ruth is included in the third division, or the Writings, of the Hebrew Bible. In most Christian canons it is treated as one of the historical books and placed between Judges and 1 Samuel.
2. Library Histories
“The history of an old library
can only be traced
intermittently, the facts
playing hide and seek like a
distant lantern carried over
broken ground.”
Ernest Albert Salvage
3. Benedictine Order of
Monks
Founded 529 or 530 AD
Saint Benedict of Nursia
Monte Cassino, Italy
Beginning of library era
“Behold! How great a matter a little
fire kindleth!”
5. Benedict of Nursia
480 born in Nursia-Benedictus “well-said” or
“blessed”
Sought refuge and solitude with God
Barely 14, renounced riches and family
Patriarch of Western Monasticism, instrument of
regeneration, Father of Western Civilization, Patron
of Europe
543 died standing raising his hands to God
6. Speculum & exemplar Christicolarum: vita beatissimi patris Benedicti monachorum patriarchae sanctissimi
http://www.wdl.org/en/item/9923/#q=benedictine+library&qla=en
7. Rule of St. Benedict
Regula Benedicti (RB)
• Detailed series of social, liturgical, and penal
ordinances
• By 7th Century applied to women
• By early 9th century supplanted most other
monastic styles in northern and western Europe.
8. The Rule of Saint Benedict, from the Abbey of Metten-
World Digital Library
9. • St. Benedict prescribed:
• Ora et labora (prayer and work)
• Discretio (The Gift of Discernment)
• Pax benedicitna (Benedictine Peace)
• Stabilitas (Order)
• Obedience to the abbot is emphasized
• Concrete community of monastics
• Caritatem fraternitatis caste impendant
• “they should show brotherly love for one another”
• Solitariness is silence
• Hora competens (Order of days-structured division
in the course of daily life)
10. “Idleness is the enemy of the soul.
At set times, accordingly, the
brethren should be occupied with
manual work, and again, at set
times, with spiritual reading.”
Saint Benedict of Nursia
11. Reading
Monk should be able to read (Pachomius)
Made to use this skill (Benedict)
Lent to October, fourth to sixth hour
October to Lent, up to second hour
Beginning of Lent given book from library
Sundays
Reading at table – Weekly Reader
12. “Above all, have one or two seniors
appointed to go around the monastery
during the hours for reading to see that
no restless brother is by chance idle or
chattering and not intent on his reading
and so of no profit to himself and a
distraction to others.... However, if there
is anyone so dull or lazy that he either will
not or cannot study or read, let him have
some task assigned him which he can
perform, so that he may not be idle....”
13. • Importance of lectio divina (divine
reading)emphasized
• Audire (hear) and aedificare (build
up)
• Scriptures rejuvenate so Benedict
wanted readers to be vcare (free)
• memor (remembering) which came
from meditatio (meditation)
Lectio divina and meditatio
14. • Silent reading made possible
• Word separation
• English monks Venerable Bede
(673-735)
• Monk-missionary Boniface (675-
754)
• Innovation in scribal
transcription
15. • Benedictine abbot Johannes
Trithemius (1462-1516)
• Wrote De laude scriptorum
• Print technology would undermine
monastic culture
• Challenge of computer technology
today
16. Monte Cassino
Built Monte Cassino 529 AD Saint Benedict resided
there 14 years
Towering height midway between Rome and Naples
Principal sanctuary of monastic order
Centre of spiritual virtue, “School of the Lord”
Gained reputation as house of learning
Several times destroyed and rebuilt
17.
18. • 581 Lombards destroyed, then
rebuilt
• 884 destroyed by Saracens
• Greatest influence in 11th century
• 1389, earthquake, period of decline
• 1799 sacked by Napoleon
• 1866 dissolution of Italian
monasteries, became national
monument
• 1944, World War II, aerial
bombardment from Allied advance
20. • Desederius (abbot 1058-1087)
• Beneventan script
• 200 monks copying and illuminating
• Literature preserved through scriptoria
• Great service to European civilization
• Encouraged original writings
• Copying of books in all branches of
learning, intellectual revival
Monte Cassinos’ Golden Age
22. LIBRARIES of Benedictine Houses
• Bibliotheca on upper floor, scriptorium on
lower
• Oblong room, high vaulted ceilings
• Two sets of books: one for brethren, and
those kept in a safe place
• (lending library and library of reference)
• Armeria (books shut up in presses or
bookcases)
• Books chained to desks
• Cloister of conversation
• We understand collegiate libraries through
monastic libraries
23. Other Benedictine
Libraries in Italy
Nonantola, 752-
Library contained manuscripts older than the monastery
itself
Bobbio, 614-803
Librarian ranked among officials of library, 700 Codices, of
broad scope surpassed Monte Cassino in influence
Subiaco, 520- First printing house in Italy 15th century
Farfa, 681- littera Farfensis, script based on Beneventan
24. FRANCE
Saint-Germain-des-Pres, 543-1790 – intensive literary
activity
Fleury-Saint-Benoit, 651- Carolingian scriptorium,
history of calligraphy, one of richest libraries in
Christendom
Corbie, 657-1790 renowned for scriptorium, library,
and school, first true Carolingian writing
Bec, 1034- advancement of theological learning and
influence on course of church history, Lanfranc
Statutes to Benedictines
25. ENGLAND
Canterbury, 605-1538 -St. Augustine and his
companions introduce monasticism to England,
Abbey library catalog documents donors and
benefactors from 13th century forward
Whitby, 657-1543 – library rich in humanistic
literature
Wearmouth, 674-1539 and Jarrow, 681-1536
“greatest library-builder before the Norman-
Conquest,” “first great monastic library”
Bede studied here
26. • Glastonbury, 5th century-1539 – large library included
works of modern theology
• Durham, 1083-1538 - library contained large proportion of
classical authors, humanistic, and medical works, detailed
arrangement of books
• Libraries not assigned special rooms for use until 14th or
15th centuries
• York, 625-1539 - Alcuin, friend of Charlemagne educated
here and accompanied him on book hunting expeditions,
metrical catalogue, motto was “learn in order to teach”
27. Germany
Reichenau, 724-1802 –Abbot Waldo “spared neither
trouble nor money to increase the library,” several
rare works, supported many scholars
Fulda, 744-1803 –love of learning, countless books
“There you will find all that God has sent down to
earth from heaven for the benefit of man in the pious
works of sacred scripture and all the worldly wisdom
that has been made known to the world in various
ages.” Boniface
28. • Benediktbeuern, 740-1803 – library and archives has
many priceless manuscripts and charters
• Sankt Michael Library of Metten, 766-
• Monk from here founded first Benedictine abbey in
United States, Latrobe, Pennsylvania
• Maria Laach, 1093-center of liturgical reform,
hymnology, art
• Beuron, 1687-liturgical monastic revival, supports
school
31. BIBLIOGRAPHY
“Benedictine (<Christian orders>, Christianity, ... Associated Concepts)
.” Art & Architecture Thesaurus Online
http://www.getty.edu/vow/AATFullDisplay?find=monte+cassino&logic=OR¬e=benedict*&page=1&subjectid=-
1&checked=300148044. Accessed February 23, 2013.
Benedictus. 1909. The Rule of Saint Benedict. London: Chatto and Windus Publishers.
Casson, L. 2001. Libraries in the Ancient World. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Clark, J. W. Libraries In The Medieval and Renaissance Periods. The Rede Lecture, 1894. Chicago: Argonaut, Inc.,
1968. http://www.library.uiuc.edu/ereserves/item.asp?id=51278
Grun, A. 2006. Benedict of Nursia: His Message for Today. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press.
Lerner, F. 2011. The Story of Libraries: From the Invention of Writing to the Computer Age. New York: Continuum.
Laubier, G. and Jacques Bosser. 2003. The Most Beautiful Libraries in the World. Harry N. Abrams Inc.
Montalembert, C. 2006. Monks of the West: From St. Benedict to St. Bernard. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press.
Neuhofer, M. D. 1999. In the Benedictine tradition: The origins and early development of two college libraries.
University Press of Amer.
Savage, E. A., & Hutt, J. 1912. Old English libraries: the making, collection and use of books during the middle ages
(No. 240). Methuen & co. ltd..
Studzinski, Raymond. 2009. Reading to Live. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press.
Wilson, R. 1957. English Benedictine Lmonastic Libraries During the Middle Ages. New York: University of Rochester
Press for the ACRL.
Editor's Notes
Benedictine tree multiplied books and libraries, gave impulse to study in once was called dark ages
End of 5th century,Europe in period of confusion, corruption, despair, and deathHeresy, divisions in churchMonks also examples of disorder and scandalBarbarian invasionsPlaces once Christian, now pagan
Pope Gregory the Great wrote about Benedict in book Dialogues – Benedict ‘s 4 disciples reportedBenedict shined light that regenerated Europe for ten centuries to comePeople tried to poison him out of jealousyLived in cave on mountain for three years!Wanted to be alone, but disciples sought him out because of the fame of his virtues and miracles, so formed 12 monasteries with 12 monks each in Subiaco before going to Monte CassinoSister names Scholastica who also vowed herself to Godhttp://www.historyofinformation.com/expanded.php?id=22 (pic)
World Digital Library, Hill Museum and Manuscript Library1587 CEMirror and Example for the Worshippers of Christ: the Life of the Blessed Father Benedict, Most Holy Patriarch of MonksIllustrated example of his life, his holiness and powersRich iconography for adornment of Benedictine manuscripts and monasteries
Had lived under rule form East of St. BasilBenedict though those were lax, vague, and confusingSpecifically for Monte Cassino, but spread through Western EmpireLeft its mark on education, literature, art of Europe as chief factor in the work of European civilization like no other book except the Bibleguide for the government and spiritual and material warfare of a monasteryhttp://www.wdl.org/en/item/9926/#additional_subjects=Benedict%2C+Saint%2C+Abbot+of+Monte+Cassino1520 CERegulaSanctissimiPatrisnostriBenedictiFlorence, LatinCongregation of Santa Giustina in Padua, Italy,Hill Museum and Manuscript Library
http://www.wdl.org/en/item/8945/#additional_subjects=Benedict%2C+Saint%2C+Abbot+of+Monte+CassinoBavarian State Library in Munich, Germany1414 CELatin, GermanMettener Regel
Holding to long tradition of scholarship and studyLabor is honorable and dignified and conducive to sanctity“He who works prays”Truly monks when live by labor of handsSpiritual labor – action of soul upon itself"the strong and bright armor of obedience, to fight under our Lord Christ, our true king.” sacrifice of the will, tempered by authorityIn community, opening oneself up to others, find yourself, community of monastics MONK MEANS ALONE, tension between the two, solidarity in silence – no enduring place here to settle, open self up to GodHorcmpetens – the appropriate hour, the right time – so noone disquieted or distressed in house of God – for peace of community and individuals, be internally ruled by it, find wholeness Clear order makes possible a clear life
established at outset of monasteriesMonks devote this time to reading 4th to 6thhrFree for reading up to 2nd hourDuring Lent read book from Bibliotheca straight through by the end of lentSundays, except those who have assigned duties to spend time readingWhoever appointed to read at table enter his office on Sunday, ask all to pray for him, preserve him from the spirit of pride, no questions asked about what is being read! Eats afterwards
Books not a storehouse for text, but a window on the world and God, a garden for wisdomReading had social and physical dimension since often done out loud
Challenge posed to our understanding of text and approach to reading Lectiodivina (sacred reading) a gathering, collecting, and unifying processChew and digest words so they become part of oneself – helps when mouth words Meditatio inscribes text into soulToday lectiodivina being revived, called reading God or preaching to the self in religious circles
Texts could be read silently with words separated since words did not need to be disentangled from mass of letters on page, increased speed of reading too
Disruptions throughout time
With the help of benefactors,Foundation laid 520529 same year when pagan school of philosophy closed doors in AthensHouse of learning through reproduction of manuscript copiesLibrary big enough to have at least one book for each monk, but probably not more than that since scriptoriums came laterBibles and other religious works that were gifts or from booksellers “nothing sold faster, nothing for a greater price”
Title: Das weltberühmteKloster Monte Cassino, das am 15 Februar den Bombenanglo-amerikanischerKreigsverbrecherzumOpferfiel Date Created/Published: [1944] Medium: 1 photographic print. Summary: Photograph shows the cloister at Monte Cassino. Reproduction Number: LC-USZ62-33485 (b&w film copy neg.) Rights Advisory: Rights status not evaluated. For general information see "Copyright and Other Restrictions...,"(http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/195_copr.html)Call Number: LOT 7489-E [item] [P&P] Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print
February 15, 1944 Monte Cassino was bombed and almost completely destroyed by the U.S. during WWII.by American air raidsDefensive line for Germans to keep Allied attackers from advancing further into ItalyAllied forces broke line in May and took command of Abbey May 18They said there was “irrefutable evidence” that Germans were on post there, then in 1961 said only a small military poiice detachment, and a final correction in 1969 says the abbey was unoccupied!!The good news is that he richness of the Abbey’s archives, library and gallery included "800 papal documents, 20,500 volumes in the Old Library, 60,000 in the New Library, 500 incunabula, 200 manuscripts on parchment, 100,000 prints and separate collections” were all transported out along with monks November 1943 before this happened.Rebuilt and resconsecrated in 1964
Benedictine scriptorium – clearly written, large, round hand, rubrics (initial capitals painted in red) and illuminations, pages large like folio 20 x 30cm, thick parchment, stout binding
Protection from floods on upper floorTypical in middle agesWalls painted green – restful on eyesLow light - large windows
Nonantola manuscripts from Monte Cassino, twice destroyed by fire, but still have several original acquisitionsBobbio –Rule of Benedict superseded Columban rule
Lanfranc, professor of law, position of prior, second to abbot, instructed librarian, introduced education and culture
Wearmouth andJarrow - Ruled by same abbot, Benedict Bishop had one of finest libraries at the timeLibrary historians say “greatest…”
“On the Saints of the Church at York”
Established 1074, largest monastic library in the worldKnown for Baroque architecture, scientific, art and manuscripts collectionsOne more thought:We need to realize how laborious, how artistic, how conscientious they were.. That the Middle Ages rocked the cradle of our knowledge, we “see their hope become reality”
AUSTRIA - JANUARY 01: Admont, Styria: Benedictine monastery. Monastery library. Codex E, folio 4v, third volume of the Admont Giant Bible. Beginning of the Book of Genesis with the Initial "I". Last third of the 11th cent. Photography by Gerald Trumler. (Photo by Imagno/Getty Images) [Admont, St: Benediktiner-Stift. Stiftsbibliothek. Codex E, folio 4v, dritter Band der AdmonterRiesenbibel. Beginn des Buches Genesis mitInitiale I. LetztesDrittel 11 Jh.]
Libraries (from LIS 590TL)Europeana think cultureArtstorMasterfile premier