Before we go taking derivatives and finding rates, lets first rela.pdf
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Before we go taking derivatives and finding rates, let\'s first relate pressure, volume, and temperature. If you know chemistry well, those values should immediately suggest the combined gas law: PV / T = C, where P represents pressure, V represents volume, T represents temperature, and C represents some arbitrary constant. Now, we can take the natural logarithms of both sides of this equation: ln (PV / T) = ln C Using the properties of logarithms (specifically, the properties that the logarithm of a product is the sum of the logarithms, and that the logarithm of a quotient is the difference of the logarithms): ln P + ln V - ln T = ln C We want to eventually find an expression for the rate of change of pressure, so let\'s isolate the pressure in this equation by putting all terms containing P on one side and all terms not containing P on the other: ln P = ln T - ln V + ln C Now we can take derivatives, using the sum and difference rules for derivatives, to find an appropriate formula for the rate of change of pressure (notice that the constant term, which remains unaffected by time, has a derivative of 0 with respect to time): d (ln P) / dt = (d (ln T) / dt) - (d (ln V) / dt) Solution Before we go taking derivatives and finding rates, let\'s first relate pressure, volume, and temperature. If you know chemistry well, those values should immediately suggest the combined gas law: PV / T = C, where P represents pressure, V represents volume, T represents temperature, and C represents some arbitrary constant. Now, we can take the natural logarithms of both sides of this equation: ln (PV / T) = ln C Using the properties of logarithms (specifically, the properties that the logarithm of a product is the sum of the logarithms, and that the logarithm of a quotient is the difference of the logarithms): ln P + ln V - ln T = ln C We want to eventually find an expression for the rate of change of pressure, so let\'s isolate the pressure in this equation by putting all terms containing P on one side and all terms not containing P on the other: ln P = ln T - ln V + ln C Now we can take derivatives, using the sum and difference rules for derivatives, to find an appropriate formula for the rate of change of pressure (notice that the constant term, which remains unaffected by time, has a derivative of 0 with respect to time): d (ln P) / dt = (d (ln T) / dt) - (d (ln V) / dt).
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The Antoine equation often is used to describe vapor pressures lnP .pdf
The Antoine equation often is used to describe vapor pressures: lnP = A B /(T + C) . For
temperatures near the normal boiling point:
a. Derive an expression that gives the behavior of Hvap as a function of temperature which is
thermodynamically consistent with the Antoine equation.
Solution
The Antoine equation is a mathematical expression of the relation between the vapour pressure
and the temperturer of pure substances. The equation was first proposed by Ch. Antoine, a french
researcher, in 1888. The basic form of the equation is:
lnP = A - B / ( T + C )
and it can be transformed into this temperature-explicit form:
T = B ( A - lnP ) - C
where: P is the absolute vapor pressure of a substance
T is the temperature of the substance
A, B and C are substance-specific coefficients (i.e., constants or parameters
log is typically either log10 or loge
A simpler form of the equation with only two coefficients is sometimes used:
lnP = A - ( B \\ T )
which can be transformed to:
T = B ( A - lnP )
The Antoine equation is a semi-empirical equation which expresses vapour pressure as a
function of temperature. A new, rapid and highly accurate method for obtaining its three
constants from experimental data is presented and applied to ethanol, water and 14 anaesthetic
substances where p is the vapour pressure, T is temperature and A, B and C are component-
specific constants.
Usually, the Antoine equation cannot be used to describe the entire saturated vapour pressure
curve from the triple point to the critical point, because it is not flexible enough. Therefore,
multiple parameter sets for a single component are commonly used. A low-pressure parameter
set is used to describe the vapour pressure curve up to the normal boiling point and the second
set of parameters is used for the range from the normal boiling point to the critical point.
The Antoine Equation is a vapor pressure equation and describes the relation between vapor
pressure and temperature for pure water between 0°C and 373.946°C.
For T in Kelvins and P in kPa:
273.150 < T 373.150: A = 16.5699, B = 3984.92, C = 39.724
373.150 < T 647.096: A = 16.7285, B = 4169.84, C = 28.665
Antoine(T) = exp(A B / (T + C))
For temperatures above the critical temperature (373.946°C / 647.096K), where water is a
superfluid, the increase in vapor pressure appears essentially linear† with the same slope (i.e.
dP/dT 235.88 kPa/°C). This behavior appears consistent with the Ideal Gas Law and statements
that supercritical water behaves like an ideal gas. Now if we define Tc = 647.096 K, we can
write
P(T Tc) = Antoine(T)
P(T > Tc) = 235.88 (T Tc) + Antoine(Tc)
Hence, the behaviour of delta hvap as a function of temperature which is termodynamically
consistent with the the antoine equation is derived ..
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An ideal gas mixture is composed of multiple gas components that exert partial pressures independently on the container without interacting. The total pressure of the mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual components, as described by Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures. The partial pressure of each component is equal to its mole fraction in the mixture multiplied by the total pressure. Bubble point and dew point calculations involve determining equilibrium conditions between gas and liquid phases for multicomponent systems.
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This document discusses thermodynamic properties and relations. Some key points:
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- Maxwell relations relate partial derivatives of properties like pressure, specific volume, temperature and entropy for simple compressible substances.
- The Clapeyron equation relates enthalpy change during a phase change to the slope of the saturation curve on a pressure-temperature diagram.
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The Antoine equation often is used to describe vapor pressures lnP .pdf
The Antoine equation often is used to describe vapor pressures: lnP = A B /(T + C) . For
temperatures near the normal boiling point:
a. Derive an expression that gives the behavior of Hvap as a function of temperature which is
thermodynamically consistent with the Antoine equation.
Solution
The Antoine equation is a mathematical expression of the relation between the vapour pressure
and the temperturer of pure substances. The equation was first proposed by Ch. Antoine, a french
researcher, in 1888. The basic form of the equation is:
lnP = A - B / ( T + C )
and it can be transformed into this temperature-explicit form:
T = B ( A - lnP ) - C
where: P is the absolute vapor pressure of a substance
T is the temperature of the substance
A, B and C are substance-specific coefficients (i.e., constants or parameters
log is typically either log10 or loge
A simpler form of the equation with only two coefficients is sometimes used:
lnP = A - ( B \\ T )
which can be transformed to:
T = B ( A - lnP )
The Antoine equation is a semi-empirical equation which expresses vapour pressure as a
function of temperature. A new, rapid and highly accurate method for obtaining its three
constants from experimental data is presented and applied to ethanol, water and 14 anaesthetic
substances where p is the vapour pressure, T is temperature and A, B and C are component-
specific constants.
Usually, the Antoine equation cannot be used to describe the entire saturated vapour pressure
curve from the triple point to the critical point, because it is not flexible enough. Therefore,
multiple parameter sets for a single component are commonly used. A low-pressure parameter
set is used to describe the vapour pressure curve up to the normal boiling point and the second
set of parameters is used for the range from the normal boiling point to the critical point.
The Antoine Equation is a vapor pressure equation and describes the relation between vapor
pressure and temperature for pure water between 0°C and 373.946°C.
For T in Kelvins and P in kPa:
273.150 < T 373.150: A = 16.5699, B = 3984.92, C = 39.724
373.150 < T 647.096: A = 16.7285, B = 4169.84, C = 28.665
Antoine(T) = exp(A B / (T + C))
For temperatures above the critical temperature (373.946°C / 647.096K), where water is a
superfluid, the increase in vapor pressure appears essentially linear† with the same slope (i.e.
dP/dT 235.88 kPa/°C). This behavior appears consistent with the Ideal Gas Law and statements
that supercritical water behaves like an ideal gas. Now if we define Tc = 647.096 K, we can
write
P(T Tc) = Antoine(T)
P(T > Tc) = 235.88 (T Tc) + Antoine(Tc)
Hence, the behaviour of delta hvap as a function of temperature which is termodynamically
consistent with the the antoine equation is derived ..
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This document provides additional notes and solutions for Thermodynamics by Enrico Fermi. It includes:
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I am Rachael W. I am a Statistical Physics Assignment Expert at statisticsassignmenthelp.com. I hold a Masters in Statistics from, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA
I have been helping students with their homework for the past 6 years. I solve assignments related to Statistical.
Visit statisticsassignmenthelp.com or email info@statisticsassignmenthelp.com.
You can also call on +1 678 648 4277 for any assistance with Statistical Physics Assignments.
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a) It is given E is the event of getting 2. We can observe that 2 is.pdf
a) It is given E is the event of getting 2. We can observe that 2 is an even number.
It is given F is the event of getting an even number.
Event E is giving an even number and event F is also giving an even number.That means both
are occuring at the same time. so they are not mutually exclusive.
b)The events E and F to be complementary their probabilities should add up to 1.
P(E) = 1/6
P(F) = 3/6
P(E)+P(F) = 1/6 + 3/6 = 4/6 = 2/3
2/3 is not equal to one.
so events E and F are not complementary.
Solution
a) It is given E is the event of getting 2. We can observe that 2 is an even number.
It is given F is the event of getting an even number.
Event E is giving an even number and event F is also giving an even number.That means both
are occuring at the same time. so they are not mutually exclusive.
b)The events E and F to be complementary their probabilities should add up to 1.
P(E) = 1/6
P(F) = 3/6
P(E)+P(F) = 1/6 + 3/6 = 4/6 = 2/3
2/3 is not equal to one.
so events E and F are not complementary..
4.1 (a) SoftwoodsThese generally come from the gymnosperm trees wh.pdf
4.1 (a) Softwoods
These generally come from the gymnosperm trees which have needles and cones or simply
called the coniferous trees. These trees have needles in place of leaves and remain green
throughout the year. All the softwoods are not softer than the hard woods, there are certain
hardwoods that are softer. They grow primarly in pacific northwest and south of united states.
Due to their faster growth, softwoods are cheaper than the hardwoods. However they are less fire
resistant compared to the hardwoods.
Examples of softwoods: Pines, redwood, fir, juniper, cedar and hemlock.
Uses:
Although they are classified as softwoods, but they are sufficiently dense and hard to be used for
various construction purposes. They are generally used for making the framework of houses.
About 80% of the timber comes from the softwoods. Various building components such as
windows, doors, and furniture, medium-density fiberboard (MDF), paper, Christmas trees, and
many more things use softwoods.
4.1 (b) Hardwoods
Hardwood is extracted from te deciduous trees or angiosperm trees which are not monocots.
These trees have broad leaves which they shed in the autumn or winter. Most hardwoods have
higher density than the softwoods. They grow slower than the softwoods, so they are expensive.
examples of hardwoods: oak, maple, mahogany, cherry, walnut, rosewood, teak
Uses: mostly used to manufacture the high quality furniture,decks, flooring and construction that
needs to last for longer periods.
4.1 (c)
Most of the structural timber (80%) comes from the softwoods, but the hardwoods are used for
the high quality furniture, decks, flooring and constructions which needs to last for longer
periods.
Solution
4.1 (a) Softwoods
These generally come from the gymnosperm trees which have needles and cones or simply
called the coniferous trees. These trees have needles in place of leaves and remain green
throughout the year. All the softwoods are not softer than the hard woods, there are certain
hardwoods that are softer. They grow primarly in pacific northwest and south of united states.
Due to their faster growth, softwoods are cheaper than the hardwoods. However they are less fire
resistant compared to the hardwoods.
Examples of softwoods: Pines, redwood, fir, juniper, cedar and hemlock.
Uses:
Although they are classified as softwoods, but they are sufficiently dense and hard to be used for
various construction purposes. They are generally used for making the framework of houses.
About 80% of the timber comes from the softwoods. Various building components such as
windows, doors, and furniture, medium-density fiberboard (MDF), paper, Christmas trees, and
many more things use softwoods.
4.1 (b) Hardwoods
Hardwood is extracted from te deciduous trees or angiosperm trees which are not monocots.
These trees have broad leaves which they shed in the autumn or winter. Most hardwoods have
higher density than the softwoods. They grow slower than the softwoods, so they are expensive.
.
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3) Newton's law of cooling modeled by a differential equation where the rate of change of temperature is proportional to the difference between the temperature of an object and its environment.
4) The electric current in an RL circuit modeled by a differential equation relating the rate of change of current to
PVT behaviour of gases and relations.
It presents PT diagram,PV diagram and constant volume,constant pressure,constant temperature relation and adiabatic process.
c0403
Avogadro's Law relates the volume of a gas to the number of moles of gas. It states that equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of moles. The document then provides explanations of Boyle's Law, Charles' Law, Gay-Lussac's Law, the Combined Gas Law, and the Ideal Gas Law, and uses these concepts to answer questions about which gas law applies in different situations.
1 a. pneumatic introduction, gas laws
This document discusses pneumatic and electro-pneumatic systems. It covers the properties of air and gases, including the ideal gas laws of Boyle's law, Charles' law, Avogadro's law, and Dalton's law of partial pressures. It also discusses key components of pneumatic systems like compressors, filters, regulators, valves and actuators. The document introduces electro-pneumatic systems and their elements, as well as pneumatic logic circuits.
13.4 Up Up And Away (Calculations Practice)
The document discusses the ideal gas laws and how they can be used to calculate pressure, volume, temperature, or density of a gas under different conditions. It explains that the ideal gas law equation, PV=nRT, relates these properties and can be manipulated to solve for unknown values. For example, it can be used to calculate the new volume of a gas if the initial pressure, volume, and temperature are known and the new pressure and temperature change are given. The document also discusses how kinetic molecular theory relates the density of a gas to pressure, volume, temperature, and molar mass.
Gas lawscheat sheet
This document provides an overview of key concepts and equations for gas laws. It defines important gas law terms like kinetic molecular theory, pressure, volume, moles, temperature and the gas constant. It outlines the assumptions of kinetic molecular theory and relationships between gas properties. Equations covered include the combined gas law, Avogadro's law, Boyle's law, Charles' law, Dalton's law of partial pressures, ideal gas law and real gas laws. It provides guidance on using units, symbols and dimensional analysis to set up and solve gas law problems.
Chapter 7. compressible flow.pptx copy
This document provides an overview of compressible flow concepts including:
- Thermodynamic relations for perfect gases including equations of state relating pressure, density, temperature, and specific heats.
- Stagnation properties and how stagnation pressure, temperature, and density relate to static properties for isentropic flow.
- The Mach number, defined as the ratio of flow velocity to local speed of sound, and its importance in determining whether flow is compressible.
- How conservation of energy applies to nozzles, with stagnation properties (pressure, temperature) remaining constant for isentropic flow.
Gas laws
This document discusses the key gas laws and their relationships. It begins by introducing the four main properties that determine gas behavior: pressure, volume, amount of gas, and temperature. It then explains each gas law in more detail: Boyle's Law describes the inverse relationship between pressure and volume; Charles' Law specifies the direct relationship between volume and temperature; Gay-Lussac's Law shows the direct link between pressure and temperature; and the Combined Gas Law incorporates all three. The document also presents sample problems demonstrating applications of the gas laws.
Gas law
The document discusses gas laws and the ideal gas law. It defines an ideal gas as having perfectly elastic collisions between molecules with no intermolecular forces. The ideal gas law relates pressure, volume, amount of gas, and temperature. It also discusses:
- Constant volume heat capacity (CV) which is the heat required to change temperature with constant volume
- Constant pressure heat capacity (CP) which is the heat required to change temperature with constant pressure
- Derivations of Boyle's law (inverse relationship between pressure and volume at constant temperature) and Charles' law (direct relationship between volume and temperature at constant pressure) from the ideal gas law
- Heat capacities of monoatomic and diatomic ideal gases depend only on
MUHAMMAD NASIR
This document discusses thermodynamic properties and relationships for homogeneous phases. It defines key concepts like internal energy, enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy. Equations are derived relating these properties to temperature and pressure. The relationships show that entropy decreases with increasing pressure as particles are confined to a smaller space, reducing disorder. Gibbs free energy can be used to predict spontaneity of reactions according to the second law of thermodynamics.
nasir
This document discusses thermodynamic properties and relationships for homogeneous phases. It defines key concepts like internal energy, enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy. Equations are derived relating these properties to temperature and pressure. The relationships show that entropy decreases with increasing pressure as particles are confined to a smaller space, reducing disorder. Gibbs free energy can be used to predict spontaneity of reactions according to the second law of thermodynamics.
Intro comp flow.pdf
This document provides an introduction to compressible flow. It defines compressible flow as flow involving significant changes in density. The key concepts covered include: thermodynamic relations for a perfect gas; stagnation properties and how stagnation pressure, temperature, and density are defined; the speed of sound and Mach number; and how flow parameters like temperature and pressure ratios relate to Mach number for isentropic flow of an ideal gas.
Lec11 lumped h capacity no mark.pdf
The document discusses heat transfer through a semi-infinite solid. It describes three boundary conditions: 1) constant wall temperature, 2) constant heat flux, and 3) convection. For each condition, the initial and boundary value problem is defined and the solution presented, which takes the form of an error function. An example problem is also included, where the temperature of a buried water pipe over time is calculated using the convection boundary condition solution.
Formulae of gaseous state for jee
This document summarizes several important gas laws and concepts related to the behavior of gases:
1) It outlines Boyle's, Charles', and Gay-Lussac's laws which describe the relationships between pressure, volume, temperature, and amount of gas.
2) It also discusses Avogadro's law, the ideal gas law, Dalton's law of partial pressures, Graham's law of effusion, and the kinetic gas equation.
3) Finally, it briefly touches on the van der Waals equation, critical constants, liquefaction of gases, and the ratio of molar heat capacities for different types of gases.
AP Chemistry Chapter 10 Outline
Gases are highly compressible and expand to fill their containers, with pressure inversely proportional to volume according to Boyle's Law. The properties and behavior of gases can be explained by the kinetic molecular theory, which models gases as large numbers of molecules in random motion. Real gases deviate from ideal gas behavior at high pressures and low temperatures due to intermolecular forces and molecular volumes.
Similar to Before we go taking derivatives and finding rates, lets first rela.pdf (20)
Temperature Distribution in a ground section of a double-pipe system in a dis...
Temperature Distribution in a ground section of a double-pipe system in a dis...
More from amaresh6333
a) It is given E is the event of getting 2. We can observe that 2 is.pdf
a) It is given E is the event of getting 2. We can observe that 2 is an even number.
It is given F is the event of getting an even number.
Event E is giving an even number and event F is also giving an even number.That means both
are occuring at the same time. so they are not mutually exclusive.
b)The events E and F to be complementary their probabilities should add up to 1.
P(E) = 1/6
P(F) = 3/6
P(E)+P(F) = 1/6 + 3/6 = 4/6 = 2/3
2/3 is not equal to one.
so events E and F are not complementary.
Solution
a) It is given E is the event of getting 2. We can observe that 2 is an even number.
It is given F is the event of getting an even number.
Event E is giving an even number and event F is also giving an even number.That means both
are occuring at the same time. so they are not mutually exclusive.
b)The events E and F to be complementary their probabilities should add up to 1.
P(E) = 1/6
P(F) = 3/6
P(E)+P(F) = 1/6 + 3/6 = 4/6 = 2/3
2/3 is not equal to one.
so events E and F are not complementary..
4.1 (a) SoftwoodsThese generally come from the gymnosperm trees wh.pdf
4.1 (a) Softwoods
These generally come from the gymnosperm trees which have needles and cones or simply
called the coniferous trees. These trees have needles in place of leaves and remain green
throughout the year. All the softwoods are not softer than the hard woods, there are certain
hardwoods that are softer. They grow primarly in pacific northwest and south of united states.
Due to their faster growth, softwoods are cheaper than the hardwoods. However they are less fire
resistant compared to the hardwoods.
Examples of softwoods: Pines, redwood, fir, juniper, cedar and hemlock.
Uses:
Although they are classified as softwoods, but they are sufficiently dense and hard to be used for
various construction purposes. They are generally used for making the framework of houses.
About 80% of the timber comes from the softwoods. Various building components such as
windows, doors, and furniture, medium-density fiberboard (MDF), paper, Christmas trees, and
many more things use softwoods.
4.1 (b) Hardwoods
Hardwood is extracted from te deciduous trees or angiosperm trees which are not monocots.
These trees have broad leaves which they shed in the autumn or winter. Most hardwoods have
higher density than the softwoods. They grow slower than the softwoods, so they are expensive.
examples of hardwoods: oak, maple, mahogany, cherry, walnut, rosewood, teak
Uses: mostly used to manufacture the high quality furniture,decks, flooring and construction that
needs to last for longer periods.
4.1 (c)
Most of the structural timber (80%) comes from the softwoods, but the hardwoods are used for
the high quality furniture, decks, flooring and constructions which needs to last for longer
periods.
Solution
4.1 (a) Softwoods
These generally come from the gymnosperm trees which have needles and cones or simply
called the coniferous trees. These trees have needles in place of leaves and remain green
throughout the year. All the softwoods are not softer than the hard woods, there are certain
hardwoods that are softer. They grow primarly in pacific northwest and south of united states.
Due to their faster growth, softwoods are cheaper than the hardwoods. However they are less fire
resistant compared to the hardwoods.
Examples of softwoods: Pines, redwood, fir, juniper, cedar and hemlock.
Uses:
Although they are classified as softwoods, but they are sufficiently dense and hard to be used for
various construction purposes. They are generally used for making the framework of houses.
About 80% of the timber comes from the softwoods. Various building components such as
windows, doors, and furniture, medium-density fiberboard (MDF), paper, Christmas trees, and
many more things use softwoods.
4.1 (b) Hardwoods
Hardwood is extracted from te deciduous trees or angiosperm trees which are not monocots.
These trees have broad leaves which they shed in the autumn or winter. Most hardwoods have
higher density than the softwoods. They grow slower than the softwoods, so they are expensive.
.
A special type of IP address is the limited broadcast address 255.25.pdf
A special type of IP address is the limited broadcast address 255.255.255.255. A broadcast
involves delivering a message from one sender to many recipients. Senders direct an IP
broadcast to 255.255.255.255 to indicate all other nodes on the local network (LAN) should pick
up that message. This broadcast is \'limited in that it does not reach every node on the Internet,
only nodes on the LAN
Solution
A special type of IP address is the limited broadcast address 255.255.255.255. A broadcast
involves delivering a message from one sender to many recipients. Senders direct an IP
broadcast to 255.255.255.255 to indicate all other nodes on the local network (LAN) should pick
up that message. This broadcast is \'limited in that it does not reach every node on the Internet,
only nodes on the LAN.
10 leading causes of death in the United States In the recent sta.pdf
10 leading causes of death in the United States :
In the recent statistics the causes of death in the US is heart disease and cancer.
1. HEART DISEASE (614,348) : Heart disease is the leading causes of death for both men and
women in US.Major symptoms are chest pain,breathlessness,nausea,cold sweats etc.Causes of
heart disease are high cholesterol, high blood pressure,obesity,smoking,lack of physical
activity,sleep apnea,stress.
2. CANCER (591,699 ) : Cancer effects people of all gender,ages.Estimated cancer related
deaths (male) in 2015 are lung and bronchus, prostate,colon and rectum,pancreas,liver,leukemia
etc and for female lung and bronchus,breast,colon and rectum,pancreas,ovary,leukemia,uterine
corpous.
3. CHRONIC LOWER RESPIRATORY DISEASE (147,101) :Causes of chronic lower
repiratory disease is mainly smoking,air pollution and dust,genetics.It also includes the deaths
from chronic bronchitis,emphysema and asthma.
4. ACCIDENTS (136,053) : Motor vehicle accidents,accidental falls,accidental
drowning,accidental exposure to fire etc.The raod vehicle accidents can be avoided by not
drinking and driving.
5. STROKE (133,103) : Stroke is not considerd by heart disease.Cerebrocvascular disease is
developes with the complication of blood vessels.The type of cerebrovascular disease are
Stroke,Transient ischemic attack,Vascular dementia.Symptoms are numbness on face and
arm,confusion,trouble in speaking,vision problem,headache.Stroke can be prevented by eating
healthy diet,maintaining weight,physical activity and exercise,avoid smoking and
alcohol,maintain cholesterol and blood pressure level.
6. ALZHEIMER\'S DISEASE ( 93,514) : This disease develops by the progressive mental
deteriorataion in the old age.5.3 millions Americans may have alzheimer\'s disease in
2015.Symptoms are memory loss,difficulty in family tasks and solving problems,confusion with
time and place,changes mood and personality.
7. DIABETES/DIABETES MELLITUS (76,488) : Diabetes caused by the deficiency of insulin
and failure to metabolize sugar and starch in the body,diabetes can cause serious helath
complications like heart disease,kidney failure,vision problem etc.There are two types of
diabetes a) type 1: Insulin-depedent diabetes mellitus and b) type 2 : Non-insulin-dependent
diabetes mellitus. Symptoms are frequent urination,excessive thirst,extreme hunger,vision
change,feeling tired,dry skin.
8. INFLUENZA AND PNEUMONIA (55,227) : Influenza is highly contagious viral infection
and most severe in winter season.The cause of Pneumonia are virus,chemicals,mycoplasmas and
infectious fungi.Symptoms are fever,headache,cough,chills,sore throat,nasal
congestion,wheezing.
9. KIDNEY DISEASE (48,146) : Nephritis,nephrotic syndrome,nephrosis are the conditions of
kidney diseases.Symptoms are loss of appetite,fatigue,headache,nausea etc.
10. SUICIDE AND SELF-HARM (42,773) : Causes of suicude are mental depression and
stress,substance abuse,family violence including sexual abuse,prior suici.
C Program to shuffle a given Aay#include stdio.h #include .pdf
// C Program to shuffle a given Aay
#include
#include
#include
// A utility function to print an Aay
void printArray (int A[], int n)
{
int i;
for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
printf(\"%d \", A[i]);
printf(\"\ \");
}
int* shuffle(int A[], int B[])
{
int n1 = 5;
int n2 = 2;
int i = 0, j = 0, k = 0;
int *C;
C = (int*)malloc(7 * sizeof(int));
// Merging starts
while (i < n1 && j < n2)
{
if (k%2 == 0)
{
C[k] = A[i];
i++;
k++;
}
else
{
C[k] = B[j];
k++;
j++;
}
}
/* elements in array \'A\' are still remaining
where as the array \'B\' is exhausted */
while (i < n1)
{
C[k] = A[i];
i++;
k++;
}
/* elements in array \'B\' are still remaining
where as the array \'A\' is exhausted */
while (j < n2)
{
C[k] = B[j];
k++;
j++;
}
return C;
}
int main()
{
int A[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
int B[] = {10, 20};
int n1 = 5;
int n2 = 2;
int nC = 7;
int *C;
C = (int*)malloc(7 * sizeof(int));
printf(\"Array A: \");
printArray(A, n1);
printf(\"Array B: \");
printArray(B, n2);
C = shuffle (A, B);
printf(\"\ Shuffled: \");
printArray(C,nC);
return 0;
}
/*
output:
Array A: 1 2 3 4 5
Array B: 10 20
Shuffled: 1 10 2 20 3 4 5
*/
Solution
// C Program to shuffle a given Aay
#include
#include
#include
// A utility function to print an Aay
void printArray (int A[], int n)
{
int i;
for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
printf(\"%d \", A[i]);
printf(\"\ \");
}
int* shuffle(int A[], int B[])
{
int n1 = 5;
int n2 = 2;
int i = 0, j = 0, k = 0;
int *C;
C = (int*)malloc(7 * sizeof(int));
// Merging starts
while (i < n1 && j < n2)
{
if (k%2 == 0)
{
C[k] = A[i];
i++;
k++;
}
else
{
C[k] = B[j];
k++;
j++;
}
}
/* elements in array \'A\' are still remaining
where as the array \'B\' is exhausted */
while (i < n1)
{
C[k] = A[i];
i++;
k++;
}
/* elements in array \'B\' are still remaining
where as the array \'A\' is exhausted */
while (j < n2)
{
C[k] = B[j];
k++;
j++;
}
return C;
}
int main()
{
int A[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
int B[] = {10, 20};
int n1 = 5;
int n2 = 2;
int nC = 7;
int *C;
C = (int*)malloc(7 * sizeof(int));
printf(\"Array A: \");
printArray(A, n1);
printf(\"Array B: \");
printArray(B, n2);
C = shuffle (A, B);
printf(\"\ Shuffled: \");
printArray(C,nC);
return 0;
}
/*
output:
Array A: 1 2 3 4 5
Array B: 10 20
Shuffled: 1 10 2 20 3 4 5
*/.
1.Router 1.It is a machine which aheads datagrams over the networks.pdf
1.Router: 1.It is a machine which aheads datagrams over the networks.
2.This router is present at a node which connects two or more networks.
3.It avails of headers and tables to establish the path.
4.We can filter the data through this router in very small.
5.in order to communicate one another this router uses a protocol.
2.Hubs: 1.a hub is a frequent connection point .
2.It contains no of ports.
3.The data type in hub is frames.
4.hubs are present as an association for the networks.
5.It is some what slow.
6.we can use it as a stand alone device.
3.Servers: 1.A server is a device that manages all the network( printers ,hard disks...) devices.
2.generally this servers sre many types as follows
1.Database server:A system which operate through queries.
2.Print server :A system which directs one or more printer.
3.File server and network server which directs the network traffic.
4.It offers many functionality frequently called \"servers.\"
5.Selecting the computer as \"server class hardware\" leads to more reliable and powerful than a
simple computer.
4.Network cabling: 1.It is used to join the one network device to another network device.
2.It the agency to travel from one netork to another network
3.Depending on their sizeand topology the cables are different as folllows.
1 .co-axial cable
2.optical fibre cable
3.twisted pair cacle
4.For acheving the good network we need to know the charecteristics of a cable at first.
5.Sound masking upgrades the isolation.
Solution
1.Router: 1.It is a machine which aheads datagrams over the networks.
2.This router is present at a node which connects two or more networks.
3.It avails of headers and tables to establish the path.
4.We can filter the data through this router in very small.
5.in order to communicate one another this router uses a protocol.
2.Hubs: 1.a hub is a frequent connection point .
2.It contains no of ports.
3.The data type in hub is frames.
4.hubs are present as an association for the networks.
5.It is some what slow.
6.we can use it as a stand alone device.
3.Servers: 1.A server is a device that manages all the network( printers ,hard disks...) devices.
2.generally this servers sre many types as follows
1.Database server:A system which operate through queries.
2.Print server :A system which directs one or more printer.
3.File server and network server which directs the network traffic.
4.It offers many functionality frequently called \"servers.\"
5.Selecting the computer as \"server class hardware\" leads to more reliable and powerful than a
simple computer.
4.Network cabling: 1.It is used to join the one network device to another network device.
2.It the agency to travel from one netork to another network
3.Depending on their sizeand topology the cables are different as folllows.
1 .co-axial cable
2.optical fibre cable
3.twisted pair cacle
4.For acheving the good network we need to know the charecteristics of a cable at first.
5.Sound masking upgrades the isolation..
1) List currently running jobsANS) see currently runningcommand.pdf
1) List currently running jobs
ANS) see currently running
command: ps
examples:
$ps
2.Kill one of the running jobs
ANS) a.kill any process by PID
command:
kill {PID}
example:
$kill 1012
3.Run the ls command with –help option
ANS) ls command:
ls command is used to list the contents of a directory
Syntax:
ls [-a] [-A] [-b] [-c] [-C] [-d] [-f] [-F] [-g] [-i] [-l] [-L] [-m] [-o] [-p][-q] [-r] [-R] [-s] [-t] [-u] [-x]
[pathnames]
Parameters OR Switches
• -a Shows All The Files, Including Hidden File Which Begin With ADot.
• -A Shows All The Files Including Hidden Files. Does Not Displays The
Working Directory (.) OR The Parent Directory (..)
• -b Force Printing of Non-Printable Characters To Be in Octal \\ddd
Notation.
• -c Use Time of Last Modification of The i-Node For Sorting (-t) OR For
Printing (-l OR -n)
• -C Multi-Column Output With Entries Sorted Down The Columns.
Which is Generally The Default Option.
• -d Lists Only The Directory Names But Not its Contents.
• -f Force Each Argument To Be Interpreted As A Directory And List
The Name Found in Each Slot. -f Option Turns off -l, -t, -s, And -r, And
Turns on –a, The List Order is The Order in Which Entries Appear in The
Directory.
• -F Mark Directories With A Trailing Slash (/), DOORS With A Trailing
Greater-Than Sign (>), Executable Files With A Trailing Asterisk (*),
FIFOs With A Trailing Vertical Bar (|), Symbolic Links With A Trailing
Equals Sign (=).
• -g Same As -l Parameter, Except The Owner is Not Printed.
• -i For Each File, Prints The i-Node Number in The First Column.
• -l Shows The User With Huge Amounts of Information With
Permissions, Owners, Size, And When Last Modified.)
• -L If An Argument is A Symbolic Link, List The File OR Directory To
Which The Link References Rather Than The Link Itself.
• -m Stream Output Format, In This Files Are Listed Across The Page,
Separated By Commas.
• -n Same As –l Parameter, Except That The Owner\'s UID And Group\'s
GID Numbers Are Printed, Rather Than The Associated Character
Strings.
-o The Same As -l, Except That The Group is Not Printed.
-p Displays A Forward Slash (/) in Front of All Directories.
-q Force Printing of Non-Printable Characters in File Names As The
Character Question Mark (?).
-r Reverses The Order of How The Files Are Displayed.
-R Includes The Contents of Subdirectories.
-s Give Size in Blocks, Including Indirect Blocks, For Each Entry.
-t Shows The End User The Files Modification Time.
-u Use Time of Last Access Instead of Last Modification For Sorting
Use With The -t Option OR For Printing Use With The -l Option.
-x Displays Files in Columns.
-1 Prints One Entry Per Line of Output.
pathnames File OR Directory To List.
4.Run the help command on echo
ANS) echo command display to the Screen.
“echo” is Useful For
• Producing Diagnostics in Command Files
• For Sending Known Data into A Pipe
• For Displaying The Contents of Environment Variables
syntax:
echo [-n] text
5.Cat an existing file using a command that misspells one c.
Step1 Total pressure = partial pressure of Hydrog.pdf
Step1 Total pressure = partial pressure of Hydrogen + Vapour pressure of water at
the given temperature. Step2 Partial pressure of Hydrogen = 767 - Vapour pressure of water at
295.3 K Step3 = 767.0- 20.2 = 746.8 torr
Solution
Step1 Total pressure = partial pressure of Hydrogen + Vapour pressure of water at
the given temperature. Step2 Partial pressure of Hydrogen = 767 - Vapour pressure of water at
295.3 K Step3 = 767.0- 20.2 = 746.8 torr.
I would say very many elements exista as monoatom.pdf
I would say very many elements exista as monoatomic molecules.All the metals,for
example.Don\'t get confused by the fact that if metals have a crystaline structure,then the
molecules would be composed by more than one atoms... An Element Is A Single Atom. No, an
element is any material that is composed of only a single kind of atom (ie: all its atoms are
identical) While A Molecule Is A Group Of Atoms That Are Bond Together To Form Another
Compounds... A molecule is a group of atoms that are bonded together, but they do not form a
compound. A compound is is something whose molecules contain more than one kind of atom.
Some Elements Exist As A Diatomic Atom. Some elements are a collection of diatomic
molecules. You can not have a diatomic atom - that\'s self-contradictory. Example Of These Are
Hydrogen And The Halogens Family( Chlorine. Fluorine Etc.) In Case Of Hydrogen. Hydrogen
Is A Diatomic Atom. If The Hydrogen Bonded To Other Elements This Is An Example Of
Molecule... Hydrogen is made up of diatomic molecules. If hydrogen bonds with atoms of
another element you get a compound. In Short Element Is A Single Atom While Molecule
Composed Of 2 Or More Atoms That Are Bonded Together. You can not compare an element
and a molecule. You can compare an element and a compound. An element is made of only a
single kind of atom - whether as a crystal (Fe), or isolated atoms (He) or as molecules (H2), does
not matter. A compound is made up of molecules (or crystals) with more than one kind of atom
(NH3, H2O, NaCl)
Solution
I would say very many elements exista as monoatomic molecules.All the metals,for
example.Don\'t get confused by the fact that if metals have a crystaline structure,then the
molecules would be composed by more than one atoms... An Element Is A Single Atom. No, an
element is any material that is composed of only a single kind of atom (ie: all its atoms are
identical) While A Molecule Is A Group Of Atoms That Are Bond Together To Form Another
Compounds... A molecule is a group of atoms that are bonded together, but they do not form a
compound. A compound is is something whose molecules contain more than one kind of atom.
Some Elements Exist As A Diatomic Atom. Some elements are a collection of diatomic
molecules. You can not have a diatomic atom - that\'s self-contradictory. Example Of These Are
Hydrogen And The Halogens Family( Chlorine. Fluorine Etc.) In Case Of Hydrogen. Hydrogen
Is A Diatomic Atom. If The Hydrogen Bonded To Other Elements This Is An Example Of
Molecule... Hydrogen is made up of diatomic molecules. If hydrogen bonds with atoms of
another element you get a compound. In Short Element Is A Single Atom While Molecule
Composed Of 2 Or More Atoms That Are Bonded Together. You can not compare an element
and a molecule. You can compare an element and a compound. An element is made of only a
single kind of atom - whether as a crystal (Fe), or isolated atoms (He) or as molecules (H2), does
not matter. A compound is made up of .
E is simply hexane...no polarity at all...nothing.pdf
E is simply hexane...no polarity at all...nothing to speak of has extra electron
density. A is a benzene ring, and if you play with the resonance you will see that sometimes the
electrons can be in many different places which will make it polar at those times. :) nate
Solution
E is simply hexane...no polarity at all...nothing to speak of has extra electron
density. A is a benzene ring, and if you play with the resonance you will see that sometimes the
electrons can be in many different places which will make it polar at those times. :) nate.
Ferroxyl contains the chemical compound Potassium.pdf
Ferroxyl contains the chemical compound Potassium ferricyanide which reacts with
the ferrous ions to produce the color \"Prussian blue\". Iron is being oxidized at the anode and
creating Ferrous (Fe+2) ions. Therefore, with the introduction of Ferroxyl, the anode will turn
blue as the Ferroxyl reacts with the Ferrous ions. It is also worth noting that this is a acidic
solution and the blue pigment is insoluble in water. This is useful in detecting metal oxidation
that leads to rust. Same thing basically for the OH.
Solution
Ferroxyl contains the chemical compound Potassium ferricyanide which reacts with
the ferrous ions to produce the color \"Prussian blue\". Iron is being oxidized at the anode and
creating Ferrous (Fe+2) ions. Therefore, with the introduction of Ferroxyl, the anode will turn
blue as the Ferroxyl reacts with the Ferrous ions. It is also worth noting that this is a acidic
solution and the blue pigment is insoluble in water. This is useful in detecting metal oxidation
that leads to rust. Same thing basically for the OH..
There are two different types of mechanisms. Ther.pdf
There are two different types of mechanisms. There are elimination and substitution
reactions. The elimination reaction is when there is a proton transfer and loss of leaving group
taking place. The substitution reaction is when there is a loss of leaving group and nucleophlic
attack. From what we see in this reaction, we see that there is a nucleophilic attack with the MeI
and OH. So this is a substitution reaction. Now to determine whether it is SN1 or SN2, we would
have to look at the reaction. There is a tertary compound, which favors SN1 reactions better than
SN2. The final answer would be SN1. I hope this makes sense. Let me know if anything is
unclear.
Solution
There are two different types of mechanisms. There are elimination and substitution
reactions. The elimination reaction is when there is a proton transfer and loss of leaving group
taking place. The substitution reaction is when there is a loss of leaving group and nucleophlic
attack. From what we see in this reaction, we see that there is a nucleophilic attack with the MeI
and OH. So this is a substitution reaction. Now to determine whether it is SN1 or SN2, we would
have to look at the reaction. There is a tertary compound, which favors SN1 reactions better than
SN2. The final answer would be SN1. I hope this makes sense. Let me know if anything is
unclear..
What must be true about a set of data when its standard deviation is.pdf
What must be true about a set of data when its standard deviation is zero (s= 0)? 1) All values of
the data appear with the same frequency. 2) All of the data have the same value. 3) The mean
value of the data is also zero. 4) All of the above are correct. 5) None of the above are correct.
Solution
5) None of the above are correct..
When one drives from sea level to trailhead in high Sierras, altitud.pdf
When one drives from sea level to trailhead in high Sierras, altitude increases. At higher
altitudes, atmospheric pressure drops and so does the oxygen content of the air. We run out of
enough oxygen in blood for our brain and body that leads to dizziness and heavy breathing. This
is detrimental as it can even stop our brain due to lack of oxygen.
These symptoms are collectively called Altitude sickness which reduces, as one spends some
time in such region as our body gets acclimatized to such environment.
Solution
When one drives from sea level to trailhead in high Sierras, altitude increases. At higher
altitudes, atmospheric pressure drops and so does the oxygen content of the air. We run out of
enough oxygen in blood for our brain and body that leads to dizziness and heavy breathing. This
is detrimental as it can even stop our brain due to lack of oxygen.
These symptoms are collectively called Altitude sickness which reduces, as one spends some
time in such region as our body gets acclimatized to such environment..
the reaction as follows- 14N7 + 0n1 -- 4He2 + 1.pdf
the reaction as follows:- 14N7 + 0n1 --> 4He2 + 10C6 so, the nuclide produced
When Nitrogen-14 is bombarded by (andabsorbs) a proton, a new nuclide is produced, plus an
alphaparticle is Carbon.
Solution
the reaction as follows:- 14N7 + 0n1 --> 4He2 + 10C6 so, the nuclide produced
When Nitrogen-14 is bombarded by (andabsorbs) a proton, a new nuclide is produced, plus an
alphaparticle is Carbon..
The important thing here is to understand the Standard Electrode Pot.pdf
The important thing here is to understand the Standard Electrode Potential for each of our metals
involved.
Whichever of the metals has a larger negative number is the one that will be our anode, the other
will be our cathode.
Therefore, for this reaction, we know that Aluminum is going to be our anode.
With this reasoning, we know that where the anode is, so will oxidation occur. If we think about
it, where oxidation is occurring, the metal (in this case Aluminum) is giving up electrons and
feeding it to the other side.
Since we know the salt bridge is there to balance out the lost electrons from the oxidation side,
we know that the NO3- are going to flow to the left hand side to make up for the electrons that
are going from the left hand side to the right hand side.
Your salt bridge sends anions to the left hand side!
Hope this helps!
Solution
The important thing here is to understand the Standard Electrode Potential for each of our metals
involved.
Whichever of the metals has a larger negative number is the one that will be our anode, the other
will be our cathode.
Therefore, for this reaction, we know that Aluminum is going to be our anode.
With this reasoning, we know that where the anode is, so will oxidation occur. If we think about
it, where oxidation is occurring, the metal (in this case Aluminum) is giving up electrons and
feeding it to the other side.
Since we know the salt bridge is there to balance out the lost electrons from the oxidation side,
we know that the NO3- are going to flow to the left hand side to make up for the electrons that
are going from the left hand side to the right hand side.
Your salt bridge sends anions to the left hand side!
Hope this helps!.
The pathway would be overactive.The GTPase activity of the alpha s.pdf
The pathway would be overactive.
The GTPase activity of the alpha subunit will be disrupted which leads to continuous input of the
signal and constant generation of second messenger.
Solution
The pathway would be overactive.
The GTPase activity of the alpha subunit will be disrupted which leads to continuous input of the
signal and constant generation of second messenger..
The metal ion is Pb2+.The white precipitate PbCl2 is insoluble in .pdf
The metal ion is Pb2+.
The white precipitate PbCl2 is insoluble in cold water but soluble in hot water.
The precipitation reaction is:
Pb2+(aq) + 2 HCl(aq) => PbCl2(s) + 2 H+(aq)
Solution
The metal ion is Pb2+.
The white precipitate PbCl2 is insoluble in cold water but soluble in hot water.
The precipitation reaction is:
Pb2+(aq) + 2 HCl(aq) => PbCl2(s) + 2 H+(aq).
The electron carriers that feed into the ETC are NADH and FADH2.NA.pdf
The electron carriers that feed into the ETC are NADH and FADH2.
NADH enters the ETC through complex I of the ETC.
FADH2 enters the ETC through complex II of the ETC.
Solution
The electron carriers that feed into the ETC are NADH and FADH2.
NADH enters the ETC through complex I of the ETC.
FADH2 enters the ETC through complex II of the ETC..
The developmental potential, or potency of a cell, describes the ran.pdf
The developmental potential, or potency of a cell, describes the range of different cell types it
can become. Therefore it involves.
The determination means a cell restricts itself choosing a particular fate.
Differentiation follows determination and the cell becomes a specific cell type ultimately.
Solution
The developmental potential, or potency of a cell, describes the range of different cell types it
can become. Therefore it involves.
The determination means a cell restricts itself choosing a particular fate.
Differentiation follows determination and the cell becomes a specific cell type ultimately..
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Before we go taking derivatives and finding rates, lets first rela.pdf
- 1. Before we go taking derivatives and finding rates, let's first relate pressure, volume, and temperature. If you know chemistry well, those values should immediately suggest the combined gas law: PV / T = C, where P represents pressure, V represents volume, T represents temperature, and C represents some arbitrary constant. Now, we can take the natural logarithms of both sides of this equation: ln (PV / T) = ln C Using the properties of logarithms (specifically, the properties that the logarithm of a product is the sum of the logarithms, and that the logarithm of a quotient is the difference of the logarithms): ln P + ln V - ln T = ln C We want to eventually find an expression for the rate of change of pressure, so let's isolate the pressure in this equation by putting all terms containing P on one side and all terms not containing P on the other: ln P = ln T - ln V + ln C Now we can take derivatives, using the sum and difference rules for derivatives, to find an appropriate formula for the rate of change of pressure (notice that the constant term, which remains unaffected by time, has a derivative of 0 with respect to time): d (ln P) / dt = (d (ln T) / dt) - (d (ln V) / dt) Solution Before we go taking derivatives and finding rates, let's first relate pressure, volume, and temperature. If you know chemistry well, those values should immediately suggest the combined gas law:
- 2. PV / T = C, where P represents pressure, V represents volume, T represents temperature, and C represents some arbitrary constant. Now, we can take the natural logarithms of both sides of this equation: ln (PV / T) = ln C Using the properties of logarithms (specifically, the properties that the logarithm of a product is the sum of the logarithms, and that the logarithm of a quotient is the difference of the logarithms): ln P + ln V - ln T = ln C We want to eventually find an expression for the rate of change of pressure, so let's isolate the pressure in this equation by putting all terms containing P on one side and all terms not containing P on the other: ln P = ln T - ln V + ln C Now we can take derivatives, using the sum and difference rules for derivatives, to find an appropriate formula for the rate of change of pressure (notice that the constant term, which remains unaffected by time, has a derivative of 0 with respect to time): d (ln P) / dt = (d (ln T) / dt) - (d (ln V) / dt)